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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to
Commission File No. 1-11778

CHUBB LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Switzerland | 98-0091805
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Baerengasse 32
Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
+41 (0)43 456 76 00
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Comm on Shares, par value CHF 0.50 per share | CB | New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 0.30% Senior Notes due 2024 | CB/24A | New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027 | CB/27 | New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 1.55% Senior Notes due 2028 | CB/28 | New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029 | CB/29A | New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 1.40% Senior Notes due 2031 | CB/31 | New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 2.50% Senior Notes due 2038 | CB/38A | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ |  |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☑
The number of registrant’s Common Sh ares (CHF 0.50 par value) out standing as of October 23, 2024 was 403,097,997.

Table of Contents
CHUBB LIMITED
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

Part I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements: |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended Sep tember 30, 2024 and 2023 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 6
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Note 1. | General and significant accounting policies | 7
| Note 2. | Acquisitions | 8
| Note 3. | Investments | 10
| Note 4. | Fair value measurements | 15
| Note 5. | Reinsurance | 22
| Note 6. | Deferred policy acquisition costs | 23
| Note 7. | Goodwill | 24
| Note 8. | Unpaid losses and loss expenses | 24
| Note 9. | Future policy benefits | 26
| Note 10. | Policyholders' account balances, Separate accounts, and Unearned revenue liabilities | 31
| Note 11. | Market risk benefits | 36
| Note 12. | Debt | 37
| Note 13. | Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees | 37
| Note 14. | Shareholders' equity | 43
| Note 15. | Share-based compensation | 46
| Note 16. | Postretirement benefits | 47
| Note 17. | Other income and expense | 48
| Note 18. | Segment information | 49
| Note 19. | Earnings per share | 54
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 55
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 91
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 93
Part II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 94
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 94
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 94
Item 5. | Other Information | 94
Item 6. | Exhibits | 95

2

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| September 30 |  | December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | 2024 |  | 2023
Assets |  |  |
Investments |  |  |
Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost – $4,378 and $4,551) (includes variable interest entities (VIE) balances of $196 and $217) | $ | 4,375 |  |  | $ | 4,551 |
Fixed maturities available-for-sale, at fair value, net of valuation allowance - $75 and $156 (amortized cost – $119,441 and $111,128) | 117,265 |  |  | 106,571 |
Private debt held-for-investment, at amortized cost, net of valuation allowance - $5 and $4 | 2,619 |  |  | 2,553 |
Equity securities, at fair value (includes VIE balances of $1,362 and $1,078) | 4,404 |  |  | 3,455 |
Private equities (includes VIE balances of $22 and $21) | 14,405 |  |  | 14,078 |
Other investments (includes VIE balances of $4,243 and $3,773) | 8,155 |  |  | 5,527 |
Total investments | 151,223 |  |  | 136,735 |
Cash, including restricted cash $153 and $172 (includes VIE balances of $142 and $117) | 2,678 |  |  | 2,621 |
Securities lending collateral | 1,927 |  |  | 1,299 |
Accrued investment income | 1,165 |  |  | 1,086 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable, net of valuation allowance - $58 and $53 | 15,709 |  |  | 13,379 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses, net of valuation allowance - $388 and $367 | 19,606 |  |  | 19,952 |
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits | 292 |  |  | 280 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | 8,249 |  |  | 7,152 |
Value of business acquired | 3,452 |  |  | 3,674 |
Goodwill | 19,990 |  |  | 19,686 |
Other intangible assets | 6,594 |  |  | 6,775 |
Deferred tax assets | 1,567 |  |  | 1,741 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 3,648 |  |  | 3,221 |
Separate account assets | 5,996 |  |  | 5,573 |
Other assets (includes VIE balances of $19 and $33) | 8,461 |  |  | 7,508 |
Total assets | $ | 250,557 |  |  | $ | 230,682 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | 84,326 |  |  | $ | 80,122 |
Unearned premiums | 24,498 |  |  | 22,051 |
Future policy benefits | 16,003 |  |  | 13,888 |
Market risk benefits | 748 |  |  | 771 |
Policyholders' account balances | 8,136 |  |  | 7,462 |
Separate account liabilities | 5,996 |  |  | 5,573 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 8,696 |  |  | 8,302 |
Securities lending payable | 1,927 |  |  | 1,299 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (includes VIE balances of $137 and $18) | 8,967 |  |  | 8,332 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 1,652 |  |  | 1,555 |
Repurchase agreements (includes VIE balances of $810 and $1,009) | 3,048 |  |  | 2,833 |
Short-term debt | 1,571 |  |  | 1,460 |
Long-term debt | 14,560 |  |  | 13,035 |
Trust preferred securities | 309 |  |  | 308 |
Total liabilities | 180,437 |  |  | 166,991 |
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Note 13) |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Common Shares (CHF 0.50 par value; 419,625,986 and 431,451,586 shares issued; 403,033,421 and 405,269,637 shares outstanding) | 235 |  |  | 241 |
Common Shares in treasury (16,592,565 and 26,181,949 shares) | (2,837) |  |  | (4,400) |
Additional paid-in capital | 14,643 |  |  | 15,665 |
Retained earnings | 58,986 |  |  | 54,810 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) | (5,270) |  |  | (6,809) |
Total Chubb shareholders’ equity | 65,757 |  |  | 59,507 |
Noncontrolling interests (includes VIE balances of $3,445 and $2,705) | 4,363 |  |  | 4,184 |
Total shareholders' equity | 70,120 |  |  | 63,691 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 250,557 |  |  | $ | 230,682 |

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
3

Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written | $ | 13,829 |  |  | $ | 13,104 |  |  | $ | 39,410 |  |  | $ | 35,765 |
Increase in unearned premiums | (456) |  |  | (430) |  |  | (2,162) |  |  | (1,950) |
Net premiums earned | 13,373 |  |  | 12,674 |  |  | 37,248 |  |  | 33,815 |
Net investment income | 1,508 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 4,367 |  |  | 3,566 |
Net realized gains (losses) | 198 |  |  | (103) |  |  | 201 |  |  | (484) |
Market risk benefits gains (losses) | (230) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (238) |  |  | (154) |
Total revenues | 14,849 |  |  | 13,853 |  |  | 41,578 |  |  | 36,743 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses | 7,383 |  |  | 7,106 |  |  | 19,541 |  |  | 17,937 |
Policy benefits (includes remeasurement gains of $26, $25, $4 and $21) | 1,099 |  |  | 938 |  |  | 3,498 |  |  | 2,565 |
Policy acquisition costs | 2,324 |  |  | 2,178 |  |  | 6,757 |  |  | 6,142 |
Administrative expenses | 1,094 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | 3,258 |  |  | 2,959 |
Interest expense | 192 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 499 |
Other (income) expense | (325) |  |  | (154) |  |  | (626) |  |  | (550) |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 81 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 226 |
Integration expenses | 7 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 51 |
Total expenses | 11,855 |  |  | 11,400 |  |  | 33,242 |  |  | 29,829 |
Income before income tax | 2,994 |  |  | 2,453 |  |  | 8,336 |  |  | 6,914 |
Income tax expense | 504 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 1,336 |  |  | 1,189 |
Net income | $ | 2,490 |  |  | $ | 2,040 |  |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  | $ | 5,725 |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 166 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 303 |  |  | (3) |
Net income attributable to Chubb | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | $ | 6,697 |  |  | $ | 5,728 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) | $ | 3,459 |  |  | $ | (2,170) |  |  | $ | 2,293 |  |  | $ | (1,578) |
Current discount rate on future policy benefits | (672) |  |  | 683 |  |  | (672) |  |  | 497 |
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits | (8) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment | 445 |  |  | (317) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (279) |
Other, including postretirement benefit liability adjustment | (19) |  |  | 37 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 52 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax | 3,205 |  |  | (1,772) |  |  | 1,601 |  |  | (1,305) |
Income tax expense related to OCI items | (150) |  |  | — |  |  | (112) |  |  | (104) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 3,055 |  |  | (1,772) |  |  | 1,489 |  |  | (1,409) |
Comprehensive income | 5,545 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 8,489 |  |  | 4,316 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 187 |  |  | (79) |  |  | 253 |  |  | (79) |
Comprehensive income attributable to Chubb | $ | 5,358 |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 8,236 |  |  | $ | 4,395 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share attributable to Chubb | $ | 5.75 |  |  | $ | 4.99 |  |  | $ | 16.55 |  |  | $ | 13.90 |
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Chubb | $ | 5.70 |  |  | $ | 4.95 |  |  | $ | 16.38 |  |  | $ | 13.79 |

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
4

Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Common Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 10,346 |
Par value reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,759) |
Cancellation of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (346) |
Balance – end of period | 235 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 241 |
Common Shares in treasury |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | (2,481) |  |  | (3,174) |  |  | (4,400) |  |  | (5,113) |
Common Shares repurchased | (413) |  |  | (606) |  |  | (1,299) |  |  | (1,758) |
Cancellation of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,527 |  |  | 2,869 |
Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans | 57 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 255 |
Balance – end of period | (2,837) |  |  | (3,747) |  |  | (2,837) |  |  | (3,747) |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | 14,926 |  |  | 16,163 |  |  | 15,665 |  |  | 7,166 |
Net shares redeemed (issued) under employee share-based compensation plans | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (139) |  |  | (203) |
Exercise of stock options | (3) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (15) |
Share-based compensation expense | 86 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 230 |
Par value reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,759 |
Net decrease due to acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |
Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings | (369) |  |  | (352) |  |  | (1,088) |  |  | (1,050) |
Balance – end of period | 14,643 |  |  | 15,887 |  |  | 14,643 |  |  | 15,887 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | 56,662 |  |  | 49,467 |  |  | 54,810 |  |  | 48,305 |
Net income attributable to Chubb | 2,324 |  |  | 2,043 |  |  | 6,697 |  |  | 5,728 |
Cancellation of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,521) |  |  | (2,523) |
Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital | 369 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 1,050 |
Dividends declared on Common Shares | (369) |  |  | (352) |  |  | (1,088) |  |  | (1,050) |
Balance – end of period | 58,986 |  |  | 51,510 |  |  | 58,986 |  |  | 51,510 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | (8,304) |  |  | (9,822) |  |  | (6,809) |  |  | (10,185) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 3,034 |  |  | (1,696) |  |  | 1,539 |  |  | (1,333) |
Balance – end of period | (5,270) |  |  | (11,518) |  |  | (5,270) |  |  | (11,518) |
Total Chubb shareholders’ equity | $ | 65,757 |  |  | $ | 52,373 |  |  | $ | 65,757 |  |  | $ | 52,373 |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 3,537 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,184 |  |  | $ | — |
Net increase (decrease) due to consolidation, deconsolidation, and other transactions | 639 |  |  | 5,210 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 5,210 |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 166 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 303 |  |  | (3) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 21 |  |  | (76) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (76) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |
Balance – end of period | $ | 4,363 |  |  | $ | 5,131 |  |  | $ | 4,363 |  |  | $ | 5,131 |
Total shareholders' equity | $ | 70,120 |  |  | $ | 57,504 |  |  | $ | 70,120 |  |  | $ | 57,504 |

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
5

Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities |  |
Net income | $ | 7,000 |  | $ | 5,725 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities |  |
Net realized (gains) losses | (201) |  | 484 |
Market risk benefits (gains) losses | 238 |  | 154 |
Amortization of premiums (discounts) on fixed maturities | (271) |  | (80) |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 241 |  | 226 |
Equity in net income of partially-owned entities | (621) |  | (610) |
Deferred income taxes | 150 |  | 39 |
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | 4,242 |  | 3,270 |
Unearned premiums | 2,563 |  | 2,085 |
Future policy benefits | 1,399 |  | 570 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 433 |  | 23 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities | (175) |  | (392) |
Income taxes | (129) |  | (6) |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable | (2,468) |  | (1,618) |
Reinsurance recoverable | 312 |  | (388) |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | (1,142) |  | (832) |
Net sales (purchases) of investments by consolidated investment products | (124) |  | — |
Other | 170 |  | 796 |
Net cash flows from operating activities | 11,617 |  | 9,446 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |
Purchases of fixed maturities available-for-sale | (26,192) |  | (21,613) |
Purchases of fixed maturities held-to-maturity | — |  | (208) |
Purchases of equity securities | (2,608) |  | (968) |
Sales of fixed maturities available-for-sale | 8,829 |  | 11,293 |
Sales of equity securities | 1,956 |  | 531 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available-for-sale | 7,735 |  | 5,107 |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held-to-maturity | — |  | 708 |
Net change in short-term investments | 158 |  | 484 |
Net derivative instruments settlements | (122) |  | (56) |
Private equity contributions | (733) |  | (1,313) |
Private equity distributions | 1,044 |  | 938 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired) | (538) |  | 216 |
Other | (978) |  | (553) |
Net cash flows used for investing activities | (11,449) |  | (5,434) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |
Dividends paid on Common Shares | (1,069) |  | (1,044) |
Common Shares repurchased | (1,351) |  | (1,848) |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 2,297 |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements | 3,950 |  | 3,778 |
Repayment of long-term debt | (700) |  | (475) |
Repayment of repurchase agreements | (3,838) |  | (3,832) |
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans | 302 |  | 140 |
Policyholder contract deposits | 818 |  | 415 |
Policyholder contract withdrawals | (534) |  | (269) |
Third-party capital invested into consolidated investment products | 1,409 |  | — |
Third-party capital distributed by consolidated investment products | (1,118) |  | — |
Other | (228) |  | (190) |
Net cash flows used for financing activities | (62) |  | (3,325) |
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash | (49) |  | (36) |
Net increase in cash and restricted cash | 57 |  | 651 |
Cash and restricted cash – beginning of period | 2,621 |  | 2,127 |
Cash and restricted cash – end of period | $ | 2,678 |  | $ | 2,778 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |
Taxes paid | $ | 1,307 |  | $ | 1,101 |
Interest paid | $ | 415 |  | $ | 345 |

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
6

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
1. General and significant accounting policies
a) Basis of presentation
Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Our results are reported through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. Refer to Note 18 for additional information.
The interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), over which Chubb exercises control, including Huatai Group, our majority-owned subsidiary, and minority-owned entities such as variable interest entities (VIEs) in which Chubb is considered the primary beneficiary. Noncontrolling interests on the Consolidated Financial Statements represent the portion of majority-owned subsidiaries and VIEs in which we do not have direct equity ownership. These interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions, including internal reinsurance transactions, have been eliminated.
On July 1, 2023, Chubb discontinued equity method accounting for its investment in Huatai Group upon obtaining a controlling interest and applied consolidation accounting. Therefore, effective July 1, 2023, business activity for, and the financial position of, Huatai Group is reported at 100 percent on the Consolidated Financial Statements. At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, our aggregate ownership interest in Huatai Group was approximately 85.5 percent and 76.5 percent, respectively. The relevant amounts attributable to shareholders other than Chubb are reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements under the captions Noncontrolling interests, Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, and Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests. Refer to Note 2 for additional information on the acquisition of Huatai Group.
Huatai Group's life insurance and asset management businesses are included in the Life Insurance segment, and Huatai Group's P&C business is included in the Overseas General Insurance segment. Results for Huatai Group's non-insurance operations, comprising real estate and holding company activity, are included in Corporate.
The results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in our 2023 Form 10-K.
b) New Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting guidance not yet adopted
Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance that requires expanded reportable segment disclosures, primarily related to significant segment expenses which are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective application is required. We are currently evaluating the impact of this disclosure-only requirement.
Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance that requires expanded income tax disclosures, including the disaggregation of existing disclosures related to the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Prospective application is required, with retrospective application permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this disclosure-only requirement.
7

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
2. Acquisitions
Healthy Paws
On May 31, 2024, we acquired the business of Healthy Paws Pet Insurance LLC, a managing general agent specializing in pet insurance, from Aon plc for approximately $300 million in cash. We recognized goodwill of $256 million and intangible assets of $44 million from this acquisition. Chubb has been the exclusive underwriter of Healthy Paws since 2013. The transaction positions Chubb to expand in a niche market with substantial growth potential. This business is assigned to the North America Commercial Insurance segment.
Huatai Group
Huatai Insurance Group Co., Ltd. (Huatai Group) is a Chinese financial services holding company and the parent company of, among others, Huatai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai P&C), Huatai Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai Life), Huatai Asset Management Co., Ltd., and Huatai Baoxing Fund Management Co., Ltd., of which Huatai Group owns 100 percent, 80 percent, 91 percent, and 85 percent, respectively (collectively, Huatai).
On July 1, 2023, Chubb increased ownership interest from approximately 64.2 percent to approximately 69.6 percent. At that time, Chubb discontinued the equity method of accounting and applied consolidation accounting. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information.
In the first quarter of 2024, we closed on incremental ownership interests of approximately 9.0 percent for $555 million, $319 million of which was paid prior to 2024, and $236 million of which was paid in 2024. Our aggregate ownership interest in Huatai Group was approximately 85.5 percent as of September 30, 2024. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we entered into an agreement to purchase approximately 1.0 percent of incremental ownership interests. Chubb has total outstanding agreements for approximately 1.6 percent of incremental ownership interests, pending completion of certain closing conditions.
The acquisition of a controlling majority interest in Huatai Group on July 1, 2023, generated $3,458 million of Goodwill, attributable to expected growth and profitability, and $1,655 million of Other intangible assets. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Additionally, the acquisition generated $309 million of Value of business acquired (VOBA). Chubb financed the transaction through available cash on hand. Direct costs related to the acquisition are immaterial, and were expensed as incurred. These include one-time costs that are directly attributable to third-party consulting fees and other professional and legal fees related to the acquisition.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on July 1, 2023.

