10-Q 1 cb-33119x10q.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

þ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2019
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to
Commission File No. 1-11778

CHUBB LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Switzerland | 98-0091805
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Baerengasse 32
Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
+41 (0)43 456 76 00
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer þ |  |  |  |  |  | Accelerated filer ¨
Non-accelerated filer ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company ¨
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
YES ¨ NO þ

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, par value CHF 24.15 per share | CB | New York Stock Exchange

The number of registrant’s Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value) outstanding as of April 18, 2019 was 457,870,731.

Table of Contents
CHUBB LIMITED
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

Part I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements: |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 6
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Note 1. | General | 7
| Note 2. | Investments | 8
| Note 3. | Fair value measurements | 13
| Note 4. | Unpaid losses and loss expenses | 20
| Note 5. | Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees | 23
| Note 6. | Shareholders’ equity | 28
| Note 7. | Share-based compensation | 29
| Note 8. | Postretirement benefits | 29
| Note 9. | Segment information | 30
| Note 10. | Earnings per share | 32
| Note 11. | Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries | 33
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 74
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 76
Part II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 77
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 77
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities | 77
Item 6. | Exhibits | 78

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Assets |  |  |
Investments |  |  |
Fixed maturities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost – $79,624 and $79,323) (includes hybrid financial instruments of $8 and $9) | $ | 80,663 |  |  | $ | 78,470 |
Fixed maturities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value – $13,240 and $13,259) | 13,136 |  |  | 13,435 |
Equity securities, at fair value and cost | 821 |  |  | 770 |
Short-term investments, at fair value and amortized cost | 3,078 |  |  | 3,016 |
Other investments, at fair value and cost | 5,562 |  |  | 5,277 |
Total investments | 103,260 |  |  | 100,968 |
Cash | 1,271 |  |  | 1,247 |
Restricted cash | 122 |  |  | 93 |
Securities lending collateral | 1,861 |  |  | 1,926 |
Accrued investment income | 870 |  |  | 883 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable | 9,826 |  |  | 10,075 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses | 16,137 |  |  | 15,993 |
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits | 203 |  |  | 202 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | 5,008 |  |  | 4,922 |
Value of business acquired | 289 |  |  | 295 |
Goodwill | 15,328 |  |  | 15,271 |
Other intangible assets | 6,091 |  |  | 6,143 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 2,698 |  |  | 2,544 |
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies | 708 |  |  | 678 |
Other assets | 7,675 |  |  | 6,531 |
Total assets | $ | 171,347 |  |  | $ | 167,771 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | 63,143 |  |  | $ | 62,960 |
Unearned premiums | 15,909 |  |  | 15,532 |
Future policy benefits | 5,552 |  |  | 5,506 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 6,469 |  |  | 6,437 |
Securities lending payable | 1,861 |  |  | 1,926 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities | 11,210 |  |  | 10,472 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 541 |  |  | 304 |
Repurchase agreements | 1,419 |  |  | 1,418 |
Short-term debt | 509 |  |  | 509 |
Long-term debt | 12,071 |  |  | 12,087 |
Trust preferred securities | 308 |  |  | 308 |
Total liabilities | 118,992 |  |  | 117,459 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value; 479,783,864 shares issued; 458,179,205 and 459,203,378 shares outstanding) | 11,121 |  |  | 11,121 |
Common Shares in treasury (21,604,659 and 20,580,486 shares) | (2,775 | ) |  | (2,618 | )
Additional paid-in capital | 12,051 |  |  | 12,557 |
Retained earnings | 32,728 |  |  | 31,700 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) | (770 | ) |  | (2,448 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | 52,355 |  |  | 50,312 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 171,347 |  |  | $ | 167,771 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
3

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Revenues |  |  |
Net premiums written | $ | 7,313 |  |  | $ | 7,104 |
Increase in unearned premiums | (176 | ) |  | (77 | )
Net premiums earned | 7,137 |  |  | 7,027 |
Net investment income | 836 |  |  | 806 |
Net realized gains (losses): |  |  |
Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses gross | (13 | ) |  | (1 | )
Portion of OTTI losses recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) | — |  |  | — |
Net OTTI losses recognized in income | (13 | ) |  | (1 | )
Net realized gains (losses) excluding OTTI losses | (84 | ) |  | (1 | )
Total net realized gains (losses) (includes $(44) and $(23) reclassified from AOCI) | (97 | ) |  | (2 | )
Total revenues | 7,876 |  |  | 7,831 |
Expenses |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses | 4,098 |  |  | 4,102 |
Policy benefits | 196 |  |  | 151 |
Policy acquisition costs | 1,464 |  |  | 1,464 |
Administrative expenses | 710 |  |  | 692 |
Interest expense | 140 |  |  | 157 |
Other (income) expense | (39 | ) |  | (47 | )
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 76 |  |  | 85 |
Chubb integration expenses | 3 |  |  | 10 |
Total expenses | 6,648 |  |  | 6,614 |
Income before income tax | 1,228 |  |  | 1,217 |
Income tax expense (benefit) (includes $(6) and $(3) on reclassified unrealized losses) | 188 |  |  | 135 |
Net income | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) | $ | 1,845 |  |  | $ | (1,234 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses included in net income | 44 |  |  | 23 |
| 1,889 |  |  | (1,211 | )
Change in: |  |  |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment | 147 |  |  | 397 |
Postretirement benefit liability adjustment | (27 | ) |  | (23 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax | 2,009 |  |  | (837 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit related to OCI items | (331 | ) |  | 208 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 1,678 |  |  | (629 | )
Comprehensive income | $ | 2,718 |  |  | $ | 453 |
Earnings per share |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 2.25 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Common Shares |  |  |
Balance – beginning and end of period | $ | 11,121 |  |  | $ | 11,121 |
Common Shares in treasury |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | (2,618 | ) |  | (1,944 | )
Common Shares repurchased | (367 | ) |  | — |
Net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans | 210 |  |  | 217 |
Balance – end of period | (2,775 | ) |  | (1,727 | )
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | 12,557 |  |  | 13,978 |
Net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans | (191 | ) |  | (262 | )
Exercise of stock options | (34 | ) |  | (16 | )
Share-based compensation expense | 54 |  |  | 62 |
Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings | (335 | ) |  | (332 | )
Balance – end of period | 12,051 |  |  | 13,430 |
Retained earnings |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | 31,700 |  |  | 27,474 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance (refer to Note 1) | (12 | ) |  | 409 |
Balance – beginning of period, as adjusted | 31,688 |  |  | 27,883 |
Net income | 1,040 |  |  | 1,082 |
Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital | 335 |  |  | 332 |
Dividends declared on Common Shares | (335 | ) |  | (332 | )
Balance – end of period | 32,728 |  |  | 28,965 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |
Net unrealized appreciation on investments |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | (545 | ) |  | 1,450 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance | — |  |  | (416 | )
Balance – beginning of period, as adjusted | (545 | ) |  | 1,034 |
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI, net of income tax benefit (expense) of $(324) and $226 | 1,521 |  |  | (1,008 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax expense of $(6) and $(3) | 38 |  |  | 20 |
Change in period, net of income tax benefit (expense) of $(330) and $223 | 1,559 |  |  | (988 | )
Balance – end of period | 1,014 |  |  | 46 |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | (1,976 | ) |  | (1,187 | )
Change in period, net of income tax expense of $(7) and $(19) | 140 |  |  | 378 |
Balance – end of period | (1,836 | ) |  | (809 | )
Postretirement benefit liability adjustment |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | 73 |  |  | 280 |
Change in period, net of income tax benefit of $6 and $4 | (21 | ) |  | (19 | )
Balance – end of period | 52 |  |  | 261 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (770 | ) |  | (502 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | $ | 52,355 |  |  | $ | 51,287 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Three Months Ended March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net realized (gains) losses | 97 |  |  | 2 |
Amortization of premiums/discounts on fixed maturities | 118 |  |  | 155 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 76 |  |  | 85 |
Deferred income taxes | (76 | ) |  | (2 | )
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | 62 |  |  | (420 | )
Unearned premiums | 274 |  |  | 111 |
Future policy benefits | 41 |  |  | 58 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 13 |  |  | 250 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities | (502 | ) |  | (724 | )
Income taxes payable | 266 |  |  | 88 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable | 278 |  |  | (174 | )
Reinsurance recoverable | (97 | ) |  | 141 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | (63 | ) |  | (75 | )
Other | (205 | ) |  | (26 | )
Net cash flows from operating activities | 1,322 |  |  | 551 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale | (5,561 | ) |  | (5,972 | )
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity | (1 | ) |  | (162 | )
Purchases of equity securities | (49 | ) |  | (55 | )
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale | 3,287 |  |  | 2,562 |
Sales of to be announced mortgage-backed securities | 6 |  |  | — |
Sales of equity securities | 60 |  |  | 40 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale | 1,831 |  |  | 1,865 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity | 280 |  |  | 255 |
Net change in short-term investments | (39 | ) |  | 731 |
Net derivative instruments settlements | (358 | ) |  | 39 |
Private equity contributions | (410 | ) |  | (353 | )
Private equity distributions | 368 |  |  | 201 |
Other | (87 | ) |  | (32 | )
Net cash flows used for investing activities | (673 | ) |  | (881 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Dividends paid on Common Shares | (336 | ) |  | (330 | )
Common Shares repurchased | (367 | ) |  | (29 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | — |  |  | 2,175 |
Repayment of long-term debt | — |  |  | (300 | )
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements | 471 |  |  | 408 |
Repayment of repurchase agreements | (470 | ) |  | (404 | )
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans | 35 |  |  | 34 |
Policyholder contract deposits | 115 |  |  | 118 |
Policyholder contract withdrawals | (78 | ) |  | (105 | )
Net cash flows (used for) from financing activities | (630 | ) |  | 1,567 |
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash | 34 |  |  | 25 |
Net increase in cash and restricted cash | 53 |  |  | 1,262 |
Cash and restricted cash – beginning of period | 1,340 |  |  | 851 |
Cash and restricted cash – end of period | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 2,113 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |
Taxes paid | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 93 |
Interest paid | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 82 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
1. General
a) Basis of presentation
Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Chubb operates through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. Refer to Note 9 for additional information.
The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting of normally recurring accruals) necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions, including internal reinsurance transactions, have been eliminated.
The results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2018 Form 10-K.
b) Restricted cash
Restricted cash in the Consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held for the benefit of third parties and is legally or contractually restricted as to withdrawal or usage. Amounts include deposits with U.S. and non-U.S. regulatory authorities, trust funds set up for the benefit of ceding companies, and amounts pledged as collateral to meet financing arrangements.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated balance sheets that total to the amounts shown in the Consolidated statements of cash flows:

| March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cash | $ | 1,271 |  |  | $ | 1,247 |
Restricted cash | 122 |  |  | 93 |
Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 1,340 |

c) Goodwill
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, Goodwill increased $57 million, primarily reflecting the impact of foreign exchange.
d) Accounting guidance adopted in 2019
Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted new accounting guidance on "Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities" for bonds held at a premium on a modified retrospective basis. The guidance requires the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. As a result, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease beginning retained earnings by $12 million after-tax ($15 million pre-tax). Securities held at a discount did not require an accounting change.
Lease Accounting
Effective for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, we adopted new lease accounting guidance and elected to utilize a modified retrospective approach which allowed us to initially apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings for 2019, with no adjustment to prior periods presented. The cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings was zero. Our leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The adoption of the updated guidance resulted in our recognizing a right-of-use asset of $608 million, which was recorded within Other assets, and a lease liability of $653 million, which was recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheet as well as de-recognizing the liability for deferred rent that was required under the previous guidance. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Refer to the 2018 Form 10-K for information on accounting guidance not yet adopted.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
2. Investments
a) Fixed maturities

March 31, 2019 | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Appreciation |  |  | Gross Unrealized Depreciation |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | OTTI Recognized in AOCI |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 3,760 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 3,791 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 21,796 |  |  | 658 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | 22,342 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 27,519 |  |  | 476 |  |  | (170 | ) |  | 27,825 |  |  | (5 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 16,369 |  |  | 173 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | 16,430 |  |  | (1 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 10,180 |  |  | 123 |  |  | (28 | ) |  | 10,275 |  |  | — |
| $ | 79,624 |  |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | (441 | ) |  | $ | 80,663 |  |  | $ | (6 | )
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 1,144 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 1,152 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 1,503 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 1,534 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 2,543 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 2,539 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,484 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 2,494 |  |  | — |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 5,462 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 5,521 |  |  | — |
| $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (54 | ) |  | $ | 13,240 |  |  | $ | — |

December 31, 2018 | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Appreciation |  |  | Gross Unrealized Depreciation |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | OTTI Recognized in AOCI |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 4,158 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | (43 | ) |  | $ | 4,145 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 21,370 |  |  | 395 |  |  | (349 | ) |  | 21,416 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 27,183 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (750 | ) |  | 26,583 |  |  | (6 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 15,758 |  |  | 66 |  |  | (284 | ) |  | 15,540 |  |  | (1 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 10,854 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | 10,786 |  |  | — |
| $ | 79,323 |  |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | (1,543 | ) |  | $ | 78,470 |  |  | $ | (7 | )
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 1,185 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign | 1,549 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 1,542 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 2,601 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (104 | ) |  | 2,508 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,524 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 2,486 |  |  | — |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 5,576 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (51 | ) |  | 5,541 |  |  | — |
| $ | 13,435 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | (227 | ) |  | $ | 13,259 |  |  | $ | — |

As discussed in Note 2 b), if a credit loss is incurred on an impaired fixed maturity, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and the portion of the impairment not related to credit losses (non-credit OTTI) is recognized in OCI. Included in the “OTTI Recognized in AOCI” columns above are the cumulative amounts of non-credit OTTI recognized in OCI adjusted for subsequent sales, maturities, and redemptions. OTTI recognized in AOCI does not include the impact of subsequent changes in fair value of the related securities. In periods subsequent to a recognition of OTTI in OCI, changes in the fair value of the related fixed maturities are reflected in Net unrealized appreciation on investments in the Consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, $9 million of net unrealized appreciation and $4 million of net unrealized depreciation, respectively, related to such securities are included in OCI. At March 31, 2019 and December 31,
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
2018, AOCI included cumulative net unrealized appreciation of $3 million and $1 million, respectively, related to securities remaining in the investment portfolio for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized.
Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) issued by U.S. government agencies are combined with all other to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) held (refer to Note 5 b) (iv)) and are included in the category, “Mortgage-backed securities”. Approximately 82 percent and 81 percent of the total mortgage-backed securities at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, are represented by investments in U.S. government agency bonds. The remainder of the mortgage exposure consists of collateralized mortgage obligations and non-government mortgage-backed securities, the majority of which provide a planned structure for principal and interest payments and carry a rating of AAA by the major credit rating agencies.
The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity:

|  |  | March 31 |  |  |  |  | December 31 |
|  |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year or less | $ | 3,776 |  |  | $ | 3,785 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 3,568 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | 27,308 |  |  | 27,593 |  |  | 27,134 |  |  | 27,005 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 23,367 |  |  | 23,690 |  |  | 24,095 |  |  | 23,543 |
Due after 10 years | 8,804 |  |  | 9,165 |  |  | 8,767 |  |  | 8,814 |
| 63,255 |  |  | 64,233 |  |  | 63,565 |  |  | 62,930 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 16,369 |  |  | 16,430 |  |  | 15,758 |  |  | 15,540 |
| $ | 79,624 |  |  | $ | 80,663 |  |  | $ | 79,323 |  |  | $ | 78,470 |
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year or less | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 537 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | 3,111 |  |  | 3,125 |  |  | 3,122 |  |  | 3,106 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 4,246 |  |  | 4,287 |  |  | 4,468 |  |  | 4,407 |
Due after 10 years | 2,681 |  |  | 2,718 |  |  | 2,785 |  |  | 2,723 |
| 10,652 |  |  | 10,746 |  |  | 10,911 |  |  | 10,773 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,484 |  |  | 2,494 |  |  | 2,524 |  |  | 2,486 |
| $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | 13,240 |  |  | $ | 13,435 |  |  | $ | 13,259 |

Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.
b) Net realized gains (losses)
In accordance with guidance related to the recognition and presentation of OTTI, when an impairment related to a fixed maturity has occurred, OTTI is required to be recorded in Net income if management has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. Further, in cases where we do not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the security, we must evaluate the security to determine the portion of the impairment, if any, related to credit losses. If a credit loss is incurred, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and any portion of the OTTI related to credit losses must be reflected in Net income while the portion of OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in OCI. For fixed maturities held to maturity, OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted from AOCI to the amortized cost of the fixed maturity prospectively over the remaining term of the securities.
Each quarter, securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturities and securities lending collateral are reviewed to identify impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential OTTI.
Evaluation of potential credit losses related to fixed maturities
We review each fixed maturity in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security is a candidate for credit loss. Specifically, we consider credit rating, market price, and issuer-specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities, for which we determine that credit loss is likely, are subjected to further analysis to estimate the credit loss recognized in Net income, if any. In general, credit loss
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recognized in Net income equals the difference between the security’s amortized cost and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. All significant assumptions used in determining credit losses are subject to change as market conditions evolve.
Corporate securities
Projected cash flows for corporate securities (principally senior unsecured bonds) are driven primarily by assumptions regarding probability of default and also the timing and amount of recoveries associated with defaults. Chubb developed projected cash flows for corporate securities using market observable data, issuer-specific information, and credit ratings. We use historical default data by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) rating category to calculate a 1-in-100 year probability of default, which results in a default assumption in excess of the historical mean default rate. Consistent with management's approach, Chubb assumed a 32 percent recovery rate (the par value of a defaulted security that will be recovered) across all rating categories rather than using Moody's historical mean recovery rate of 42 percent. We believe that use of a default assumption in excess of the historical mean is conservative.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, credit losses recognized in Net income for corporate securities were $6 million and nil, respectively.
Mortgage-backed securities
For mortgage-backed securities, credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. The model estimates cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and distributes those cash flows to various tranches of securities, considering the transaction structure and any subordination and credit enhancements that exist in that structure. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows on the mortgage-backed securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including default rates, prepayment rates, and loss severity rates (the par value of a defaulted security that will not be recovered) on foreclosed properties.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no credit losses recognized in Net income for mortgage-backed securities.
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The following table presents the components of Net realized gains (losses):

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |
OTTI on fixed maturities, gross and net | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | (1 | )
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI | 27 |  |  | 66 |
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI | (58 | ) |  | (88 | )
Total fixed maturities | (44 | ) |  | (23 | )
Equity securities: |  |  |
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI | 64 |  |  | 10 |
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI | (6 | ) |  | (21 | )
Total equity securities | 58 |  |  | (11 | )
Other investments | (44 | ) |  | 29 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) | 13 |  |  | (77 | )
Investment and embedded derivative instruments | (130 | ) |  | 17 |
Fair value adjustments on insurance derivative | 114 |  |  | 38 |
S&P futures | (63 | ) |  | 22 |
Other derivative instruments | (1 | ) |  | 2 |
Other | — |  |  | 1 |
Net realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) | $ | (97 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )

The following table presents a roll-forward of pre-tax credit losses related to fixed maturities for which a portion of OTTI was recognized in OCI:

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – beginning of period | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded | 6 |  |  | — |
Reductions for securities sold during the period | (8 | ) |  | (7 | )
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – end of period | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 15 |

c) Equity securities and Other investments
The following table presents realized gains and losses from equity securities and other investments, including both sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  |  | March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Equity Securities |  |  | Other Investments |  |  | Total |  |  | Equity Securities |  |  | Other Investments |  |  | Total |
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities | 1 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | (42 | ) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 8 |

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d) Gross unrealized loss
At March 31, 2019, there were 10,095 fixed maturities out of a total of 30,335 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the fixed maturities was $6 million. Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2019, comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined primarily due to widening credit spreads since the date of purchase.
The following tables present, for all securities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

| 0 – 12 Months |  |  | Over 12 Months |  |  | Total |
March 31, 2019 | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,298 |  |  | $ | (22 | ) |  | $ | 2,366 |  |  | $ | (22 | )
Foreign | 1,346 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 4,228 |  |  | (89 | ) |  | 5,574 |  |  | (115 | )
Corporate securities | 3,649 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 6,206 |  |  | (142 | ) |  | 9,855 |  |  | (204 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 388 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 8,974 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | 9,362 |  |  | (118 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,867 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 4,960 |  |  | (36 | )
Total fixed maturities | $ | 5,544 |  |  | $ | (89 | ) |  | $ | 26,573 |  |  | $ | (406 | ) |  | $ | 32,117 |  |  | $ | (495 | )

| 0 – 12 Months |  |  | Over 12 Months |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2018 | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 2,859 |  |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | 3,382 |  |  | $ | (54 | )
Foreign | 6,764 |  |  | (208 | ) |  | 5,349 |  |  | (159 | ) |  | 12,113 |  |  | (367 | )
Corporate securities | 16,538 |  |  | (599 | ) |  | 4,873 |  |  | (255 | ) |  | 21,411 |  |  | (854 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 6,103 |  |  | (98 | ) |  | 6,913 |  |  | (229 | ) |  | 13,016 |  |  | (327 | )
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | 5,024 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 7,768 |  |  | (124 | ) |  | 12,792 |  |  | (168 | )
Total fixed maturities | $ | 34,952 |  |  | $ | (953 | ) |  | $ | 27,762 |  |  | $ | (817 | ) |  | $ | 62,714 |  |  | $ | (1,770 | )

e) Restricted assets
Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $22.0 billion and $21.0 billion, respectively, and cash of $122 million and $93 million, respectively.
The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

| March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Trust funds | $ | 13,943 |  |  | $ | 13,988 |
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities | 2,904 |  |  | 2,405 |
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities | 2,851 |  |  | 2,531 |
Assets pledged under repurchase agreements | 1,478 |  |  | 1,468 |
Other pledged assets | 942 |  |  | 692 |
Total | $ | 22,118 |  |  | $ | 21,084 |

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3. Fair value measurements
a) Fair value hierarchy
Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.
The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

• | Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

• | Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as

interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and

• | Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants

would use in pricing an asset or liability.
We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.
We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
Fixed maturities
We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change, or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a single broker quote (typically from a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3.
Equity securities
Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.
Short-term investments
Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their
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approaching maturity and, as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.
Other investments
Fair values for the majority of Other investments including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective net asset values or equivalent (NAV) and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy table below. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments also include equity securities classified within Level 1, and fixed maturities, classified within Level 2, held in rabbi trusts maintained by Chubb for deferred compensation plans and supplemental retirement plans and are classified within the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities and fixed maturities. Other investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.
Securities lending collateral
The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the Consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to Chubb’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Investment derivative instruments
Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps and interest rate swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Other derivative instruments
We maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in reserves for our guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB) reinsurance business. Our positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts are classified within Level 1. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Other derivative instruments based on unobservable inputs are classified within Level 3. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Separate account assets
Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. Separate account assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets are recorded in Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Guaranteed living benefits
The GLB arises from life reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees whereby we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. GLB’s are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities and Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. For GLB reinsurance, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior. All of the treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality.
The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates and the GMIB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GMIB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable.
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A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease.
The GMIB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GMIB. All else equal, as GMIB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits.
The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established in line with data received from other ceding companies adjusted, as appropriate, with industry estimates. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. Because of the significant use of unobservable inputs including policyholder behavior, GLB reinsurance is classified within Level 3. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, no material technical refinements were made to the model. For detailed information on our lapse and annuitization rate assumptions, refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2018 Form 10-K.
Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy

March 31, 2019 | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 3,168 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,791 |
Foreign | — |  |  | 21,982 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 22,342 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 26,483 |  |  | 1,342 |  |  | 27,825 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 16,352 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 16,430 |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 10,275 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,275 |
| 3,168 |  |  | 75,715 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | 80,663 |
Equity securities | 766 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 821 |
Short-term investments | 1,785 |  |  | 1,293 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,078 |
Other investments (1) | 411 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 764 |
Securities lending collateral | — |  |  | 1,861 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,861 |
Investment derivative instruments | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Other derivative instruments | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Separate account assets | 2,991 |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,130 |
Total assets measured at fair value (1) | $ | 9,143 |  |  | $ | 79,350 |  |  | $ | 1,846 |  |  | $ | 90,339 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment derivative instruments | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 247 |
Other derivative instruments | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
GLB (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |  |  | 338 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 597 |

(1) | Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $4,464 million and other investments of $91 million at March 31, 2019 measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2) | Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets.

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December 31, 2018 | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 3,400 |  |  | $ | 745 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,145 |
Foreign | — |  |  | 21,071 |  |  | 345 |  |  | 21,416 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 25,284 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | 26,583 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 15,479 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 15,540 |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 10,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,786 |
| 3,400 |  |  | 73,365 |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | 78,470 |
Equity securities | 713 |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |  |  | 770 |
Short-term investments | 1,575 |  |  | 1,440 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,016 |
Other investments (1) | 381 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 695 |
Securities lending collateral | — |  |  | 1,926 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,926 |
Investment derivative instruments | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |
Other derivative instruments | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Separate account assets | 2,686 |  |  | 137 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,823 |
Total assets measured at fair value (1) | $ | 8,808 |  |  | $ | 77,171 |  |  | $ | 1,774 |  |  | $ | 87,753 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment derivative instruments | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 153 |
GLB (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 452 |  |  | 452 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 605 |

(1) | Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $4,244 million and other investments of $95 million at December 31, 2018 measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2) | Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Fair value of alternative investments
Alternative investments include investment funds, limited partnerships, and partially-owned investment companies measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient. The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments of alternative investments:

|  |  |  |  | March 31 |  |  |  |  | December 31 |
| Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets |  |  |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value |  |  | Maximum Future Funding Commitments |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Maximum Future Funding Commitments |
Financial | 2 to 9 Years |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 193 |
Real Assets | 2 to 11 Years |  | 762 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 704 |  |  | 362 |
Distressed | 2 to 7 Years |  | 263 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 105 |
Private Credit | 3 to 8 Years |  | 134 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 310 |
Traditional | 2 to 14 Years |  | 2,331 |  |  | 2,573 |  |  | 2,362 |  |  | 2,735 |
Vintage | 1 to 2 Years |  | 125 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |
Investment funds | Not Applicable |  | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |
|  |  | $ | 4,464 |  |  | $ | 3,642 |  |  | $ | 4,244 |  |  | $ | 3,705 |

Included in all categories in the above table, except for Investment funds, are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds.
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Investment Category: |  | Consists of investments in private equity funds:
Financial |  | targeting financial services companies, such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide
Real Assets |  | targeting investments related to hard, physical assets, such as real estate, infrastructure and natural resources
Distressed |  | targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S.
Private Credit |  | targeting privately originated corporate debt investments, including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds
Traditional |  | employing traditional private equity investment strategies, such as buyout and growth equity globally
Vintage |  | funds where the initial fund term has expired

Investment funds
Chubb’s investment funds employ various investment strategies, such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds range between 5 and 120 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers.
Level 3 financial instruments
The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 liability valuations. Excluded from the table below are inputs used to determine the fair value of Level 3 assets which are based on single broker quotes and contain no quantitative unobservable inputs developed by management. The majority of our fixed maturities classified as Level 3 used external pricing when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market inputs (i.e., stale pricing, broker quotes).

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | Fair Value |  |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Ranges
March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |
GLB (1) | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  | Actuarial model |  | Lapse rate |  | 3% – 32%
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Annuitization rate |  | 0% – 42%

(1) | Discussion of the most significant inputs used in the fair value measurement of GLB and the sensitivity of those assumptions is included within Note 3 a) Guaranteed living benefits.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

| Assets |  | Liabilities |
Three Months Ended | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | Equity securities |  |  | Short-term investments |  |  | Other investments |  |  | GLB (1) |
March 31, 2019 | Foreign |  |  | Corporate securities |  |  | MBS |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 452 |
Transfers into Level 3 | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI, including foreign exchange | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Realized Gains/Losses | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (114 | )
Purchases | 53 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales | (5 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (26 | ) |  | (58 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance – end of period | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 1,342 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 338 |
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (114 | )

(1) | Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $741 million at March 31, 2019, and $861 million at December 31, 2018, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $338 million and 452 million, respectively.

| Assets |  |  |  |  | Liabilities |
Three Months Ended | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |  | Equity securities |  |  | Short-term investments |  |  | Other investments |  |  | Other derivative instruments |  |  | GLB (2) |
March 31, 2018 | Foreign |  |  | Corporate securities (1) |  |  | MBS |  |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 1,037 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 204 |
Transfers into Level 3 | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI, including foreign exchange | 9 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Realized Gains/Losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37 | )
Purchases | 87 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales | (19 | ) |  | (51 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (1 | ) |  | (39 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance – end of period | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 167 |
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (37 | )

(1) | Purchases in Level 3 primarily consist of privately-placed fixed income securities.

(2) | Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $529 million at March 31, 2018, and $550 million at December 31, 2017, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $167 million and $204 million, respectively.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value
Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below.
The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values.
Refer to the 2018 Form 10-K for information on the fair value methods and assumptions for investments in partially-owned insurance companies, short-term and long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust-preferred securities.
The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value:

March 31, 2019 | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Value |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,152 |  |  | $ | 1,144 |
Foreign | — |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | 1,503 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 2,509 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2,539 |  |  | 2,543 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,494 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,494 |  |  | 2,484 |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 5,521 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,521 |  |  | 5,462 |
Total assets | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 12,112 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 13,240 |  |  | $ | 13,136 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 512 |  |  | — |  |  | 512 |  |  | 509 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 12,719 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,719 |  |  | 12,071 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 425 |  |  | — |  |  | 425 |  |  | 308 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,075 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,075 |  |  | $ | 14,307 |

December 31, 2018 | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Value |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | 1,185 |
Foreign | — |  |  | 1,542 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,542 |  |  | 1,549 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 2,508 |  |  | 2,601 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,486 |  |  | 2,524 |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 5,541 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,541 |  |  | 5,576 |
Total assets | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 12,100 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 13,259 |  |  | $ | 13,435 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,418 |  |  | $ | 1,418 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 516 |  |  | — |  |  | 516 |  |  | 509 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 12,181 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,181 |  |  | 12,087 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 409 |  |  | — |  |  | 409 |  |  | 308 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,524 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,524 |  |  | $ | 14,322 |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
4. Unpaid losses and loss expenses
The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending Unpaid losses and loss expenses:

| Three Months Ended March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period | $ | 62,960 |  |  | $ | 63,179 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses - beginning of period (1) | (14,689 | ) |  | (14,014 | )
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period | 48,271 |  |  | 49,165 |
Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in: |  |  |
Current year | 4,326 |  |  | 4,358 |
Prior years (2) | (228 | ) |  | (256 | )
Total | 4,098 |  |  | 4,102 |
Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in: |  |  |
Current year | 785 |  |  | 809 |
Prior years | 3,234 |  |  | 3,433 |
Total | 4,019 |  |  | 4,242 |
Foreign currency revaluation and other | 86 |  |  | 292 |
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period | 48,436 |  |  | 49,317 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1) | 14,707 |  |  | 13,822 |
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period | $ | 63,143 |  |  | $ | 63,139 |

(1) | Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance.

