20-F 1 d20f2017f.htm DOCUMENT 20-F

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

[ ] REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

OR

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___ to ___

OR

[ ] SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 1-10110

BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

BANK BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Kingdom of Spain

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Calle Azul, 4

28050 Madrid

Spain

(Address of principal executive offices)

Ricardo Gómez Barredo

Calle Azul, 4

28050 Madrid

Spain

Telephone number +34 91 537 7000

Fax number +34 91 537 6766

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and /or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of Each Class |  | Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing the right to receive one ordinary share, par value €0.49 per share | New York Stock Exchange
Ordinary shares, par value €0.49 per share | New York Stock Exchange*
3.000% Fixed Rate Senior Notes due 2020 |  | New York Stock Exchange

* The ordinary shares are not listed for trading, but are listed only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares, pursuant to requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

Title of Each Class |  | Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Non-Step Non-Cumulative Contingent Convertible Perpetual Preferred Tier 1 Securities |  | Irish Stock Exchange

The number of outstanding shares of each class of stock of the Registrant as of December 31, 2017, was:

Ordinary shares, par value €0.49 per share—6,667,886,580

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [X] | No [ ]

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes [ ] | No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] | No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes [X] | No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer [X] | Accelerated filer [ ] | Non-accelerated filer [ ] | Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP [ ] | International Financial Reporting Standards as Issued by the International Accounting Standards Board [X] | Other [ ]

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 [ ] | Item 18 [ ]

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes [ ] | No [X]

#

#

# BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | PAGE
PART I |  |
ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 4
A. | Directors and Senior Management | 4
B. | Advisers | 4
C. | Auditors | 4
ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 4
ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION | 5
A. | Selected Consolidated Financial Data | 5
B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness | 8
C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds | 8
D. | Risk Factors | 8
ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 33
A. | History and Development of the Company | 33
B. | Business Overview | 35
C. | Organizational Structure | 67
D. | Property, Plants and Equipment | 67
E. | Selected Statistical Information | 68
F. | Competition | 90
G. | Cybersecurity and Fraud Management | 93
ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 93
ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 93
A. | Operating Results | 98
B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources | 146
C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc. | 151
D. | Trend Information | 151
E. | Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 153
F. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations | 154
ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 155
A. | Directors and Senior Management | 155
B. | Compensation | 162
C. | Board Practices | 171
D. | Employees | 178
E. | Share Ownership | 181
ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 182
A. | Major Shareholders | 182
B. | Related Party Transactions | 183
C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel | 184
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 184
A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information | 184
B. | Significant Changes | 186
ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING | 186
A. | Offer and Listing Details | 186
B. | Plan of Distribution | 193
C. | Markets | 193
D. | Selling Shareholders | 193
E. | Dilution | 193
F. | Expenses of the Issue | 193
ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 193
A. | Share Capital | 193
B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association | 193
C. | Material Contracts | 196
D. | Exchange Controls | 199
E. | Taxation | 200
F. | Dividends and Paying Agents | 205
G. | Statement by Experts | 205
H. | Documents on Display | 205
I. | Subsidiary Information | 205
ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 206
ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 214
A. | Debt Securities | 214
B. | Warrants and Rights | 214
C. | Other Securities | 214
D. | American Depositary Shares | 214
PART II |  |
ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 215
ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 215
ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 215
ITEM 16. | [RESERVED] | 217
ITEM 16A. | AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 217
ITEM 16B. | CODE OF ETHICS | 218
ITEM 16C. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 218
ITEM 16D. | EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 219
ITEM 16E. | PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 219
ITEM 16F. | CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 220
ITEM 16G. | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 220
ITEM 16H. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 222
PART III |  |
ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 222
ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 222
ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS | 222

CERTAIN TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

The terms below are used as follows throughout this report:

· “BBVA”, the “Bank”, the “Company”, the “Group”, the “BBVA Group” or first person personal pronouns, such as “we”, “us”, or “our”, mean Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.

· “BBVA Bancomer” means Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer, S.A. de C.V. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.

· “BBVA Compass” means BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.

· “Consolidated Financial Statements” means our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards adopted by the European Union (“EU-IFRS”) required to be applied under the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2004 (as defined herein) and in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS-IASB”).

· “Garanti” means Türkiye Garanti Bankası A.Ş., and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.

· “Latin America” refers to Mexico and the countries in which we operate in South America and Central America.