Huatai Group assets and liabilities consolidated | July 1
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2023
Assets |
Investments and Cash | $ | 13,346 |
Accrued investment income | 60 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable | 277 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses | 581 |
Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits | 27 |
Value of business acquired | 309 |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 5,113 |
Other assets | 748 |
Total assets | $ | 20,461 |
Liabilities |
Unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | 831 |
Unearned premiums | 800 |
Future policy benefits | 2,351 |
Policyholders' account balances | 4,014 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 644 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities | 682 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 232 |
Repurchase agreements | 1,269 |
Total liabilities | $ | 10,823 |
Net acquired assets, including goodwill, attributable to Chubb | 4,428 |
Net acquired assets, attributable to noncontrolling interests | 5,210 |
Net acquired assets, including goodwill | $ | 9,638 |

The following table summarizes the results of the acquired Huatai Group operations that have been included within our Consolidated statements of operations for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 389 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (11) |
Net loss attributable to Chubb |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (9) |

The following table presents supplemental unaudited pro forma consolidated information for the periods indicated as though the acquisition of a controlling majority interest in Huatai Group that occurred on July 1, 2023, had instead occurred on January 1, 2022. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have occurred had the acquisition of a controlling majority interest been consummated on January 1, 2022, nor is it necessarily indicative of future operating results. Significant assumptions used to determine pro forma operating results include amortization of VOBA and other intangible assets.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
Pro forma: | September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2023 |  | 2023
Net premiums earned | $ | 12,674 |  |  | $ | 34,605 |
Total revenues | $ | 13,755 |  |  | $ | 37,589 |
Net income | $ | 1,905 |  |  | $ | 5,595 |
Net income attributable to Chubb | $ | 1,912 |  |  | $ | 5,587 |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
3. Investments
a) Fixed maturities

September 30, 2024 | Amortized Cost |  | Valuation Allowance |  | Gross Unrealized Appreciation |  | Gross Unrealized Depreciation |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | 2,709 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (98) |  |  | $ | 2,629 |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-U.S. | 37,560 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 895 |  |  | (931) |  |  | 37,501 |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 47,588 |  |  | (52) |  |  | 736 |  |  | (1,579) |  |  | 46,693 |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | 29,517 |  |  | — |  |  | 341 |  |  | (1,384) |  |  | 28,474 |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal | 2,067 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | (117) |  |  | 1,968 |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 119,441 |  |  | $ | (75) |  |  | $ | 2,008 |  |  | $ | (4,109) |  |  | $ | 117,265 |  |  |  |  |  |

December 31, 2023 | Amortized Cost |  | Valuation Allowance |  | Gross Unrealized Appreciation |  | Gross Unrealized Depreciation |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | 3,721 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (144) |  |  | $ | 3,590 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-U.S. | 35,918 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 592 |  |  | (1,297) |  |  | 35,164 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 44,695 |  |  | (104) |  |  | 390 |  |  | (2,151) |  |  | 42,830 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | 23,720 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 143 |  |  | (1,802) |  |  | 22,058 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal | 3,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | (155) |  |  | 2,929 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 111,128 |  |  | $ | (156) |  |  | $ | 1,148 |  |  | $ | (5,549) |  |  | $ | 106,571 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Net Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Net Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year or less | $ | 4,536 |  |  | $ | 4,536 |  |  | $ | 4,729 |  |  | $ | 4,729 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years | 35,739 |  |  | 35,739 |  |  | 33,573 |  |  | 33,573 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years | 28,913 |  |  | 28,913 |  |  | 28,480 |  |  | 28,480 |
Due after 10 years | 19,603 |  |  | 19,603 |  |  | 17,731 |  |  | 17,731 |
| 88,791 |  |  | 88,791 |  |  | 84,513 |  |  | 84,513 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 28,474 |  |  | 28,474 |  |  | 22,058 |  |  | 22,058 |
| $ | 117,265 |  |  | $ | 117,265 |  |  | $ | 106,571 |  |  | $ | 106,571 |

Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
b) Gross unrealized loss
Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined, principally due to rising interest rates since the date of purchase. Refer to Note 1 f) in the 2023 Form 10-K for further information on factors considered in the evaluation of expected credit losses.
The following tables present, for available-for-sale (AFS) fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan) that are not deemed to have expected credit losses, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

| 0 – 12 Months |  | Over 12 Months |  | Total
September 30, 2024 | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,677 |  |  | $ | (98) |  |  | $ | 1,677 |  |  | $ | (98) |
Non-U.S. | 1,706 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 13,628 |  |  | (734) |  |  | 15,334 |  |  | (760) |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 1,511 |  |  | (13) |  |  | 15,280 |  |  | (959) |  |  | 16,791 |  |  | (972) |
Mortgage-backed securities | 664 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 13,684 |  |  | (1,366) |  |  | 14,348 |  |  | (1,371) |
Municipal | 35 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | (114) |  |  | 1,223 |  |  | (115) |
Total AFS fixed maturities | $ | 3,916 |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | 45,457 |  |  | $ | (3,271) |  |  | $ | 49,373 |  |  | $ | (3,316) |

| 0 – 12 Months |  | Over 12 Months |  | Total
December 31, 2023 | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 2,504 |  |  | $ | (135) |  |  | $ | 2,967 |  |  | $ | (144) |
Non-U.S. | 2,464 |  |  | (43) |  |  | 15,971 |  |  | (957) |  |  | 18,435 |  |  | (1,000) |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 2,866 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 20,334 |  |  | (1,194) |  |  | 23,200 |  |  | (1,245) |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,659 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 13,831 |  |  | (1,706) |  |  | 15,490 |  |  | (1,764) |
Municipal | 1,117 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 1,310 |  |  | (137) |  |  | 2,427 |  |  | (152) |
Total AFS fixed maturities | $ | 8,569 |  |  | $ | (176) |  |  | $ | 53,950 |  |  | $ | (4,129) |  |  | $ | 62,519 |  |  | $ | (4,305) |

At September 30, 2024, the tax benefit on certain unrealized losses in our investment portfolio was reduced by a valuation allowance of $157 million necessary due to limitations on the utilization of these losses. As part of evaluating whether it was more likely than not that we could realize these losses, we considered realized gains, carryback ability and available tax planning strategies.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table presents a roll-forward of valuation allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 169 |
Provision for expected credit loss | 23 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 172 |
Write-offs charged against the expected credit loss | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (5) |
Recovery of expected credit loss | (69) |  |  | (68) |  |  | (170) |  |  | (178) |
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |
Recovery of expected credit loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Private debt held-for-investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for expected credit loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Recovery of expected credit loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
c) Net realized gains (losses)
The following table presents the components of net realized gains (losses):

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 116 |
Gross realized losses | (91) |  |  | (184) |  |  | (338) |  |  | (456) |
Other investments - Fixed maturities | 152 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 452 |  |  | (1) |
Net (provision for) recovery of expected credit losses | 48 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 44 |
Impairment (1) | (19) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (81) |  |  | (60) |
Total fixed maturities | 111 |  |  | (70) |  |  | 186 |  |  | (357) |
Equity securities | 123 |  |  | (100) |  |  | 147 |  |  | (61) |
Private equities (less than 3 percent ownership) | (41) |  |  | 40 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 75 |
Foreign exchange | (58) |  |  | (67) |  |  | (162) |  |  | (122) |
Investment and embedded derivative instruments | 66 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (92) |
Other derivative instruments | (2) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (6) |
Other (2) | (1) |  |  | 92 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 79 |
Net realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | (103) |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | (484) |

(1)Relates to certain securities we intended to sell and securities written to market entering default.
(2)The three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes a one-time realized gain of $116 million as a result of the consolidation of Huatai Group.
Realized gains and losses from Equity securities, Other investments and Private equities from the table above include sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from fair value changes as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | September 30
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Equity Securities |  | Other Investments |  | Private Equities |  | Total |  | Equity Securities |  | Other Investments |  | Private Equities |  | Total
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | (100) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (61) |
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities | (6) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | (45) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (16) |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | September 30
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Equity Securities |  | Other Investments |  | Private Equities |  | Total |  | Equity Securities |  | Other Investments |  | Private Equities |  | Total
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 638 |  |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48) |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 631 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 61 |

d) Private equities
Private equities include investment funds and limited partnerships measured at fair value using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient. The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments for private equities:

| Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value |  | Maximum Future Funding Commitments |  | Fair Value |  | Maximum Future Funding Commitments
Financial | 2 to 10 Years |  | $ | 1,247 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 1,241 |  |  | $ | 364 |
Real assets | 2 to 13 Years |  | 2,006 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 445 |
Distressed | 2 to 8 Years |  | 1,257 |  |  | 822 |  |  | 1,206 |  |  | 936 |
Private credit | 3 to 8 Years |  | 316 |  |  | 288 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 298 |
Traditional | 2 to 14 Years |  | 9,307 |  |  | 4,767 |  |  | 8,873 |  |  | 4,167 |
Vintage | 1 to 3 Years |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |
Investment funds | Not Applicable |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |
|  |  | $ | 14,405 |  |  | $ | 6,781 |  |  | $ | 14,078 |  |  | $ | 6,210 |

Included in all categories in the above table, except for Investment funds, are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds.

Investment Category: |  | Consists of investments in private equity funds:
Financial |  | targeting financial services companies, such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide
Real assets |  | targeting investments related to hard physical assets, such as real estate, infrastructure, and natural resources
Distressed |  | targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S.
Private credit |  | targeting privately originated corporate debt investments, including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds
Traditional |  | employing traditional private equity investment strategies, such as buyout and growth equity globally
Vintage |  | funds where the initial fund term has expired

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Investment funds employ various investment strategies, such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds are up to 270 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers.
e) Restricted assets
Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $19,536 million and $18,242 million, respectively, and cash of $153 million and $172 million, respectively.
The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

| September 30 |  | December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Trust funds | $ | 9,137 |  |  | $ | 8,482 |
Assets pledged under repurchase agreements | 3,273 |  |  | 2,924 |
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities | 2,565 |  |  | 2,544 |
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities and other | 4,714 |  |  | 4,464 |
Total | $ | 19,689 |  |  | $ | 18,414 |

f) Variable interest entities (VIEs)
Consolidated VIEs
Certain subsidiaries of Huatai Group are the investment manager of, and maintain investments in, sponsored investment products that are considered VIEs. We have determined that we are the primary beneficiary and consolidate these investment products if we hold at least 10 percent ownership. Refer to Note 1 g) of our 2023 Form 10-K for further information on our consolidation criteria. The assets of these VIEs are not available to our creditors, and the investors in these VIEs have no recourse to Chubb in excess of the assets contained within the VIEs. Our economic exposures are limited to our investments based on our ownership interest in these VIEs. Our total exposure to these consolidated investment products represents the value of our economic ownership interest.
Unconsolidated VIEs
We do not consolidate sponsored investment products where we have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary. The carrying value of these investments at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, was $110 million and $153 million, respectively, and our maximum risk of loss approximates the carrying amount. These investments are classified within Equity securities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
4. Fair value measurements
a) Fair value hierarchy
Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.
The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;
•Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as
interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and
•Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants
would use in pricing an asset or liability.
We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.
We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
Fixed maturities
We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications or pricing models, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change, or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market-based inputs (i.e., stale pricing) and may require the use of models to be priced. The lack of market-based inputs may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a single broker quote (typically from a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3.
Equity securities
Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.
Short-term investments
Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity, and as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.
Private equities
Fair values for Private equities including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective NAV and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy table below.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Other investments
Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account treatment under U.S. GAAP. These assets primarily comprise mutual funds, classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments principally include fixed maturities carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded through Net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated statements of operations. These fixed maturities principally relate to the Huatai investment portfolio, including those portfolios supporting certain participating policies, and are classified within Level 2. Also included are life insurance policies collateralizing investments held in rabbi trusts maintained by Chubb for deferred compensation plans and supplemental retirement plans. These policies are carried at cash surrender value and are classified in the valuation hierarchy within Level 2.
Securities lending collateral
The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the Consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to Chubb’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Investment derivatives
Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps and interest rate swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. These derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Certain of our derivatives are cross-currency swaps designated as fair value and net investment hedging instruments. The fair value of cross-currency swaps and interest rate swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. These derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.
Other derivative instruments
We maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected market risk benefits (MRB) claims, and therefore, an increase in MRB reserves. Our positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts are classified within Level 1. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives. Convertible securities are recorded in either Fixed maturities available-for-sale (FM AFS) or Equity securities (ES) and are classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 depending on the underlying investment.
Separate account assets
Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. Separate account assets principally comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy

September 30, 2024 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | 1,979 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,629 |
Non-U.S. | — |  |  | 36,862 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 37,501 |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 43,915 |  |  | 2,778 |  |  | 46,693 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 28,428 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 28,474 |
Municipal | — |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,968 |
| 1,979 |  |  | 111,823 |  |  | 3,463 |  |  | 117,265 |
Equity securities | 4,286 |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |  |  | 4,404 |
Short-term investments | 2,491 |  |  | 1,869 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 4,375 |
Other investments (1) | 616 |  |  | 6,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,040 |
Securities lending collateral | — |  |  | 1,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,927 |
Investment derivatives | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |
Separate account assets | 5,919 |  |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,996 |
Total assets measured at fair value (1)(2) | $ | 15,333 |  |  | $ | 122,270 |  |  | $ | 3,596 |  |  | $ | 141,199 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment derivatives | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |
Other derivative instruments | 25 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
Market risk benefits (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 748 |  |  | 748 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 748 |  |  | $ | 1,079 |

(1)Excluded from the table above are other investments of $1,115 million, principally policy loans, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.
(2)Excluded from the table above are private equities of $14,405 million, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.
(3)Refer to Note 11 for additional information on Market risk benefits.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

December 31, 2023 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | 2,911 |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,590 |
Non-U.S. | — |  |  | 34,472 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 35,164 |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 40,208 |  |  | 2,622 |  |  | 42,830 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 22,051 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 22,058 |
Municipal | — |  |  | 2,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,929 |
| 2,911 |  |  | 100,339 |  |  | 3,321 |  |  | 106,571 |
Equity securities | 3,368 |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | 3,455 |
Short-term investments | 1,915 |  |  | 2,633 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4,551 |
Other investments (1) | 589 |  |  | 4,236 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,825 |
Securities lending collateral | — |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,299 |
Investment derivatives | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |
Separate account assets | 5,482 |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,573 |
Total assets measured at fair value (1)(2) | $ | 14,319 |  |  | $ | 108,734 |  |  | $ | 3,411 |  |  | $ | 126,464 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment derivatives | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 136 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
Other derivative instruments | 37 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Market risk benefits (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 771 |  |  | 771 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | 1,077 |

(1)Excluded from the table above are other investments of $702 million, principally policy loans, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.
(2)Excluded from the table above are private equities of $14,078 million, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.
(3)Refer to Note 11 for additional information on Market risk benefits.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Level 3 financial instruments
The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |  |  | Equity securities |  | Short-term investments
|  | Non-U.S. |  | Corporate and asset- backed securities |  | Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  |  | $ | 632 |  |  | $ | 2,709 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI |  |  | 10 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | 59 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 6 |
Sales |  |  | (18) |  |  | (69) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (1) |
Settlements |  |  | (42) |  |  | (184) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance, end of period |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 2,778 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 15 |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 (in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |  |  | Equity securities |  | Short-term investments
| Non-U.S. |  | Corporate and asset- backed securities |  | Mortgage-backed securities |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 2,524 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI |  |  | (6) |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | 46 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Sales |  |  | (17) |  |  | (40) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) |
Settlements |  |  | (15) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 2,569 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  | Equity securities |  | Short-term investments
|  | Non-U.S. |  | Corporate and asset- backed securities |  | Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | 2,622 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Transfers into Level 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (14) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI |  |  | 18 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | 214 |  |  | 785 |  |  | 55 |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | 22 |
Sales |  |  | (69) |  |  | (176) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (1) |
Settlements |  |  | (205) |  |  | (466) |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Balance, end of period |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 2,778 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 15 |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |  |  | Equity securities |  | Short-term investments
| Non-U.S. |  | Corporate and asset- backed securities |  | Mortgage-backed securities |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  |  | $ | 564 |  |  | $ | 2,449 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Transfers into Level 3 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (23) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | 151 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 3 |
Sales |  |  | (52) |  |  | (70) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (14) |  |  | (3) |
Settlements |  |  | (31) |  |  | (272) |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 2,569 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | — |
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Excluded from the tables above is the reconciliation of Market risk benefits, which are presented in Note 11 Market risk benefits. Refer to Note 11 for additional information.
b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value
Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below.
The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values. Refer to the 2023 Form 10-K for information on the fair value methods and assumptions for private debt held-for-investment, short-term and long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust-preferred securities.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value:

September 30, 2024 | Fair Value |  | Net Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private debt held-for-investment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 2,619 |
Total assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 2,619 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,048 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,048 |  |  | $ | 3,048 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | 1,571 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 13,645 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,645 |  |  | 14,560 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 377 |  |  | — |  |  | 377 |  |  | 309 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,630 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,630 |  |  | $ | 19,488 |

December 31, 2023 | Fair Value |  | Net Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private debt held-for-investment | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,560 |  |  | $ | 2,560 |  |  | $ | 2,553 |
Total assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,560 |  |  | $ | 2,560 |  |  | $ | 2,553 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,833 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,833 |  |  | $ | 2,833 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | 1,460 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 11,924 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,924 |  |  | 13,035 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | 365 |  |  | — |  |  | 365 |  |  | 308 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,553 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,553 |  |  | $ | 17,636 |

5. Reinsurance
Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) |  | Valuation allowance |  | Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) |  | Valuation allowance
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses | $ | 17,631 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 17,884 |  |  | $ | 285 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses | 1,975 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 2,068 |  |  | 82 |
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses | $ | 19,606 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 19,952 |  |  | $ | 367 |
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table presents a roll-forward of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance related to Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance - beginning of period | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 351 |
Provision for uncollectible reinsurance | 24 |  |  | 27 |
Write-offs charged against the valuation allowance | (4) |  |  | (8) |
Foreign exchange revaluation | 1 |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance - end of period | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 370 |

For additional information, refer to Note 1 e) to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2023 Form 10-K.
6. Deferred policy acquisition costs
The following tables present a roll-forward of deferred policy acquisition costs on long-duration contracts included in the Life Insurance segment:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Universal Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 1,301 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 3,185 |
Capitalizations | 149 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 276 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 1,054 |
Amortization expense | (89) |  |  | (60) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (132) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (328) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (8) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (12) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | 785 |  |  | $ | 1,628 |  |  | $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 3,899 |
Overseas General Insurance segment excluded from table |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 615 |
Total deferred policy acquisition costs on long-duration contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,514 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs on short-duration contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,735 |
Total deferred policy acquisition costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,249 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Universal Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 2,514 |
Capitalizations | 131 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 742 |
Amortization expense | (76) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (98) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (266) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | (2) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (19) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (38) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 651 |  |  | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | 1,170 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 2,952 |
Overseas General Insurance segment excluded from table |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 621 |
Total deferred policy acquisition costs on long-duration contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,573 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs on short-duration contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,283 |
Total deferred policy acquisition costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,856 |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
7. Goodwill
The following table presents a roll-forward of Goodwill by segment:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Life Insurance |  | Chubb Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 6,946 |  |  | $ | 2,231 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 5,262 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 4,742 |  |  | $ | 19,686 |
Acquisition of Healthy Paws | 256 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |
Measurement-period adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |
Foreign exchange revaluation | (2) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | (17) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 (1) | $ | 7,200 |  |  | $ | 2,230 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 5,219 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 4,836 |  |  | $ | 19,990 |

(1)Includes $509 million attributable to noncontrolling interests.
8. Unpaid losses and loss expenses
The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending Unpaid losses and loss expenses:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period | $ | 80,122 |  |  | $ | 75,747 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period (1) | (17,884) |  |  | (17,086) |
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period | 62,238 |  |  | 58,661 |
Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in: |  |  |
Current year | 20,302 |  |  | 18,604 |
Prior years (2) | (761) |  |  | (667) |
Total | 19,541 |  |  | 17,937 |
Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in: |  |  |
Current year | 5,005 |  |  | 4,853 |
Prior years | 10,074 |  |  | 10,158 |
Total | 15,079 |  |  | 15,011 |
Consolidation of Huatai Group | — |  |  | 405 |
Foreign currency revaluation and other | (5) |  |  | (95) |
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period | 66,695 |  |  | 61,897 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses (1) | 17,631 |  |  | 17,808 |
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period | $ | 84,326 |  |  | $ | 79,705 |

(1) Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance.
(2) Relates to prior period loss reserve development only and excludes prior period development related to reinstatement premiums, expense adjustments, earned premiums, and A&H long-duration lines totaling $118 million and $71 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses increased $4,457 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, principally reflecting underlying exposure growth, net catastrophe losses, and the impact of a reinsurance commutation in connection with a large structured transaction during the first quarter, partially offset by the impact of favorable prior period development. The increase in net unpaid losses also reflected seasonality in our crop insurance business.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Prior Period Development
Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and financial lines; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture. The following table summarizes (favorable) and adverse PPD by segment:

| Three Months Ended September 30 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Long-tail |  | Short-tail |  | Total |  | Long-tail |  | Short-tail |  | Total
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America Commercial P&C Insurance | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | (164) |  |  | $ | (39) |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | (310) |  |  | $ | (231) |
North America Personal P&C Insurance | — |  |  | (189) |  |  | (189) |  |  | — |  |  | (305) |  |  | (305) |
North America Agricultural Insurance | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  | (34) |
Overseas General Insurance | (61) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (60) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (184) |  |  | (210) |
Global Reinsurance | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |  |  | (20) |
Corporate | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | 157 |
Total | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | (358) |  |  | $ | (244) |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | (853) |  |  | $ | (643) |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America Commercial P&C Insurance | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | (191) |  |  | $ | (84) |  |  | $ | (23) |  |  | $ | (279) |  |  | $ | (302) |
North America Personal P&C Insurance | — |  |  | (119) |  |  | (119) |  |  | — |  |  | (135) |  |  | (135) |
North America Agricultural Insurance | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | (12) |
Overseas General Insurance | (52) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (49) |  |  | (52) |  |  | (201) |  |  | (253) |
Global Reinsurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (32) |  |  | (25) |
Corporate | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | 131 |  |  | — |  |  | 131 |
Total | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | (316) |  |  | $ | (200) |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (659) |  |  | $ | (596) |

Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail lines and short-tail business for each segment and Corporate comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate.
North America Commercial P&C Insurance. Net favorable development for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, included $164 million and $310 million, respectively, from short-tail lines, primarily property and marine, driven by lower-than-expected loss development in the most recent accident years. The nine months ended September 30, 2024, also included favorable development from surety lines, due to lower-than-expected loss development. Long-tail lines experienced adverse development of $125 million and $79 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, which was the net of adverse development in casualty lines, predominantly commercial excess and umbrella and commercial auto liability, due to higher-than-expected loss development, partially offset by favorable development in workers' compensation due to lower-than-expected loss experience and our annual assessment of multi-claimant events, including industrial accidents.
Net favorable development for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, included $191 million and $279 million, respectively, from short-tail lines, primarily property and marine lines, mainly due to net lower-than-expected loss development impacting the most recent accident years. Development for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, also included favorable development in surety lines, due to lower-than-expected loss development.
Net adverse development of $107 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, from long-tail lines included adverse development in casualty lines, predominantly commercial excess and umbrella lines, driven by higher-than-expected loss development, principally related to automobile exposures, partially offset by favorable development in workers' compensation due to lower-than-expected loss experience. Long-tail lines experienced net favorable development of $23 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven by workers’ compensation lines due to lower-than-expected loss development and our annual assessment of multi-claimant events, including industrial accidents, partially offset by adverse development in commercial excess and umbrella lines and commercial auto liability, both driven by higher-than-expected loss experience.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
North America Personal P&C Insurance. Net favorable development for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, was predominantly in homeowners, mainly due to lower-than-expected loss experience in the most recent accident years.
Overseas General Insurance. Net favorable development for the three months ended September 30, 2024, included $61 million from long-tail lines, primarily financial lines due to favorable loss emergence in accident years 2019 and 2020. Net favorable development for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, included $184 million from short-tail lines, primarily property and marine lines.
Net favorable development for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, included $52 million from long-tail lines, primarily financial lines due to favorable loss emergence in accident years 2019 and prior, partially offset by net adverse development in political risks. Net favorable development for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, included $201 million from short-tail lines, primarily property and marine, and A&H lines.
Corporate. Net adverse development for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, included adverse development resulting from our annual review of environmental liabilities. Net adverse development for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, also included adverse development for molestation-related claims development.
9. Future policy benefits
The following tables present a roll-forward of the liability for future policy benefits included in the Life Insurance segment:

Present Value of Expected Net Premiums | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 3,950 |  |  | $ | 10,432 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 16,036 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 1,992 |  |  | 3,945 |  |  | 10,692 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 16,693 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | (140) |  |  | 160 |  |  | 394 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 410 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (126) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (112) |
Adjusted beginning of period balance | 1,858 |  |  | 4,114 |  |  | 10,960 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 16,991 |
Issuances | 161 |  |  | 942 |  |  | 1,717 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 2,873 |
Interest accrual | 45 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 563 |
Net premiums collected (1) | (183) |  |  | (852) |  |  | (1,105) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (2,167) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | (10) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (158) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (140) |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 1,871 |  |  | 4,309 |  |  | 11,838 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 18,120 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | (287) |  |  | 94 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (56) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 1,584 |  |  | $ | 4,403 |  |  | $ | 11,974 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 18,064 |

(1)Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected benefit.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 2,254 |  |  | $ | 10,063 |  |  | $ | 14,650 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | 27,462 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 2,749 |  |  | 9,991 |  |  | 15,071 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 28,303 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | (137) |  |  | 181 |  |  | 348 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 387 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | 13 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (127) |  |  | — |  |  | (93) |
Adjusted beginning of period balance | 2,625 |  |  | 10,193 |  |  | 15,292 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 28,597 |
Issuances | 161 |  |  | 942 |  |  | 1,717 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 2,873 |
Interest accrual | 59 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 829 |
Benefits payments | (173) |  |  | (260) |  |  | (1,186) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (1,633) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | 27 |  |  | 55 |  |  | (188) |  |  | 41 |  |  | (65) |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 2,699 |  |  | 11,170 |  |  | 16,154 |  |  | 578 |  |  | 30,601 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | (390) |  |  | 739 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 455 |
Balance – end of period | $ | 2,309 |  |  | $ | 11,909 |  |  | $ | 16,219 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 31,056 |

Liability for Future Policy Benefits, Life Insurance Segment | September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 725 |  |  | $ | 7,506 |  |  | $ | 4,245 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  | $ | 12,992 |
Deferred profit liability | 276 |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 1,622 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, before reinsurance recoverable | 1,001 |  |  | 8,626 |  |  | 4,439 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 14,614 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits | 109 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 266 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | 8,581 |  |  | $ | 4,327 |  |  | $ | 548 |  |  | $ | 14,348 |
Weighted average duration (years) | 10.2 |  | 27.8 |  | 9.8 |  | 17.6 |  | 21.1

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Present Value of Expected Net Premiums | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 1,806 |  |  | $ | 2,308 |  |  | $ | 10,711 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 14,867 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 1,867 |  |  | 2,361 |  |  | 11,258 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 15,529 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | 36 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (813) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (735) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (15) |  |  | 77 |  |  | (170) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (109) |
Adjusted beginning of period balance | 1,888 |  |  | 2,478 |  |  | 10,275 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 14,685 |
Consolidation of Huatai Group | 3 |  |  | 1,690 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1,850 |
Issuances | 90 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,344 |
Interest accrual | 45 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 529 |
Net premiums collected (1) | (127) |  |  | (376) |  |  | (998) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (1,516) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | 78 |  |  | (72) |  |  | (592) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (587) |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 1,977 |  |  | 4,005 |  |  | 10,277 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 16,305 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | (69) |  |  | (62) |  |  | (496) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (628) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 1,908 |  |  | $ | 3,943 |  |  | $ | 9,781 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 15,677 |

(1)Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected benefit.

Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 2,321 |  |  | $ | 5,696 |  |  | $ | 15,038 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 23,324 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 2,447 |  |  | 5,874 |  |  | 15,855 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 24,456 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | 32 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (849) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (770) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (12) |  |  | 86 |  |  | (168) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (95) |
Adjusted beginning of period balance | 2,467 |  |  | 6,004 |  |  | 14,838 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 23,591 |
Consolidation of Huatai Group | 17 |  |  | 3,659 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 4,072 |
Issuances | 90 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,344 |
Interest accrual | 54 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 750 |
Benefit payments | (120) |  |  | (212) |  |  | (1,064) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (1,405) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | 227 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (1,062) |  |  | 154 |  |  | (651) |
Ending balance at original discount rate | 2,735 |  |  | 9,880 |  |  | 14,415 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 27,701 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | (149) |  |  | (274) |  |  | (790) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (1,224) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 2,586 |  |  | $ | 9,606 |  |  | $ | 13,625 |  |  | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 26,477 |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Liability for Future Policy Benefits, Life Insurance Segment | September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Term Life |  | Whole Life |  | A&H |  | Other |  | Total
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 678 |  |  | $ | 5,663 |  |  | $ | 3,844 |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  | $ | 10,800 |
Deferred profit liability | 244 |  |  | 709 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,123 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, before reinsurance recoverable | 922 |  |  | 6,372 |  |  | 4,000 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 11,923 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits | 111 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 282 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 811 |  |  | $ | 6,325 |  |  | $ | 3,897 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 11,641 |
Weighted average duration (years) | 10.2 |  | 26.5 |  | 10.3 |  | 15.1 |  | 19.6

The following table presents a reconciliation of the roll-forwards above to the Future policy benefits liability presented in the Consolidated balance sheets.

| September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Net liability for future policy benefits, Life Insurance segment | $ | 12,992 |  |  | $ | 10,800 |
Other (1) | 1,389 |  |  | 1,186 |
Deferred profit liability | 1,622 |  |  | 1,123 |
Liability for future policy benefits, per consolidated balance sheet | $ | 16,003 |  |  | $ | 13,109 |

(1)Other business principally comprises certain Overseas General Insurance accident and health (A&H) policies and certain Chubb Life Re business.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table presents the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future policy benefit payments included in the Life Insurance segment:

| September 30 |  | September 30 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Term Life |  |  |  |
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments | $ | 4,188 |  |  | $ | 4,043 |  |
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums | 6,669 |  |  | 6,588 |  |
Discounted expected future benefit payments | 2,309 |  |  | 2,586 |  |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | 4,504 |  |  | 3,741 |  |
Whole Life |  |  |  |
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments | 28,111 |  |  | 23,454 |  |
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums | 10,363 |  |  | 9,478 |  |
Discounted expected future benefit payments | 11,909 |  |  | 9,606 |  |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | 8,404 |  |  | 7,654 |  |
A&H |  |  |  |
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments | 27,423 |  |  | 23,914 |  |
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums | 40,183 |  |  | 35,029 |  |
Discounted expected future benefit payments | 16,219 |  |  | 13,625 |  |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | 23,655 |  |  | 21,241 |  |
Other |  |  |  |
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments | 1,046 |  |  | 774 |  |
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums | 200 |  |  | 104 |  |
Discounted expected future benefit payments | 619 |  |  | 660 |  |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |

The following table presents the amount of revenue and interest recognized in the Consolidated statements of operations for the Life Insurance segment:

| Gross Premiums or Assessments |  | Interest Accretion |
| Nine Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |
| September 30 |  | September 30 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Life Insurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Life | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |
Whole Life | 1,504 |  |  | 864 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 114 |  |
A&H | 2,250 |  |  | 2,182 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 93 |  |
Other | 42 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |  |
Total | $ | 4,305 |  |  | $ | 3,558 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table presents the weighted-average interest rates for the Life Insurance segment:

| Interest Accretion Rate |  | Current Discount Rate |
| September 30 |  | September 30 |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Life Insurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Life | 3.0 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 6.0 | % |
Whole Life | 3.2 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 4.7 | % |
A&H | 3.8 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 6.7 | % |
Other | 2.7 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 4.3 | % |

10. Policyholders' account balances, Separate accounts, and Unearned revenue liabilities
Policyholders' account balances
The following tables present a roll-forward of policyholders' account balances:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Universal Life |  | Annuities (2) |  | Other (3) |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 1,876 |  |  | $ | 2,411 |  |  | $ | 2,502 |  |  | $ | 6,789 |
Premiums received | 204 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 818 |
Policy charges (1) | (98) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (105) |
Surrenders and withdrawals | (95) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (202) |  |  | (327) |
Benefit payments (4) | (59) |  |  | (116) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (215) |
Interest credited | 38 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 108 |
Other (including foreign exchange) | 3 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (223) |  |  | (200) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 1,869 |  |  | $ | 2,608 |  |  | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 6,868 |
Unearned revenue liability |  |  |  |  |  |  | 712 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 556 |
Policyholders' account liability, per consolidated balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,136 |

(1)Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessments on the basis of the account balance.
(2)Relates to Huatai Life.
(3)Primarily comprises policyholder account balances related to investment linked products including endowment and investment contracts, none of which bear significant insurance risk.
(4)Includes benefit payments upon maturity as well as death benefits.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Universal Life |  | Annuities (2) |  | Other (3) |  | Total
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | 2,573 |
Consolidation of Huatai Group | 602 |  |  | 2,325 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 4,014 |
Premiums received | 174 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 418 |
Policy charges (1) | (96) |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (104) |
Surrenders and withdrawals | (62) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (113) |  |  | (183) |
Benefit payments (4) | (6) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (43) |  |  | (87) |
Interest credited | 30 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 68 |
Other (including foreign exchange) | (56) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (125) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 1,785 |  |  | $ | 2,340 |  |  | $ | 2,449 |  |  | $ | 6,574 |
Unearned revenue liability |  |  |  |  |  |  | 604 |
Policyholders' account liability, per consolidated balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,178 |

(1)Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessments on the basis of the account balance.
(2)Relates to Huatai Life.
(3)Primarily comprises policyholder account balances related to investment linked products including endowment and investment contracts, none of which bear significant insurance risk.
(4)Includes benefit payments upon maturity as well as death benefits.

| September 30
| 2024 |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | Universal Life |  | Annuities |  | Other |  | Universal Life |  | Annuities |  | Other
Weighted-average crediting rate | 2.7 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 1.2 | %
Net amount at risk (1) | $ | 12,648 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 440 |  |  | $ | 11,705 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 576 |
Cash Surrender Value | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,691 |  |  | $ | 2,091 |  |  | $ | 1,573 |  |  | $ | 1,474 |  |  | $ | 2,173 |

(1)For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.
The following tables present the balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimum:
Universal Life

| September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 2.00% | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 603 |
2.01% – 4.00% | 249 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 633 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,253 |
Greater than 4.00% | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Total | $ | 726 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 680 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 1,869 |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 2.00% | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 462 |
2.01% – 4.00% | 80 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 1,302 |
Greater than 4.00% | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Total | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | 589 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 1,785 |

Annuities

| September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 2.00% | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,645 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 1,764 |
2.01% – 4.00% | 844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 844 |
Greater than 4.00% | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 916 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,645 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 2,608 |

| September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 2.00% | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,543 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,236 |
2.01% – 4.00% | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |
Greater than 4.00% | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,543 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,340 |

Other policyholders' account balances

| September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 2.00% | $ | 349 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | 1,024 |
2.01% – 4.00% | 1,317 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,367 |
Greater than 4.00% | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,666 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | 2,391 |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 2.00% | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 1,513 |
2.01% – 4.00% | 373 |  |  | 531 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 931 |
Greater than 4.00% | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 2,449 |

Separate accounts
Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. The assets that support variable contracts are measured at fair value and are reported as Separate account assets and corresponding liabilities are reported within Separate account liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. Policy charges assessed against the policyholders for mortality, administration, and other services are included in Net premiums earned on the Consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents the aggregate fair value of Separate account assets, by major security type:

| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 88 |
Mutual funds | 5,844 |  |  | 5,129 |
Fixed maturities | 77 |  |  | 89 |
Total | $ | 5,996 |  |  | $ | 5,306 |

The following table presents a roll-forward of separate account liabilities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 5,573 |  |  | $ | 5,190 |
Premiums and deposits | 945 |  |  | 724 |
Policy charges | (118) |  |  | (103) |
Surrenders and withdrawals | (666) |  |  | (407) |
Benefit payments | (320) |  |  | (291) |
Investment performance | 625 |  |  | 382 |
Other (including foreign exchange) | (43) |  |  | (189) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 5,996 |  |  | $ | 5,306 |
Cash surrender value (1) | $ | 5,790 |  |  | $ | 5,285 |

(1)Cash surrender value represents the amount of the policyholders account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges.
Unearned revenue liabilities
Unearned revenue liabilities represent policy charges for services to be provided in future periods. The charges are reflected as deferred revenue and are generally amortized over the expected life of the contract using the same methodology, factors, and assumptions used to amortize deferred acquisition costs. Unearned revenue liabilities pertaining to both policyholders' account
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
balances and separate accounts are recorded in Policyholders' account balances in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents a roll-forward of unearned revenue liabilities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | 567 |
Deferred revenue | 106 |  |  | 96 |
Amortization | (54) |  |  | (44) |
Other (including foreign exchange) | (13) |  |  | (15) |
Balance – end of period | $ | 712 |  |  | $ | 604 |

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11. Market risk benefits
Our reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, comprising guaranteed living benefits (GLB) and guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB), meet the definition of Market risk benefits (MRB). The following table presents a roll-forward of MRB:

| Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance – beginning of period | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | 800 |
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk | 749 |  |  | 776 |
Interest rate changes | 10 |  |  | (117) |
Effect of changes in equity markets | (147) |  |  | (69) |
Effect of changes in volatilities | 9 |  |  | 51 |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior | 55 |  |  | 16 |
Effect of changes in future expected policyholder behavior | 87 |  |  | 89 |
Effect of timing and all other | (34) |  |  | 3 |
Balance, end of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk | $ | 729 |  |  | $ | 749 |
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk | 19 |  |  | 21 |
Balance – end of period | $ | 748 |  |  | $ | 770 |
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years) | 74 |  | 73
Net amount at risk (1) | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 2,138 |

(1) The net amount at risk is defined as the present value of future claim payments assuming policy account values and guaranteed values are fixed at the valuation date, and reinsurance coverage ends at the earlier of the maturity of the underlying variable annuity policy or the reinsurance treaty. No withdrawals, lapses, and mortality improvements are assumed in the projection. GLB-related risks contain conservative mortality and annuitization assumptions.
Excluded from the table above are MRB losses of $258 million and $181 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, reported in the Consolidated statements of operations, relating to the market risk benefits' economic hedge and other net cash flows. There is no reinsurance recoverable associated with our liability for MRB.
In the third quarter of 2024, we completed a review of policyholder behavior related to annuitizations, partial withdrawals, lapses, and mortality for our variable annuity reinsurance business. These refinements resulted in a net increase of approximately $87 million to the MRB fair value, recognized as a Market risk benefits loss.
•We refreshed our partial withdrawal and annuitization assumptions to include an additional year of experience. The annuitization updates included treaty-based and age-based behavior.
•We updated the lapse assumptions to include an additional year of experience and refined the lapse rates for policies with guaranteed values far in excess of their account values.
•We updated the mortality assumptions to include an additional year of experience.
For MRB, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes a number of factors including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality. All reinsurance treaties contain claim limits, which are also factored into the valuation model.

|  |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
|  |  | Ranges |  | Weighted Average(1) |  | Ranges |  | Weighted Average(1)
MRB (1) |  |  | Actuarial model |  | Lapse rate |  | 0.5% – 27.3% |  | 3.4 | % |  | 0.5% – 30% |  | 4.0 | %
|  |  |  |  | Annuitization rate |  | 0% – 100% |  | 4.6 | % |  | 0% – 100% |  | 4.8 | %

(1)The weighted-average lapse and annuitization rates are determined by weighting each treaty's rates by the MRB contract's fair value.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates for MRBs, and GLB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GLB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable.
A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease.
The GLB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GLB. All else equal, as GLB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits.
The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established by blending the experience with data received from other ceding companies. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. For detailed information on our lapse and annuitization rate assumptions, refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2023 Form 10-K.
12. Debt
On March 7, 2024 and July 31, 2024, Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Chubb INA) issued $1.0 billion and $600 million, respectively, of 5.00 percent senior notes due March 2034. The 5.00 percent senior notes due March 2034 constitute a single series of notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1.6 billion.
On July 31, 2024, Chubb INA issued $700 million of 4.65 percent senior notes due August 2029.
These senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by Chubb Limited and they rank equally with all of Chubb INA's other senior obligations. They also contain customary limitations on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt. These senior notes are redeemable at any time at Chubb INA's option subject to a “make-whole” premium (the present value of the remaining principal and interest discounted at the applicable comparable government bond rate plus 0.15 percent). The notes are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. These notes do not have the benefit of any sinking fund.
13. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees
a) Derivative instruments
Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives, and exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the market risk benefit (MRB) book of business. Derivative instruments are principally recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP) in the Consolidated balance sheets. Convertible securities are recorded in either Fixed maturities available-for-sale (FM AFS) or Equity securities (ES), depending on the underlying investment. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions. In addition, Chubb, from time to time, purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities.
As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. Some of Chubb's derivatives satisfy hedge accounting requirements, as discussed below. We also consider economic hedging for planned cross border transactions.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
The following table presents the balance sheet location, fair value in an asset or (liability) position, and notional value/payment provision of our derivative instruments:

|  |  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Notional Value/ Payment Provision |  |  |  | Fair Value |  | Notional Value/ Payment Provision
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  | Derivative Asset |  | Derivative (Liability) |  |  |  | Derivative Asset |  | Derivative (Liability) |
Investment and embedded derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | OA / (AP) |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | (125) |  |  | $ | 4,399 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (94) |  |  | $ | 3,662 |
Options/Futures contracts on notes and bonds | OA / (AP) |  | 4 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1,602 |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  | (42) |  |  | 2,062 |
Convertible securities (1) | FM AFS / ES |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |
|  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | (127) |  |  | $ | 6,066 |  |  |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | 5,788 |
Other derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures contracts on equities (2) | OA / (AP) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 967 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | 1,157 |
Other | OA / (AP) |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | 355 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | 217 |
|  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | 1,322 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 1,374 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps - fair value hedges | OA / (AP) |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,652 |  |  |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,631 |
Cross-currency swaps - net investment hedges | OA / (AP) |  | 20 |  |  | (174) |  |  | 2,969 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | (128) |  |  | 1,619 |
|  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | (174) |  |  | $ | 4,621 |  |  |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | (128) |  |  | $ | 3,250 |

(1)Includes fair value of embedded derivatives.
(2)Related to MRB book of business.
At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, net derivative liabilities of $139 million and $115 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement.
b) Hedge accounting
We designate certain derivatives as fair value hedges and net investment hedges for accounting purposes to hedge for foreign currency exposure associated with portions of our euro denominated debt and the net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries, respectively. These derivatives comprise cross-currency swaps, which are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. These hedges have been and are expected to be highly effective.
(i) Cross-currency swaps - fair value hedges
Chubb holds certain cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency risk on €1.5 billion, or approximately $1.7 billion at September 30, 2024, of euro denominated debt by converting cash flows back into the U.S. dollar.
These hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Other comprehensive income (OCI). The gains or losses on the fair value hedges offsetting the foreign currency remeasurement on the hedged euro denominated senior notes are reclassified from OCI into Net realized gains (losses), and an additional portion is reclassified into Interest expense, as follows:
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(pre-tax, in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 | 2023 |  | 2024 | 2023
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI | $ | 42 |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | (12) |  | $ | 23 |
Net realized gain (loss) reclassified from OCI | 63 |  | (51) |  |  | 14 |  | (20) |
Interest expense reclassified from OCI | (3) |  | (4) |  |  | (11) |  | (12) |
OCI gain (loss) after reclassifications | $ | (18) |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | (15) |  | $ | 55 |