(2) | Relates to prior period loss reserve development only and excludes prior period development related to reinstatement premiums, expense adjustments and earned premiums totaling $24 million and $47 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Gross and net unpaid losses and loss expenses increased slightly in the quarter as the underlying reserve increase of $557 million was mostly offset by the favorable impact of prior period development and catastrophic and crop insurance payments in the quarter.
Prior Period Development
Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and professional liability; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table summarizes (favorable) and adverse PPD by segment.

| Three Months Ended March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Long-tail |  |  | Short-tail |  |  | Total |
2019 |  |  |  |  |
North America Commercial P&C Insurance | $ | (65 | ) |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | (131 | )
North America Personal P&C Insurance | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (10 | )
North America Agricultural Insurance | — |  |  | (61 | ) |  | (61 | )
Overseas General Insurance | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (4 | )
Global Reinsurance | (1 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (8 | )
Corporate | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Total | $ | (56 | ) |  | $ | (148 | ) |  | $ | (204 | )
2018 |  |  |  |  |
North America Commercial P&C Insurance | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (109 | ) |  | $ | (101 | )
North America Personal P&C Insurance | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (6 | )
North America Agricultural Insurance | — |  |  | (76 | ) |  | (76 | )
Overseas General Insurance | — |  |  | (22 | ) |  | (22 | )
Global Reinsurance | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | (14 | )
Corporate | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Total | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (227 | ) |  | $ | (209 | )

Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail lines and short-tail business for each segment and Corporate comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate.
North America Commercial P&C Insurance
2019
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net favorable PPD was $131 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

• | Net favorable development of $65 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

• | Net favorable development of $57 million in professional liability (errors & omissions and cyber), mainly in the 2015 and prior accident years where case activity was less than expected, partially offset by adverse development in the 2016 accident year, which was driven by several large adverse claim developments;

• | Net favorable development of $31 million in commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, driven by the 2013 and prior accident years, where case emergence was less than expected and greater weight was given to experience-based methods; this was partially offset by higher than expected claim activity in the 2015, 2016, and 2018 accident years which led to reserve strengthening in those years;

• | Net favorable development of $30 million in our construction workers' compensation lines, impacting accident years 2015 and prior, and was driven by both lower than expected reported development and related favorable updates to development patterns used in our loss projection methods;

• | Net adverse development of $50 million from the aggregation of general liability and automobile liability coverages within construction and wholesale portfolios, mainly impacting the 2013 through 2018 accident years, and largely the result of higher than expected reported loss development; and

• | The remaining $3 million of adverse development was due to several underlying favorable and adverse movements, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

• | Net favorable development of $66 million in short-tail business, primarily from:

• | Net favorable development of $49 million in surety business, mainly in the 2017 accident year, driven by lower than expected reported loss activity; and

• | Net favorable development of $17 million was due to several underlying favorable and adverse movements, mainly driven by favorable development in A&H lines, primarily in accident years 2015 through 2017.

2018
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net favorable PPD was $101 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

• | Net adverse development of $8 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

• | Net favorable development of $29 million in commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, driven by the 2012 and prior accident years where the cumulative emergence over time has been less than expected overall and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods, partly offset by several large settlements; additionally there was adverse claim activity in the 2014 and 2015 accident years which led to reserve strengthening in those years;

• | Net favorable development of $3 million on several lines of business due to favorable claim development on the 2017 natural catastrophes; and

• | Net adverse development of $40 million, mainly in 2015, 2016 and some older accident years, partially offset by favorable development in other periods, particularly in the 2014 accident year. This net adverse development consisted of several underlying favorable and adverse movements by portfolio, principally including $16 million of adverse development in wholesale general liability lines.

• | Net favorable development of $109 million in short-tail business, primarily from:

• | Net favorable development of $75 million in commercial property and marine businesses due to favorable claim development on the 2017 natural catastrophes; and

• | Net favorable development of $34 million, principally including $19 million in surety business. The remainder was due to several underlying favorable and adverse movements, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

North America Personal P&C Insurance
2019
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net favorable PPD was $10 million in homeowners and valuables reflecting favorable claim development of $132 million on the 2017 and 2018 natural catastrophes mostly offset by adverse development of $122 million for the 2018 accident year, due to elevated non-catastrophe activity.
2018
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net favorable PPD was $6 million, and was driven by claim development on the 2017 natural catastrophes.
North America Agricultural Insurance
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, net favorable PPD was $61 million and $76 million, respectively. Actual claim development relates to our Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) business and is favorable due to better than expected crop yield results in certain states at the prior year-end period (i.e., 2019 results based on crop yield results at year-end 2018).
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Overseas General Insurance
2019
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net favorable PPD was $4 million, comprising of $3 million of adverse claim development on the 2018 natural catastrophes, and $7 million of favorable development, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.
2018
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net favorable PPD was $22 million, which was primarily driven by $12 million of claim development on the 2017 natural catastrophes.
Global Reinsurance
2019
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net favorable PPD was $8 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

• | Net favorable development of $7 million in short-tail business, primarily from:

• | Favorable development of $12 million, principally driven by marine, energy and surety business primarily from a favorable court ruling on an open claim; and

• | Adverse development of $5 million in property catastrophe lines related to the 2018 natural catastrophes.

2018
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net favorable PPD was $14 million, which was primarily driven by $10 million of claim development on the 2017 natural catastrophes.
Corporate
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, adverse development was $10 million for both periods, principally related to unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred.
5. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees
a) Derivative instruments
Foreign currency management
As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider economic hedging for planned cross border transactions.
Derivative instruments employed
Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP), convertible bonds are recorded in Fixed maturities available for sale (FM AFS), and convertible equity securities are recorded in Equity securities (ES) in the Consolidated balance sheets. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions. In addition, Chubb purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities.
Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, Chubb assumes the risk of GLBs (principally GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. The GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument. Benefit reserves in respect of GLBs are classified as Future policy benefits (FPB) while the fair value derivative adjustment is classified within AP. Chubb also generally maintains positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the GMDB and GLB books of business.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
All derivative instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. None of the derivative instruments are designated as hedges for accounting purposes.
The following table presents the balance sheet locations, fair values of derivative instruments in an asset or (liability) position, and notional values/payment provisions of our derivative instruments:

|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Value/ Payment Provision |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Value/ Payment Provision |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  | Derivative Asset |  |  | Derivative (Liability) |  |  |  | Derivative Asset |  |  | Derivative (Liability) |  |
Investment and embedded derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | OA / (AP) |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | $ | 2,559 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 2,185 |
Cross-currency swaps | OA / (AP) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |
Interest rate swaps | OA / (AP) |  | — |  |  | (195 | ) |  | 5,250 |  |  | — |  |  | (115 | ) |  | 5,250 |
Options/Futures contracts on notes, bonds, and equities | OA / (AP) |  | 6 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 1,080 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 1,046 |
Convertible securities (1) | FM AFS / ES |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
TBAs | FM AFS |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
|  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | (247 | ) |  | $ | 8,943 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | (153 | ) |  | $ | 8,543 |
Other derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures contracts on equities (2) | OA / (AP) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 507 |
Other | OA / (AP) |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 184 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 74 |
|  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 581 |
GLB (3) | (AP) / (FPB) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (741 | ) |  | $ | 1,458 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (861 | ) |  | $ | 1,750 |

(1) | Includes fair value of embedded derivatives.

(2) | Related to GMDB and GLB blocks of business.

(3) | Includes both future policy benefits reserves and fair value derivative adjustment. Note that the payment provision related to GLB is the net amount at risk. The concept of a notional value does not apply to the GLB reinsurance contracts.

At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, derivative liabilities of $234 million and $95 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table presents net realized gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations:

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Investment and embedded derivative instruments: |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | 4 |
Interest rate swaps | (80 | ) |  | — |
All other futures contracts, options, and equities | (36 | ) |  | 13 |
Convertible securities (1) | 1 |  |  | — |
Total investment and embedded derivative instruments | $ | (130 | ) |  | $ | 17 |
GLB and other derivative instruments: |  |  |
GLB (2) | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Futures contracts on equities (3) | (63 | ) |  | 22 |
Other | (1 | ) |  | 2 |
Total GLB and other derivative instruments | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 62 |
| $ | (80 | ) |  | $ | 79 |

(1) | Includes embedded derivatives.

(2) | Excludes foreign exchange gains (losses) related to GLB.

(3) | Related to GMDB and GLB blocks of business.

b) Derivative instrument objectives
(i) Foreign currency exposure management
A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific foreign currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above.
(ii) Duration management and market exposure
Futures
Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes, and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds, and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed.
Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and therefore, an increase in reserves for GMDB and GLB reinsurance business.
Options
An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above.
The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand.
The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines.
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Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap is a contract between two counterparties in which interest payments are made based on a notional principal amount, which itself is never paid or received. Under the terms of an interest rate swap, one counterparty makes interest payments based on a fixed interest rate and the other counterparty’s payments are based on a floating rate. Interest rate swap contracts are used occasionally in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using interest rate swaps in the portfolio, the overall duration or interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be impacted.
Cross-currency swaps
Cross-currency swaps are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. We use cross-currency swaps to reduce the foreign currency and interest rate risk by converting cash flows back into local currency. We invest in foreign currency denominated investments to improve credit diversification and also to obtain better duration matching to our liabilities that is limited in the local currency market.
Other
Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices.
(iii) Convertible security investments
A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available for sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature.
(iv) TBA
By acquiring TBAs, we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the consolidated financial statements. Chubb purchases TBAs both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy.
(v) GLB
Under the GLB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. Premiums received under the reinsurance treaties are classified as premium. Expected losses allocated to premiums received are classified as Future policy benefits and valued similar to GMDB reinsurance. Other changes in fair value arise principally from changes in expected losses allocated to expected future premiums. Fair value represents management’s estimate of an exit price and thus, includes a risk margin. We may recognize a realized loss for other changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining U.S. and/or international equity markets) and changes in actual or estimated future policyholder behavior (e.g., increased annuitization or decreased lapse rates) although we expect the business to be profitable.
To mitigate adverse changes in the capital markets, we maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts, as noted under section "(ii) Futures" above. These futures increase in fair value when the S&P 500 index decreases (and decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases). The net impact of gains or losses related to changes in fair value of the GLB liability and the exchange-traded equity futures are included in Net realized gains (losses).
c) Securities lending and secured borrowings
Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets.
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The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

|  | Remaining contractual maturity |
|  | March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  | Overnight and Continuous |
Collateral held under securities lending agreements: |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 846 |  |  | $ | 756 |
U.S. Treasury and agency |  | 60 |  |  | 64 |
Foreign |  | 655 |  |  | 795 |
Corporate securities |  | 29 |  |  | 15 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 47 |  |  | 45 |
Equity securities |  | 224 |  |  | 251 |
|  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 1,926 |
Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable |  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 1,926 |

At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our repurchase agreement obligations of $1,419 million and $1,418 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available for sale and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

| Remaining contractual maturity |
| March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
| Up to 30 Days |  |  | Greater than 90 Days |  |  | Total |  |  | 30-90 Days |  |  | Greater than 90 Days |  |  | Total |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agency | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 330 |  |  | 884 |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 713 |  |  | 1,209 |
| $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 893 |  |  | $ | 1,478 |  |  | $ | 496 |  |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | 1,468 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,418 |
Difference (1) |  |  |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 50 |

(1) | Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability.

Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction.
d) Fixed maturities
At March 31, 2019, we have commitments to purchase fixed income securities of $792 million over the next several years.
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e) Other investments
At March 31, 2019, included in Other investments in the Consolidated balance sheets are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies with a carrying value of $4.2 billion. In connection with these investments, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $3.6 billion over the next several years.
f) Income Taxes
At March 31, 2019, $14 million of unrecognized tax benefits remain outstanding. It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months, that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations by taxing authorities and the lapses of statutes of limitations. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2010.
g) Legal proceedings
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
6. Shareholders’ equity
All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing consolidated financial statements. Under Swiss corporate law, dividends, including distributions through a reduction in par value (par value reduction) or from legal reserves, must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At March 31, 2019, our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 24.15 per share.
At our May 2018 and 2017 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.92 per share and $2.84 per share, respectively, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $0.73 per share and $0.71 per share, respectively, at dates determined by the Board of Directors (Board) after the annual general meetings by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment.
Dividend distributions per Common Share for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were $0.73 (CHF 0.72) and $0.71 (CHF 0.66), respectively.
Common Shares in treasury are used principally for issuance upon the exercise of employee stock options, grants of restricted stock, and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). At March 31, 2019, 21,604,659 Common Shares remain in treasury after net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans.
Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorization
In December 2017, the Board authorized a share repurchase program of $1.0 billion of Chubb's Common Shares from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. In December 2018, our Board authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of Chubb's Common Shares from December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019.
The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations:

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |  | April 1, 2019 through May 1, 2019 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |
Number of shares repurchased | 2,753,754 |  |  | — |  |  | 550,000 |
Cost of shares repurchased | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77 |
Repurchase authorization remaining at end of period | $ | 1,112 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |

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7. Share-based compensation
The Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2016 LTIP) permits grants of both incentive and non-qualified stock options principally at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. Stock options typically vest in equal annual installments over the respective vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. On February 28, 2019, Chubb granted 2,073,712 stock options with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $18.79 each. The fair value of the options issued is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
The 2016 LTIP also permits grants of service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units as well as performance-based restricted stock awards. Chubb generally grants service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule. Beginning in 2017, the performance-based restricted stock awards granted comprise target awards and premium awards that cliff vest at the end of a 3-year performance period based on both tangible book value (shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets, net of tax) per share growth and P&C combined ratio compared to a defined group of peer companies. Premium awards are subject to an additional vesting provision based on total shareholder return compared to our peer group. The restricted stock is granted at market close price on the grant date. On February 28, 2019, Chubb granted 1,078,247 service-based restricted stock awards, 357,463 service-based restricted stock units, and 212,059 performance-based stock awards to employees and officers with a grant date fair value of $133.90 each. Each restricted stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting.
8. Postretirement benefits
The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs (benefits) reflected in Net income in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

| Pension Benefit Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefit Plans |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Three Months Ended March 31 | U.S. Plans |  |  | Non-U.S. Plans |  |  | U.S. Plans |  |  | Non-U.S. Plans |  |  |  |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Non-service cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 30 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Expected return on plan assets | (47 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (53 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | (21 | )
Total non-service (benefit) cost | (17 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (20 | ) |  | (21 | )
Net periodic (benefit) cost | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | (21 | )

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The service and non-service cost components of net periodic (benefit) cost reflected in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

|  | Pension Benefit Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefit Plans |
Three Months Ended March 31 |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Service Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Administrative expenses |  | 13 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total service cost |  | 15 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-service Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | )
Administrative expenses |  | (19 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | (20 | )
Total non-service (benefit) cost |  | (21 | ) |  | (33 | ) |  | (20 | ) |  | (21 | )
Net periodic (benefit) cost |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | (21 | )

9. Segment information
Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance.
Corporate results primarily include income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities.
For segment reporting purposes, certain items are presented in a different manner below than in the consolidated financial statements. Management uses underwriting income (loss) as the main measures of segment performance. Chubb calculates underwriting income (loss) by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. To calculate Segment income (loss), include Net investment income (loss), Other (income) expense, and Amortization of purchased intangibles. For the North America Agricultural Insurance segment, management includes gains and losses on crop derivatives as a component of underwriting income (loss). For example, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, underwriting income in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment was $73 million. This amount includes $1 million of realized losses related to crop derivatives which are reported in Net realized gains (losses) in the Corporate column below.
For the Life Insurance segment, management includes Net investment income and (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP as components of Life Insurance underwriting income. For example, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, Life Insurance underwriting income of $75 million includes Net investment income of $89 million and gains from fair value changes in separate account assets of $30 million. The gains from fair value changes in separate account assets are reported in Other (income) expense in the table below.
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The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment:

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  |  | Overseas General Insurance |  |  | Global Reinsurance |  |  | Life Insurance |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Chubb Consolidated |
Net premiums written | $ | 2,951 |  |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 2,395 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,313 |
Net premiums earned | 3,085 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 2,114 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 561 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,137 |
Losses and loss expenses | 1,973 |  |  | 757 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 1,106 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4,098 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |
Policy acquisition costs | 459 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,464 |
Administrative expenses | 240 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 710 |
Underwriting income (loss) | 413 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | (74 | ) |  | 669 |
Net investment income (loss) | 510 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 89 |  |  | (37 | ) |  | 836 |
Other (income) expense | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | (39 | )
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 76 |
Segment income (loss) | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | (177 | ) |  | $ | 1,468 |
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (97 | ) |  | (97 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 140 |  |  | 140 |
Chubb integration expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 188 |  |  | 188 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (605 | ) |  | $ | 1,040 |

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  |  | Overseas General Insurance |  |  | Global Reinsurance |  |  | Life Insurance |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Chubb Consolidated |
Net premiums written | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 1,048 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 2,384 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,104 |
Net premiums earned | 3,029 |  |  | 1,140 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 540 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,027 |
Losses and loss expenses | 1,908 |  |  | 886 |  |  | (53 | ) |  | 1,078 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4,102 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |
Policy acquisition costs | 472 |  |  | 237 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 588 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,464 |
Administrative expenses | 231 |  |  | 65 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 239 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 692 |
Underwriting income (loss) | 418 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | 100 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (22 | ) |  | (83 | ) |  | 618 |
Net investment income (loss) | 503 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 83 |  |  | (61 | ) |  | 806 |
Other (income) expense | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | (47 | )
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 85 |
Segment income (loss) | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | (171 | ) |  | $ | 1,386 |
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 157 |  |  | 157 |
Chubb integration expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 135 |  |  | 135 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (475 | ) |  | $ | 1,082 |

Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than Unpaid losses and loss expenses, Reinsurance recoverables, Goodwill and Other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments.
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10. Earnings per share

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Numerator: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |
Denominator: |  |  |
Denominator for basic earnings per share: |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 458,805,185 |  |  | 465,703,240 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share: |  |  |
Share-based compensation plans | 2,731,755 |  |  | 3,770,351 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions | 461,536,940 |  |  | 469,473,591 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 2.25 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |
Potential anti-dilutive share conversions | 4,343,204 |  |  | 2,116,188 |

Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective periods.
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11. Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries
The following tables present condensed consolidating financial information at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 for Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer). The Subsidiary Issuer is an indirect 100 percent-owned subsidiary of the Parent Guarantor. The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer. Condensed consolidating financial information of the Parent Guarantor and Subsidiary Issuer are presented on the equity method of accounting. The revenues and expenses and cash flows of the subsidiaries of the Subsidiary Issuer are presented in the Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries column on a combined basis.
Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at March 31, 2019

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  |  | Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) |  |  | Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations |  |  | Chubb Limited Consolidated |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 103,031 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103,260 |
Cash (1) | 2 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 2,220 |  |  | (1,022 | ) |  | 1,271 |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,491 |  |  | (1,665 | ) |  | 9,826 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,232 |  |  | (10,095 | ) |  | 16,137 |
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 306 |  |  | (103 | ) |  | 203 |
Value of business acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | 289 |  |  | — |  |  | 289 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,419 |
Investments in subsidiaries | 45,648 |  |  | 51,996 |  |  | — |  |  | (97,644 | ) |  | — |
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net | 7,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 616 |  |  | (7,974 | ) |  | — |
Other assets | 9 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 20,170 |  |  | (1,847 | ) |  | 18,820 |
Total assets | $ | 53,017 |  |  | $ | 52,784 |  |  | $ | 185,896 |  |  | $ | (120,350 | ) |  | $ | 171,347 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,998 |  |  | $ | (9,855 | ) |  | $ | 63,143 |
Unearned premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,039 |  |  | (1,130 | ) |  | 15,909 |
Future policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,655 |  |  | (103 | ) |  | 5,552 |
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net | — |  |  | 7,974 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,974 | ) |  | — |
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1) | 331 |  |  | 691 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,022 | ) |  | — |
Repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,419 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 509 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 12,070 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,071 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 308 |
Other liabilities | 331 |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 20,478 |  |  | (2,622 | ) |  | 20,081 |
Total liabilities | 662 |  |  | 23,437 |  |  | 117,599 |  |  | (22,706 | ) |  | 118,992 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 52,355 |  |  | 29,347 |  |  | 68,297 |  |  | (97,644 | ) |  | 52,355 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 53,017 |  |  | $ | 52,784 |  |  | $ | 185,896 |  |  | $ | (120,350 | ) |  | $ | 171,347 |

(1) | Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At March 31, 2019, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  |  | Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) |  |  | Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations |  |  | Chubb Limited Consolidated |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 100,754 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100,968 |
Cash (1) | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,896 |  |  | (652 | ) |  | 1,247 |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,861 |  |  | (1,786 | ) |  | 10,075 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,422 |  |  | (10,429 | ) |  | 15,993 |
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 306 |  |  | (104 | ) |  | 202 |
Value of business acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,414 |
Investments in subsidiaries | 43,531 |  |  | 50,209 |  |  | — |  |  | (93,740 | ) |  | — |
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net | 7,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 598 |  |  | (7,672 | ) |  | — |
Other assets | 3 |  |  | 1,007 |  |  | 18,102 |  |  | (1,628 | ) |  | 17,484 |
Total assets | $ | 50,609 |  |  | $ | 51,432 |  |  | $ | 181,741 |  |  | $ | (116,011 | ) |  | $ | 167,771 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,857 |  |  | $ | (9,897 | ) |  | $ | 62,960 |
Unearned premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,611 |  |  | (1,079 | ) |  | 15,532 |
Future policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,610 |  |  | (104 | ) |  | 5,506 |
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net | — |  |  | 7,672 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,672 | ) |  | — |
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1) | 35 |  |  | 617 |  |  | — |  |  | (652 | ) |  | — |
Repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,418 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 509 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 12,086 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,087 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 308 |
Other liabilities | 262 |  |  | 2,545 |  |  | 19,199 |  |  | (2,867 | ) |  | 19,139 |
Total liabilities | 297 |  |  | 23,728 |  |  | 115,705 |  |  | (22,271 | ) |  | 117,459 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 50,312 |  |  | 27,704 |  |  | 66,036 |  |  | (93,740 | ) |  | 50,312 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 50,609 |  |  | $ | 51,432 |  |  | $ | 181,741 |  |  | $ | (116,011 | ) |  | $ | 167,771 |

(1) | Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At December 31, 2018, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  |  | Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) |  |  | Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations |  |  | Chubb Limited Consolidated |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Net premiums written | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,313 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,313 |
Net premiums earned | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,137 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,137 |
Net investment income | 1 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 839 |  |  | — |  |  | 836 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 990 |  |  | 759 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,749 | ) |  | — |
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI | 1 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | (85 | ) |  | — |  |  | (97 | )
Losses and loss expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,098 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,098 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | 20 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 2,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,174 |
Interest (income) expense | (66 | ) |  | 185 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 140 |
Other (income) expense | (6 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39 | )
Amortization of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |
Chubb integration expenses | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 4 |  |  | (42 | ) |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Net income | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | (1,749 | ) |  | $ | 1,040 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 2,718 |  |  | $ | 1,941 |  |  | $ | 2,788 |  |  | $ | (4,729 | ) |  | $ | 2,718 |

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  |  | Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) |  |  | Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations |  |  | Chubb Limited Consolidated |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Net premiums written | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,104 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,104 |
Net premiums earned | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,027 |
Net investment income | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 806 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 1,022 |  |  | 885 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,907 | ) |  | — |
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI | (2 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Losses and loss expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,102 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,102 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | 18 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 2,116 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,156 |
Interest (income) expense | (80 | ) |  | 209 |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 157 |
Other (income) expense | (5 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | — |  |  | (47 | )
Amortization of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |
Chubb integration expenses | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 5 |  |  | (59 | ) |  | 189 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Net income | $ | 1,082 |  |  | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | 1,223 |  |  | $ | (1,907 | ) |  | $ | 1,082 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | (830 | ) |  | $ | 453 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  |  | Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) |  |  | Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations |  |  | Chubb Limited Consolidated |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Net cash flows from (used for) operating activities | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | (163 | ) |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | (200 | ) |  | $ | 1,322 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (5,558 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,561 | )
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Purchases of equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49 | ) |  | — |  |  | (49 | )
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,293 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,293 |
Sales of equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1,825 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,831 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 280 |  |  | — |  |  | 280 |
Net change in short-term investments | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39 | )
Net derivative instruments settlements | — |  |  | (28 | ) |  | (330 | ) |  | — |  |  | (358 | )
Private equity contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (410 | ) |  | — |  |  | (410 | )
Private equity distributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 368 |  |  | — |  |  | 368 |
Capital contribution | — |  |  | (110 | ) |  | — |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (75 | ) |  | — |  |  | (87 | )
Net cash flows used for investing activities | — |  |  | (150 | ) |  | (633 | ) |  | 110 |  |  | (673 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid on Common Shares | (336 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (336 | )
Common Shares repurchased | — |  |  | — |  |  | (367 | ) |  | — |  |  | (367 | )
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |
Repayment of repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (470 | ) |  | — |  |  | (470 | )
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |
Dividend to parent company | — |  |  | — |  |  | (200 | ) |  | 200 |  |  | — |
Advances (to) from affiliates | (266 | ) |  | 308 |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital contribution | — |  |  | — |  |  | 110 |  |  | (110 | ) |  | — |
Net proceeds from affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1) | 296 |  |  | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | (370 | ) |  | — |
Policyholder contract deposits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |
Policyholder contract withdrawals | — |  |  | — |  |  | (78 | ) |  | — |  |  | (78 | )
Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities | (306 | ) |  | 382 |  |  | (426 | ) |  | (280 | ) |  | (630 | )
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Net increase in cash and restricted cash | 1 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 353 |  |  | (370 | ) |  | 53 |
Cash and restricted cash – beginning of period (1) | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,989 |  |  | (652 | ) |  | 1,340 |
Cash and restricted cash – end of period (1) | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 2,342 |  |  | $ | (1,022 | ) |  | $ | 1,393 |

(1) | Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  |  | Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) |  |  | Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations |  |  | Chubb Limited Consolidated |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Net cash flows from operating activities | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 2,727 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | (3,000 | ) |  | $ | 551 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (5,964 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,972 | )
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity | — |  |  | — |  |  | (162 | ) |  | — |  |  | (162 | )
Purchases of equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (55 | ) |  | — |  |  | (55 | )
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,562 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,562 |
Sales of equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,865 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 255 |  |  | — |  |  | 255 |
Net change in short-term investments | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 745 |  |  | — |  |  | 731 |
Net derivative instruments settlements | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
Private equity contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (353 | ) |  | — |  |  | (353 | )
Private equity distributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 201 |  |  | — |  |  | 201 |
Capital contribution | (750 | ) |  | (3,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4,250 |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32 | )
Net cash flows used for investing activities | (750 | ) |  | (3,529 | ) |  | (852 | ) |  | 4,250 |  |  | (881 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid on Common Shares | (330 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (330 | )
Common Shares repurchased | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | — |  |  | (29 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | — |  |  | 2,175 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,175 |
Repayment of long-term debt | — |  |  | (300 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (300 | )
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 408 |  |  | — |  |  | 408 |
Repayment of repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (404 | ) |  | — |  |  | (404 | )
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Dividend to parent company | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  | 3,000 |  |  | — |
Advances (to) from affiliates | 656 |  |  | (95 | ) |  | (561 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital contribution | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,250 |  |  | (4,250 | ) |  | — |
Net proceeds from (payments to) affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1) | 400 |  |  | (115 | ) |  | — |  |  | (285 | ) |  | — |
Policyholder contract deposits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |
Policyholder contract withdrawals | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | — |  |  | (105 | )
Net cash flows from financing activities | 726 |  |  | 1,665 |  |  | 711 |  |  | (1,535 | ) |  | 1,567 |
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash | (2 | ) |  | 863 |  |  | 686 |  |  | (285 | ) |  | 1,262 |
Cash and restricted cash – beginning of period (1) | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 962 |  |  | (115 | ) |  | 851 |
Cash and restricted cash – end of period (1) | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | (400 | ) |  | $ | 2,113 |

(1) | Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
All comparisons in this discussion are to the corresponding prior year period unless otherwise indicated. All dollar amounts are rounded. However, percent changes and ratios are calculated using whole dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded dollars may differ.
Our results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of our results for the full year. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 Form 10-K).
Other Information
We routinely post important information for investors on our website (investors.chubb.com). We use this website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Information portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.

MD&A Index | Page
Forward-Looking Statements | 39
Overview | 41
Financial Highlights | 41
Consolidated Operating Results | 42
Segment Operating Results | 46
Effective Income Tax Rate | 57
Non-GAAP Reconciliation | 57
Other Income and Expense | 61
Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization | 61
Interest Expense | 63
Net Investment Income | 63
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) | 64
Investments | 65
Critical Accounting Estimates | 68
Reinsurance Recoverable on Ceded Reinsurance | 68
Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses | 69
Asbestos and Environmental (A&E) | 69
Fair Value Measurements | 69
Catastrophe Management | 69
Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program | 70
Crop Insurance | 71
Liquidity | 72
Capital Resources | 73

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Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), include but are not limited to:

• | losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes such as hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, floods, climate change (including effects on weather patterns; greenhouse gases; sea, land and air temperatures; sea levels; and rain and snow), nuclear accidents, or terrorism which could be affected by:

• | the number of insureds and ceding companies affected;

• | the amount and timing of losses actually incurred and reported by insureds;

• | the impact of these losses on our reinsurers and the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverable actually received;

• | the cost of building materials and labor to reconstruct properties or to perform environmental remediation following a catastrophic event; and

• | complex coverage and regulatory issues such as whether losses occurred from storm surge or flooding and related lawsuits;

• | actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent;

• | the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance;

• | actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments;

• | the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments;

• | changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available for sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery;

• | infection rates and severity of pandemics and their effects on our business operations and claims activity;

• | developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets, increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry, the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations (which we refer to in this report as foreign exchange and foreign currency exchange), which could affect our statement of operations, investment portfolio, financial condition, and financing plans;

• | general economic and business conditions resulting from volatility in the stock and credit markets and the depth and duration of potential recession;

• | global political conditions, the occurrence of any terrorist attacks, including any nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical events, or the outbreak and effects of war, and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events;

• | the potential impact of the United Kingdom’s vote to withdraw from the European Union, including political, regulatory, social, and economic uncertainty and market and exchange rate volatility;

• | judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms;

• | the effects of public company bankruptcies and/or accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues, including the effects of such events on:

• | the capital markets;

• | the markets for directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) insurance; and

• | claims and litigation arising out of such disclosures or practices by other companies;

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• | uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties, which, among other things, could subject us to insurance regulation or taxation in additional jurisdictions or affect our current operations;

• | the effects of data privacy or cyber laws or regulation on our current or future business;

• | the actual amount of new and renewal business, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets, including regulatory constraints on exit strategies;

• | the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete;

• | acquisitions made by us performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization, or announced acquisitions not closing;

• | risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens;

• | the potential impact from government-mandated insurance coverage for acts of terrorism;

• | the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities;

• | the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs;

• | changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers;

• | material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements;

• | the effects of investigations into market practices in the property and casualty (P&C) industry;

• | changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions, for example, recession;

• | the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries;

• | loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame;

• | the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners;

• | the ability of our company to increase use of data analytics and technology as part of our business strategy and adapt to new technologies; and

• | management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above).

The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” or “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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Overview

Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At March 31, 2019, we had total assets of $171 billion and shareholders’ equity of $52 billion. Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda. We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2018 Form 10-K.

Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019

• | Net income was $1,040 million compared with $1,082 million in the prior year period.

• | Total company and P&C net premiums written were $7.3 billion and $6.7 billion, respectively, both up 2.9 percent, or 5.1 percent on a constant-dollar basis.

• | P&C combined ratio was 89.2 percent compared with 90.1 percent in the prior year period. P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 88.5 percent compared with 87.6 percent in the prior year period.

• | Total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses were $250 million (3.8 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $201 million, respectively, compared with $380 million (5.8 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $303 million, respectively, in the prior year period.

• | Total pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development were $204 million (3.1 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $161 million, respectively, compared with $209 million (3.3 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $166 million, respectively, in the prior year period.

• | Operating cash flow was $1,322 million compared with $551 million in the prior year period. Refer to the Liquidity section for additional information on our cash flows.

• | Net investment income was $836 million compared with $806 million in the prior year period.

• | Share repurchases totaled $367 million, or approximately 2.8 million shares, during the quarter.

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Consolidated Operating Results – Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018

| Three Months Ended |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written (1) | $ | 7,313 |  |  | $ | 7,104 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Net premiums earned (1) | 7,137 |  |  | 7,027 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Net investment income | 836 |  |  | 806 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Net realized gains (losses) | (97 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | NM |
Total revenues | 7,876 |  |  | 7,831 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 4,098 |  |  | 4,102 |  |  | (0.1 | )%
Policy benefits | 196 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 29.8 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 1,464 |  |  | 1,464 |  |  | — |
Administrative expenses | 710 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Interest expense | 140 |  |  | 157 |  |  | (10.8 | )%
Other (income) expense | (39 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (17.8 | )%
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 76 |  |  | 85 |  |  | (10.2 | )%
Chubb integration expenses | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (69.3 | )%
Total expenses | 6,648 |  |  | 6,614 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Income before income tax | 1,228 |  |  | 1,217 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Income tax expense | 188 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 39.4 | %
Net income | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  | (3.9 | )%

NM – not meaningful

(1) | On a constant-dollar basis for the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums written increased $353 million, or 5.1 percent, and net premiums earned increased $251 million, or 3.6 percent. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

Net Premiums Written
Net premiums written reflect the premiums we retain after purchasing reinsurance protection. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 consolidated net premiums written increased $209 million, or $353 million (5.1 percent), on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across all segments.