In this report, “$”, “U.S. dollars”, and “dollars” refer to United States Dollars and “€” and “euro” refer to Euro.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may include words such as “believe”, “expect”, “estimate”, “project”, “anticipate”, “should”, “intend”, “probability”, “risk”, “VaR”, “target”, “goal”, “objective” and similar expressions or variations on such expressions and includes statements regarding future growth rates. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The accompanying information in this Annual Report, including, without limitation, the information under the items listed below, identifies important factors that could cause such differences:

· “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors”;

· “Item 4. Information on the Company”;

· “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”; and

· “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”.

Other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include, among others:

· political, economic and business conditions in Spain, the European Union (“EU”), Latin America, Turkey, the United States and other regions, countries or territories in which we operate;

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· changes in applicable laws and regulations, including increased capital and provision requirements and taxation, and steps taken towards achieving an EU fiscal and banking union;

· the monetary, interest rate and other policies of central banks in the EU, Spain, the United States, Mexico, Turkey and elsewhere;

· changes or volatility in interest rates, foreign exchange rates (including the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate), asset prices, equity markets, commodity prices, inflation or deflation;

· market adjustments in the real estate sectors in Spain, Mexico and the United States;

· the effects of competition in the markets in which we operate, which may be influenced by regulation or deregulation;

· changes in consumer spending and savings habits, including changes in government policies which may influence spending, saving and investment decisions;

· adverse developments in emerging countries, in particular Latin America and Turkey, including unfavorable political and economic developments, social instability and changes in governmental policies, including expropriation, nationalization, international ownership legislation, interest rate caps and tax policies;

· our ability to hedge certain risks economically;

· downgrades in our credit ratings or in the Kingdom of Spain’s credit ratings;

· the success of our acquisitions, divestitures, mergers and strategic alliances;

· our ability to make payments on certain substantial unfunded amounts relating to commitments with personnel;

· the performance of our international operations and our ability to manage such operations;

· weaknesses or failures in our Group’s internal or outsourced processes, systems (including information technology systems) and security;

· our success in managing the risks involved in the foregoing, which depends, among other things, on our ability to anticipate events that are not captured by the statistical models we use; and

· force majeure and other events beyond our control.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to release publicly the result of any revisions to these forward-looking statements which may be made to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof, including, without limitation, changes in our business or acquisition strategy or planned capital expenditures, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Accounting Principles

Under Regulation (EC) no. 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 19, 2002, all companies governed by the law of an EU Member State and whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market of any Member State must prepare their consolidated financial statements for the years beginning on or after January 1, 2005 in conformity with EU-IFRS. The Bank of Spain issued Circular 4/2004 of December 22, 2004 on Public and Confidential Financial Reporting Rules and Formats (as amended or supplemented from time to time, “Circular 4/2004”), which requires Spanish credit institutions to adapt their accounting system to the principles derived from the adoption by the European Union of EU-IFRS.

Differences between EU-IFRS required to be applied under the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2004 and IFRS-IASB are not material for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Accordingly, the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report have been prepared in accordance with EU-IFRS required to be applied under the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2004 and are in compliance with IFRS-IASB.

The financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 may differ from previously reported financial information as of such dates and for such periods in our respective annual reports on Form 20-F for certain prior years, as a result mainly of the retrospective revisions referred to below (see “―Retrospective Revisions”).

Retrospective Revisions

New presentation models required by Circular 5/2015 of the CNMV

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were prepared in accordance with the presentation models required by Circular 5/2015 of the National Securities Market Commission or “CNMV” (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores). This Circular seeks to adapt the content of the financial information published by credit institutions and the format in which financial statements are presented to the mandatory regulation adopted by the European Union for credit institutions.

The information relating to the year ended December 31, 2015 was restated in accordance with the presentation models referred to above. The presentation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with these models has had no significant impact on the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Reclassifications of certain operating expenses

In the fourth quarter of 2015, we reclassified several operating expenses related to technology from our Corporate Center to our Banking Activity in Spain segment. This reclassification was the result of the reassignment of technology-related management resources and responsibilities from the Corporate Center to the Banking Activity in Spain segment during 2015.

Business combinations

Certain financial information for the year ended December 31, 2015 has been restated, with no significant impact, as a result of the end in 2016 of the purchase accounting period relating to the stake in Garanti acquired in 2015, as required by IFRS 3 “Business Combinations” (see Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Statistical and Financial Information

The following principles should be noted in reviewing the statistical and financial information contained herein:

· Average balances, when used, are based on the beginning and the month-end balances during each year. We do not believe that such monthly averages present trends that are materially different from those that would be presented by daily averages.