(ii) Cross-currency swaps - net investment hedges
Chubb holds certain cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries by converting cash flows from U.S. dollar to the British pound sterling, Japanese yen, Swiss franc, and Chinese yuan renminbi. The hedged risk is designated as the foreign currency exposure arising between the functional currency of the foreign subsidiary and the functional currency of its parent entity.
The mark-to-market adjustments for foreign currency changes will remain until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or if hedge accounting is discontinued.
These net investment hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Cumulative translation adjustments (CTA) within OCI, and a portion is reclassified to Interest expense as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(pre-tax, in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 | 2023 |  | 2024 | 2023
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI | $ | (98) |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | (25) |  | $ | (8) |
Interest income reclassified from OCI | 5 |  | 3 |  |  | 11 |  | 10 |
OCI gain (loss) after reclassifications | $ | (103) |  | $ | (23) |  |  | $ | (36) |  | $ | (18) |

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
c) Derivative instruments not designated as hedges
Derivative instruments which are not designated as hedges are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) or, for futures contracts on equities, related to the MRB book of business, in Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents net gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Investment and embedded derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | (95) |
All other futures contracts, options, and equities | 12 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 5 |
Convertible securities (1) | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2) |
Total investment and embedded derivative instruments | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (92) |
Other derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures contracts on equities (2) | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | (157) |  |  | $ | (80) |
Other | (2) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (6) |
Total other derivative instruments | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | (164) |  |  | $ | (86) |
| $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | (158) |  |  | $ | (178) |

(1)Includes embedded derivatives.
(2)Related to MRB book of business.
(i) Foreign currency exposure management
A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above.
(ii) Duration management and market exposure
Futures
Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds, and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed.
Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in market risk benefit reserves.
Options
An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above.
The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, level of interest rates, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand.
The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by
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the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines.
Other
Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may, from time to time, enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices.
(iii) Convertible security investments
A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available-for-sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature.
(iv) TBA
By acquiring to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs), we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Chubb purchases TBAs, from time to time, both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy.
(v) Futures contracts on equities
Under the MRB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. We may recognize a loss for changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining U.S. and/or international equity markets). To mitigate adverse changes in the capital markets, we maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts, as noted under section "(ii) Futures" above. These futures increase in fair value when the S&P 500 index decreases (and decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases). The net impact of gains or losses related to changes in fair value of the MRB liability and the exchange-traded equity futures are included in Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations.
d) Securities lending and secured borrowings
Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Remaining contractual maturity
|  |  |  |  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Overnight and Continuous
Collateral held under securities lending agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 784 |  |  | $ | 555 |
U.S. Treasury / Agency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 361 |  |  | 33 |
Non-U.S. |  |  |  |  |  |  | 680 |  |  | 621 |
Corporate and asset-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 57 |
Municipal |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 35 |  |  | 27 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,927 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |
Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,927 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |

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At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, our repurchase agreement obligations of $3,048 million and $2,833 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available-for-sale or Other investments, and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

| Remaining contractual maturity
| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Up to 30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Total |  | Up to 30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Non-U.S. | 1,768 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,768 |  |  | 1,355 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,355 |
U.S. Treasury / Agency | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 469 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 1,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 913 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 1,430 |
| $ | 2,237 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  | $ | 3,273 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |  |  | $ | 1,051 |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 2,924 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,048 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,833 |
Difference (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 91 |

(1)Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability.
Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction.
e) Fixed maturities
At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, commitments to purchase fixed income securities over the next several years were $1.2 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively.
f) Private equities
Private equities in the Consolidated balance sheets are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies with a carrying value of $14.2 billion at September 30, 2024. In connection with these investments, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $6.8 billion over the next several years. At December 31, 2023, these investments had a carrying value of $13.9 billion with commitments that could have required funding of up to $6.2 billion.
g) Income taxes
At September 30, 2024, $83 million of unrecognized tax benefits remain out standing. It is reasonably possible that, over the next twelve months, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations by taxing authorities, settlements, and the lapses of statutes of limitations. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2012.
h) Legal proceedings
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of
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business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
i) Lease commitments
At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the right-of-use asset was $748 million and $784 million, respectively, recorded within Other assets, and the lease liability was $817 million and $832 million, respectively, recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. These leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which expire at various dates.
14. Shareholders’ equity
All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. Under Swiss corporate law, dividends, including distributions from legal reserves or through a reduction in par value (par value reduction), must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At September 30, 2024, our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 0.50 per share.
At our May 2024 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.64 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.91 per share after the general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board of Directors (Board) will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of 2025 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion.
At our May 2023 and 2022 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved annual dividends for the following year of up to $3.44 per share and $3.32 per share, respectively, which were paid in four quarterly installments of $0.86 per share and $0.83 per share, respectively, at dates determined by the Board after the annual general meetings by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment.
The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD):

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
CHF |  | USD |  | CHF |  | USD |  | CHF |  | USD |  | CHF |  | USD
Total dividend distributions per common share | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | 2.35 |  |  | $ | 2.68 |  |  | 2.29 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |

Increases in Common Shares in treasury are due to open market repurchases of Common Shares and the surrender of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock. Decreases in Common Shares in treasury are principally due to grants of restricted stock, exercises of stock options, purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), and share cancellations. At our May 2023 annual general meeting, held on May 17, 2023, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 14,925,028 shares purchased under our share repurchase programs during 2022. The capital reduction was subject to publication requirements and became effective in accordance with Swiss law on May 22, 2023. At our May 2024 annual general meeting, held on May 16, 2024, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 11,825,600 shares purchased under our share repurchase programs during 2023. The capital reduction was subject to publication requirements and became effective in accordance with Swiss law on May 21, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, 4,915,964 shares were repurchased, 11,825,600 shares were canceled, and 2,679,748 net shares were issued under employee share-based compensation plans. At September 30, 2024, 16,592,565 Common Shares remain in treasury.
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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries
Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorizations
The Board has authorized share repurchase programs as follows:
•$2.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from May 19, 2022 through June 30, 2023; and
•$5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares effective July 1, 2023 with no expiration date.
The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
| September 30 |  | September 30 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Number of shares repurchased | 1,441,607 |  |  | 2,949,900 |  |  | 4,915,964 |  |  | 8,634,600 |  |  |
Cost of shares repurchased | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 606 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 1,758 |  |  |
Repurchase authorization remaining at end of period | $ | 2,400 |  |  | $ | 4,398 |  |  | $ | 2,400 |  |  | $ | 4,398 |  |  |

The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax | $ | (5,301) |  |  | $ | (6,809) |  |  | $ | (4,177) |  |  | $ | (7,279) |
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax) | 3,419 |  |  | (2,240) |  |  | 2,139 |  |  | (1,935) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax) | 40 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 357 |
Change in period, before tax | 3,459 |  |  | (2,170) |  |  | 2,293 |  |  | (1,578) |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (198) |  |  | 29 |  |  | (149) |  |  | (93) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 3,261 |  |  | (2,141) |  |  | 2,144 |  |  | (1,671) |
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3 |
Balance – end of period, net of tax | (2,042) |  |  | (8,953) |  |  | (2,042) |  |  | (8,953) |
Current discount rate on liability for future policy benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax | 66 |  |  | (247) |  |  | 51 |  |  | (75) |
Change in period, before tax | (672) |  |  | 683 |  |  | (672) |  |  | 497 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | 36 |  |  | (35) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (21) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (636) |  |  | 648 |  |  | (658) |  |  | 476 |
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax | (43) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (80) |  |  | (3) |
Balance – end of period, net of tax | (527) |  |  | 404 |  |  | (527) |  |  | 404 |
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax | (13) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (24) |
Change in period, before tax | (8) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Income tax benefit | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (7) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance – end of period, net of tax | (20) |  |  | (21) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (21) |

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| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) - continued |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax | (3,342) |  |  | (2,920) |  |  | (2,945) |  |  | (2,966) |
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax) | 450 |  |  | (314) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (269) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax) | (5) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (10) |
Change in period, before tax | 445 |  |  | (317) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (279) |
Income tax benefit | 7 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 21 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 452 |  |  | (304) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (258) |
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 62 |  |  | (76) |  |  | 21 |  |  | (76) |
Balance – end of period, net of tax | (2,952) |  |  | (3,148) |  |  | (2,952) |  |  | (3,148) |
Fair value hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax | (11) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (66) |
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax) | 42 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (12) |  |  | 23 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax) | (60) |  |  | 55 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 32 |
Change in period, before tax | (18) |  |  | 38 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 55 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | 4 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (11) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (14) |  |  | 31 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 44 |
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance – end of period, net of tax | (25) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (22) |
Postretirement benefit liability adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax | 297 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 225 |
Change in period, before tax | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Income tax benefit | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Total other comprehensive loss | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (3) |
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance – end of period, net of tax | 296 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 222 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (5,270) |  |  | $ | (11,518) |  |  | $ | (5,270) |  |  | $ | (11,518) |

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The following table presents reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to the Consolidated statements of operations:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  | Consolidated Statement of Operations Location
| September 30 |  | September 30 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Fixed maturities available-for-sale | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | (70) |  |  | $ | (154) |  |  | $ | (357) |  |  | Net realized gains (losses)
Income tax benefit | 17 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 59 |  |  | Income tax expense
| $ | (23) |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | (113) |  |  | $ | (298) |  |  | Net income
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | Interest expense
Income tax expense | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | Income tax expense
| $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | Net income
Net gains (losses) of fair value hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | Net realized gains (losses)
Cross-currency swaps | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (12) |  |  | Interest expense
Income tax (expense) benefit | (12) |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | Income tax expense
| $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | Net income
Total amounts reclassified from AOCI | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | (86) |  |  | $ | (101) |  |  | $ | (315) |  |  |

15. Share-based compensation
The Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the Amended 2016 LTIP), permits grants of both incentive and non-qualified stock options principally at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. Stock options typically vest in equal annual installments over the respective vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. On February 26, 2024, Chubb granted 1,359,237 stock options with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $64.15 each. The fair value of the options issued is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
The Amended 2016 LTIP also permits grants of service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units as well as performance shares and performance stock units. Under the Chubb Deferred Stock Unit Plan, a sub-plan of the Amended 2016 LTIP, eligible participants may defer vested performance stock units and restricted stock units to the extent such awards are U.S.-allocated compensation.
Chubb generally grants service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule. Performance shares and performance stock units granted comprise both target and premium awards that cliff vest at the end of a 3-year performance period based on tangible book value (shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets, net of tax) per share growth and P&C combined ratio compared to a defined group of peer companies. Premium awards are subject to an additional vesting provision based on total shareholder return compared to the peer group. Stock and unit awards are principally granted at market close price on the grant date. On February 26, 2024, Chubb granted 685,665 service-based restricted stock, 290,085 service-based restricted stock units, 101,514 performance shares, and 284,013 performance stock units to employees and officers with a grant date fair value of $254.84 each. Each service-based restricted stock unit and performance stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting (or the end of the deferral period, if the unit is under the Chubb Deferred Stock Unit Plan).
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16. Postretirement benefits
The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs (benefits) reflected in Net income in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

| Pension Benefit Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Three Months Ended September 30 | U.S. Plans |  | Non-U.S. Plans |  | U.S. Plans |  | Non-U.S. Plans |  |  |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Non-service cost (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 33 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Expected return on plan assets | (61) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Settlements | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total non-service cost (benefit) | (27) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (1) |

| Pension Benefit Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Nine Months Ended September 30 | U.S. Plans |  | Non-U.S. Plans |  | U.S. Plans |  |  | Non-U.S. Plans |  |  |  |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost: | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Non-service cost (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 100 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Expected return on plan assets | (183) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (168) |  |  |  | (38) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Settlements | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total non-service cost (benefit) | (83) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (62) |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (2) |
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) | $ | (83) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (62) |  |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (2) |

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The line items in which the service cost and non-service cost (benefit) components of net periodic cost (benefit) are included in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

| Pension Benefit Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Three Months Ended September 30 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Service cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Administrative expenses | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | — |
Total service cost | 2 |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | —
Non-service cost (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  | —
Administrative expenses | (28) |  |  | (21) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Total non-service cost (benefit) | (31) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) | $ | (29) |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (1) |

| Pension Benefit Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Nine Months Ended September 30 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |
Service cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Administrative expenses | 7 |  | 6 |  |  | — |  | —
Total service cost | 7 |  | 6 |  |  | — |  | —
Non-service cost (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses | (9) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Administrative expenses | (84) |  |  | (67) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (2) |
Total non-service cost (benefit) | (93) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (2) |
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) | $ | (86) |  |  | $ | (67) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (2) |

17. Other income and expense

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Equity in net income (loss) of partially-owned entities | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 610 |
Gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets (1) | (30) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (56) |
Asset management and performance fee revenue | 53 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 55 |
Asset management and performance fee expense | (34) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (102) |  |  | (33) |
Federal excise and capital taxes | (7) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (17) |
Other | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (31) |  |  | (9) |
Total | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | 550 |

(1) Related to gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account treatment under U.S. GAAP.
Equity in net income of partially-owned entities includes our share of net income or loss, both underlying operating income and mark-to-market movement, related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) where we own more than three
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percent, and partially-owned insurance companies. This line item includes mark-to-market gains (losses) on private equities of $211 million and $318 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $51 million and $290 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.
Other income and expense includes net income attributable to our investment in Huatai under the equity method of accounting comprising income of $36 million through June 30, 2023. Effective July 1, 2023, we discontinued the equity method of accounting and include the results of operations of Huatai in our consolidated results.
Also included in Other income and expense are gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account treatment under U.S. GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations.
Asset management and performance fee revenue and expense primarily relate to the management of third-party assets by Huatai's asset management business, which is unrelated to Huatai Group's core insurance operations. These revenues and expenses are recognized in the period in which the services are performed and, for certain asset performance fees, to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur.
Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other income and expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results. Bad debt expense for uncollectible premiums is also included in Other income and expense.
18. Segment information
Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insuran ce, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. These segments distribute their products through various forms of brokers, agencies, and direct marketing programs. All business segments have established relationships with reinsurance intermediar ies. Effective July 1, 2023, the results of Huatai's life and asset management businesses, included within the Life Insurance segment, and the results of Huatai's P&C insurance business, included within Overseas General Insurance, are presented gross within Underwriting income (loss), Net investment income (loss), and Other income (expense) as required under consolidation accounting. Huatai's results prior to July 1, 2023 were included net within Other (income) expense based on our ownership interest as required under equity method accounting.
Management uses Underwriting income (loss) as the basis for segment performance. Chubb calculates Underwriting income (loss) by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. Segment income (loss) includes Underwriting income (loss), Net investment income (loss), and other operating income and expense items such as each segment's share of the operating income (loss) related to partially-owned entities and miscellaneous income and expense items for which the segments are held accountable. Our main measure of segment performance is Segment income (loss), which also includes Amortization of purchased intangibles acquired by the segment. We determined that this definition of Segment income (loss) is appropriate and aligns with how the business is managed. We continue to evaluate our segments as our business continues to evolve and may further refine our segments and Segment income (loss) measures.
Revenue and expenses managed at the corporate level, including Net realized gains (losses), Market risk benefits gains (losses), Interest expense, Integration expenses, Income tax expense, and Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests are reported within Corporate. Integration expenses are one-time costs that are directly attributable to third-party consulting fees, employee-related retention costs, and other professional and legal fees primarily related to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia. These items are not allocated to the segment level as they are one-time in nature and are not related to the ongoing business activities of the segment. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs, and therefore are excluded from our definition of Segment income (loss).
Certain items are presented in a different manner for segment reporting purposes than in the Consolidated Financial Statements. These items are reconciled to the consolidated presentation in the Segment measure reclass column below and include:
•Losses and loss expenses include realized gains and losses on crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations, and therefore, realized gains (losses) from these derivatives are reclassified to losses and loss expenses.
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•Policy benefits include fair value changes on separate accounts that do not qualify for separate accounting under U.S. GAAP. These gains and losses have been reclassified from Other (income) expense. We view gains and losses from fair value changes in both separate account assets and liabilities as part of the results of our underwriting operations, and therefore these gains and losses are reclassified to Policy benefits. Policy benefits also include the impact of realized gains and losses on investment portfolios supporting certain participating policies. These realized gains and losses have been reclassified from net realized gains (losses) to policy benefits. This presentation better reflects the economics of the participating policies by connecting the investment performance that is shared with policyholders to the liability.
•Net investment income includes investment income reclassified from Other (income) expense related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity partnerships) where our ownership interest is in excess of three percent. We view investment income from these equity-method private equity partnerships as Net investment income for segment reporting purposes.
The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment:

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Life Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Segment Measure Reclass |  | Chubb Consolidated
Net premiums written | $ | 5,500 |  |  | $ | 1,679 |  |  | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | 3,367 |  |  | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,829 |
Net premiums earned | 5,110 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | 3,421 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 1,530 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,373 |
Losses and loss expenses | 3,391 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,631 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 58 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 7,383 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |  |  | — |  |  | 989 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | 1,099 |
Policy acquisition costs | 689 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,324 |
Administrative expenses | 338 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,094 |
Underwriting income (loss) | 692 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 478 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (162) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1,473 |
Net investment income | 931 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (28) |  |  | (127) |  |  | 1,508 |
Other (income) expense | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (39) |  |  | (202) |  |  | (97) |  |  | (325) |
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Segment income (loss) | $ | 1,615 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 3,225 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 198 |
Market risk benefits gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (230) |  |  | — |  |  | (230) |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |
Integration expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 504 |  |  | — |  |  | 504 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (782) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,490 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | 166 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Chubb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (948) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,324 |

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For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Life Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Segment Measure Reclass |  | Chubb Consolidated
Net premiums written | $ | 5,132 |  |  | $ | 1,527 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 3,211 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 1,452 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,104 |
Net premiums earned | 4,735 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | 1,540 |  |  | 3,311 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 1,442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,674 |
Losses and loss expenses | 3,025 |  |  | 900 |  |  | 1,356 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 7,106 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | 866 |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |  |  | 938 |
Policy acquisition costs | 640 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 827 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,178 |
Administrative expenses | 323 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,060 |
Underwriting income (loss) | 747 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (159) |  |  | 26 |  |  | 1,392 |
Net investment income | 780 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (92) |  |  | 1,314 |
Other (income) expense | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (154) |
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |
Segment income (loss) | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | (138) |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2,776 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (96) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (103) |
Market risk benefits gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |  |  | (32) |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |
Integration expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 413 |  |  | — |  |  | 413 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (867) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,040 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Net income (loss) attributable to Chubb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (864) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,043 |

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For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Life Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Segment Measure Reclass |  | Chubb Consolidated
Net premiums written | $ | 15,690 |  |  | $ | 4,911 |  |  | $ | 2,386 |  |  | $ | 10,536 |  |  | $ | 1,122 |  |  | $ | 4,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,410 |
Net premiums earned | 14,890 |  |  | 4,560 |  |  | 2,173 |  |  | 9,966 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 4,709 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,248 |
Losses and loss expenses | 9,640 |  |  | 2,654 |  |  | 1,785 |  |  | 4,728 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 161 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 19,541 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 312 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | 3,498 |
Policy acquisition costs | 2,037 |  |  | 914 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 2,517 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 885 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,757 |
Administrative expenses | 993 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,019 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 310 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,258 |
Underwriting income (loss) | 2,220 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 1,390 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (471) |  |  | (91) |  |  | 4,194 |
Net investment income | 2,620 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 738 |  |  | (86) |  |  | (304) |  |  | 4,367 |
Other (income) expense | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | (111) |  |  | (263) |  |  | (295) |  |  | (626) |
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | 2 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 241 |
Segment income (loss) | $ | 4,810 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 2,151 |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | (416) |  |  | $ | (100) |  |  | $ | 8,946 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 101 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 201 |
Market risk benefits gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (238) |  |  | — |  |  | (238) |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |
Integration expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,336 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,462) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,000 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 303 |  |  | — |  |  | 303 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Chubb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,765) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,697 |

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For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Life Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Segment Measure Reclass |  | Chubb Consolidated
Net premiums written | $ | 14,575 |  |  | $ | 4,404 |  |  | $ | 2,581 |  |  | $ | 9,359 |  |  | $ | 831 |  |  | $ | 4,015 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,765 |
Net premiums earned | 13,710 |  |  | 4,084 |  |  | 2,334 |  |  | 9,005 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,815 |
Losses and loss expenses | 8,625 |  |  | 2,634 |  |  | 2,003 |  |  | 4,139 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 133 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 17,937 |
Policy benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | — |  |  | (56) |  |  | 2,565 |
Policy acquisition costs | 1,867 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 2,286 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 829 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,142 |
Administrative expenses | 934 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 290 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,959 |
Underwriting income (loss) | 2,284 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 210 |  |  | (423) |  |  | 59 |  |  | 4,212 |
Net investment income | 2,204 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 525 |  |  | 28 |  |  | (276) |  |  | 3,566 |
Other (income) expense | 18 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (69) |  |  | (251) |  |  | (220) |  |  | (550) |
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |
Segment income (loss) | $ | 4,470 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 1,956 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | (273) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 8,102 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (481) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (484) |
Market risk benefits gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (154) |  |  | — |  |  | (154) |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 499 |  |  | — |  |  | 499 |
Integration expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,189 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,647) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,725 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Net income (loss) attributable to Chubb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,644) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,728 |

Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than certain insurance related balances, Goodwill and Other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments.
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19. Earnings per share

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 2,490 |  |  | $ | 2,040 |  |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  | $ | 5,725 |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 166 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 303 |  |  | (3) |
Net income attributable to Chubb | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | $ | 6,697 |  |  | $ | 5,728 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic earnings per share attributable to Chubb: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 403,831,412 |  |  | 409,505,454 |  |  | 404,700,118 |  |  | 412,076,470 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share attributable to Chubb: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation plans | 4,047,315 |  |  | 3,100,505 |  |  | 4,191,655 |  |  | 3,288,940 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions | 407,878,727 |  |  | 412,605,959 |  |  | 408,891,773 |  |  | 415,365,410 |
Basic earnings per share attributable to Chubb | $ | 5.75 |  |  | $ | 4.99 |  |  | $ | 16.55 |  |  | $ | 13.90 |
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Chubb | $ | 5.70 |  |  | $ | 4.95 |  |  | $ | 16.38 |  |  | $ | 13.79 |
Potential anti-dilutive share conversions | 1,330,590 |  |  | 2,562,206 |  |  | 1,080,371 |  |  | 2,330,821 |

Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective periods. These securities consisted of stock options in which the underlying exercise prices were greater than the average market prices of our Common Shares. Refer to Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information on stock options.
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ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
All comparisons in this discussion are to the corresponding prior year period unless otherwise indicated. All dollar amounts are rounded. However, percent changes and ratios are calculated using whole dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded dollars may differ.
Our results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of our results for the full year. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (2023 Form 10-K).
Other Information
We routinely post important information for investors on our website (investors.chubb.com). We use this website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Information portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.