• | Net premiums written in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment increased $139 million, or 5.0 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, reflecting positive rate increases, new business written, and strong renewals across many retail lines, particularly in casualty, financial lines, A&H, package, and property, as well as growth in our wholesale and high excess Bermuda lines and in our small commercial businesses.

• | Net premiums written in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment increased $8 million, or 0.8 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to strong retention and rate increases primarily in our homeowners and personal excess products, partially offset by higher cessions due to the homeowners quota share reinsurance treaty which was effective October 1, 2018.

• | Net premiums written in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment increased $22 million, or 19.9 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to growth in Chubb Agribusiness and the year-over-year increase in MPCI premiums reflecting less premiums returned to the U.S government under the premium-sharing formulas. Under the MPCI profit and loss calculation, we cede additional premiums to the government during profitable years. In the prior year, the program was more profitable which resulted in higher cessions compared to the first quarter of 2019.

• | Net premiums written in our Overseas General Insurance segment increased $11 million, or $136 million (6.0 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, reflecting growth across all regions and lines of business. P&C lines growth was principally due to new business in small commercial property and general casualty lines, middle market, and excess and surplus lines. Personal lines growth was driven by new business. Accident and health (A&H) lines growth was principally in Asia and Latin America driven by new business.

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• | Net premiums written in our Global Reinsurance segment increased $9 million, or $12 million (6.4 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to new business written in marine and property lines, and the timing of homeowners business, which was previously written mainly in the third quarter of 2018. This increase was partially offset by lower net renewals primarily in the motor line, which were reflective of competitive market conditions and higher ceded retrocessions principally in property catastrophe lines mainly due to timing.

• | Net premiums written in our Life Insurance segment increased $20 million, or $29 million (5.2 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily reflecting growth in our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program and Asian and Latin American international life operations, partially offset by our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new life reinsurance business is currently being written.

Net Premiums Written By Line of Business

| Three Months Ended |
|  |  | March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | % Change Q-19 vs. Q-18 |  |  | C$ (1) 2018 |  |  | C$ (1) % Change Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Commercial casualty | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 1,101 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | $ | 1,087 |  |  | 10.4 | %
Workers' compensation | 593 |  |  | 622 |  |  | (4.6 | )% |  | 622 |  |  | (4.6 | )%
Professional liability | 786 |  |  | 773 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 761 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Surety | 152 |  |  | 161 |  |  | (5.4 | )% |  | 156 |  |  | (2.5 | )%
Commercial multiple peril (2) | 219 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | 200 |  |  | 9.0 | %
Property and other short-tail lines | 1,157 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 1,058 |  |  | 9.4 | %
Total Commercial P&C (3) | 4,107 |  |  | 3,944 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 3,884 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Agriculture | 130 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 19.9 | % |  | 108 |  |  | 19.9 | %
Personal automobile | 421 |  |  | 398 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 391 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Personal homeowners | 743 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 735 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Personal other | 368 |  |  | 387 |  |  | (4.9 | )% |  | 372 |  |  | (1.0 | )%
Total Personal lines | 1,532 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 1,498 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Total Property and Casualty lines | 5,769 |  |  | 5,575 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 5,490 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Global A&H lines (4) | 1,073 |  |  | 1,072 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 1,022 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Reinsurance lines | 202 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 190 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Life | 269 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 258 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Total consolidated | $ | 7,313 |  |  | $ | 7,104 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | $ | 6,960 |  |  | 5.1 | %

(1) | On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

(2) | Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability).

(3) | March 31, 2018 includes a reclassification of $44 million from Commercial casualty, $2 million from Workers' compensation, and $1 million from Commercial multiple peril to Property and other short-tail lines to better align the reporting with current year. There is no impact to total Commercial P&C.

(4) | For purposes of this schedule only, A&H results from our Combined North America and International businesses, normally included in the Life Insurance and Overseas General Insurance segments, respectively, as well as the A&H results of our North America Commercial P&C segment, are included in Global A&H lines above.

The increase in net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2019, reflects growth across most lines of business from positive rate increases, new business and strong renewals. The increase in commercial casualty and professional liability business was due to new business in North America, Europe, and Asia. Workers' compensation was adversely impacted by competitive market conditions. Commercial multiple peril increased due to new business and strong renewals. Property and other short-tail lines increased due to growth in North America major accounts and internationally due to new business and strong renewals. Our personal lines increased in North America due to strong retention and rate increases in homeowners and
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personal excess products. Personal lines growth in North America was partially offset by higher cessions due to the homeowners quota share reinsurance treaty which was effective October 1, 2018. Global A&H lines increased due to growth in our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program. For additional information on net premiums written, refer to the segment results discussions.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned for short-duration contracts, typically P&C contracts, generally reflect the portion of net premiums written that were recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure periods expire. Net premiums earned for long-duration contracts, typically traditional life contracts, generally are recognized as earned when due from policyholders. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums earned increased $110 million, or $251 million (3.6 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the growth in net premiums written as described above. Net premiums earned benefited from $57 million of net premiums written in the quarter principally related to large structured transactions and audit and retrospective premium adjustments that were fully earned when written, compared to $54 million in the prior year.
P&C Combined Ratio
In evaluating our segments excluding Life Insurance, we use the P&C combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life Insurance segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage that segment. The P&C combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A P&C combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss.

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 59.3 | % |  | 60.0 | %
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 20.3 | % |  | 20.6 | %
Administrative expense ratio | 9.6 | % |  | 9.5 | %
P&C Combined ratio | 89.2 | % |  | 90.1 | %

The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to the following:

• | Lower catastrophe losses partially offset by lower favorable PPD (net 1.6 percentage points);

• | Offset by an increase in the underlying loss ratio, reflecting earned rate changes modestly below loss trends.

Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Our policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a supplemental commission adjustment in the current year which decreased the policy acquisition cost ratio along with higher net premiums earned as described above.
Our administrative expense ratio remained relatively flat for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development
Catastrophe losses exclude reinstatement premiums which are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted. Prior period development is net of related adjustments which typically relate to either profit commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies. Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for further information on reinstatement premiums on catastrophe losses and adjustments to prior period development.
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| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Catastrophe losses | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 380 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 209 |

We generally define catastrophe loss events consistent with the definition of the Property Claims Service (PCS) for events in the U.S. and Canada. PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes damage of $25 million or more in insured property losses and affects a significant number of insureds. For events outside of the U.S. and Canada, we generally use a similar definition.
The following tables present catastrophe losses, including reinstatement premiums (RIPs), for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

| Catastrophe Loss Charge by Event |
| North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  |  | Overseas General Insurance |  |  | Global Reinsurance |  |  | Total Consolidated including RIPs |
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2019
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Winter-related storms | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 191 |
U.S. flooding, hail, tornadoes, and wind events | 24 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Australia storms | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total before income tax | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49 |
Total after income tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 201 |

| Catastrophe Loss Charge by Event |
| North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  |  | Overseas General Insurance |  |  | Global Reinsurance |  |  | Total Consolidated including RIPs |
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2018
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast winter storms | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 195 |
California mudslides | 4 |  |  | 120 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |
Other | 21 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Total before income tax | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 380 |
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77 |
Total after income tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 303 |

Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Refer to the Prior Period Development section in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Pre-tax net favorable prior period development for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $204 million, including $61 million favorable development related to the 2018 crop year loss estimates, $124 million favorable development related to the 2017 and 2018 catastrophe events, principally in homeowners, and adverse development of $122 million principally in homeowners due to elevated non-catastrophe activity. The remaining favorable development of $141 million is split approximately 60 percent from short-tail lines and 40 percent from long-tail lines, primarily from accident years 2014 and prior.
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Pre-tax net favorable prior period development for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was $209 million, which included favorable development of $106 million related to 2017 catastrophe events and $76 million related to the 2017 crop year loss estimates.
Current Accident Year (CAY) Loss Ratio excluding CATs and CAY P&C Combined Ratio excluding CATs
For these measures, the numerator includes losses and loss expenses adjusted to exclude CATs and PPD. In addition, the denominator is adjusted to exclude net premiums earned adjustments on PPD and reinstatement premiums on CATs and PPD.

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 59.3 | % |  | 60.0 | %
Catastrophe losses | (3.8 | )% |  | (5.8 | )%
Prior period development | 3.1 | % |  | 3.5 | %
CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 58.6 | % |  | 57.7 | %

The CAY loss ratio excluding CATs increased 0.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to an increase in the underlying loss ratio, reflecting earned rate changes modestly below loss trends.
CAY P&C Combined Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
CAY Loss and loss expense ratio ex CATs | 58.6 | % |  | 57.7 | %
CAY Policy acquisition cost ratio ex CATs | 20.3 | % |  | 20.5 | %
CAY Administrative expense ratio ex CATs | 9.6 | % |  | 9.4 | %
CAY P&C combined ratio ex CATs | 88.5 | % |  | 87.6 | %
Adverse impact of CATs above an expected level on combined ratio | 0.6 | % |  | 2.7 | %

Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for the definition of “expected level of CATs.”
Policy benefits
Policy benefits represent losses on contracts classified as long-duration and generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. Refer to the Life Insurance segment operating results section for further discussion.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, Policy benefits were $196 million and $151 million, respectively, which included separate account losses of $30 million and $6 million, respectively, related to separate account liabilities.
Refer to the respective sections for a discussion of Net investment income, Interest expense, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains and losses, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense.

Segment Operating Results – Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018

We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2018 Form 10-K.
Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities.
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North America Commercial P&C Insurance
The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance division (large corporate accounts and wholesale business), and the North America Commercial Insurance division (principally middle market and small commercial accounts).

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written | $ | 2,951 |  |  | $ | 2,812 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Net premiums earned | 3,085 |  |  | 3,029 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 1,973 |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 459 |  |  | 472 |  |  | (2.8 | )%
Administrative expenses | 240 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Underwriting income | 413 |  |  | 418 |  |  | (1.1 | )%
Net investment income | 510 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Other (income) expense | (5 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (5.4 | )%
Segment income | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 927 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Loss and loss expense ratio | 63.9 | % |  | 63.0 | % |  | 0.9 |  | pts |
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 14.9 | % |  | 15.6 | % |  | (0.7 | ) | pts |
Administrative expense ratio | 7.8 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 0.2 |  | pts |
Combined ratio | 86.6 | % |  | 86.2 | % |  | 0.4 |  | pts |

Premiums
Net premiums written increased $139 million, or 5.0 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, reflecting positive rate increases, new business written, and strong renewals across many retail lines, particularly in casualty, financial lines, A&H, package, and property, as well as growth in our wholesale and high excess Bermuda lines and in our small commercial businesses.
Net premiums earned increased $56 million, or 1.9 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to net premiums written growth described above. Net premiums earned benefited from $57 million of net premiums written in the quarter principally related to large structured transactions and audit and retrospective premium adjustments that were fully earned when written, compared to $54 million in the prior year.
Combined Ratio
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 0.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in the underlying loss ratio, reflecting earned rate changes modestly below loss trends and higher catastrophe losses partially offset by higher favorable prior period development.
The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a change in mix of business towards lower acquisition cost ratio lines and increased cessions under certain reinsurance agreements that resulted in higher ceded acquisition costs benefit than in prior year.
The administrative expense ratio increased 0.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to higher employee-related expenses, including merit-based salary and inflationary increases.
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Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Catastrophe losses | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 78 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 101 |

Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily from the following events (refer to table on page 45):

• | 2019: Winter-related storms and other severe weather-related events in the U.S.

• | 2018: Severe weather-related events in the U.S.

Refer to the prior period development discussion in Footnote 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 63.9 | % |  | 63.0 | %
Catastrophe losses | (3.0 | )% |  | (2.6 | )%
Prior period development | 4.1 | % |  | 3.6 | %
CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 65.0 | % |  | 64.0 | %

The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 1.0 percentage point for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in the underlying loss ratio, reflecting earned rate changes modestly below loss trends.
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North America Personal P&C Insurance
The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide high net worth personal lines products, including homeowners and complementary products such as valuable articles, excess liability, automobile, and recreational marine insurance and services in the U.S. and Canada.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 1,048 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Net premiums earned | 1,154 |  |  | 1,140 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 757 |  |  | 886 |  |  | (14.6 | )%
Policy acquisition costs | 231 |  |  | 237 |  |  | (2.3 | )%
Administrative expenses | 68 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Underwriting income (loss) | 98 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | NM |
Net investment income | 64 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 8.7 | %
Other (income) expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Segment income | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | NM |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 65.5 | % |  | 77.7 | % |  | (12.2 | ) | pts |
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 20.1 | % |  | 20.8 | % |  | (0.7 | ) | pts |
Administrative expense ratio | 5.9 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 0.2 |  | pts |
Combined ratio | 91.5 | % |  | 104.2 | % |  | (12.7 | ) | pts |

NM – not meaningful
Premiums
Net premiums written increased $8 million, or 0.8 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to strong retention and rate increases primarily in our homeowners and personal excess products, partially offset by higher cessions due to the homeowners quota share reinsurance treaty which was effective October 1, 2018.
Net premiums earned increased $14 million, or 1.2 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, reflecting the earning in of premiums written in the prior year and the factors described above.
Combined Ratio
The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 12.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses and higher favorable prior period development (together 14.0 percentage points), partially offset by an increase in the underlying loss ratio, reflecting an ongoing re-evaluation of non-catastrophe loss activity.
The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a supplemental commission adjustment in the current year which decreased the policy acquisition cost ratio.
The administrative expense ratio increased 0.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to higher employee-related expenses, including merit-based salary and inflationary increases.
Catastrophe losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Catastrophe losses | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 6 |

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Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily from the following events (refer to table on page 45):

• | 2019: Winter-related storms and other severe weather-related events in the U.S.

• | 2018: California mudslides and Northeast winter storms.

Refer to the prior period development discussion in Footnote 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 65.5 | % |  | 77.7 | %
Catastrophe losses | (11.2 | )% |  | (24.9 | )%
Prior period development | 0.8 | % |  | 0.5 | %
CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 55.1 | % |  | 53.3 | %

The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 1.8 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in the underlying loss ratio, reflecting an ongoing re-evaluation of non-catastrophe loss activity.
North America Agricultural Insurance
The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provide a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | 19.9 | %
Net premiums earned | 55 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 27.4 | %
Losses and loss expenses (1) | (26 | ) |  | (55 | ) |  | (51.8 | )%
Policy acquisition costs | 7 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | NM |
Administrative expenses | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | NM |
Underwriting income | 73 |  |  | 102 |  |  | (28.6 | )%
Net investment income | 10 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 47.0 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |
Segment income | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | (25.6 | )%
Loss and loss expense ratio | (48.3 | )% |  | (127.6 | )% |  | 79.3 |  | pts |
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 12.1 | % |  | (3.1 | )% |  | 15.2 |  | pts |
Administrative expense ratio | 2.6 | % |  | (7.6 | )% |  | 10.2 |  | pts |
Combined ratio | (33.6 | )% |  | (138.3 | )% |  | 104.7 |  | pts |

NM – not meaningful

(1) | Gains (losses) on crop derivatives were $(1) million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These gains (losses) are included in Net realized gains (losses) in our Consolidated statements of operations but are reclassified to Losses and loss expenses for purposes of presenting North America Agricultural Insurance underwriting income.

