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Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2025
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] |
Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees | Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees a) Derivative instruments Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives, and exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the market risk benefit (MRB) book of business. Derivative instruments are principally recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP) in the Consolidated balance sheets. Convertible securities are recorded in either Fixed maturities available-for-sale (FM AFS) or Equity securities (ES), depending on the underlying investment. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions. In addition, Chubb, from time to time, purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities. As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. Some of Chubb's derivatives satisfy hedge accounting requirements, as discussed below. We also consider economic hedging for planned cross border transactions. The following table presents the balance sheet location, fair value in an asset or (liability) position, and notional value/payment provision of our derivative instruments:
|  |  |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount/ Payment Provision |  |  |  | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount/ Payment Provision
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  | Derivative Asset |  | Derivative (Liability) |  |  |  | Derivative Asset |  | Derivative (Liability) |
Investment and embedded derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | OA / (AP) |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | 4,386 |  |  |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | (295) |  |  | $ | 3,959 |
Options/Futures/Forward contracts on notes and bonds | OA / (AP) |  | 6 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 909 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | 449 |
Convertible securities (1) | FM AFS / ES |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Total |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (143) |  |  | $ | 5,301 |  |  |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | (303) |  |  | $ | 4,420 |
Other derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures contracts on equities (2) | OA / (AP) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | 986 |  |  |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,047 |
Other | OA / (AP) |  | 7 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 379 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 211 |
Total |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | 1,365 |  |  |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1,258 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps - fair value hedges | OA / (AP) |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,010 |  |  |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,579 |
Cross-currency swaps - net investment hedges | OA / (AP) |  | 24 |  |  | (223) |  |  | 3,003 |  |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | (116) |  |  | 2,896 |
Total |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | (223) |  |  | $ | 5,013 |  |  |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | (116) |  |  | $ | 4,475 |
(1)Includes fair value of embedded derivatives. (2)Related to MRB book of business. At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, net derivative liabilities of $87 million and $199 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement. b) Hedge accounting We designate certain derivatives as fair value hedges and net investment hedges for accounting purposes to hedge foreign currency exposure associated with portions of our euro denominated debt and the net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries, respectively. These derivatives comprise cross-currency swaps, which are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. These hedges have been and are expected to be highly effective. (i) Fair value hedges Cross-currency swaps Chubb holds certain cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency risk on €1.7 billion, or approximately $2.0 billion at June 30, 2025, of euro denominated debt by converting cash flows back into the U.S. dollar. These hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Other comprehensive income (OCI). The gains or losses on the fair value hedges offsetting the foreign currency remeasurement on the hedged euro denominated senior notes are reclassified from OCI into Net realized gains (losses), and an additional portion is reclassified into Interest expense as follows:
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
(pre-tax, in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI | $ | 141 |  | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | 115 |  | $ | (54) |
Net realized gain (loss) reclassified from OCI | 169 |  | (12) |  |  | 238 |  | (49) |
Interest expense reclassified from OCI | (5) |  | (4) |  |  | (9) |  | (8) |
OCI gain (loss) after reclassifications | $ | (23) |  | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | (114) |  | $ | 3 |
(ii) Net investment hedges Cross-currency swaps Chubb holds certain cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries by converting cash flows from U.S. dollar to the British pound sterling, Japanese yen, Swiss franc, and Chinese yuan renminbi. The hedged risk is designated as the foreign currency exposure arising between the functional currency of the foreign subsidiary and the functional currency of its parent entity. These net investment hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Cumulative translation adjustments (CTA) within OCI, and a portion reclassified to Interest expense. The mark-to-market adjustments for foreign currency changes will remain in CTA until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or hedge accounting is discontinued. Foreign denominated debt In April 2025, Chubb designated its CNH1.8 billion term loan, or approximately $254 million as of June 30, 2025, as a non-derivative net investment hedge to mitigate the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries. Changes in the carrying value of the debt attributable to foreign currency revaluation are recorded in CTA within OCI. These adjustments will remain in CTA until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or hedge accounting is discontinued. Refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. The following table presents the OCI impact of derivative and non-derivative net investment hedges:
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
(pre-tax, in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
Cross-currency swaps: |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI | $ | (138) |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (114) |  | $ | 73 |
Interest income reclassified from OCI | 7 |  | 3 |  |  | 15 |  | 6 |
Total cross currency swaps | (145) |  | 34 |  |  | (129) |  | 67 |
Foreign denominated debt: |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI | (6) |  | — |  |  | (6) |  | — |