MD&A Index | Page
Forward-Looking Statements | 56
Overview | 57
Consolidated Operating Results | 58
Segment Operating Results | 63
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) | 73
Effective Income Tax Rate | 74
Non-GAAP Reconciliation | 74
Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization | 80
Net Investment Income | 81
Interest Expense | 81
Investments | 81
Critical Accounting Estimates | 85
Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses | 85
Asbestos and Environmental (A&E) | 85
Fair Value Measurements | 85
Catastrophe Management | 86
Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program | 87
Capital Resources | 88
Liquidity | 89
Information Provided In Connection With Outstanding Debt of Subsidiaries | 90

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Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the SEC, include but are not limited to:
•actual amount of new and renewal business, premium rates, underwriting margins, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets; the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete;
•losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes; actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments; the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments;
•changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers; material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements; the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance;
•uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties; judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms; the effects of data privacy or cyber laws or regulation; global political conditions and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events;
•severity of pandemics and related risks, and their effects on our business operations and claims activity, and any adverse impact to our insureds, brokers, agents, and employees; actual claims may exceed our best estimate of ultimate insurance losses incurred which could change including as a result of, among other things, the impact of legislative or regulatory actions taken in response to a pandemic;
•developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets; increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry; the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; changing rates of inflation; and other general economic and business conditions, including the depth and duration of potential recession;
•the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities; the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs; and the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries;
•changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available-for-sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery;
•actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent;
•the effects of public company bankruptcies and accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues;
•acquisitions made performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization, and risks and uncertainties relating to our planned purchases of additional interests in Huatai Insurance Group Co., Ltd;
•risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens; share repurchase plans and share cancellations;
•loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame;
•the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in
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consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners; the ability of our company to increase use of data analytics and technology as part of our business strategy and adapt to new technologies; and
•management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above).
The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the dates such statements were made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Overview

Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At September 30, 2024, we had total assets of $251 billion and total Chubb shareholders’ equity, which excludes noncontrolling interests, of $66 billion. Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda. We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2023 Form 10-K.
On July 1, 2023, we completed the acquisition of a controlling majority interest of Huatai Group. The results of operations of Huatai Group are reported at 100 percent in our consolidated results starting from the acquisition date, with amounts attributable to shareholders other than Chubb reflected under Noncontrolling interests. Huatai Group's life and asset management businesses are included in the Life Insurance segment, and Huatai Group's P&C business is included in the Overseas General Insurance segment. Results for Huatai Group's non-insurance operations, comprising real estate and holding company activity, are included in Corporate.
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Consolidated Operating Results – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 13,829 |  |  | $ | 13,104 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | $ | 39,410 |  |  | $ | 35,765 |  |  | 10.2 | %
Net premiums written - constant dollars (1) |  |  |  |  | 6.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 10.8 | %
Net premiums earned | 13,373 |  |  | 12,674 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 37,248 |  |  | 33,815 |  |  | 10.2 | %
Net investment income | 1,508 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 4,367 |  |  | 3,566 |  |  | 22.5 | %
Net realized gains (losses) | 198 |  |  | (103) |  |  | NM |  | 201 |  |  | (484) |  |  | NM
Market risk benefits gains (losses) | (230) |  |  | (32) |  |  | NM |  | (238) |  |  | (154) |  |  | 53.8 | %
Total revenues | 14,849 |  |  | 13,853 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | 41,578 |  |  | 36,743 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 7,383 |  |  | 7,106 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 19,541 |  |  | 17,937 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Policy benefits | 1,099 |  |  | 938 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 3,498 |  |  | 2,565 |  |  | 36.4 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 2,324 |  |  | 2,178 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | 6,757 |  |  | 6,142 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Administrative expenses | 1,094 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 3,258 |  |  | 2,959 |  |  | 10.1 | %
Interest expense | 192 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 552 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Other (income) expense | (325) |  |  | (154) |  |  | 111.5 | % |  | (626) |  |  | (550) |  |  | 14.0 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 81 |  |  | 84 |  |  | (3.7) | % |  | 241 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 6.7 | %
Integration expenses | 7 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (50.1) | % |  | 21 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (59.0) | %
Total expenses | 11,855 |  |  | 11,400 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 33,242 |  |  | 29,829 |  |  | 11.5 | %
Income before income tax | 2,994 |  |  | 2,453 |  |  | 22.0 | % |  | 8,336 |  |  | 6,914 |  |  | 20.5 | %
Income tax expense | 504 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 22.0 | % |  | 1,336 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Net income | $ | 2,490 |  |  | $ | 2,040 |  |  | 21.9 | % |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  | $ | 5,725 |  |  | 22.2 | %
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 166 |  |  | (3) |  |  | NM |  | 303 |  |  | (3) |  |  | NM
Net income attributable to Chubb | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  | $ | 6,697 |  |  | $ | 5,728 |  |  | 16.9 | %

NM - not meaningful
(1) On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.
Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
•Net income attributable to Chubb was $2.3 billion compared with $2.0 billion in the prior year period. Net income in the current quarter was driven by strong underwriting results and record net investment income.
•Consolidated net premiums written were $13.8 billion, up 5.5 percent, or 6.6 percent in constant dollars. P&C net premiums written increased 5.4 percent, or 6.1 percent in constant dollars, with commercial insurance up 5.1 percent and consumer insurance up 9.4 percent. Life Insurance segment net premiums written increased 6.8 percent, or 10.6 percent in constant dollars.
•Pre-tax net investment income was a record $1.5 billion compared with $1.3 billion in the prior year period, primarily due to strong operating cash flow at higher reinvestment rates on fixed maturities.
•Consolidated net premiums earned were $13.4 billion, up 5.5 percent, or 6.7 percent in constant dollars.
•Total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance and including reinstatement premiums, were $765 million (6.4 percentage points of the P&C combined ratio) and $629 million, respectively, compared with $670 million (6.0 percentage points of the P&C combined ratio) and $544 million, respectively, in the prior year period.
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•Total pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development were $244 million and $181 million, respectively, compared with $200 million and $116 million, respectively, in the prior year period.
•The P&C combined ratio was 87.7 percent compared with 88.4 percent in the prior year period. The P&C current accident year (CAY) combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 83.4 percent compared with 84.3 percent in the prior year period.
•Operating cash flow was $4.3 billion compared with $4.7 billion in the prior year period.
•Chubb shareholders' equity increased $4.7 billion in the quarter, primarily from net income attributable to Chubb of $2.3 billion and net unrealized gains on our investment portfolio of $3.3 billion, reflecting the mark-to-market impact of lower interest rates on the fixed-income portfolio, partially offset by total capital returned to shareholders of $782 million. Total capital returned to shareholders comprises share repurchases of $413 million at an average purchase price of $286.18 per share, and dividends of $369 million.

Net Premiums Written | Three Months Ended September 30 |  | % Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 | C$ Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23 | C$ YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Property and other short-tail lines | $ | 2,314 |  | $ | 2,082 |  | 11.1 | % | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 7,389 |  | $ | 6,453 |  | 14.5 | % | 14.9 | %
Commercial casualty | 2,548 |  | 2,332 |  | 9.3 | % | 9.6 | % |  | 6,913 |  | 6,259 |  | 10.5 | % | 10.5 | %
Financial lines | 1,249 |  | 1,333 |  | (6.2) | % | (5.9) | % |  | 3,594 |  | 3,733 |  | (3.7) | % | (3.6) | %
Workers' compensation | 539 |  | 538 |  | 0.1 | % | 0.1 | % |  | 1,727 |  | 1,693 |  | 2.0 | % | 2.0 | %
Commercial multiple peril (1) | 433 |  | 398 |  | 8.5 | % | 8.5 | % |  | 1,229 |  | 1,129 |  | 8.8 | % | 8.8 | %
Surety | 188 |  | 172 |  | 9.4 | % | 12.4 | % |  | 572 |  | 506 |  | 13.0 | % | 13.1 | %
Total Commercial P&C lines | 7,271 |  | 6,855 |  | 6.1 | % | 6.6 | % |  | 21,424 |  | 19,773 |  | 8.3 | % | 8.5 | %
Agriculture | 1,379 |  | 1,521 |  | (9.3) | % | (9.3) | % |  | 2,386 |  | 2,581 |  | (7.6) | % | (7.6) | %
Personal homeowners | 1,287 |  | 1,192 |  | 7.9 | % | 8.5 | % |  | 3,707 |  | 3,268 |  | 13.4 | % | 13.9 | %
Personal automobile | 624 |  | 547 |  | 14.3 | % | 18.1 | % |  | 1,880 |  | 1,434 |  | 31.2 | % | 30.0 | %
Personal other | 509 |  | 474 |  | 7.4 | % | 9.1 | % |  | 1,594 |  | 1,466 |  | 8.8 | % | 9.8 | %
Total Personal lines | 2,420 |  | 2,213 |  | 9.4 | % | 10.9 | % |  | 7,181 |  | 6,168 |  | 16.4 | % | 16.7 | %
Global A&H - P&C | 855 |  | 802 |  | 6.6 | % | 9.5 | % |  | 2,532 |  | 2,397 |  | 5.6 | % | 7.7 | %
Reinsurance lines | 352 |  | 261 |  | 34.8 | % | 34.8 | % |  | 1,122 |  | 831 |  | 35.0 | % | 35.1 | %
Total Property and Casualty lines | 12,277 |  | 11,652 |  | 5.4 | % | 6.1 | % |  | 34,645 |  | 31,750 |  | 9.1 | % | 9.4 | %
Life Insurance | 1,552 |  | 1,452 |  | 6.8 | % | 10.6 | % |  | 4,765 |  | 4,015 |  | 18.7 | % | 22.2 | %
Total consolidated | $ | 13,829 |  | $ | 13,104 |  | 5.5 | % | 6.6 | % |  | $ | 39,410 |  | $ | 35,765 |  | 10.2 | % | 10.8 | %

(1)Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability).
The increase in consolidated net premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflects growth across most product lines driven by strong premium retention, including rate and exposure increases, and strong new business.
•Property and other short-tail lines grew globally due to strong new business and retention, including both rate and exposure increases.
•Commercial casualty grew globally due to strong retention, including both rate and exposure increases, and strong new business.
•Financial lines declined due to lower renewal retention, including lower rates, due to a competitive market environment.
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•Workers' compensation grew slightly for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, due to new business and retention.
•Commercial multiple peril grew due to strong new business and retention, including higher rates and exposure, in North America.
•Surety grew due to strong new business.
•Agriculture declined primarily due to lower commodity prices in the current year, partially offset by strong new business and rate in our Agriculture P&C business.
•Personal lines grew globally due to new business and renewal retention, as well as increases in both rate and exposure, in homeowners and excess lines, in addition to growth in auto lines in certain international markets. Growth for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, also benefited from the consolidation of Huatai.
•Global A&H – P&C grew in Europe and Asia, with Asia partially benefiting from the consolidation of Huatai for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
•Reinsurance lines reflected continued growth, mainly in property and casualty lines. Growth for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, included a large one-off structured transaction from the second quarter.
•Life Insurance grew primarily due to strong growth in Asia and Combined Insurance North America. Growth for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, is also due to the consolidation of Huatai Group's life business, which contributed 12.6 percentage points of growth.
For additional information on net premiums written, refer to the segment results discussions.
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Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned for short-duration contracts, typically P&C contracts, generally reflect the portion of net premiums written that was recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure periods expire. Net premiums earned for long-duration contracts, typically traditional life contracts, generally are recognized as earned when due from policyholders. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, net premiums earned increased $699 million, up 5.5 percent, or 6.7 percent in constant dollars. P&C net premiums earned increased 5.4 percent, or 6.3 percent in constant dollars, comprising growth in commercial insurance and consumer insurance of 5.5 percent and 8.7 percent, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net premiums earned increased $3.4 billion, up 10.2 percent, or 10.9 percent in constant dollars. P&C net premiums earned increased 9.0 percent, or 9.4 percent in constant dollars, comprising growth in commercial insurance and consumer insurance of 8.3 percent and 12.5 percent, respectively.
Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development
We generally define catastrophe loss events consistent with the definition of the Property Claims Service (PCS) for events in the U.S. and Canada. PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes damage of $25 million or more in insured losses and affects a significant number of insureds. For events outside of the U.S. and Canada, we generally use a similar definition. Catastrophe losses are net of reinsurance and include reinstatement premiums, which are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted.
Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. PPD includes adjustments relating to either profit commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies. Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for further information on reinstatement premiums on catastrophe losses and adjustments to prior period development.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net catastrophe losses | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |  |  | $ | 1,528 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 643 |  |  | $ | 596 |

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2024 and 2023, were primarily from the following events:
•2024: Severe weather-related events in the U.S. and internationally, including Hurricane Helene and Rio Grande storms.
•2023: Severe weather-related events in the U.S. and internationally, Hawaii wildfires, and New Zealand storms.
Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was $299 million in our active companies, including adverse development of $59 million in long-tail lines, principally casualty, and favorable development of $358 million in short-tail lines, principally in property and marine. Our corporate run-off portfolio had adverse development of $55 million, with $47 million related to legacy environmental exposures.
Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $800 million in our active companies, including adverse development of $53 million in long-tail lines, principally in casualty, and favorable development of $853 million in short-tail lines, principally in property and marine. Our corporate run-off portfolio had adverse development of $157 million, with $60 million related to molestation claims and $47 million related to legacy environmental exposures.
Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was $200 million, including adverse development of $116 million in long-tail lines, with $50 million related to legacy environmental exposures. Net favorable development of $316 million in short-tail lines is primarily in property.
Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $596 million, including adverse development of $50 million related to legacy environmental exposures and $49 million for molestation claims. Excluding the adverse development, we had net favorable development of $695 million with $36 million in long-tail lines, principally from accident years 2013 through 2019, and $659 million in short-tail lines, primarily in property, A&H, and surety.
Refer to the prior period development discussion in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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P&C Combined Ratio
In evaluating our segments, excluding Life Insurance financial performance, we use the P&C combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life Insurance segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage the business in that segment. The P&C combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A P&C combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Combined ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 63.1 | % |  | 64.0 | % |  | 60.8 | % |  | 60.9 | %
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 17.2 | % |  | 16.9 | % |  | 18.0 | % |  | 17.8 | %
Administrative expense ratio | 7.4 | % |  | 7.5 | % |  | 8.1 | % |  | 8.1 | %
P&C Combined ratio | 87.7 | % |  | 88.4 | % |  | 86.9 | % |  | 86.8 | %
Catastrophe losses | (6.4) | % |  | (6.0) | % |  | (5.5) | % |  | (5.1) | %
Prior period development | 2.1 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 2.0 | %
P&C CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 83.4 | % |  | 84.3 | % |  | 83.4 | % |  | 83.7 | %

The P&C combined ratio and the P&C CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned, a higher percentage of net premiums earned from property lines and excess and surplus homeowners, and the contemplation of a higher underwriting gain in MPCI for the current crop year. These factors were partially offset by price changes not keeping pace with loss trends in financial lines. The P&C combined ratio also reflects higher catastrophe losses, which were partially offset by higher favorable prior period development.
The P&C combined ratio was relatively flat for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as the favorable factors mentioned above were substantially offset by higher loss trends in certain casualty lines, price changes not keeping pace with loss trends in financial lines, and higher catastrophe losses.
The P&C CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the favorable factors mentioned above.
Policy benefits
Policy benefits represent losses on contracts classified as long-duration and generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. Policy benefits include (gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account liabilities that do not qualify for separate account treatment under U.S. GAAP. The offsetting movements of these liabilities are recorded in Other (income) expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. In addition, Policy benefits include the impact on the liabilities from (gains) losses on investment portfolios supporting certain participating policies. The offsetting movements of these liabilities are recorded in Realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Policy benefits include the results of Huatai Group as of July 1, 2023. Refer to the Life Insurance segment operating results section for further discussion.
Policy benefits were $1,099 million and $938 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $3,498 million and $2,565 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in Policy benefits for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, is primarily due to the consolidation of Huatai Group.
Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net investment income, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains (losses), Interest expense, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense.
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Segment Operating Results – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2023 Form 10-K.
North America Commercial P&C Insurance
The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide P&C insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance division (large corporate accounts and wholesale business), and the North America Commercial Insurance division (principally middle market, and small commercial accounts).