Premiums
Net premiums written increased $22 million, or 19.9 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to growth in Chubb Agribusiness and the year-over-year increase in MPCI premiums reflecting less premiums returned to the U.S government under the premium-sharing formulas. Under the MPCI profit and loss calculation, we cede additional premiums to
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the government during profitable years. In the prior year, the program was more profitable which resulted in higher cessions compared to the first quarter of 2019.
Net premiums earned increased $12 million, or 27.4 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to the factors described above.
Combined Ratio
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 79.3 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to lower favorable prior period development and higher catastrophe losses, as well as current quarter loss on our crop derivatives compared to a crop derivative gain in the prior year.
The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 15.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to reinsurance ceded commission adjustment in the prior year that benefited acquisition expenses and the year-over-year impact of premiums returned to the U.S. government under the premium-sharing formulas.
The administrative expense ratio increased 10.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a reduction in the current year Administrative and Operating (A&O) reimbursements on the MPCI business we recorded under the government program. The current year reimbursement was less than the prior year reimbursement. In addition, the administrative expense ratio was higher due to merit-based salary increases.
Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Catastrophe losses | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 76 |

Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily from our farm, ranch, and specialty P&C businesses.
Refer to the prior period development discussion in Footnote 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net favorable prior period development was $61 million which included $90 million of favorable incurred losses and $3 million of lower acquisition costs due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2018 crop year, partially offset by a $32 million decrease in net premiums earned related to the MPCI profit and loss calculation formula. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net favorable prior period development was $76 million which included $112 million of favorable incurred losses and $4 million of lower acquisition costs due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2017 crop year, partially offset by a $40 million decrease in net premiums earned related to the MPCI profit and loss calculation formula.
CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | (48.3 | )% |  | (127.6 | )%
Catastrophe losses | (4.1 | )% |  | (1.5 | )%
Prior period development | 123.5 | % |  | 198.0 | %
CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 71.1 | % |  | 68.9 | %

The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 2.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to the loss on our crop derivatives compared to a crop derivative gain in the prior year.
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Overseas General Insurance
Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our international commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers; A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 which is managed by Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written (1) | $ | 2,395 |  |  | $ | 2,384 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Net premiums earned | 2,114 |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 1,106 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 596 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Administrative expenses | 249 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Underwriting income (1) | 163 |  |  | 202 |  |  | (19.4 | )%
Net investment income | 144 |  |  | 151 |  |  | (4.4 | )%
Other (income) expense | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (44.4 | )%
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 11 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 11.2 | %
Segment income | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 336 |  |  | (13.1 | )%
Loss and loss expense ratio | 52.3 | % |  | 51.1 | % |  | 1.2 |  | pts |
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 28.2 | % |  | 27.9 | % |  | 0.3 |  | pts |
Administrative expense ratio | 11.8 | % |  | 11.4 | % |  | 0.4 |  | pts |
Combined ratio | 92.3 | % |  | 90.4 | % |  | 1.9 |  | pts |

(1) | On a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums written increased $136 million, or 6.0 percent, and underwriting income decreased $21 million, or 11.6 percent. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period.

Premiums
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums written increased $11 million, or $136 million (6.0 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across all regions and lines of business. P&C lines growth was principally due to new business in small commercial property and general casualty lines, middle market, and excess and surplus lines. Personal lines growth was driven by new business. Accident and health (A&H) lines growth was principally in Asia and Latin America driven by new business.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums earned increased $7 million, or $126 million (6.3 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the increase in net premiums written.
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Net Premiums Written by Region

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2019 % of Total |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 % of Total |  |  | C$ (1) 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |  |  | C$ (1) Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Europe | $ | 1,106 |  |  | 46 | % |  | $ | 1,110 |  |  | 47 | % |  | $ | 1,062 |  |  | (0.4 | )% |  | 4.2 | %
Latin America | 533 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 528 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 472 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 12.8 | %
Asia | 669 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 657 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 640 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 4.5 | %
Other (2) | 87 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 89 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 85 |  |  | (1.9 | )% |  | 3.0 | %
Net premiums written | $ | 2,395 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,384 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,259 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 6.0 | %

(1) | On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

(2) | Comprises Combined International, Eurasia and Africa region, and other international.

Combined Ratio
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 1.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to higher catastrophe losses and lower favorable prior period development.
The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 0.3 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to higher deferrable underwriting costs resulting from the successful acquisition of business.
The administrative expense ratio increased 0.4 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily driven by higher employee merit and benefit-related expenses and increased spending to support growth, partially offset by higher deferrable underwriting costs as noted above.
Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Catastrophe losses | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 15 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 22 |

Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily from the following events (refer to table on page 45):

• | 2019: Storms in Australia and other international weather-related events

• | 2018: Severe weather-related events in Europe

Refer to the prior period development discussion in Footnote 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 52.3 | % |  | 51.1 | %
Catastrophe losses | (1.2 | )% |  | (0.7 | )%
Prior period development | 0.2 | % |  | 1.0 | %
CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 51.3 | % |  | 51.4 | %

The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses remained relatively flat for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
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Global Reinsurance
The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | 4.4 | %
Net premiums earned | 168 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 76 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 43 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Administrative expenses | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (1.8 | )%
Underwriting income | 39 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (23.6 | )%
Net investment income | 56 |  |  | 64 |  |  | (11.3 | )%
Other (income) expense | (9 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | 19.5 | %
Segment income | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | (14.7 | )%
Loss and loss expense ratio | 45.7 | % |  | 40.1 | % |  | 5.6 |  | pts |
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 25.4 | % |  | 23.6 | % |  | 1.8 |  | pts |
Administrative expense ratio | 5.7 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | (0.1 | ) | pts |
Combined ratio | 76.8 | % |  | 69.5 | % |  | 7.3 |  | pts |

Premiums
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums written increased $9 million, or $12 million (6.4 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, primarily due to new business written in marine and property lines, and the timing of homeowners business, which was previously written mainly in the third quarter of 2018. This increase was partially offset by lower net renewals primarily in the motor line, which were reflective of competitive market conditions and higher ceded retrocessions principally in property catastrophe lines mainly due to timing.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums earned remained flat or increased $4 million (2.6 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the increase in net premiums written.
Combined Ratio
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 5.6 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, principally due to lower favorable prior period development and a change in mix of business reflecting proportionally lower premiums earned from property catastrophe business, which has a low loss ratio. Lower catastrophe losses partially offset the increase.
The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 1.8 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a change in mix of business reflecting proportionally lower premiums earned from property catastrophe business and increased excess of loss ceded retrocessions, for which we receive no cede commission benefit. In addition, the prior year benefited from a reduction in policy acquisition costs on treaties with adjustable commission features.
The administrative expense ratio remained relatively flat for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
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Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Catastrophe losses | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 14 |

Refer to the prior period development discussion in Footnote 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 45.7 | % |  | 40.1 | %
Catastrophe losses | — |  |  | (1.2 | )%
Prior period development | 4.8 | % |  | 8.8 | %
CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 50.5 | % |  | 47.7 | %

The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 2.8 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a change in mix of business reflecting proportionally lower premiums earned from property catastrophe business.
Life Insurance
The Life Insurance segment comprises Chubb's international life operations, Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. We assess the performance of our life business based on Life Insurance underwriting income, which includes Net investment income and (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Net premiums written | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Net premiums earned | 561 |  |  | 540 |  |  | 3.9 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 202 |  |  | 205 |  |  | (1.5 | )%
Policy benefits (1) | 196 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 29.8 | %
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets (1) | (30 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | 389.7 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 128 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Administrative expenses | 79 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Net investment income | 89 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Life Insurance underwriting income | 75 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 14.5 | %
Other (income) expense (1) | (10 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | NM |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | NM |
Segment income | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | 33.9 | %

NM – not meaningful

(1) | (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP have been reclassified from Other (income) expense for purposes of presenting Life Insurance underwriting income. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits.

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Premiums
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net premiums written increased $20 million, or $29 million (5.2 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, primarily reflecting growth in our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program and Asian and Latin American international life operations, partially offset by our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new life reinsurance business is currently being written.
Deposits
The following table presents deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | C$ (1) 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |  |  | C$ (1) Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Deposits collected on Universal life and investment contracts | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 366 |  |  | (15.1 | )% |  | (12.3 | )%

(1) | On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our Consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP. New life deposits are an important component of production, and although they do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they are key to our efforts to grow our business. Life deposits collected decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a decline in Taiwan driven by competitive market conditions, partially offset by growth in Hong Kong and Vietnam.
Life Insurance underwriting income and Segment income
Life Insurance underwriting income increased $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, principally reflecting growth as described above, and an increase in net investment i ncome. Additionally, the increase in segment income was also due to our share of net income from our partially-owned life insurance entities of $12 million, including a one-time favorable adjustment of $7 million.
Corporate
Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |
| March 31 |  |  | % Change |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Q-19 vs. Q-18 |
Losses and loss expenses | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | — |
Administrative expenses | 63 |  |  | 72 |  |  | (12.0 | )%
Underwriting loss | 74 |  |  | 83 |  |  | (10.8 | )%
Net investment income (loss) | (37 | ) |  | (61 | ) |  | (37.9 | )%
Interest expense | 140 |  |  | 157 |  |  | (10.8 | )%
Net realized gains (losses) | (96 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | NM |
Other (income) expense | 11 |  |  | (37 | ) |  | NM |
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | 55 |  |  | 64 |  |  | (14.5 | )%
Chubb integration expenses | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (69.3 | )%
Income tax expense | 188 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 39.4 | %
Net loss | $ | (604 | ) |  | $ | (477 | ) |  | 26.9 | %

NM - not meaningful
Losses and loss expenses in both years were primarily related to unallocated loss adjustment expenses of the A&E claim operations.
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Administrative expenses decreased $9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to lower employee incentive compensation costs.
Chubb integration expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income. Chubb integration expenses were $3 million and $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and principally consisted of personnel-related expenses.
Refer to the respective sections for a discussion of Net investment income, Interest expense, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains and losses, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense.

Effective Income Tax Rate

Our effective income tax rate reflects a mix of income or losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, permanent differences between US GAAP and local tax laws, and the timing of recording discrete items. A change in the geographic mix of earnings could impact our effective tax rate. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, our effective income tax rate was 15.3 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively. The effective income tax rate of 15.3 percent in the current year was higher compared to the prior year primarily due to a higher percentage of income generated in higher taxing jurisdictions, a higher percentage of realized losses generated in lower taxing jurisdictions, lower amounts of tax-exempt income and a decrease in discrete tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation.

Non-GAAP Reconciliation

In presenting our results, we included and discussed certain non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, they should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
We provide financial measures, including net premiums written, net premiums earned, and underwriting income on a constant-dollar basis. We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.
P&C performance metrics comprise consolidated operating results (including Corporate) and exclude the operating results of the Life Insurance segment. We believe that these measures are useful and meaningful to investors as they are used by management to assess the company’s P&C operations which are the most economically similar. We exclude the Life Insurance segment because the results of this business do not always correlate with the results of our P&C operations.
P&C combined ratio is the sum of the loss and loss expense ratio, acquisition cost ratio and the administrative expense ratio excluding the life business and including the realized gains and losses on the crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations.
CAY P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) excludes CATs and prior period development (PPD) from the P&C combined ratio. We exclude CATs as they are not predictable as to timing and amount and PPD as these unexpected loss developments on historical reserves are not indicative of our current underwriting performance. The combined ratio numerator is adjusted to exclude CATs, net premiums earned adjustments on PPD, prior period expense adjustments and reinstatement premiums on PPD, and the denominator is adjusted to exclude net premiums earned adjustments on PPD and reinstatement premiums on CATs and PPD. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net premiums earned when calculating the ratios. We believe this measure provides a better evaluation of our underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our P&C business that may be obscured by these items. This measure is commonly reported among our peer companies and allows for a better comparison.
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Reinstatement premiums are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted.
Net premiums earned adjustments within PPD are adjustments to the initial premium earned on retrospectively rated policies based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The premium adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies and are fully earned in the period the adjustments are recorded.
Prior period expense adjustments typically relate to adjustable commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies.
For this disclosure purpose, the normalized level of CATs, or expected level of CATs, is not intended to represent a probability weighted expectation for the company but rather to represent management’s view of what might be more typical for a given period, based on various factors, including historical experience, seasonal patterns, and consideration of both modeled CATs (e.g., windstorm and earthquake) as well as non-modeled CATs (e.g., wildfires, floods and freeze). For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, based on these and other factors, the expected level of pre-tax CATs was $206 million and $205 million, respectively, resulting in CATs above expected level of $44 million and $175 million, respectively.
The following tables present the calculation of combined ratio, as reported for each segment to P&C combined ratio, adjusted for catastrophe losses (CATs) and PPD:
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|  | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  |  | Overseas General Insurance |  |  | Global Reinsurance |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total P&C |
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2019
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses |  | $ | 1,973 |  |  | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | (27 | ) |  | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 3,896 |
Realized (gains) losses on crop derivatives |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Adjusted losses and loss expenses | A | $ | 1,973 |  |  | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | (26 | ) |  | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 3,897 |
Catastrophe losses |  | (94 | ) |  | (129 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (250 | )
PPD and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 131 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 204 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | )
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
PPD - gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 129 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 228 |
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs | B | $ | 2,008 |  |  | $ | 635 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3,875 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | C | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 845 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 1,967 |
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted | D | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 845 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 1,974 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | E | $ | 3,085 |  |  | $ | 1,154 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 2,114 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,576 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 34 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3 | )
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments | F | $ | 3,087 |  |  | $ | 1,151 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 2,114 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,607 |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | A/E | 63.9 | % |  | 65.5 | % |  | (48.3 | )% |  | 52.3 | % |  | 45.7 | % |  |  |  | 59.3 | %
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio | C/E | 22.7 | % |  | 26.0 | % |  | 14.7 | % |  | 40.0 | % |  | 31.1 | % |  |  |  | 29.9 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  | 86.6 | % |  | 91.5 | % |  | (33.6 | )% |  | 92.3 | % |  | 76.8 | % |  |  |  | 89.2 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted | B/F | 65.0 | % |  | 55.1 | % |  | 71.1 | % |  | 51.3 | % |  | 50.5 | % |  |  |  | 58.6 | %
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio, adjusted | D/F | 22.8 | % |  | 26.0 | % |  | 12.8 | % |  | 40.0 | % |  | 31.0 | % |  |  |  | 29.9 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  | 87.8 | % |  | 81.1 | % |  | 83.9 | % |  | 91.3 | % |  | 81.5 | % |  |  |  | 88.5 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 89.2 | %
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 89.2 | %
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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|  | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  |  | Overseas General Insurance |  |  | Global Reinsurance |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total P&C |
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2018
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses |  | $ | 1,908 |  |  | $ | 886 |  |  | $ | (53 | ) |  | $ | 1,078 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 3,897 |
Realized (gains) losses on crop derivatives |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Adjusted losses and loss expenses | A | $ | 1,908 |  |  | $ | 886 |  |  | $ | (55 | ) |  | $ | 1,078 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 3,895 |
Catastrophe losses |  | (78 | ) |  | (284 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (380 | )
PPD and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 101 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 209 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
PPD - gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 111 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 256 |
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs | B | $ | 1,941 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3,771 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | C | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 827 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted | D | $ | 697 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 1,948 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | E | $ | 3,029 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 2,107 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,487 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 41 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments | F | $ | 3,033 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 2,107 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,532 |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | A/E | 63.0 | % |  | 77.7 | % |  | (127.6 | )% |  | 51.1 | % |  | 40.1 | % |  |  |  | 60.0 | %
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio | C/E | 23.2 | % |  | 26.5 | % |  | (10.7 | )% |  | 39.3 | % |  | 29.4 | % |  |  |  | 30.1 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  | 86.2 | % |  | 104.2 | % |  | (138.3 | )% |  | 90.4 | % |  | 69.5 | % |  |  |  | 90.1 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted | B/F | 64.0 | % |  | 53.3 | % |  | 68.9 | % |  | 51.4 | % |  | 47.7 | % |  |  |  | 57.7 | %
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio, adjusted | D/F | 23.0 | % |  | 26.4 | % |  | (1.2 | )% |  | 39.3 | % |  | 29.3 | % |  |  |  | 29.9 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  | 87.0 | % |  | 79.7 | % |  | 67.7 | % |  | 90.7 | % |  | 77.0 | % |  |  |  | 87.6 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90.1 | %
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90.1 | %
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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Other Income and Expense

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Equity in net (income) loss of partially-owned entities | $ | (22 | ) |  | $ | (59 | )
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets (1) | (30 | ) |  | (6 | )
Federal excise and capital taxes | 6 |  |  | 3 |
Other | 7 |  |  | 15 |
Other (income) expense | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | (47 | )

(1) | Related to (gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP.

Other (income) expense includes equity in net (income) loss of partially-owned entities, which includes our share of net (income) loss related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) and partially-owned insurance companies. Also included in Other (income) expense are (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other (income) expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results.

Amortization of purchased intangibles and Other amortization

Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles was $76 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared with $85 million in the prior year period. The decrease in amortization expense of purchased intangibles reflects lower intangible amortization expense related to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and no expense related to internally developed software, which was fully amortized in 2018, partially offset by a lower amortization benefit from the fair value adjustment on unpaid losses and loss expenses.
Amortization expense for the remainder of 2019 is expected to be $228 million, or $76 million each quarter.
The following table presents, as of March 31, 2019, the estimated pre-tax amortization expense (benefit) of purchased intangibles, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the second through fourth quarters of 2019 and the next five years:

| Associated with the Chubb Corp Acquisition |  |  |  |  |
For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights |  |  | Fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expenses |  |  | Total (1) |  |  | Other intangible assets (2) |  |  | Total Amortization of purchased intangibles |
Second quarter of 2019 | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 76 |
Third quarter of 2019 | 70 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 55 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 76 |
Fourth quarter of 2019 | 70 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 55 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 76 |
2020 | 239 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 204 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 287 |
2021 | 216 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | 196 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 271 |
2022 | 196 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 181 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 251 |
2023 | 178 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 171 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 237 |
2024 | 160 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 154 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 214 |
Total | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | (128 | ) |  | $ | 1,071 |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |

(1) | Recorded in Corporate.