Total OCI gain (loss) after reclassifications | $ | (151) |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | (135) |  | $ | 67 |
c) Derivative instruments not designated as hedges Derivative instruments which are not designated as hedges are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) or, for futures contracts on equities related to the MRB book of business, in Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents net gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations:
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Investment and embedded derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | (80) |
Options/Futures/Forward contracts on notes and bonds | 7 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 18 |
Convertible securities (1) | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Total investment and embedded derivative instruments | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | (60) |
Other derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures contracts on equities (2) | $ | (89) |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | (116) |
Other | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |
Total other derivative instruments | $ | (91) |  |  | $ | (24) |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | (121) |
Total | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | (181) |
(1)Includes embedded derivatives. (2)Related to MRB book of business. (i) Foreign currency exposure management A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above. (ii) Duration management and market exposure Futures Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds, and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed. Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in market risk benefit reserves. Forwards A fixed income forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange a specific instrument at a fixed price at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to mitigate reinvestment risk of future written premiums. Options An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above. The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, level of interest rates, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand. The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines. Other Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may, from time to time, enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices. (iii) Convertible security investments A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available-for-sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature. (iv) TBA By acquiring to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs), we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Chubb purchases TBAs, from time to time, both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy. (v) Futures contracts on equities Under the MRB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. We may recognize a loss for changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining U.S. and/or international equity markets). To mitigate adverse changes in the capital markets, we maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts, as noted under section "(ii) Futures" above. These futures increase in fair value when the S&P 500 index decreases (and decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases). The net impact of gains or losses related to changes in fair value of the MRB liability and the exchange-traded equity futures are included in Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. d) Securities lending and secured borrowings Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:
| Remaining contractual maturity
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | Overnight and Continuous
Collateral held under securities lending agreements: |  |  |
Cash | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | 557 |
U.S. and local government securities | 161 |  |  | 148 |
Non-U.S. | 1,001 |  |  | 663 |
Corporate and asset-backed securities | 74 |  |  | 49 |
Equity securities | 10 |  |  | 28 |
Total | $ | 1,941 |  |  | $ | 1,445 |
Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable | $ | 1,941 |  |  | $ | 1,445 |
At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, our repurchase agreement obligations of $3,059 million and $2,731 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available-for-sale or Other investments, and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:
| Remaining contractual maturity
| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Up to 30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Total |  | Up to 30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Non-U.S. | 1,205 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,205 |  |  | 1,387 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,387 |
U.S. and local government securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 104 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 977 |  |  | 923 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 1,925 |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 1,378 |
Total | $ | 2,182 |  |  | $ | 925 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 3,132 |  |  | $ | 1,387 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 1,030 |  |  | $ | 2,890 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,059 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,731 |
Difference (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 159 |
(1)Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability. Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction. e) Fixed maturities At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, commitments to purchase fixed income securities over the next several years were $1.3 billion. f) Private equities Private equities in the Consolidated balance sheets are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies. At June 30, 2025, private equities with a carrying value of $16.0 billion had commitments that could require funding of up to $6.9 billion over the next several years. At December 31, 2024, these investments had a carrying value of $14.5 billion with commitments of up to $6.4 billion. The remaining private equities had no funding commitments. g) Income taxes At June 30, 2025, $77 million of unrecognized tax benefits remain out standing. It is reasonably possible that, over the next twelve months, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations by taxing authorities, settlements, and the lapses of statutes of limitations. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2012. h) Legal proceedings Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. i) Lease commitments At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the right-of-use asset was $1,044 million and $824 million, respectively, recorded within Other assets, and the lease liability was $1,177 million and $942 million, respectively, recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. These leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which expire at various dates.

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