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 5,500 |  |  | $ | 5,132 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | $ | 15,690 |  | $ | 14,575 |  | 7.7 | %
Net premiums earned | 5,110 |  |  | 4,735 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 14,890 |  | 13,710 |  | 8.6 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 3,391 |  |  | 3,025 |  |  | 12.1 | % |  | 9,640 |  | 8,625 |  | 11.8 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 689 |  |  | 640 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 2,037 |  | 1,867 |  | 9.1 | %
Administrative expenses | 338 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 993 |  | 934 |  | 6.3 | %
Underwriting income | 692 |  |  | 747 |  |  | (7.3) | % |  | 2,220 |  | 2,284 |  | (2.8) | %
Net investment income | 931 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 19.1 | % |  | 2,620 |  | 2,204 |  | 18.8 | %
Other (income) expense | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  | 18 |  | 52.2 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  | 2 |  | — |  | NM
Segment income | $ | 1,615 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | $ | 4,810 |  | $ | 4,470 |  |  | 7.6 | %
Combined ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 66.4 | % |  | 63.9 | % |  | 2.5 |  | pts |  | 64.7 | % |  | 62.9 | % |  | 1.8 |  | pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 13.5 | % |  | 13.5 | % |  | — |  | pts |  | 13.7 | % |  | 13.6 | % |  | 0.1 |  | pts
Administrative expense ratio | 6.6 | % |  | 6.8 | % |  | (0.2) |  | pts |  | 6.7 | % |  | 6.8 | % |  | (0.1) |  | pts
Combined ratio | 86.5 | % |  | 84.2 | % |  | 2.3 |  | pts |  | 85.1 | % |  | 83.3 | % |  | 1.8 |  | pts
Catastrophe losses | (6.6) | % |  | (5.2) | % |  | (1.4) |  | pts |  | (5.5) | % |  | (4.6) | % |  | (0.9) |  | pts
Prior period development | 0.9 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | (1.2) |  | pts |  | 1.6 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | (0.7) |  | pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 80.8 | % |  | 81.1 | % |  | (0.3) |  | pts |  | 81.2 | % |  | 81.0 | % |  | 0.2 |  | pts

NM - Not meaningful

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net catastrophe losses | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | 639 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 302 |

Catastrophe losses were primarily from flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and winter storm losses, including Hurricane Helene in 2024 and Hawaii wildfires in 2023.
Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.
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Premiums
Net premiums written increased $368 million, or 7.2 percent, and $1,115 million, or 7.7 percent, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, reflecting strong new business and retention, including rate and exposure increases. The increase in premiums was across most lines of business, most notably in property and casualty lines. This growth was partially offset by declines in financial lines, reflecting a competitive market environment and lower retention, and planned corrective underwriting actions in Major Accounts primary and excess casualty that adversely impacted growth.
Net premiums earned increased $375 million, or 7.9 percent, and $1,180 million, or 8.6 percent, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above.
Combined Ratio
The combined ratio increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting higher catastrophe losses and lower favorable prior period development.
The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting a higher percentage of net premiums earned from property lines. The improvement was partially offset by price changes not keeping pace with loss trends in financial lines. The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was relatively flat for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting higher loss trends in certain casualty lines and price changes not keeping pace with loss trends in financial lines, offset by lower loss trends in property lines.
North America Personal P&C Insurance
The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide high net worth personal lines products, including homeowners and complementary products such as valuable articles, excess liability, automobile, and recreational marine insurance and services in the U.S. and Canada.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 1,679 |  |  | $ | 1,527 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | $ | 4,911 |  |  | $ | 4,404 |  |  | 11.5 | %
Net premiums earned | 1,577 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | 4,560 |  |  | 4,084 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 879 |  |  | 900 |  |  | (2.3) | % |  | 2,654 |  |  | 2,634 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 315 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | 914 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 9.2 | %
Administrative expenses | 88 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 262 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Underwriting income | 295 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 116.6 | % |  | 730 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 98.9 | %
Net investment income | 112 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 19.8 | % |  | 322 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 23.1 | %
Other (income) expense | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | NM |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (5.3) | %
Segment income | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | 78.4 | % |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | 68.7 | %
Combined ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 55.8 | % |  | 63.9 | % |  | (8.1) |  | pts |  | 58.2 | % |  | 64.5 | % |  | (6.3) |  | pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 20.0 | % |  | 20.4 | % |  | (0.4) |  | pts |  | 20.0 | % |  | 20.5 | % |  | (0.5) |  | pts
Administrative expense ratio | 5.5 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | (0.5) |  | pts |  | 5.8 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | (0.2) |  | pts
Combined ratio | 81.3 | % |  | 90.3 | % |  | (9.0) |  | pts |  | 84.0 | % |  | 91.0 | % |  | (7.0) |  | pts
Catastrophe losses | (14.6) | % |  | (19.8) | % |  | 5.2 |  | pts |  | (11.8) | % |  | (14.3) | % |  | 2.5 |  | pts
Prior period development | 12.0 | % |  | 8.4 | % |  | 3.6 |  | pts |  | 6.7 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 3.4 |  | pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 78.7 | % |  | 78.9 | % |  | (0.2) |  | pts |  | 78.9 | % |  | 80.0 | % |  | (1.1) |  | pts

NM - Not meaningful
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Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net catastrophe losses | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 586 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 135 |

Catastrophe losses through both September 30, 2024 and 2023, were primarily from flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and winter storm losses, including Hurricane Helene in 2024 and Hawaii wildfires in 2023.
Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.
Premiums
Net premiums written increased $152 million, or 10.0 percent, and $507 million, or 11.5 percent, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, driven by strong new business and retention, including positive rate and exposure increases in all lines.
Net premiums earned increased $170 million, or 12.0 percent, and $476 million, or 11.7 percent, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above.
Combined Ratio
The combined ratio decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting higher favorable prior period development and lower catastrophe losses.
The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflecting an improvement in homeowners from earned rate and exposure growth, and a higher percentage of net premiums earned from excess and surplus homeowners, which carry a lower loss and expense ratio. Additionally, the improvement includes lower acquisition expenses due to commission reductions in our auto and excess lines. The improvement was partly offset by an increase in excess liability loss trends.
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North America Agricultural Insurance
The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provide a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail), as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Agriculture P&C business.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | (9.3) | % |  | $ | 2,386 |  |  | $ | 2,581 |  |  | (7.6) | %
Net premiums earned | 1,419 |  |  | 1,540 |  |  | (7.9) | % |  | 2,173 |  |  | 2,334 |  |  | (6.9) | %
Losses and loss expenses | 1,193 |  |  | 1,356 |  |  | (12.1) | % |  | 1,785 |  |  | 2,003 |  |  | (10.9) | %
Policy acquisition costs | 88 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 16.0 | % |  | 154 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 20.0 | %
Administrative expenses | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (27.3) | % |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (22.9) | %
Underwriting income | 136 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 29.7 | % |  | 227 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Net investment income | 20 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 55.2 | % |  | 62 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 43.1 | %
Other (income) expense | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (2.4) | % |  | 18 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (2.4) | %
Segment income | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | 34.6 | % |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | 23.9 | %
Combined ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 84.1 | % |  | 88.1 | % |  | (4.0) |  | pts |  | 82.2 | % |  | 85.8 | % |  | (3.6) |  | pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 6.1 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  | 1.2 |  | pts |  | 7.1 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 1.6 |  | pts
Administrative expense ratio | 0.2 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | — |  | pts |  | 0.3 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | (0.1) |  | pts
Combined ratio | 90.4 | % |  | 93.2 | % |  | (2.8) |  | pts |  | 89.6 | % |  | 91.7 | % |  | (2.1) |  | pts
Catastrophe losses | (2.0) | % |  | (1.2) | % |  | (0.8) |  | pts |  | (2.9) | % |  | (1.6) | % |  | (1.3) |  | pts
Prior period development | 0.5 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | (0.2) |  | pts |  | 1.7 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | 1.2 |  | pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 88.9 | % |  | 92.7 | % |  | (3.8) |  | pts |  | 88.4 | % |  | 90.6 | % |  | (2.2) |  | pts

NM - Not meaningful

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net catastrophe losses | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 12 |

Catastrophe losses through both September 30, 2024 and 2023, were primarily from flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, and wind events, including Hurricane Helene in 2024.
Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.
Premiums
Net premiums written decreased $142 million, or 9.3 percent, and $195 million, or 7.6 percent, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to lower commodity prices in the current year. The decrease was partially offset by strong new business and rate in our Agriculture P&C business.
Net premiums earned decreased $121 million, or 7.9 percent, and $161 million, or 6.9 percent, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the factors described above.
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Combined Ratio
The combined ratio and the CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which contemplates a higher underwriting gain for the current crop year. The improvement for the three months ended September 30, 2024, also includes a favorable impact from our crop commodity price hedge activity, which produced a lower loss this year versus the prior year quarter.
Overseas General Insurance
Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our international commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers; A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 which is managed by Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. Effective July 1, 2023, the Overseas General Insurance segment includes 100 percent of the results of Huatai Group's P&C business as required under consolidation accounting. We previously included our share of Huatai results based on our equity method investment within Other (income) expense.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 3,367 |  |  | $ | 3,211 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | $ | 10,536 |  |  | $ | 9,359 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Net premiums written - constant dollars |  |  |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 13.5 | %
Net premiums earned | 3,421 |  |  | 3,311 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 9,966 |  |  | 9,005 |  |  | 10.7 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 1,631 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | (0.3) | % |  | 4,728 |  |  | 4,139 |  |  | 14.2 | %
Policy benefits | 120 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 32.9 | % |  | 312 |  |  | 338 |  |  | (7.6) | %
Policy acquisition costs | 852 |  |  | 827 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 2,517 |  |  | 2,286 |  |  | 10.1 | %
Administrative expenses | 340 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 1,019 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 13.3 | %
Underwriting income | 478 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 1,390 |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Net investment income | 286 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | 836 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 31.5 | %
Other (income) expense | 5 |  |  | (10) |  |  | NM |  | 14 |  |  | (29) |  |  | NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 21 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 61 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 15.8 | %
Segment income | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | $ | 2,151 |  |  | $ | 1,956 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Segment income - constant dollars |  |  |  |  | 12.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 11.5 | %
Combined ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 51.2 | % |  | 52.1 | % |  | (0.9) |  | pts |  | 50.6 | % |  | 49.7 | % |  | 0.9 |  | pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 24.9 | % |  | 25.0 | % |  | (0.1) |  | pts |  | 25.3 | % |  | 25.4 | % |  | (0.1) |  | pts
Administrative expense ratio | 9.9 | % |  | 9.9 | % |  | — |  | pts |  | 10.2 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 0.2 |  | pts
Combined ratio | 86.0 | % |  | 87.0 | % |  | (1.0) |  | pts |  | 86.1 | % |  | 85.1 | % |  | 1.0 |  | pts
Catastrophe losses | (3.0) | % |  | (3.7) | % |  | 0.7 |  | pts |  | (2.9) | % |  | (2.9) | % |  | — |  | pts
Prior period development | 1.8 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 0.3 |  | pts |  | 2.1 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | (0.7) |  | pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 84.8 | % |  | 84.8 | % |  | — |  | pts |  | 85.3 | % |  | 85.0 | % |  | 0.3 |  | pts

NM - not meaningful
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Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net Catastrophe losses | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 286 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 253 |

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2024 and 2023, were primarily from the following events:
•2024: Hurricane Helene, Rio Grande storms, and International weather-related events.
•2023: Storms in New Zealand and international weather-related events.
Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.

Net Premiums Written by Region | Three Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2024 % of Total |  | 2023 |  |  | 2023 % of Total |  | C$ 2023 |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | C$ Q-24 vs. Q-23
Region |  |  |  |  |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | $ | 1,347 |  |  | 40 | % |  | $ | 1,264 |  |  | 39 | % |  | $ | 1,258 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 7.1 | %
Asia (1) | 1,279 |  |  | 38 | % |  | 1,201 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 1,174 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 9.0 | %
Latin America | 701 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 695 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 651 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 7.7 | %
Other (2) | 40 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 51 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 50 |  |  | (22.4) | % |  | (22.3) | %
Net premiums written | $ | 3,367 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,211 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,133 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 7.5 | %

| Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2024 % of Total |  | 2023 |  |  | 2023 % of Total |  | C$ 2023 |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23 |  | C$ YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Region |  |  |  |  |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | $ | 4,625 |  |  | 44 | % |  | $ | 4,292 |  |  | 46 | % |  | $ | 4,318 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 7.1 | %
Asia (1) | 3,617 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 2,993 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 2,896 |  |  | 20.9 | % |  | 24.9 | %
Latin America | 2,175 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 1,969 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 1,962 |  |  | 10.4 | % |  | 10.9 | %
Other (2) | 119 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 105 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 104 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  | 13.6 | %
Net premiums written | $ | 10,536 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 9,359 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 9,280 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | 13.5 | %

(1) 2023 includes the consolidated results of Huatai P&C effective July 1, 2023.
(2) Includes the international supplemental A&H business of Combined Insurance and other international operations.
Premiums
Overall, net premiums written increased $156 million and $1,177 million, or $234 million and $1,256 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, reflecting growth in commercial lines of 5.1 percent and 10.2 percent, or 6.7 percent and 10.6 percent on a constant-dollar basis, respectively, and growth in consumer lines of 4.5 percent and 16.4 percent, or 8.5 percent and 18.2 percent on a constant-dollar basis, respectively.
Our European division increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, supported by both our wholesale and retail divisions. The growth in commercial lines was driven by higher new business, and positive rate increases, primarily in commercial property and casualty lines. Consumer lines increased primarily due to new business growth in A&H.
Asia increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting higher new business, higher retention and positive rate increases in commercial lines. Consumer lines had strong growth in Asia with growth in new business for both A&H and personal lines. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, also reflects the consolidation of Huatai Group's P&C business effective July 1, 2023.
Latin America increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting growth in commercial lines driven by growth in new business and positive rate increases across property and casualty lines. Our personal lines business including automobile in Mexico, also continues to have strong growth.
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Net premiums earned increased $110 million and $961 million, or $190 million and $1,057 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, reflecting the increase in net premiums written described above.
Combined Ratio
The combined ratio decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflecting lower catastrophe losses and higher favorable prior period development. The combined ratio increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflecting lower favorable prior period development. The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, principally related to the consolidation of Huatai.
Global Reinsurance
The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide primarily through reinsurance brokers under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional and non-traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | 34.8 | % |  | $ | 1,122 |  |  | $ | 831 |  |  | 35.0 | %
Net premiums written - constant dollars |  |  |  |  | 34.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 35.1 | %
Net premiums earned | 316 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 32.3 | % |  | 950 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 32.0 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 200 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 73.0 | % |  | 492 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 54.2 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 89 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 27.1 | % |  | 250 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 27.8 | %
Administrative expenses | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 29 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 8.1 | %
Underwriting income | 18 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (60.6) | % |  | 179 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Net investment income | 64 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 37.9 | % |  | 179 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 24.5 | %
Other (income) expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | NM
Segment income | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | (10.1) | % |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | 10.9 | %
Combined ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | 63.3 | % |  | 48.4 | % |  | 14.9 |  | pts |  | 51.8 | % |  | 44.3 | % |  | 7.5 |  | pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio | 28.0 | % |  | 29.1 | % |  | (1.1) |  | pts |  | 26.3 | % |  | 27.2 | % |  | (0.9) |  | pts
Administrative expense ratio | 3.1 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | (0.7) |  | pts |  | 3.1 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | (0.7) |  | pts
Combined ratio | 94.4 | % |  | 81.3 | % |  | 13.1 |  | pts |  | 81.2 | % |  | 75.3 | % |  | 5.9 |  | pts
Catastrophe losses | (20.2) | % |  | (2.7) | % |  | (17.5) |  | pts |  | (6.7) | % |  | (1.0) | % |  | (5.7) |  | pts
Prior period development | 1.6 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 1.4 |  | pts |  | 2.1 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | (1.6) |  | pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses | 75.8 | % |  | 78.8 | % |  | (3.0) |  | pts |  | 76.6 | % |  | 78.0 | % |  | (1.4) |  | pts

NM - not meaningful
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Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30 |  | September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net Catastrophe losses | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Favorable prior period development | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 25 |

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2024 and 2023, were primarily from the following events:
•2024: Hurricane Helene and flooding in Canada.
•2023: Hurricane Idalia.
Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.
Premiums
Net premiums written increased $91 million and $291 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, primarily reflecting continued growth driven by strong new business. Growth was most notably in property and casualty lines, partially offset by a decrease in financial and specialty lines. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included a large one-off structured transaction in the second quarter, which benefited growth by 4.4 percentage points.
Net premiums earned increased $77 million and $230 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, reflecting the increase in net premiums written described above including the large one-off structured transaction in the second quarter, which was fully earned when written.
Combined Ratio
The combined ratio increased for the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflecting the impact of higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by the impact of favorable prior period development. The combined ratio increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflecting the impact of higher catastrophe losses and the impact of lower favorable prior period development.
The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to favorable market conditions in property lines. The improvement also reflects the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned on the administrative expense ratio. The improvement for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was partially offset by the impact of the large structured transaction described above.
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Life Insurance
The Life Insurance segment comprises our international life operations. Effective July 1, 2023, the Life Insurance segment includes 100 percent of the results of Huatai Group's life and asset management business as required under consolidation accounting. We previously included our share of Huatai results based on our equity method investment within Other (income) expense. The Life Insurance segment also includes Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Net premiums written | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | 1,452 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | $ | 4,765 |  |  | $ | 4,015 |  |  | 18.7 | %
Net premiums written - constant dollars |  |  |  |  | 10.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 22.2 | %
Net premiums earned | 1,530 |  |  | 1,442 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 4,709 |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | 18.8 | %
Losses and loss expenses | 32 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 60.0 | % |  | 86 |  |  | 87 |  |  | (1.1) | %
Policy benefits | 989 |  |  | 866 |  |  | 14.2 | % |  | 3,090 |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Policy acquisition costs | 291 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 885 |  |  | 829 |  |  | 6.7 | %
Administrative expenses | 213 |  |  | 216 |  |  | (0.7) | % |  | 638 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 15.4 | %
Net investment income | 250 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 18.9 | % |  | 738 |  |  | 525 |  |  | 40.7 | %
Other (income) expense | (39) |  |  | (28) |  |  | 37.4 | % |  | (111) |  |  | (69) |  |  | 60.5 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 10 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (11.1) | % |  | 31 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 75.8 | %
Segment income | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | (1.6) | % |  | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | 5.3 | %
Segment income - constant dollars |  |  |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 8.5 | %

Premiums
Net premiums written increased $100 million and $750 million, or $149 million and $865 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
For our international life operations, net premiums written increased 5.5 percent and 20.8 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to strong growth in North Asia, notably Hong Kong and Taiwan. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, is also due to the consolidation of Huatai Group's life business, which contributed 15.7 percentage points of growth.
Net premiums written in our North American Combined Insurance business increased 14.4 percent and 10.5 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, due to growth in its worksite business of 31.7 percent and 27.0 percent, partially offset by the non-renewal of a large program.
Deposits
The following table presents deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | C$ 2023 |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | C$ Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | C$ 2023 |  | Y-24 vs. Y-23 |  | C$ Y-24 vs. Y-23
Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts | $ | 586 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 380 |  |  | 51.2 | % |  | 54.2 | % |  | $ | 1,733 |  |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | 1,065 |  |  | 58.0 | % |  | 62.8 | %

Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our Consolidated statements of operations in accordance with U.S. GAAP. New life deposits are an important component of production, and although they do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they are key to our efforts to grow our business. Life deposits collected increased $198 million and $636 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024,
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respectively, primarily from Taiwan. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also reflects the consolidation of Huatai Life business.
Life Insurance segment income
Life Insurance segment income decreased $4 million, but increased $6 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, which was impacted by lower favorable loss reserve development related to our Combined Insurance supplemental A&H business and impact of foreign exchange from the Korean Won. Life Insurance segment income increased $42 million, or $65 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the growth in premiums described above, as well as higher net investment income from higher assets under management and fixed income yield.
Corporate
Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments, and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities and certain other non-A&E run-off exposures, including molestation. Effective July 1, 2023, 100 percent of Huatai Group’s non-insurance operations results, comprising real estate and holding company activity, are included in Corporate.