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· Unless otherwise stated, any reference to loans refers to both loans and advances.

· Financial information with respect to segments or subsidiaries may not reflect consolidation adjustments.

· Certain numerical information in this Annual Report may not compute due to rounding. In addition, information regarding period-to-period changes is based on numbers which have not been rounded.

Venezuela

The local financial statements of the Group subsidiaries in Venezuela are expressed in Venezuelan bolivar and are converted into euros for purposes of preparing the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Venezuela has strict foreign exchange restrictions and different exchange rates in place.

In past years, we have used different exchange rates to prepare the Group’s consolidated financial statements:

· Since December 31, 2015, the Board of Directors considers that the use of the Venezuelan official exchanges rates for converting bolivars into euros in preparing the Group’s consolidated financial statements does not reflect the true picture of the financial statements of the Group and the financial position of the Group’s subsidiaries in Venezuela.

· Consequently, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Group has used foreign exchange rates of 18,181, 1,893 and 469 Venezuelan bolivars per euro, respectively in the conversion of the financial statements of the Group’s subsidiaries in Venezuela. These exchanges rates have been calculated taking into account the estimated evolution of inflation in Venezuela, which in the absence of published official data has been estimated to be 800%, 300% and 170%, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively (see Note 2.2.20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). These inflation rates have been calculated based on the best estimates of the Group, in light of available information and sectorial considerations that affect the Group’s subsidiaries in Venezuela.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

## A. Director and Senior Management

Not Applicable.

## B. Advisers

Not Applicable.

## C. Auditors

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

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ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The historical financial information set forth below for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 has been selected from, and should be read together with, the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein. The audited consolidated financial statements for 2014 and 2013 are not included in this document, and the historical financial information set forth below for such years instead are derived from the respective financial statements included in annual reports on Form 20-F for certain prior years previously filed by us with retrospective adjustments made for the application of certain changes in accounting principles.

For information concerning the preparation and presentation of the financial information contained herein, see “Presentation of Financial Information”.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 (1)
| (In Millions of Euros, Except Per Share/ADS Data (In Euros))
Consolidated Statement of Income Data |  |  |  |  |
Interest and similar income | 29,296 | 27,708 | 24,783 | 22,838 | 23,512
Interest and similar expenses | (11,537) | (10,648) | (8,761) | (8,456) | (9,612)
Net interest income | 17,758 | 17,059 | 16,022 | 14,382 | 13,900
Dividend income | 334 | 467 | 415 | 531 | 235
Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method | 4 | 25 | 174 | 343 | 694
Fee and commission income | 7,150 | 6,804 | 6,340 | 5,530 | 5,478
Fee and commission expenses | (2,229) | (2,086) | (1,729) | (1,356) | (1,228)
Net gains(losses) on financial assets and liabilities(2) | 938 | 1,661 | 865 | 1,435 | 1,608
Exchange differences, net | 1,030 | 472 | 1,165 | 699 | 903
Other operating income | 1,439 | 1,272 | 1,315 | 959 | 1,234
Other operating expenses | (2,223) | (2,128) | (2,285) | (2,705) | (3,002)
Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 3,342 | 3,652 | 3,678 | 3,622 | 3,761
Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | (2,272) | (2,545) | (2,599) | (2,714) | (2,831)
Gross income | 25,270 | 24,653 | 23,362 | 20,725 | 20,752
Administration costs | (11,112) | (11,366) | (10,836) | (9,414) | (9,701)
Depreciation and amortization | (1,387) | (1,426) | (1,272) | (1,145) | (1,095)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (745) | (1,186) | (731) | (1,142) | (609)
Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss | (4,803) | (3,801) | (4,272) | (4,340) | (5,612)
Net operating income | 7,222 | 6,874 | 6,251 | 4,684 | 3,735
Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets | (364) | (521) | (273) | (297) | (467)
Gains (losses) on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net | 47 | 70 | (2,135) | 46 | (1,915)
Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss | - | - | 26 | - | -
Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations | 26 | (31) | 734 | (453) | (399)
Operating profit before tax | 6,931 | 6,392 | 4,603 | 3,980 | 954
Tax (expense) or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (2,169) | (1,699) | (1,274) | (898) | 16
Profit from continuing operations | 4,762 | 4,693 | 3,328 | 3,082 | 970
Profit from discontinued operations, net (3) | - | - | - | - | 1,866
Profit | 4,762 | 4,693 | 3,328 | 3,082 | 2,836
Profit attributable to parent company | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,642 | 2,618 | 2,084
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | 1,243 | 1,218 | 686 | 464 | 753
Per share/ADS(4) Data |  |  |  |  |
Profit from continuing operations | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.17
Diluted profit attributable to parent company (5) | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.33
Basic profit attributable to parent company | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.33
Dividends declared (In Euros) | 0.170 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.080 | 0.100
Dividends declared (In U.S. dollars) | 0.204 | 0.169 | 0.174 | 0.097 | 0.138
Number of shares outstanding (at period end) | 6,667,886,580 | 6,566,615,242 | 6,366,680,118 | 6,171,338,995 | 5,785,954,443