(2) | Recorded in applicable segment(s) that acquired the intangible assets.

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Reduction of deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets related to Other intangible assets (excluding the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expense)
At March 31, 2019, the deferred tax liability associated with Other intangible assets (excluding the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expense) was $1,349 million.
The following table presents, as of March 31, 2019, the expected reduction of the deferred tax liability associated with Other intangible assets (which reduces as agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and other intangible assets amortize), at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the second through fourth quarters of 2019 and for the next five years:

For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | Reduction to deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets |
Second quarter of 2019 | $ | 20 |
Third quarter of 2019 | 20 |
Fourth quarter of 2019 | 20 |
2020 | 71 |
2021 | 64 |
2022 | 59 |
2023 | 54 |
2024 | 49 |
Total | $ | 357 |

Amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets and assumed long-term debt
The following table presents at March 31, 2019, the expected amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets, at current foreign currency exchange rates, and the expected amortization benefit from the amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt for the second through fourth quarters of 2019 and for the next five years:

| Amortization (expense) benefit of the fair value adjustment on |
For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | Acquired invested assets (1) |  |  | Assumed long-term debt (2) |
Second quarter of 2019 | $ | (45 | ) |  | $ | 5 |
Third quarter of 2019 | (42 | ) |  | 5 |
Fourth quarter of 2019 | (40 | ) |  | 6 |
2020 | (150 | ) |  | 21 |
2021 | (135 | ) |  | 21 |
2022 | (53 | ) |  | 21 |
2023 | — |  |  | 21 |
2024 | — |  |  | 21 |
Total | $ | (465 | ) |  | $ | 121 |

(1) | Recorded as a reduction to Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations.

(2) | Recorded as a reduction to Interest expense in the Consolidated statements of operations.

The estimate of amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets could vary materially based on current market conditions, bond calls, overall duration of the acquired investment portfolio, and foreign exchange.
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Interest Expense

The following table presents the estimated interest expense for the remainder of 2019 based on our existing debt obligations as well as fees based on our expected usage of certain facilities including letters of credit, collateral fees, and repurchase agreements.
Our estimated fixed interest expense, at current foreign currency exchange rates, is based on outstanding debt obligations during the period. We plan to redeem the $500 million 5.9 percent senior note on June 15, 2019, therefore, no interest expense is included after the date of redemption.
Our estimated variable interest expense is based on expected usage and interest rates and may fluctuate. These interest expenses include: fees on collateral, repurchase agreements, and credit facilities.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated Interest Expense |
| First Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | Third Quarter |  |  | Fourth Quarter |  |  | Full Year |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |
Fixed interest expense based on outstanding debt | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 479 |
Variable interest expense based on expected usage | 21 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 96 |
Adjusted interest expense | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 575 |
Amortization of the fair value of debt related to the Chubb Corp acquisition | (5 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (21 | )
Total interest expense, including amortization of the fair value of debt | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 554 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Actual Interest Expense |
| First Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | Third Quarter |  |  | Fourth Quarter |  |  | Full Year |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
Fixed interest expense based on outstanding debt | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 520 |
Variable interest expense | 29 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 154 |
Adjusted interest expense | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 674 |
Amortization of the fair value of debt related to the Chubb Corp acquisition | (12 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (33 | )
Total interest expense, including amortization of the fair value of debt | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 641 |

Net Investment Income

| Three Months Ended |
| March 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Fixed maturities (1) | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | 772 |
Short-term investments | 24 |  |  | 20 |
Other interest income (2) | 6 |  |  | 28 |
Equity securities | 7 |  |  | 8 |
Other investments | 22 |  |  | 19 |
Gross investment income | 879 |  |  | 847 |
Investment expenses | (43 | ) |  | (41 | )
Net investment income | $ | 836 |  |  | $ | 806 |
(1) Includes amortization expense related to fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition | $ | (46 | ) |  | $ | (71 | )

(2) | Other interest income includes interest earned from operating cash held outside the investment portfolio and also cash held in our global multi-currency notional cash pooling programs. Other interest income fluctuates based on changing interest rates and cash balances.

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Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 3.7 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared with the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to higher average invested assets and reinvestment rates on new and reinvested assets, partially offset by a reduction in the usage of notional cash pooling programs and unfavorable foreign exchange across all markets.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)

We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within certain specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available for sale and reported at fair value. Our held to maturity investment portfolio is reported at amortized cost.
The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when we record an Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charge. For a further discussion related to how we assess OTTI for our fixed maturities, including credit-related OTTI, and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 2 b) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of equity securities and private equity securities where we own less than three percent and derivatives, including financial futures, options, swaps, and GLB reinsurance. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available for sale securities, resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, and unrealized postretirement benefit liability adjustment, are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated balance sheets.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  | Net Impact |  |  | Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  | Net Impact |
Fixed maturities | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 1,889 |  |  | $ | 1,845 |  |  | $ | (23 | ) |  | $ | (1,211 | ) |  | $ | (1,234 | )
Fixed income and equity derivatives | (130 | ) |  | — |  |  | (130 | ) |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Public equity | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Private equity | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mark-to-market on public and private equity | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total investment portfolio (1) | (160 | ) |  | 1,889 |  |  | 1,729 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (1,211 | ) |  | (1,199 | )
Variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions, net of applicable hedges | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Other derivatives | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Foreign exchange | 13 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 160 |  |  | (77 | ) |  | 397 |  |  | 320 |
Other | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (23 | ) |  | (22 | )
Net gains (losses), pre-tax | $ | (97 | ) |  | $ | 2,009 |  |  | $ | 1,912 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (837 | ) |  | $ | (839 | )

(1) | For the three months ended March 31, 2019, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) included $13 million for fixed maturities. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) included $1 million for fixed maturities.

The variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions resulted in realized gains of $51 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, reflecting a net decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities of $114 million. The decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities was primarily due to higher global equity market levels, partially offset by lower interest rates. In addition, we maintain positions in derivative instruments that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. There were realized losses of $63 million related to these derivative instruments.
The variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions resulted in realized gains of $60 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, reflecting a net decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities of $38 million. The decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities was primarily due to rising interest rates, partially offset by lower equity market levels. In addition, we maintain positions in derivative instruments that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. There were realized gains of $22 million related to these derivative instruments.
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Investments

Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of A/Aa as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s). The portfolio is externally managed by independent, professional investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. Other investments principally comprise direct investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships. We hold no collateralized debt obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and closely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.
The average duration of our fixed income securities, including the effect of options and swaps, was 3.6 years and 3.7 years at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We estimate that a 100 basis point (bps) increase in interest rates would reduce the valuation of our fixed income portfolio by approximately $3.5 billion at March 31, 2019.
The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost of our invested assets:

| March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value |  |  | Cost/ Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost/ Amortized Cost |
Fixed maturities available for sale | $ | 80,663 |  |  | $ | 79,624 |  |  | $ | 78,470 |  |  | $ | 79,323 |
Fixed maturities held to maturity | 13,240 |  |  | 13,136 |  |  | 13,259 |  |  | 13,435 |
Short-term investments | 3,078 |  |  | 3,078 |  |  | 3,016 |  |  | 3,016 |
| 96,981 |  |  | 95,838 |  |  | 94,745 |  |  | 95,774 |
Equity securities | 821 |  |  | 821 |  |  | 770 |  |  | 770 |
Other investments | 5,562 |  |  | 5,562 |  |  | 5,277 |  |  | 5,277 |
Total investments | $ | 103,364 |  |  | $ | 102,221 |  |  | $ | 100,792 |  |  | $ | 101,821 |

The fair value of our total investments increased $2.6 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to unrealized appreciation driven by declining interest rates and the investing of operating cash flows. This increase was partially offset by the payment of dividends on our Common Shares and share repurchases.
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The following tables present the market value of our fixed maturities and short-term investments at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The first table lists investments according to type and second according to S&P credit rating:

| March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | Market Value |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Market Value |  |  | % of Total |
Treasury | $ | 4,551 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 4,799 |  |  | 5 | %
Agency | 392 |  |  | — |  |  | 528 |  |  | 1 | %
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 30,364 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 29,091 |  |  | 31 | %
Mortgage-backed securities | 18,924 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 18,026 |  |  | 19 | %
Municipal | 15,796 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 16,327 |  |  | 17 | %
Non-U.S. | 23,876 |  |  | 25 | % |  | 22,958 |  |  | 24 | %
Short-term investments | 3,078 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 3,016 |  |  | 3 | %
Total | $ | 96,981 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 94,745 |  |  | 100 | %
AAA | $ | 14,917 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 14,571 |  |  | 15 | %
AA | 37,023 |  |  | 38 | % |  | 36,715 |  |  | 39 | %
A | 17,867 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 17,253 |  |  | 18 | %
BBB | 11,961 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 12,035 |  |  | 13 | %
BB | 8,807 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 8,363 |  |  | 9 | %
B | 6,148 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 5,596 |  |  | 6 | %
Other | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 96,981 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 94,745 |  |  | 100 | %

Corporate and asset-backed securities
The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by market value at March 31, 2019:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Market Value |
Wells Fargo & Co | $ | 578 |
Bank of America Corp | 518 |
JP Morgan Chase & Co | 479 |
Comcast Corp | 380 |
HSBC Holdings Plc | 354 |
Verizon Communications Inc | 336 |
Anheuser-Busch InBev NV | 334 |
Citigroup Inc | 327 |
AT&T Inc | 316 |
Morgan Stanley | 302 |

Mortgage-backed securities

| S&P Credit Rating |  |  | Market Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |
March 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | AAA |  |  | AA |  |  | A |  |  | BBB |  |  | BB and below |  |  | Total |  |  | Total |
Agency residential mortgage-backed (RMBS) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,505 |  |  | $ | 15,442 |
Non-agency RMBS | 25 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 187 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 2,877 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,231 |  |  | 3,224 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | $ | 2,902 |  |  | $ | 15,801 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 18,924 |  |  | $ | 18,853 |

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Municipal
As part of our overall investment strategy, we may invest in states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions fixed maturity securities (Municipal). We apply the same investment selection process described previously to our Municipal investments. The portfolio is highly diversified primarily in state general obligation bonds and essential service revenue bonds including education and utilities (water, power, and sewers).
Non-U.S.
Our exposure to the Euro results primarily from Chubb European Group SE which is headquartered in France and offers a broad range of coverages throughout the European Union, Central, and Eastern Europe. Chubb primarily invests in Euro denominated investments to support its local currency insurance obligations and required capital levels. Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.
Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A and 51 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA—two percent, A—one percent, BBB—0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material.
The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at March 31, 2019:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Market Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |
United Kingdom | $ | 1,138 |  |  | $ | 1,115 |
Republic of Korea | 1,088 |  |  | 975 |
Canada | 841 |  |  | 833 |
Federative Republic of Brazil | 763 |  |  | 747 |
Province of Ontario | 668 |  |  | 658 |
United Mexican States | 563 |  |  | 567 |
Kingdom of Thailand | 506 |  |  | 480 |
Province of Quebec | 490 |  |  | 482 |
Commonwealth of Australia | 324 |  |  | 292 |
Federal Republic of Germany | 308 |  |  | 292 |
Other Non-U.S. Government Securities (1) | 4,541 |  |  | 4,421 |
Total | $ | 11,230 |  |  | $ | 10,862 |

(1) | There are no investments in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece or Spain.

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The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at March 31, 2019:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Market Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |
United Kingdom | $ | 1,995 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |
Canada | 1,545 |  |  | 1,527 |
United States (1) | 1,184 |  |  | 1,170 |
France | 957 |  |  | 933 |
Australia | 833 |  |  | 814 |
Netherlands | 679 |  |  | 667 |
Germany | 534 |  |  | 521 |
Japan | 519 |  |  | 515 |
Switzerland | 460 |  |  | 452 |
China | 375 |  |  | 369 |
Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities | 3,565 |  |  | 3,516 |
Total | $ | 12,646 |  |  | $ | 12,437 |

(1) | The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations.

Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio
Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At March 31, 2019, our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below-investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 14 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,200 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $147 million.
We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Eleven external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized loan obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio.

Critical Accounting Estimates

As of March 31, 2019, there were no material changes to our critical accounting estimates. For a full discussion of our critical accounting estimates, refer to Item 7 in our 2018 Form 10-K.
Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance

|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) |  |  | Provision for Uncollectible |  |  | Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) |  |  | Provision for Uncollectible |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | 14,707 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 14,689 |  |  | $ | 251 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses | 1,430 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 1,304 |  |  | 72 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses | $ | 16,137 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 15,993 |  |  | $ | 323 |
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 4 |

(1) | Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance.

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The increase in reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses was primarily due to additional reinsurance recoverables related to catastrophe losses in 2019 and prior period development, partially offset by collections on catastrophe losses and crop activity.
We evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and potential reinsurers on a regular basis and also monitor concentrations of credit risk with reinsurers. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is required principally due to the potential failure of reinsurers to indemnify Chubb, primarily because of disputes under reinsurance contracts and insolvencies. We have established provisions for amounts estimated to be uncollectible on both unpaid and paid losses as well as future policy benefits.
Unpaid losses and loss expenses
As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims that are discounted in statutory filings, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money.
The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Gross Losses |  |  | Reinsurance Recoverable (1) |  |  | Net Losses |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 62,960 |  |  | $ | 14,689 |  |  | $ | 48,271 |
Losses and loss expenses incurred | 5,261 |  |  | 1,163 |  |  | 4,098 |
Losses and loss expenses paid | (5,197 | ) |  | (1,178 | ) |  | (4,019 | )
Foreign currency revaluation and other | 119 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 86 |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 63,143 |  |  | $ | 14,707 |  |  | $ | 48,436 |

(1) | Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance.

The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses).
Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on the changes in the loss reserves.
Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)
There was no significant A&E reserve activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019. A&E reserves are included in Corporate. Refer to our 2018 Form 10-K for further information on our A&E exposures.
Fair value measurements
Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 inputs). Level 2 includes inputs, other than quoted prices within Level 1, that are observable for assets or liabilities either directly or indirectly. Refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our fair value measurements.

Catastrophe management

We actively monitor and manage our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world such as setting risk limits based on probable maximum loss (PML) and purchasing catastrophe reinsurance. The table below presents our modeled pre-tax estimates of natural catastrophe PML, net of reinsurance, at March 31, 2019, for Worldwide, U.S. hurricane and California earthquake events, based on our in-force portfolio at January 1, 2019 and reflecting the April 1, 2019 reinsurance program (see Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program section) as well as inuring reinsurance protection coverages. According to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our annual aggregate losses incurred in
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any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $2,659 million (or 5.1 percent of our total shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2019).

| Modeled Net Probable Maximum Loss (PML)
| Worldwide (1) |  | U.S. Hurricane (2) |  | California Earthquake (3)
| Annual Aggregate |  | Annual Aggregate |  | Single Occurrence
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | Chubb |  | % of Total Shareholders’ Equity |  | Chubb |  | % of Total Shareholders’ Equity |  | Chubb |  | % of Total Shareholders’ Equity
1-in-10 | $ | 1,848 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | $ | 1,065 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | $ | 127 |  |  | 0.2 | %
1-in-100 | $ | 3,787 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | $ | 2,659 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | $ | 1,339 |  |  | 2.6 | %
1-in-250 | $ | 6,145 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | $ | 4,779 |  |  | 9.1 | % |  | $ | 1,519 |  |  | 2.9 | %

(1) | Worldwide losses are comprised of losses arising only from hurricanes, typhoons, convective storms and earthquakes and do not include “non-modeled” perils such as wildfire and flood.

(2) | U.S. Hurricane losses include losses from wind and storm-surge and exclude rainfall.

(3) | California earthquakes include fire-following perils.

The above estimates of Chubb’s loss profile are inherently uncertain for many reasons, including the following:

• | While the use of third-party catastrophe modeling packages to simulate potential hurricane and earthquake losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate catastrophe losses. In particular, modeled catastrophe events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential;

• | There is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models, the running of the modeling software and interpretation of loss output. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates; and

• | The potential effects of climate change add to modeling complexity.

Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program

Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments).
We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations.
Chubb renewed its Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations effective April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020, with modest enhancements in coverage from the expiring program. The program consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb on a per occurrence basis. In addition, Chubb also renewed its terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020 with the same limits and retention and percentage placed except that the majority of terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement.
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Loss Location |  | Layer of Loss |  | Comments | Notes
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $0 million – $1.0 billion |  | Losses retained by Chubb | (a)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $1.0 billion – $1.2 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (b)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $1.2 billion – $2.2 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (c)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $2.2 billion – $3.5 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (d)
International (including Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $0 million – $175 million |  | Losses retained by Chubb | (a)
International (including Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $175 million – $1.175 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (c)
Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada |  | $1.175 billion – $2.475 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (d)

(a) | Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels.

(b) | These coverages are partially placed with Reinsurers.

(c) | These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers.

(d) | These coverages are both part of the same Third layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers.

Chubb also has a property catastrophe bond in place that offers additional natural catastrophe protection for certain parts of the portfolio. The geographic scope of this coverage is from Virginia through Maine. The East Lane VI 2015 bond currently provides $250 million of coverage as part of a $427 million layer in excess of $2.0 billion retention through March 13, 2020.

Crop Insurance

We are, and have been since the 1980s, one of the leading writers of crop insurance in the U.S. and have conducted that business through a managing general agent subsidiary of Rain and Hail. We provide protection throughout the U.S. on a variety of crops and are therefore geographically diversified, which reduces the risk of exposure to a single event or a heavy accumulation of losses in any one region. Our crop insurance business comprises two components - Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance.
The MPCI program, offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency (RMA), is a federal subsidized insurance program that covers revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, freeze, insects, and disease. These Revenue Products are defined as providing both commodity price and yield coverages. Policies are available for various crops in different areas of the U.S. and generally have deductibles generally ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent of the insured's risk. The USDA's Risk Management Agency (RMA) sets the policy terms and conditions, rates and forms, and is also responsible for setting compliance standards. As a participant in the MPCI program, we report all details of policies to the RMA and are party to a Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA). The SRA sets out the relationship between private insurance companies and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) concerning the terms and conditions regarding the risks each will bear including the pro-rata and state stop-loss provisions, which allows companies to limit the exposure of any one state or group of states on their underwriting results. In addition to the pro-rata and excess of loss reinsurance protections inherent in the SRA, we also purchase third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance for our MPCI business to reduce our exposure. We may also enter into crop derivative contracts to further manage our risk exposure.
Each year the RMA issues a final SRA for the subsequent reinsurance year (i.e., the 2019 SRA covers the 2019 reinsurance year from July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019). There were no significant changes in the terms and conditions to the 2019 SRA and therefore, the new SRA does not impact Chubb's outlook on the crop program relative to 2019.
We recognize net premiums written as soon as estimable on our MPCI business, which is generally when we receive acreage reports from the policyholders on the various crops throughout the U.S. This allows us to best determine the premium associated with the liability that is being planted. The MPCI program has specific timeframes as to when producers must report
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acreage to us and in certain cases, the reporting occurs after the close of the respective reinsurance year. Once the net premium written has been recorded, the premium is then earned over the growing season for the crops. A majority of the crops that are covered in the program are typically subject to the SRA in effect at the beginning of the year. Given the major crops covered in the program, we typically see a substantial written and earned premium impact in the second and third quarters.
The pricing of MPCI premium is determined using a number of factors including commodity prices and related volatility (i.e., both impact the amount of premium we can charge to the policyholder). For example, in most states, the pricing for the MPCI Revenue Product for corn (i.e., insurance coverage for lower than expected crop revenue in a given season) includes a factor based on the average commodity price in February. If corn commodity prices are higher in February, compared to the February price in the prior year, and all other factors are the same, the increase in price will increase the corn premium year-over-year. Pricing is also impacted by volatility factors, which measure the likelihood commodity prices will fluctuate over the crop year. For example, if volatility is set at a higher rate compared to the prior year, and all other factors are the same, the premium charged to the policyholder will be higher year-over-year for the same level of coverage.
Losses incurred on the MPCI business are determined using both commodity price and crop yield. With respect to commodity price, there are two important periods on a large portion of the business: The month of February when the initial premium base is set, and the month of October when the final harvest price is set. If the price declines from February to October, with yield remaining at normal levels, the policyholder may be eligible to recover on the policy. However, in most cases there are deductibles on these policies, therefore, the impact of a decline in price would have to exceed the deductible before a policyholder would be eligible to recover.
We evaluate our MPCI business at an aggregate level and the combination of all of our insured crops (both winter and summer) go into our underwriting gain or loss estimate in any given year. Typically, we do not have enough information on the harvest prices or crop yield outputs to quantify the preliminary estimated impact to our underwriting results until the fourth quarter.
Our crop-hail program is a private offering. Premium is earned on the crop-hail program over the coverage period of the policy. Given the very short nature of the growing season, most crop-hail business is typically written in the second and third quarters and the recognition of earned premium is also more heavily concentrated during this timeframe. We use industry data to develop our own rates and forms for the coverage offered. The policy primarily protects farmers against yield reduction caused by hail and/or fire, and related costs such as transit to storage. We offer various deductibles to allow the grower to partially self-insure for a reduced premium cost. We limit our crop-hail exposures through the use of township liability limits and third-party reinsurance on our net retained hail business.

Liquidity

We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and an available $1.0 billion letter of credit/revolver facility. We have the ability to increase the capacity to $2.0 billion under certain conditions, but any such increase would not raise the sub-limit for revolving loans above $1.0 billion. At March 31, 2019, our LOC usage was $669 million. Our access to funds under an existing credit facility is dependent on the ability of the banks that are a party to the facility to meet their funding commitments. Our existing credit facility has a remaining term expiring in October 2022 and requires that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which we met at March 31, 2019. Should our existing credit provider experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility. Refer to "Credit Facilities" in our 2018 10-K for additional information.
The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we were able to meet all of our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows.
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We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary’s financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $200 million and nil from its Bermuda subsidiaries during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The payment of any dividends from CGM or its subsidiaries is subject to applicable U.K. insurance laws and regulations. In addition, the release of funds by Syndicate 2488 to subsidiaries of CGM is subject to regulations promulgated by the Society of Lloyd’s. The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Chubb INA) may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary’s domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA’s international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from CGM or Chubb INA during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA’s insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of nil and $3.0 billion from its subsidiaries during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Cash Flows
Our sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Operating cash flows were $1.3 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $551 million in the prior year period. The prior year had higher net claims paid, principally reflecting the catastrophe loss payments related to the 2017 catastrophe events. In addition, there were lower taxes paid in 2019, reflecting the benefit of a refund claim for overpayments of taxes from prior years.
Cash used for investing was $673 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $881 million in the prior year period. Cash used for financing was $630 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to cash from financing of $1.6 billion in the prior year period. The current year included $367 million of share repurchases and $336 million of dividends paid on Common Shares. The prior year included $1.9 billion of net proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt (net of repayments) partially offset by $330 million of dividends paid on Common Shares.
Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss.
We use repurchase agreements as a funding alternative. At March 31, 2019, there were $1.4 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next 8 months.

Capital Resources

Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations.

| March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for ratios) | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Short-term debt | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 509 |
Long-term debt | 12,071 |  |  | 12,087 |
Total financial debt | 12,580 |  |  | 12,596 |
Trust preferred securities | 308 |  |  | 308 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 52,355 |  |  | 50,312 |
Total capitalization | $ | 65,243 |  |  | $ | 63,216 |
Ratio of financial debt to total capitalization | 19.3 | % |  | 19.9 | %
Ratio of financial debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization | 19.8 | % |  | 20.4 | %

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Repurchase agreements are excluded from the table above and are disclosed separately from short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets. The repurchase agreements are collateralized borrowings where we maintain the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice, unlike short-term debt which comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we repurchased $367 million of Common Shares in a series of open market transactions under the Board of Directors (Board) share repurchase authorization. At March 31, 2019, there were 21,604,659 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted average cost of $128.46 per share. For the period April 1 through May 1, 2019, we repurchased 550,000 Common Shares for a total of $77 million in a series of open market transactions. At May 1, 2019, $1.0 billion in share repurchase authorization remained through December 31, 2019.
We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via an unlimited Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs.
Dividends
We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our dividend methodology.
At our May 2018 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.92 per share, or CHF 2.92 per share, calculated using the USD/CHF exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on May 17, 2018, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $0.73 per share after the general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board determines the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2019 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The annual dividend approved in May 2018 represented an $0.08 per share increase ($0.02 per quarter) over the prior year dividend.
The following table represents dividends paid per Common Share to shareholders of record on each of the following dates:

Shareholders of record as of: |  | Dividends paid as of: |  |
December 21, 2018 |  | January 11, 2019 |  | $0.73 (CHF 0.73)
March 22, 2019 |  | April 12, 2019 |  | $0.73 (CHF 0.72)

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Refer to Item 7A included in our 2018 Form 10-K.
Foreign currency management
As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions. We occasionally engage in hedging activity for planned cross border transactions. For an estimated impact of foreign currency movement on our net assets denominated in non-U.S. currencies, refer to Item 7A in our 2018 Form 10-K. This information will be updated and disclosed in interim filings if our net assets in non-U.S. currencies change materially from the December 31, 2018 balances disclosed in the 2018 Form 10-K.
Reinsurance of GMDB and GLB guarantees
Chubb views its variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small, at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both Life insurance underwriting income and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short-term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward.
Net income is directly impacted by changes in benefit reserves calculated in connection with reinsurance of variable annuity guarantees. In addition, net income is directly impacted by changes in the fair value of the GLB liability (FVL), which is
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classified as a derivative for accounting purposes. The FVL established for a GLB reinsurance contract represents the difference between the fair value of the contract and the benefit reserves. Benefit reserves and FVL calculations are directly affected by market factors, including equity levels, interest rate levels, credit risk, and implied volatilities, as well as policyholder behaviors, such as annuitization and lapse rates, and policyholder mortality.
The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock etc.) or actuarial assumptions at March 31, 2019 of the FVL and of the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables:

• | No changes to the benefit ratio used to establish benefit reserves at March 31, 2019.

• | Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally

• | Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 75 percent—85 percent U.S. equity, and 15 percent—25 percent international equity.

• | Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive only to U.S. equity markets.

• | We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, and the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity.

• | Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve

• | Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: up to 10 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 25 percent—35 percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 55 percent—65 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years).

• | A change in AA-rated credit spreads impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model. AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers.

• | The hedge sensitivity is from March 31, 2019 market levels and only applicable to the equity and interest rate sensitivities table below.

• | The sensitivities are not directly additive because changes in one factor will affect the sensitivity to changes in other factors. The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. The sensitivities may also vary due to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The calculation of the FVL is based on internal models that include assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior, including lapse, annuitization, and asset allocation. These assumptions impact both the absolute level of the FVL as well as the sensitivities to changes in market factors shown below. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to differences between short-term market movements and management judgment regarding the long-term assumptions implicit in our benefit ratios.

• | In addition, the tables below do not reflect the expected quarterly run rate of net income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. All else equal, if markets remain unchanged during the period, the Gross FVL will increase, resulting in a realized loss. The Gross FVL increases primarily because future premiums are lower by the amount collected in the quarter, and also because future claims are discounted for a shorter period. We refer to this increase in Gross FVL as “timing effect”. The unfavorable impact of timing effect on our Gross FVL in a quarter is not reflected in the sensitivity tables below. For this reason, when using the tables below to estimate the sensitivity of Gross FVL in the second quarter to various changes, it is necessary to assume an additional $5 million to $45 million increase in Gross FVL and realized losses. The impact to Net income is partially mitigated because this realized loss is partially offset by the positive quarterly run rate of Life insurance underwriting income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. Note that both the timing effect and the quarterly run rate of Life insurance underwriting income change over time as the book ages.

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Sensitivities to equity and interest rate movements |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Worldwide Equity Shock
Interest Rate Shock | +10% |  | Flat |  | -10% |  | -20% |  | -30% |  | -40%
+100 bps | (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | (140 | ) |  | $ | (343 | ) |  | $ | (571 | )
| Increase/(decrease) in hedge value | (55 | ) |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 220 |
| Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | (178 | ) |  | $ | (351 | )
Flat | (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (171 | ) |  | $ | (370 | ) |  | $ | (597 | ) |  | $ | (846 | )
| Increase/(decrease) in hedge value | (55 | ) |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 220 |
| Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (116 | ) |  | $ | (260 | ) |  | $ | (432 | ) |  | $ | (626 | )
-100 bps | (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | (226 | ) |  | $ | (419 | ) |  | $ | (639 | ) |  | $ | (884 | ) |  | $ | (1,143 | )
| Increase/(decrease) in hedge value | (55 | ) |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 220 |
| Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | (114 | ) |  | $ | (226 | ) |  | $ | (364 | ) |  | $ | (529 | ) |  | $ | (719 | ) |  | $ | (923 | )
Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables | AA-rated Credit Spreads |  | Interest Rate Volatility |  | Equity Volatility
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | +100 bps |  |  | -100 bps |  | +2% |  | -2% |  | +2% |  | -2%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | (71 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 8 |
Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | (71 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 8 |
Sensitivities to Actuarial Assumptions |  |  |  |  | Mortality
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  | +20% |  | +10% |  | -10% |  | -20%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL |  |  |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | (18 | )
Increase/(decrease) in net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | (18 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | Lapses
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  | +50% |  | +25% |  | -25% |  | -50%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL |  |  |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (101 | )
Increase/(decrease) in net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (101 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | Annuitization
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  | +50% |  | +25% |  | -25% |  | -50%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL |  |  |  |  | $ | (467 | ) |  | $ | (247 | ) |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 476 |
Increase/(decrease) in net income |  |  |  |  | $ | (467 | ) |  | $ | (247 | ) |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 476 |

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of March 31, 2019. Based upon that evaluation, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
On January 14, 2016, Chubb completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we continued to integrate the information technology environments of the two companies.
There were no other changes to Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting.
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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

The information required with respect to this item is included in Note 5 g) to the Consolidated Financial Statements which is hereby incorporated by reference.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Refer to "Risk Factors" under Item 1A of Part I of our 2018 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of Part I of our 2018 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

Issuer’s Repurchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information with respect to purchases by Chubb of its Common Shares during the three months ended March 31, 2019:

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2) |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan (3) |
January 1 through January 31 | 378,763 |  |  | $ | 129.25 |  |  | 373,129 |  |  | $ | 1.43 | billion
February 1 through February 28 | 1,389,224 |  |  | $ | 132.65 |  |  | 1,005,625 |  |  | $ | 1.30 | billion
March 1 through March 31 | 1,380,440 |  |  | $ | 135.46 |  |  | 1,375,000 |  |  | $ | 1.11 | billion
Total | 3,148,427 |  |  | $ | 133.47 |  |  | 2,753,754 |  |  |

(1) | This column represents open market share repurchases and the surrender to Chubb of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and the exercising of options by employees.

(2) | The aggregate value of shares repurchased in the three months ended March 31, 2019 as part of the publicly announced plan was $367 million.

(3) | Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorization. In December 2018, our Board authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of Chubb's Common Shares from December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019. For the period April 1, 2019 through May 1, 2019, we repurchased 550,000 Common Shares for a total of $77 million in a series of open market transactions. At May 1, 2019, $1.0 billion in share repurchase authorization remained through December 31, 2019.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Original Number |  |  | Date Filed |  | Filed Herewith
3.1 |  | Articles of Association of the Company, as amended |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  |  | May 18, 2018 |  |
3.2 |  | Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  |  | November 21, 2016 |  |
4.1 |  | Articles of Association of the Company, as amended |  | 8-K |  | 4.1 |  |  | May 18, 2018 |  |
4.2 |  | Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  |  | November 21, 2016 |  |
10.1* |  | Outside Directors Compensation Parameters |  | 10-K |  | 10.12 |  |  | February 28, 2019 |  |
31.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.1 |  | The following financial information from Chubb Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
* Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| CHUBB LIMITED
| (Registrant)
May 2, 2019 | /s/ Evan G. Greenberg
| Evan G. Greenberg
| Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
May 2, 2019 | /s/ Philip V. Bancroft
| Philip V. Bancroft
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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