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
| September 30 |  | % Change |  | September 30 |  | % Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Q-24 vs. Q-23 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  | YTD-24 vs. YTD-23
Losses and loss expenses | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | (7.1) | % |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | 20.2 | %
Administrative expenses | 104 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 310 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Underwriting loss | 162 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 471 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Net investment income (loss) | (28) |  |  | 14 |  |  | NM |  | (86) |  |  | 28 |  |  | NM
Other (income) expense | (202) |  |  | (51) |  |  | 299.0 | % |  | (263) |  |  | (251) |  |  | 4.7 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 40 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (8.5) | % |  | 122 |  |  | 129 |  |  | (5.8) | %
Net realized gains (losses) | 179 |  |  | (96) |  |  | NM |  | 101 |  |  | (481) |  |  | NM
Market risk benefits gains (losses) | (230) |  |  | (32) |  |  | NM |  | (238) |  |  | (154) |  |  | 53.8 | %
Interest expense | 192 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 552 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Integration expenses | 7 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (50.1) | % |  | 21 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (59.0) | %
Income tax expense | 504 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 22.0 | % |  | 1,336 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Net loss | $ | (782) |  |  | $ | (867) |  |  | (9.8) | % |  | $ | (2,462) |  |  | $ | (2,647) |  |  | (7.0) | %
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 166 |  |  | (3) |  |  | NM |  | 303 |  |  | (3) |  |  | NM
Net loss attributable to Chubb | $ | (948) |  |  | $ | (864) |  |  | 9.7 | % |  | $ | (2,765) |  |  | $ | (2,644) |  |  | 4.6 | %

NM - not meaningful
Administrative expenses increased $6 million and $20 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, primarily due to increased spending to support growth, including digital growth initiatives.
Integration expenses principally comprised legal and professional fees and all other costs directly related to the integration activities of the Cigna acquisition. These expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income.
Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net realized gains (losses), Net investment income (loss), Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense (benefit). Refer to Notes 11 and 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on Market risk benefits gains (losses) and Other (income) expense, respectively.
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Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)

We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available-for-sale and reported at fair value.
The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities available-for-sale portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold, when we write down an asset, or when we record a change to the valuation allowance for expected credit losses. For a further discussion related to how we assess the valuation allowance for expected credit losses and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 1 f) to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2023 Form 10-K. The effect of market movements on fixed maturities related to consolidated investment products and investments supporting certain participating products in the Huatai portfolio impact Net realized gains (losses). Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of public and private equity securities and derivatives, including financial futures, options, and swaps. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available-for-sale securities, resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, changes in current discount rate on future policy benefits, changes in instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits, unrealized postretirement benefit obligations liability adjustment, and cross-currency swaps designated as hedges for accounting purposes are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present our net realized and unrealized gains (losses):

| Three Months Ended September 30
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Impact |  | Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Impact
Fixed maturities | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 3,459 |  |  | $ | 3,570 |  |  | $ | (70) |  |  | $ | (2,181) |  |  | $ | (2,251) |
Investment and embedded derivative instruments | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Public equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (45) |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |
Mark-to-market | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | 129 |  |  | (55) |  |  | — |  |  | (55) |
Private equity (less than 3 percent ownership) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mark-to-market | (41) |  |  | — |  |  | (41) |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |
Total investment portfolio | 259 |  |  | 3,459 |  |  | 3,718 |  |  | (121) |  |  | (2,181) |  |  | (2,302) |
Other derivative instruments | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Foreign exchange | (58) |  |  | 445 |  |  | 387 |  |  | (67) |  |  | (317) |  |  | (384) |
Current discount rate on future policy benefits | — |  |  | (672) |  |  | (672) |  |  | — |  |  | 683 |  |  | 683 |
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |
Other | (1) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (20) |  |  | 92 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 140 |
Net gains (losses), pre-tax | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 3,205 |  |  | $ | 3,403 |  |  | $ | (103) |  |  | $ | (1,772) |  |  | $ | (1,875) |

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| Nine Months Ended September 30
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Impact |  | Net Realized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Impact
Fixed maturities | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 2,293 |  |  | $ | 2,479 |  |  | $ | (357) |  |  | $ | (1,589) |  |  | $ | (1,946) |
Investment and embedded derivative instruments | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | (92) |  |  | — |  |  | (92) |
Public equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | (48) |
Mark-to-market | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | (13) |
Private equity (less than 3 percent ownership) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mark-to-market | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Total investment portfolio | 378 |  |  | 2,293 |  |  | 2,671 |  |  | (435) |  |  | (1,589) |  |  | (2,024) |
Other derivative instruments | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Foreign exchange | (162) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (167) |  |  | (122) |  |  | (279) |  |  | (401) |
Current discount rate on future policy benefits | — |  |  | (672) |  |  | (672) |  |  | — |  |  | 497 |  |  | 497 |
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Other | (8) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (25) |  |  | 79 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 142 |
Net gains (losses), pre-tax | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 1,601 |  |  | $ | 1,802 |  |  | $ | (484) |  |  | $ | (1,305) |  |  | $ | (1,789) |

Pre-tax net unrealized gains of $3,459 million and $2,293 million in our investment portfolio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, were primarily driven by lower interest rates.
Pre-tax net realized gains of $198 million and $201 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, includes $111 million and $186 million, respectively on fixed maturities, comprising mark-to-market gains on Other investments - fixed maturities, partially offset by losses on sales of fixed income securities. In addition, there were pre-tax net realized gains from mark-to-market gains on public equity securities, partially offset by foreign exchange losses.

Effective Income Tax Rate

Our effective tax rate (ETR) reflects a mix of income or losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, permanent differences between U.S. GAAP and local tax laws, and the impact of discrete items. A change in the geographic mix of earnings could impact our ETR.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, our ETR was 16.8 percent and 16.0 percent, respectively, compared to an ETR of 16.8 percent and 17.2 percent, respectively, in the prior year. The ETR for each period was impacted by our mix of earnings among various jurisdictions and by discrete tax items. The nine months ended September 30, 2024 included an incremental deferred tax benefit of $55 million in the first quarter related to the Bermuda tax law enacted in December 2023.

Non-GAAP Reconciliation

In presenting our results, we included and discussed certain non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, they should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with GAAP.
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We provide financial measures, including net premiums written, net premiums earned, segment income, and underwriting income on a constant-dollar basis. We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.
P&C performance metrics comprise consolidated operating results (including Corporate) and exclude the operating results of the Life Insurance segment. We believe that these measures are useful and meaningful to investors as they are used by management to assess the company’s P&C operations which are the most economically similar. We exclude the Life Insurance segment because the results of this business do not always correlate with the results of our P&C operations.
P&C combined ratio is the sum of the loss and loss expense ratio, policy acquisition cost ratio and the administrative expense ratio excluding the life business and including the realized gains and losses on the crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations.
CAY P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) excludes CATs and prior period development (PPD) from the P&C combined ratio. We exclude CATs as they are not predictable as to timing and amount and PPD as these unexpected loss developments on historical reserves are not indicative of our current underwriting performance. The combined ratio numerator is adjusted to exclude CATs, PPD, and expense adjustments on PPD, and the denominator is adjusted to exclude net premiums earned adjustments on PPD and reinstatement premiums on CATs and PPD. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net premiums earned when calculating the ratios. We believe this measure provides a better evaluation of our underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our P&C business that may be obscured by these items. This measure is commonly reported among our peer companies and allows for a better comparison.
Reinstatement premiums are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted.
Net premiums earned adjustments within PPD are adjustments to the initial premium earned on retrospectively rated policies based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The premium adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies and are fully earned in the period the adjustments are recorded.
Prior period expense adjustments typically relate to adjustable commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies.
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The following tables present the calculation of combined ratio, as reported for each segment to P&C combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD:

|  | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Corporate |  | Total P&C
Three Months Ended
September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits | A | $ | 3,391 |  |  | $ | 879 |  |  | $ | 1,193 |  |  | $ | 1,751 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 7,472 |
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments |  | (340) |  |  | (230) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (103) |  |  | (63) |  |  | — |  |  | (765) |
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments |  | (340) |  |  | (230) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (103) |  |  | (67) |  |  | — |  |  | (769) |
PPD and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 39 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (55) |  |  | 244 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 110 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (55) |  |  | 315 |
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs | B | $ | 3,161 |  |  | $ | 838 |  |  | $ | 1,170 |  |  | $ | 1,708 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 7,018 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | C | $ | 1,027 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 1,192 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 2,914 |
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted | D | $ | 1,025 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 1,192 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 2,912 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | E | $ | 5,110 |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | $ | 3,421 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,843 |
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | (4) |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 69 |
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments | F | $ | 5,179 |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | $ | 3,421 |  |  | $ | 312 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,908 |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | A/E | 66.4 | % |  | 55.8 | % |  | 84.1 | % |  | 51.2 | % |  | 63.3 | % |  |  |  | 63.1 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio | C/E | 20.1 | % |  | 25.5 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | 34.8 | % |  | 31.1 | % |  |  |  | 24.6 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  | 86.5 | % |  | 81.3 | % |  | 90.4 | % |  | 86.0 | % |  | 94.4 | % |  |  |  | 87.7 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted | B/F | 61.0 | % |  | 53.1 | % |  | 82.5 | % |  | 49.9 | % |  | 44.4 | % |  |  |  | 58.9 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted | D/F | 19.8 | % |  | 25.6 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | 34.9 | % |  | 31.4 | % |  |  |  | 24.5 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  | 80.8 | % |  | 78.7 | % |  | 88.9 | % |  | 84.8 | % |  | 75.8 | % |  |  |  | 83.4 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87.7 | %
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87.7 | %
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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|  | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Corporate |  | Total P&C
Three Months Ended
September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits | A | $ | 3,025 |  |  | $ | 900 |  |  | $ | 1,356 |  |  | $ | 1,726 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 7,184 |
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments |  | (246) |  |  | (280) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (120) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (670) |
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments |  | (246) |  |  | (280) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (120) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (670) |
PPD and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 84 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | (61) |  |  | 200 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 157 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (61) |  |  | 271 |
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs | B | $ | 2,936 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 1,347 |  |  | $ | 1,655 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,785 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | C | $ | 963 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 1,154 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 2,743 |
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted | D | $ | 956 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 1,154 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 2,736 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | E | $ | 4,735 |  |  | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  | $ | 3,311 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,232 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 66 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments | F | $ | 4,801 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  | $ | 3,311 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,296 |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | A/E | 63.9 | % |  | 63.9 | % |  | 88.1 | % |  | 52.1 | % |  | 48.4 | % |  |  |  | 64.0 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio | C/E | 20.3 | % |  | 26.4 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 34.9 | % |  | 32.9 | % |  |  |  | 24.4 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  | 84.2 | % |  | 90.3 | % |  | 93.2 | % |  | 87.0 | % |  | 81.3 | % |  |  |  | 88.4 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted | B/F | 61.1 | % |  | 52.4 | % |  | 87.5 | % |  | 50.0 | % |  | 45.9 | % |  |  |  | 60.1 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted | D/F | 20.0 | % |  | 26.5 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 34.8 | % |  | 32.9 | % |  |  |  | 24.2 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  | 81.1 | % |  | 78.9 | % |  | 92.7 | % |  | 84.8 | % |  | 78.8 | % |  |  |  | 84.3 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88.3 | %
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88.4 | %
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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|  | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Corporate |  | Total P&C
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits | A | $ | 9,640 |  |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | $ | 1,785 |  |  | $ | 5,040 |  |  | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 19,772 |
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments |  | (828) |  |  | (538) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (286) |  |  | (63) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,780) |
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments |  | (828) |  |  | (538) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (286) |  |  | (67) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,784) |
PPD and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 231 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (157) |  |  | 643 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 317 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (157) |  |  | 772 |
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs | B | $ | 9,129 |  |  | $ | 2,421 |  |  | $ | 1,796 |  |  | $ | 4,964 |  |  | $ | 446 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 18,760 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | C | $ | 3,030 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 3,536 |  |  | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 8,492 |
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted | D | $ | 3,021 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 3,536 |  |  | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 8,480 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | E | $ | 14,890 |  |  | $ | 4,560 |  |  | $ | 2,173 |  |  | $ | 9,966 |  |  | $ | 950 |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,539 |
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | (4) |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 116 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments | F | $ | 14,967 |  |  | $ | 4,560 |  |  | $ | 2,212 |  |  | $ | 9,966 |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,652 |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | A/E | 64.7 | % |  | 58.2 | % |  | 82.2 | % |  | 50.6 | % |  | 51.8 | % |  |  |  | 60.8 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio | C/E | 20.4 | % |  | 25.8 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 35.5 | % |  | 29.4 | % |  |  |  | 26.1 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  | 85.1 | % |  | 84.0 | % |  | 89.6 | % |  | 86.1 | % |  | 81.2 | % |  |  |  | 86.9 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted | B/F | 61.0 | % |  | 53.1 | % |  | 81.3 | % |  | 49.8 | % |  | 47.0 | % |  |  |  | 57.5 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted | D/F | 20.2 | % |  | 25.8 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 35.5 | % |  | 29.6 | % |  |  |  | 25.9 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  | 81.2 | % |  | 78.9 | % |  | 88.4 | % |  | 85.3 | % |  | 76.6 | % |  |  |  | 83.4 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86.9 | %
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86.9 | %
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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|  | North America Commercial P&C Insurance |  | North America Personal P&C Insurance |  | North America Agricultural Insurance |  | Overseas General Insurance |  | Global Reinsurance |  | Corporate |  | Total P&C
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits | A | $ | 8,625 |  |  | $ | 2,634 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |  |  | $ | 4,477 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 18,191 |
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments |  | (639) |  |  | (586) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (259) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,528) |
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments |  | (639) |  |  | (586) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (259) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,528) |
PPD and related adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 302 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (131) |  |  | 596 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | 394 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (131) |  |  | 689 |
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs | B | $ | 8,380 |  |  | $ | 2,181 |  |  | $ | 1,976 |  |  | $ | 4,471 |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 17,352 |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses | C | $ | 2,801 |  |  | $ | 1,083 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 3,185 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 7,719 |
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) |  | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted | D | $ | 2,787 |  |  | $ | 1,083 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 3,185 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 7,705 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | E | $ | 13,710 |  |  | $ | 4,084 |  |  | $ | 2,334 |  |  | $ | 9,005 |  |  | $ | 720 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,853 |
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 76 |
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 3 |
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments | F | $ | 13,788 |  |  | $ | 4,082 |  | — |  | $ | 2,332 |  |  | $ | 9,005 |  |  | $ | 725 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,932 |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio | A/E | 62.9 | % |  | 64.5 | % |  | 85.8 | % |  | 49.7 | % |  | 44.3 | % |  |  |  | 60.9 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio | C/E | 20.4 | % |  | 26.5 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 35.4 | % |  | 31.0 | % |  |  |  | 25.9 | %
P&C Combined ratio |  | 83.3 | % |  | 91.0 | % |  | 91.7 | % |  | 85.1 | % |  | 75.3 | % |  |  |  | 86.8 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted | B/F | 60.8 | % |  | 53.4 | % |  | 84.7 | % |  | 49.7 | % |  | 47.2 | % |  |  |  | 58.0 | %
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted | D/F | 20.2 | % |  | 26.6 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 35.3 | % |  | 30.8 | % |  |  |  | 25.7 | %
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs |  | 81.0 | % |  | 80.0 | % |  | 90.6 | % |  | 85.0 | % |  | 78.0 | % |  |  |  | 83.7 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86.8 | %
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
P&C Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86.8 | %
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization

Amortization of purchased intangibles
Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles was $81 million and $241 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared with $84 million and $226 million for the prior year periods, respectively.
At September 30, 2024, the deferred tax liability associated with the Other intangible assets (excluding the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expenses) was $1,516 million.
The following table presents, as of September 30, 2024, the expected reduction to the deferred tax liability associated with the amortization of Other intangible assets, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the fourth quarter of 2024 and for the next five years:

For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | Reduction to deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets |  |
Fourth quarter of 2024 | $ | 21 |  |  |
2025 | 76 |  |  |
2026 | 70 |  |  |
2027 | 65 |  |  |
2028 | 62 |  |  |
2029 | 55 |  |  |
Total | $ | 349 |  |  |

Amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt
The following table presents, as of September 30, 2024, the expected amortization benefit from the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt related to the Chubb Corp acquisition for the fourth quarter of 2024 and for the next five years:

For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  | Amortization benefit of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt (1)
Fourth quarter of 2024 |  |  | $ | 6 |
2025 |  |  | 21 |
2026 |  |  | 21 |
2027 |  |  | 21 |
2028 |  |  | 21 |
2029 |  |  | 21 |
Total |  |  | $ | 111 |

(1)Recorded as a reduction to Interest expense in the Consolidated statements of operations.
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Net Investment Income

| Three Months Ended September 30 | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |
Fixed maturities (1) | $ | 1,407 |  | $ | 1,198 | $ | 4,085 |  | $ | 3,355 |  |  |
Short-term investments | 48 |  | 60 | 138 |  | 147 |  |  |
Other interest income | 20 |  | 17 | 58 |  | 46 |  |  |
Equity securities | 25 |  | 53 | 84 |  | 68 |  |  |
Private equities | 23 |  | 18 | 70 |  | 38 |  |  |
Other investments | 33 |  | 16 | 78 |  | 54 |  |  |
Gross investment income (1) | 1,556 |  | 1,362 | 4,513 |  | 3,708 |  |  |
Investment expenses | (48) |  | (48) | (146) |  | (142) |  |  |
Net investment income (1) | $ | 1,508 |  | $ | 1,314 | $ | 4,367 |  | $ | 3,566 |  |  |
(1) Includes amortization expense related to fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets | $ | (5) |  | $ | (9) | $ | (14) |  | $ | (14) |  |  |

Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 14.7 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to higher reinvestment rates on fixed maturities. Net investment income increased 22.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflecting higher reinvestment rates on fixed maturities and the consolidation of Huatai Group.
For private equities where we own less than three percent, investment income is included within Net investment income in the table above. For private equities where we own more than three percent, investment income is included within Other (income) expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. Excluded from Net investment income is the mark-to-market movement for private equities, which is recorded within either Other (income) expense or Net realized gains (losses) based on our percentage of ownership. The total mark-to-market movement for private equities excluded from Net investment income was as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30 | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |
Total mark-to-market gain on private equity, pre-tax | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 90 |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 364 |  |  |  |

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $552 million comprising $568 million related to fixed expenses on existing debt obligations and variable expenses, and a $16 million benefit related to the amortization of the fair value of debt assumed in the Chubb Corp acquisition. The variable expenses relate to fees from the usage of certain facilities, including letters of credit, and interest on held collateral and repurchase agreements. Based on projected variable expenses and our existing debt obligations, including the $1.0 billion of 5.00 percent senior notes issued on March 7, 2024, the new $700 million of 4.65 percent senior notes issued on July 31, 2024, and the new $600 million of 5.00 percent senior notes issued on July 31, 2024, we expect pre-tax interest expense to be approximately $200 million for the remainder of 2024, or $768 million for the full year. We also expect a $5 million benefit related to the amortization of the fair value of debt assumed in the Chubb Corp acquisition for the remainder of 2024. For more information on our debt obligations, refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein, and Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8 in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Investments

Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of A/A as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) at September 30, 2024. Excluding Huatai, the portfolio is primarily managed externally by independent, professional
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investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. We hold no collateralized debt obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and clos ely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.
The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our invested assets:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value |  | Cost/ Amortized Cost, Net |  | Fair Value |  | Cost/ Amortized Cost, Net
Short-term investments | $ | 4,375 |  |  | $ | 4,378 |  |  | $ | 4,551 |  |  | $ | 4,551 |
Other investments - Fixed maturities | 5,905 |  |  | 5,905 |  |  | 3,773 |  |  | 3,773 |
Fixed maturities available-for-sale | 117,265 |  |  | 119,366 |  |  | 106,571 |  |  | 110,972 |
Fixed income securities | 127,545 |  |  | 129,649 |  |  | 114,895 |  |  | 119,296 |
Equity securities | 4,404 |  |  | 4,404 |  |  | 3,455 |  |  | 3,455 |
Private debt held-for-investment | 2,650 |  |  | 2,619 |  |  | 2,560 |  |  | 2,553 |
Private equities and other | 16,655 |  |  | 16,655 |  |  | 15,832 |  |  | 15,832 |
Total investments | $ | 151,254 |  |  | $ | 153,327 |  |  | $ | 136,742 |  |  | $ | 141,136 |

The fair value of our total investments increased $14.5 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, due to the investing of operating cash flow, unrealized gains, and net proceeds from debt issuance. The valuation of our fixed income portfolio is impacted by changes in interest rates.
The following tables present the fair value of our fixed income securities at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023. The first table lists investments according to type and second according to S&P credit rating:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Fair Value |  | % of Total
U.S. Treasury / Agency | $ | 2,629 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 3,590 |  |  | 3 | %
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 46,693 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 42,830 |  |  | 37 | %
Mortgage-backed securities | 28,474 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 22,058 |  |  | 19 | %
Municipal | 1,968 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 2,929 |  |  | 3 | %
Non-U.S. | 43,406 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 38,937 |  |  | 34 | %
Short-term investments | 4,375 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 4,551 |  |  | 4 | %
Total (1) | $ | 127,545 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 114,895 |  |  | 100 | %
AAA | $ | 13,987 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 12,669 |  |  | 11 | %
AA | 39,115 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 34,312 |  |  | 30 | %
A | 30,797 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 27,674 |  |  | 24 | %
BBB | 23,900 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 20,810 |  |  | 18 | %
BB | 10,738 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 10,270 |  |  | 9 | %
B | 8,432 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 8,580 |  |  | 7 | %
Other | 576 |  |  | — | % |  | 580 |  |  | 1 | %
Total (1) | $ | 127,545 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 114,895 |  |  | 100 | %

(1) Includes fixed maturities recorded in Other investments in the Consolidated balance sheets of $5.9 billion and $3.8 billion at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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Corporate and asset-backed securities
The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by fair value at September 30, 2024:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value
Bank of America Corp | $ | 910 |
Morgan Stanley | 774 |
JPMorgan Chase & Co | 716 |
Wells Fargo & Co | 661 |
Citigroup Inc | 598 |
Goldman Sachs Group Inc | 597 |
AT&T Inc | 445 |
Verizon Communications Inc | 440 |
UBS Group AG | 439 |
HSBC Holdings Plc | 386 |

Mortgage-backed securities
The following table shows the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our mortgage-backed securities:

| S&P Credit Rating |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost, Net
September 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars) | AAA |  | AA |  | A |  | BBB |  | BB and below |  | Total |  | Total
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 24,888 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,897 |  |  | $ | 25,844 |
Non-agency RMBS | 1,683 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | 2,106 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,278 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 1,567 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | $ | 2,970 |  |  | $ | 25,178 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 28,474 |  |  | $ | 29,517 |

