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Investments | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2019
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investments | Investments a) Fixed maturities
March 31, 2019 | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Appreciation |  |  | Gross Unrealized Depreciation |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | OTTI Recognized in AOCI |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 3,760 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 3,791 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 21,796 |  |  | 658 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | 22,342 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 27,519 |  |  | 476 |  |  | (170 | ) |  | 27,825 |  |  | (5 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 16,369 |  |  | 173 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | 16,430 |  |  | (1 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 10,180 |  |  | 123 |  |  | (28 | ) |  | 10,275 |  |  | — |
| $ | 79,624 |  |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | (441 | ) |  | $ | 80,663 |  |  | $ | (6 | )
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 1,144 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 1,152 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 1,503 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 1,534 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 2,543 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 2,539 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,484 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 2,494 |  |  | — |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 5,462 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 5,521 |  |  | — |
| $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (54 | ) |  | $ | 13,240 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2018 | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Appreciation |  |  | Gross Unrealized Depreciation |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | OTTI Recognized in AOCI |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 4,158 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | (43 | ) |  | $ | 4,145 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 21,370 |  |  | 395 |  |  | (349 | ) |  | 21,416 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 27,183 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (750 | ) |  | 26,583 |  |  | (6 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 15,758 |  |  | 66 |  |  | (284 | ) |  | 15,540 |  |  | (1 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 10,854 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | 10,786 |  |  | — |
| $ | 79,323 |  |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | (1,543 | ) |  | $ | 78,470 |  |  | $ | (7 | )
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 1,185 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 1,549 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 1,542 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 2,601 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (104 | ) |  | 2,508 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,524 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 2,486 |  |  | — |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 5,576 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (51 | ) |  | 5,541 |  |  | — |
| $ | 13,435 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | (227 | ) |  | $ | 13,259 |  |  | $ | — |
As discussed in Note 2 b), if a credit loss is incurred on an impaired fixed maturity, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and the portion of the impairment not related to credit losses (non-credit OTTI) is recognized in OCI. Included in the “OTTI Recognized in AOCI” columns above are the cumulative amounts of non-credit OTTI recognized in OCI adjusted for subsequent sales, maturities, and redemptions. OTTI recognized in AOCI does not include the impact of subsequent changes in fair value of the related securities. In periods subsequent to a recognition of OTTI in OCI, changes in the fair value of the related fixed maturities are reflected in Net unrealized appreciation on investments in the Consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, $9 million of net unrealized appreciation and $4 million of net unrealized depreciation, respectively, related to such securities are included in OCI. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, AOCI included cumulative net unrealized appreciation of $3 million and $1 million, respectively, related to securities remaining in the investment portfolio for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized. Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) issued by U.S. government agencies are combined with all other to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) held (refer to Note 5 b) (iv)) and are included in the category, “Mortgage-backed securities”. Approximately 82 percent and 81 percent of the total mortgage-backed securities at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, are represented by investments in U.S. government agency bonds. The remainder of the mortgage exposure consists of collateralized mortgage obligations and non-government mortgage-backed securities, the majority of which provide a planned structure for principal and interest payments and carry a rating of AAA by the major credit rating agencies. The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity:
|  |  | March 31 |  |  |  |  | December 31 |
|  |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year or less | $ | 3,776 |  |  | $ | 3,785 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 3,568 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | 27,308 |  |  | 27,593 |  |  | 27,134 |  |  | 27,005 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 23,367 |  |  | 23,690 |  |  | 24,095 |  |  | 23,543 |
Due after 10 years | 8,804 |  |  | 9,165 |  |  | 8,767 |  |  | 8,814 |
| 63,255 |  |  | 64,233 |  |  | 63,565 |  |  | 62,930 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 16,369 |  |  | 16,430 |  |  | 15,758 |  |  | 15,540 |
| $ | 79,624 |  |  | $ | 80,663 |  |  | $ | 79,323 |  |  | $ | 78,470 |
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year or less | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 537 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | 3,111 |  |  | 3,125 |  |  | 3,122 |  |  | 3,106 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 4,246 |  |  | 4,287 |  |  | 4,468 |  |  | 4,407 |
Due after 10 years | 2,681 |  |  | 2,718 |  |  | 2,785 |  |  | 2,723 |
| 10,652 |  |  | 10,746 |  |  | 10,911 |  |  | 10,773 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,484 |  |  | 2,494 |  |  | 2,524 |  |  | 2,486 |
| $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | 13,240 |  |  | $ | 13,435 |  |  | $ | 13,259 |
Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties. b) Net realized gains (losses) In accordance with guidance related to the recognition and presentation of OTTI, when an impairment related to a fixed maturity has occurred, OTTI is required to be recorded in Net income if management has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. Further, in cases where we do not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the security, we must evaluate the security to determine the portion of the impairment, if any, related to credit losses. If a credit loss is incurred, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and any portion of the OTTI related to credit losses must be reflected in Net income while the portion of OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in OCI. For fixed maturities held to maturity, OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted from AOCI to the amortized cost of the fixed maturity prospectively over the remaining term of the securities. Each quarter, securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturities and securities lending collateral are reviewed to identify impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential OTTI. Evaluation of potential credit losses related to fixed maturities We review each fixed maturity in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security is a candidate for credit loss. Specifically, we consider credit rating, market price, and issuer-specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities, for which we determine that credit loss is likely, are subjected to further analysis to estimate the credit loss recognized in Net income, if any. In general, credit loss recognized in Net income equals the difference between the security’s amortized cost and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. All significant assumptions used in determining credit losses are subject to change as market conditions evolve. Corporate securities Projected cash flows for corporate securities (principally senior unsecured bonds) are driven primarily by assumptions regarding probability of default and also the timing and amount of recoveries associated with defaults. Chubb developed projected cash flows for corporate securities using market observable data, issuer-specific information, and credit ratings. We use historical default data by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) rating category to calculate a 1-in-100 year probability of default, which results in a default assumption in excess of the historical mean default rate. Consistent with management's approach, Chubb assumed a 32 percent recovery rate (the par value of a defaulted security that will be recovered) across all rating categories rather than using Moody's historical mean recovery rate of 42 percent. We believe that use of a default assumption in excess of the historical mean is conservative. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, credit losses recognized in Net income for corporate securities were $6 million and nil, respectively. Mortgage-backed securities For mortgage-backed securities, credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. The model estimates cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and distributes those cash flows to various tranches of securities, considering the transaction structure and any subordination and credit enhancements that exist in that structure. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows on the mortgage-backed securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including default rates, prepayment rates, and loss severity rates (the par value of a defaulted security that will not be recovered) on foreclosed properties. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no credit losses recognized in Net income for mortgage-backed securities. The following table presents the components of Net realized gains (losses):
| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |
OTTI on fixed maturities, gross and net | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | (1 | )
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI | 27 |  |  | 66 |
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI | (58 | ) |  | (88 | )
Total fixed maturities | (44 | ) |  | (23 | )
Equity securities: |  |  |
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI | 64 |  |  | 10 |
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI | (6 | ) |  | (21 | )
Total equity securities | 58 |  |  | (11 | )
Other investments | (44 | ) |  | 29 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) | 13 |  |  | (77 | )
Investment and embedded derivative instruments | (130 | ) |  | 17 |
Fair value adjustments on insurance derivative | 114 |  |  | 38 |
S&P futures | (63 | ) |  | 22 |
Other derivative instruments | (1 | ) |  | 2 |
Other | — |  |  | 1 |
Net realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) | $ | (97 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
The following table presents a roll-forward of pre-tax credit losses related to fixed maturities for which a portion of OTTI was recognized in OCI:
| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – beginning of period | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded | 6 |  |  | — |
Reductions for securities sold during the period | (8 | ) |  | (7 | )
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – end of period | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 15 |
c) Equity securities and Other investments The following table presents realized gains and losses from equity securities and other investments, including both sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  |  | March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Equity Securities |  |  | Other Investments |  |  | Total |  |  | Equity Securities |  |  | Other Investments |  |  | Total |
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities | 1 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | (42 | ) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 8 |
d) Gross unrealized loss At March 31, 2019, there were 10,095 fixed maturities out of a total of 30,335 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the fixed maturities was $6 million. Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2019, comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined primarily due to widening credit spreads since the date of purchase. The following tables present, for all securities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
| 0 – 12 Months |  |  | Over 12 Months |  |  | Total |
March 31, 2019 | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,298 |  |  | $ | (22 | ) |  | $ | 2,366 |  |  | $ | (22 | )
Foreign | 1,346 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 4,228 |  |  | (89 | ) |  | 5,574 |  |  | (115 | )
Corporate securities | 3,649 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 6,206 |  |  | (142 | ) |  | 9,855 |  |  | (204 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 388 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 8,974 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | 9,362 |  |  | (118 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,867 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 4,960 |  |  | (36 | )
Total fixed maturities | $ | 5,544 |  |  | $ | (89 | ) |  | $ | 26,573 |  |  | $ | (406 | ) |  | $ | 32,117 |  |  | $ | (495 | )
| 0 – 12 Months |  |  | Over 12 Months |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2018 | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 2,859 |  |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | 3,382 |  |  | $ | (54 | )
Foreign | 6,764 |  |  | (208 | ) |  | 5,349 |  |  | (159 | ) |  | 12,113 |  |  | (367 | )
Corporate securities | 16,538 |  |  | (599 | ) |  | 4,873 |  |  | (255 | ) |  | 21,411 |  |  | (854 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 6,103 |  |  | (98 | ) |  | 6,913 |  |  | (229 | ) |  | 13,016 |  |  | (327 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 5,024 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 7,768 |  |  | (124 | ) |  | 12,792 |  |  | (168 | )
Total fixed maturities | $ | 34,952 |  |  | $ | (953 | ) |  | $ | 27,762 |  |  | $ | (817 | ) |  | $ | 62,714 |  |  | $ | (1,770 | )
e) Restricted assets Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $22.0 billion and $21.0 billion, respectively, and cash of $122 million and $93 million, respectively. The following table presents the components of restricted assets:
| March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Trust funds | $ | 13,943 |  |  | $ | 13,988 |
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities | 2,904 |  |  | 2,405 |
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities | 2,851 |  |  | 2,531 |
Assets pledged under repurchase agreements | 1,478 |  |  | 1,468 |
Other pledged assets | 942 |  |  | 692 |
Total | $ | 22,118 |  |  | $ | 21,084 |

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