Municipal
As part of our overall investment strategy, we may invest in states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions fixed maturity securities (Municipal). We apply the same investment selection process described previously to our Municipal investments. The portfolio is highly diversified primarily in state general obligation bonds and essential service revenue bonds including education and utilities (water, power, and sewers).
Non-U.S.
Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.
Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A and 39 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA—two percent, A—one percent, BBB—0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating-based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material.
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The following table summarizes the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at September 30, 2024:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost, Net
Republic of Korea | $ | 1,951 |  |  | $ | 1,842 |
People's Republic of China | 1,701 |  |  | 1,630 |
Canada | 946 |  |  | 959 |
Taiwan | 845 |  |  | 830 |
Kingdom of Thailand | 656 |  |  | 624 |
United Mexican States | 595 |  |  | 607 |
Federative Republic of Brazil | 567 |  |  | 579 |
Commonwealth of Australia | 563 |  |  | 628 |
Province of Ontario | 523 |  |  | 530 |
Socialist Republic of Vietnam | 463 |  |  | 351 |
Other Non-U.S. Government Securities | 7,244 |  |  | 7,345 |
Total | $ | 16,054 |  |  | $ | 15,925 |

The following table summarizes the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at September 30, 2024:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost, Net
China | $ | 6,960 |  |  | $ | 6,939 |
United Kingdom | 2,676 |  |  | 2,738 |
Canada | 2,493 |  |  | 2,490 |
United States (1) | 1,886 |  |  | 1,899 |
France | 1,688 |  |  | 1,697 |
South Korea | 1,606 |  |  | 1,553 |
Australia | 1,168 |  |  | 1,202 |
Japan | 863 |  |  | 873 |
Germany | 650 |  |  | 672 |
Switzerland | 560 |  |  | 573 |
Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities | 6,802 |  |  | 6,881 |
Total | $ | 27,352 |  |  | $ | 27,517 |

(1) The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations.
Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio
Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At September 30, 2024, our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below-investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 14 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,600 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $175 million.
We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Fifteen external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit
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as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Unpaid losses and loss expenses
As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and U.S. GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money.
The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses:

(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Gross Losses |  | Reinsurance Recoverable (1) |  | Net Losses
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 80,122 |  |  | $ | 17,884 |  |  | $ | 62,238 |
Losses and loss expenses incurred | 24,159 |  |  | 4,618 |  |  | 19,541 |
Losses and loss expenses paid | (19,918) |  |  | (4,839) |  |  | (15,079) |
Other (including foreign exchange translation) | (37) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (5) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 84,326 |  |  | $ | 17,631 |  |  | $ | 66,695 |

(1)Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance.
The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses).
Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on the changes in the loss reserves.
Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we increased environmental net loss reserves for Brandywine managed operations by $47 million. A&E reserves are included in Corporate. Refer to our 2023 Form 10-K for further information on our A&E exposures.
Fair value measurements
Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 inputs). Level 2 includes inputs, other than quoted prices within Level 1, that are observable for assets or liabilities either directly or indirectly. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our fair value measurements.
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Catastrophe Management

We actively monitor and manage our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world from natural perils, which includes setting risk limits based on probable maximum loss (PML) and purchasing catastrophe reinsurance to ensure sufficient liquidity and capital to meet the expectations of regulators, rating agencies, and policyholders, and to provide shareholders with an appropriate risk-adjusted return. Chubb uses internal and external data together with sophisticated, analytical catastrophe loss and risk modeling techniques to ensure an appropriate understanding of risk, including diversification and correlation effects, across different product lines and territories. The table below presents our modeled pre-tax estimates of natural catastrophe PML, net of reinsurance, at September 30, 2024, and does not represent our expected catastrophe losses for any one year.

| Modeled Net Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Pre-tax
| Worldwide (1) |  | U.S. Hurricane (2) |  | California Earthquake (3)
| Annual Aggregate |  | Annual Aggregate |  | Single Occurrence
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | Chubb |  | % of Total Chubb Shareholders’ Equity |  | Chubb |  | % of Total Chubb Shareholders’ Equity |  | Chubb |  | % of Total Chubb Shareholders’ Equity
1-in-10 | $ | 2,862 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | $ | 1,623 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | $ | 169 |  |  | 0.3 | %
1-in-100 | $ | 5,489 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | $ | 3,786 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | $ | 1,878 |  |  | 2.9 | %
1-in-250 | $ | 8,583 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | $ | 6,109 |  |  | 9.3 | % |  | $ | 2,170 |  |  | 3.3 | %

(1) Worldwide aggregate includes modeled losses arising from tropical cyclones, convective storms, earthquakes, wildfires, and inland floods, and excludes "non-modeled" perils such as man-made and other catastrophe risks including pandemic.
(2) U.S. hurricane modeled losses include losses from wind, storm-surge, and related precipitation-induced flooding.
(3) California earthquake modeled losses include the fire-following sub-peril.
The PML for worldwide and key U.S. peril regions are based on our in-force portfolio at July 1, 2024, and reflect the September 1, 2024, reinsurance program, as well as inuring reinsurance protection coverage. As of April 1, 2024, we increased retention in North America by $500 million and increased limits by $1.7 billion. On August 31, 2024, a $500 million catastrophe treaty covering named windstorms and earthquakes within Northeast States expired and was not renewed. Refer to the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance section for more information. These estimates assume that reinsurance recoverable is fully collectible.
According to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our pre-tax annual aggregate losses incurred in any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $3,786 million (or 5.8 percent of total Chubb shareholders’ equity at September 30, 2024). Effective March 31, 2024, our worldwide and U.S. Hurricane PMLs reflect the latest North Atlantic hurricane vulnerability model.
The above estimates of Chubb’s loss profile are inherently uncertain for many reasons, including the following:
•While the use of third-party modeling packages to simulate potential catastrophe losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate catastrophe losses. In particular, modeled catastrophe events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential;
•There is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models, the running of the modeling software, and interpretation of loss output. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates;
•The potential effects of climate change add to modeling complexity; and
•Changing climate conditions could impact our exposure to natural catastrophe risks. Published studies by leading government, academic, and professional organizations combined with extensive research by Chubb climate scientists reveal the potential for increases in the frequency and severity of key natural perils such as tropical cyclones, inland flood, and wildfire. To understand the potential impacts on the Chubb portfolio, we have conducted stress tests on our peak exposure zone, namely in the U.S., using parameters outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 2021 report. These parameters consider the impacts of climate change and the resulting climate peril impacts over a timescale relevant to our business. The tests are conducted by adjusting our baseline view of risk for the perils of hurricane, inland flood, and wildfire in the U.S. to reflect increases in frequency and severity across the modeled domains for each of these perils. Based on these tests against the Chubb portfolio we do not expect material impacts to our baseline PMLs from climate change through December 31, 2024. These tests reflect current exposures only and exclude potentially mitigating factors such as changes to building codes, public or private risk mitigation, regulation, and public policy.
Refer to Item 7 in our 2023 Form 10-K for more information on man-made and other catastrophes.
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Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program

Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments).
We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations.
Chubb renewed its Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations effective April 1, 2024, through March 31, 2025. The program consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb on a per occurrence basis. Chubb renewed its terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2024, through March 31, 2025, with the same limits and retention and percentage placed except that the majority of terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement.

Loss Location |  | Layer of Loss |  | Comments | Notes
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $0 million – $1.75 billion |  | Losses retained by Chubb | (a)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $1.75 billion – $2.85 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (b)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $2.85 billion – $4.0 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (c)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $4.0 billion – $5.7 billion |  | Named windstorm and earthquake |
International (including Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $0 million – $225 million |  | Losses retained by Chubb | (a)
International (including Alaska and Hawaii) |  | $225 million – $1.325 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (b)
Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada |  | $1.325 billion – $2.475 billion |  | All natural perils and terrorism | (c)

(a) Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels.
(b) These coverages are both part of the same First layer within the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers.
(c) These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Property C atastrophe Reinsurance Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers.
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Capital Resources

Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations.

| September 30 |  | December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for ratios) | 2024 |  | 2023
Short-term debt | $ | 1,571 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |
Long-term debt | 14,560 |  |  | 13,035 |
Total financial debt | 16,131 |  |  | 14,495 |
Trust preferred securities | 309 |  |  | 308 |
Total Chubb shareholders’ equity | 65,757 |  |  | 59,507 |
Total capitalization | $ | 82,197 |  |  | $ | 74,310 |
Ratio of financial debt to total capitalization | 19.6 | % |  | 19.5 | %
Ratio of financial debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization | 20.0 | % |  | 19.9 | %

Repurchase agreements are excluded from the table above and are disclosed separately from short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets. The repurchase agreements are collateralized borrowings where we maintain the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice, unlike short-term debt which comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments.
On March 7, 2024, Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Chubb INA) issued $1.0 billion of 5.00 percent senior notes due March 2034. Chubb INA's $700 million of 3.35 percent senior notes due May 2024 was paid upon maturity. On July 31, 2024, Chubb INA issued $700 million of 4.65 percent senior notes due August 2029 and $600 million of 5.00 percent senior notes due March 2034. Refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details about debt issued and debt redeemed.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased $1.3 billion of Common Shares in a series of open market transactions under the Board of Directors (Board) share repurchase authorization. At September 30, 2024, there were 16,592,565 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted-average cost of $170.96 per share, and $2.4 billion in share repurchase authorization remained.
We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration statement which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs. On October 3, 2024, we filed a new shelf registration statement which allows us to issue an unlimited amount of certain classes of debt and equity from time to time, replacing the shelf registration statement that was filed in October 2021. This new shelf registration statement expires in October 2027.
Dividends
We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. Refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our dividend methodology.
At our May 2024 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.64 per share, or CHF 3.29 per share, calculated using the USD/CHF exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on May 16, 2024, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.91 per share after the general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board determines the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2025 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The annual dividend approved in May 2024 represented a $0.20 per share increase ($0.05 per quarter) over the prior year dividend.
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The following table represents dividends paid per Common Share to shareholders of record on each of the following dates:

Shareholders of record as of: |  | Dividends paid as of: |  |  |
December 15, 2023 |  | January 5, 2024 |  | $0.86 (CHF 0.76) |
March 15, 2024 |  | April 5, 2024 |  | $0.86 (CHF 0.75) |
June 14, 2024 |  | July 5, 2024 |  | $0.91 (CHF 0.82) |
September 13, 2024 |  | October 4, 2024 |  | $0.91 (CHF 0.78) |

Liquidity

We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and to credit facilities with letter of credit capacity of $4.0 billion, $3.0 billion of which can be used for revolving credit. At September 30, 2024, our usage under these facilities was $887 million in letters of credit. Our access to credit under these facilities is dependent on the ability of the banks that are a party to the facilities to meet their funding commitments. The facilities require that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which we met at September 30, 2024. Should the existing credit providers on these facilities experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility or establishing additional facilities when needed.
The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we were able to meet all our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows.
We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary’s financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $1.0 billion and $1.4 billion from its Bermuda subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Chubb Limited received cash dividends of nil and $28 million and non-cash dividends of nil and $291 million from Swiss subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Chubb Limited also received dividends of $91 million from its other international subsidiary during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary’s domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA’s international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from Chubb INA during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA’s insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of $1.8 billion and $976 million from its subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Cash Flows
Our sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Operating cash flows were $11.6 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $9.4 billion in the prior year period, primarily due to higher net investment income and net premiums collected, partially offset by higher net losses paid and income taxes paid.
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Cash used for investing was $11.4 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $5.4 billion in the prior year period, an increase of $6.0 billion, which primarily included higher net purchases of fixed maturities and equity securities of $5.5 billion.
Cash used for financing was $0.1 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $3.3 billion in the prior year period, a decrease of $3.2 billion. This was primarily due to net proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, net of repayments of $1.6 billion compared with repayments of $475 million in the prior year, and fewer common shares repurchased of $497 million.
We use repurchase agreements as a low-cost funding alternative. At September 30, 2024, there were $3.0 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next nine months.
Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss.

Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries

Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Subsidiary Issuer) is an indirect 100 percent-owned and consolidated subsidiary of Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor). The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer.
The following table presents the condensed balance sheets of Chubb Limited and Chubb INA Holdings LLC, after e limination of investment in any non-guarantor subsidiary:

| Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  | Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Subsidiary Issuer)
| September 30 |  | December 31 |  | September 30 |  | December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 103 |
Cash | 215 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 3 |
Due from parent guarantor/subsidiary issuer | 653 |  |  | 441 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Due from subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors | 512 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 571 |
Other assets | 6 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,952 |  |  | 2,785 |
Total assets | $ | 1,386 |  |  | $ | 1,069 |  |  | $ | 3,883 |  |  | $ | 3,462 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due to parent guarantor/subsidiary issuer | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 653 |  |  | $ | 441 |
Due to subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors | 255 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 593 |
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs | 787 |  |  | 594 |  |  | — |  |  | 455 |
Short-term debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,571 |  |  | 1,460 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,560 |  |  | 13,035 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 309 |  |  | 308 |
Other liabilities | 571 |  |  | 657 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 1,496 |
Total liabilities | 1,613 |  |  | 1,514 |  |  | 18,753 |  |  | 17,788 |
Total equity | (227) |  |  | (445) |  |  | (14,870) |  |  | (14,326) |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,386 |  |  | $ | 1,069 |  |  | $ | 3,883 |  |  | $ | 3,462 |

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The following table presents the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss of Chubb Limited and Chubb INA Holdings LLC, excluding equity in earnings from non-guarantor subsidiaries:

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) |  | Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Subsidiary Issuer)
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |
Net investment income (loss) | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | (36) |
Net realized gains (losses) | (13) |  |  | (42) |
Administrative expenses | 87 |  |  | (11) |
Interest (income) expense | (9) |  |  | 362 |
Other (income) expense | (33) |  |  | 32 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 14 |  |  | (156) |
Net loss | $ | (91) |  |  | $ | (305) |
Comprehensive loss | $ | (91) |  |  | $ | (599) |

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Refer to Item 7A included in our 2023 Form 10-K.
Foreign currency management
As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. We occasionally engage in hedging activity for planned cross border transactions. For an estimated impact of foreign currency movement on our net assets denominated in non-U.S. currencies, refer to Item 7A in our 2023 Form 10-K. This information will be updated and disclosed in interim filings if our net assets in non-U.S. currencies change materially from the December 31, 2023, balances disclosed in the 2023 Form 10-K.
Reinsurance of market risk benefits
Chubb views its MRB reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance, with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both MRB gains (losses) and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short-term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward.
The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock etc.) at September 30, 2024, for both the fair value of the MRB liability (FVL) and the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the MRB reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables:
•Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally
•Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 80 percent—90 percent U.S. equity, and 10 percent—20 percent international equity.
•Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive only to U.S. equity markets.
•We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, and the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity.
•Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve
•Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: up to 15 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 15 percent—30 percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 65 percent—80 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years).
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•A change in AA-rated credit spreads impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model. AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers.
•The hedge sensitivity is from September 30, 2024, market levels and only applicable to the equity and interest rate sensitivities table below.
•The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to fluctuations in short-term market movements.

Sensitivities to equity and interest rate movements |
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Worldwide Equity Shock
Interest Rate Shock | +10% |  | Flat |  | -10% |  | -20% |  | -30% |  | -40%
+100 bps | (Increase)/decrease in FVL | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | (65) |  |  | $ | (245) |  |  | $ | (478) |
| Increase/(decrease) in hedge value | (99) |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 397 |
| Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | (81) |
Flat | (Increase)/decrease in FVL | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | (302) |  |  | $ | (512) |  |  | $ | (774) |
| Increase/(decrease) in hedge value | (99) |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 397 |
| Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | (215) |  |  | $ | (377) |
-100 bps | (Increase)/decrease in FVL | $ | (105) |  |  | $ | (238) |  |  | $ | (396) |  |  | $ | (586) |  |  | $ | (825) |  |  | $ | (1,113) |
| Increase/(decrease) in hedge value | (99) |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 397 |
| Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | (204) |  |  | $ | (238) |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | $ | (388) |  |  | $ | (528) |  |  | $ | (716) |
Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables | AA-rated Credit Spreads |  | Interest Rate Volatility |  | Equity Volatility
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | +100 bps |  | -100 bps |  | +2% |  | -2% |  | +2% |  | -2%
(Increase)/decrease in FVL | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 18 |
Increase/(decrease) in net income | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 18 |

Market Risk Benefits Net Amount at Risk
All our MRB reinsurance treaties include annual or aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible which limit the net amount at risk under these programs. The tables below present the net amount at risk at September 30, 2024, following an immediate change in equity market levels, assuming all global equity markets are impacted equally.
a) Reinsurance covering the GMDB risk only

| Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | +20 | % |  | Flat |  | -20 | % |  | -40 | % |  | -60 | % |  | -80 | %
GMDB net amount at risk | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 349 |  |  | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 520 |
Claims at 100% immediate mortality | 130 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 112 |

The treaty limits function as a ceiling as equity markets fall. As the shocks in the table above become incrementally more negative, the impacts begin to drop due to the specific nature of these claim limits, many of which are annual claim limits calculated as a percentage of the reinsured account value. There is also an impact due to a portion of the reinsurance under which claims are positively correlated to equity markets (claims decrease as equity markets fall).
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b) Reinsurance covering the GLB risk only

| Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | +20 | % |  | Flat |  | -20 | % |  | -40 | % |  | -60 | % |  | -80 | %
GLB net amount at risk | $ | 745 |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 1,339 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |  |  | $ | 2,155 |  |  | $ | 2,418 |

The treaty limits cause the net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall.
c) Reinsurance covering both the GMDB and GLB risks on the same underlying policyholders

| Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | +20 | % |  | Flat |  | -20 | % |  | -40 | % |  | -60 | % |  | -80 | %
GMDB net amount at risk | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 75 |
GLB net amount at risk | 296 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 736 |
Claims at 100% immediate mortality | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |

The treaty limits cause the GMDB and GLB net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall.

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of September 30, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Effective July 1, 2023, Chubb discontinued the equity method of accounting to its investment in Huatai Group and applied consolidation accounting. Since the date of consolidation, we have worked to incorporate internal control processes for the consolidated business.
There have been no other changes in Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting.
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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

The information required with respect to this item is included in Note 13 h) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors described under "Risk Factors" under Item 1A of Part I of our 2023 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer’s Repurchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information with respect to purchases by Chubb of its Common Shares during the three months ended September 30, 2024:

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan
July 1 through July 31 | 299,507 |  |  | $ | 260.92 |  |  | 296,344 |  |  | $ | 2.73 | billion
August 1 through August 31 | 7,200 |  |  | $ | 271.44 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2.73 | billion
September 1 through September 30 | 1,146,624 |  |  | $ | 292.70 |  |  | 1,145,263 |  |  | $ | 2.40 | billion
Total | 1,453,331 |  |  | $ | 286.04 |  |  | 1,441,607 |  |  |

(1)This column represents open market share repurchases and the surrender to Chubb of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and to cover the cost of the exercise of options by employees through stock swaps.
(2)The aggregate value of shares purchased in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as part of the publicly announced plan was $413 million. Refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorizations.

ITEM 5. Other Information

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer of Chubb (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of SEC Regulation S-K.
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ITEM 6. Exhibits

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Original Number |  | Date Filed |  | Filed Herewith
3.1 |  | Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | May 16, 2024 |  |
3.2 |  | Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended |  | 10-K |  | 3.2 |  | February 24, 2023 |  |
4.1 |  | Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated |  | 8-K |  | 4.1 |  | May 16, 2024 |  |
4.2 |  | Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended |  | 10-K |  | 4.2 |  | February 24, 2023 |  |
4.3 |  | Form of Officer's Certificate related to the 4.650% Senior Notes due 2029 and the 5.000% Senior Notes due 2034 |  | 8-K |  | 4.1 |  | July 31, 2024 |  |
4.4 |  | Form of Global Note for the 4.650% Senior Notes due 2029 |  | 8-K |  | 4.2 |  | July 31, 2024 |  |
4.5 |  | Form of Global Note for the 5.000% Senior Notes due 2034 |  | 8-K |  | 4.3 |  | July 31, 2024 |  |
22.1 |  | Guaranteed Securities |  | S-3 |  | 22.1 |  | October 3, 2024 |  |
31.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.1 |  | The following financial information from Chubb Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104.1 |  | The Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in Inline XBRL (The cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| CHUBB LIMITED
| (Registrant)
October 30, 2024 | /s/ Evan G. Greenberg
| Evan G. Greenberg
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
October 30, 2024 | /s/ Peter C. Enns
| Peter C. Enns
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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