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(1) Restated for comparative purposes as a result of the application at December 31, 2014 of IFRIC 21 (Levies).

(2) Comprises the following income statement line items contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements: “Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” and “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net”.

(3) For 2013, includes the capital gains from the sale of Afore Bancomer in Mexico and the South America pension fund administrators, as well as the earnings recorded by these companies up to the date of these sales.

(4) Each American Depositary Share (“ADS”) represents the right to receive one ordinary share.

(5) Calculated on the basis of the weighted average number of BBVA’s ordinary shares outstanding during the relevant period including the average number of estimated shares to be converted and, for comparative purposes, a correction factor to account for the capital increases carried out in April 2013, October 2013, April 2014, October 2014, December 2014, April 2015, October 2015, December 2015, April 2016, October 2016 and April 2017, excluding the weighted average number of treasury shares during the period (6,642 million, 6,468 million, 6,290 million, 5,905 million and 5,597 million shares in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively). With respect to the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

| As of and for Year Ended December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 (1)
| (In Millions of Euros, Except Percentages)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | 690,059 | 731,856 | 749,855 | 631,942 | 582,697
Net assets | 53,323 | 55,428 | 55,282 | 51,609 | 44,565
Capital | 3,267 | 3,218 | 3,120 | 3,024 | 2,835
Loans and receivables | 431,521 | 465,977 | 471,828 | 376,086 | 350,945
Customer deposits | 376,379 | 401,465 | 403,362 | 319,334 | 300,490
Debt certificates | 63,915 | 76,375 | 81,980 | 71,917 | 74,676
Non-controlling interest | 6,979 | 8,064 | 7,992 | 2,511 | 2,371
Total equity | 53,323 | 55,428 | 55,282 | 51,609 | 44,565
Consolidated ratios |  |  |  |  |
Profitability ratios: |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(2) | 2.52% | 2.32% | 2.27% | 2.40% | 2.32%
Return on average total assets(3) | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Return on average shareholders' funds(4) | 6.4% | 6.7% | 5.3% | 5.6% | 5.0%
Credit quality data |  |  |  |  |
Loan loss reserve (5) | 12,784 | 16,016 | 18,742 | 14,273 | 14,990
Loan loss reserve as a percentage of loans and receivables, net | 2.96% | 3.44% | 3.97% | 3.83% | 4.27%
Non-performing asset ratio (NPA ratio) (6) | 4.49% | 4.90% | 5.37% | 5.98% | 6.95%
Impaired loans and advances to customers | 19,390 | 22,915 | 25,333 | 22,703 | 25,445
Impaired contingent liabilities to customers (7) | 739 | 680 | 664 | 413 | 410
| 20,129 | 23,595 | 25,997 | 23,116 | 25,855
Loans and advances to customers (8) | 401,074 | 430,629 | 432,921 | 353,029 | 338,664
Contingent liabilities to customers | 47,671 | 50,540 | 49,876 | 33,741 | 33,543
| 448,745 | 481,169 | 482,797 | 386,770 | 372,207

(1) Information has been restated for comparative purposes as a result of the application at December 31, 2014 of IFRIC 21 (Levies).

(2) Represents net interest income as a percentage of average total assets.

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(3) Represents profit as a percentage of average total assets.

(4) Represents profit attributable to parent company for the year as a percentage of average shareholders’ funds for the year, excluding “Non-controlling interest”.

(5) Represents impairment losses on loans and receivables to credit institutions and loans and advances to customers. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(6) Represents the sum of impaired loans and advances to customers and impaired contingent liabilities to customers divided by the sum of loans and advances to customers and contingent liabilities to customers.

(7) We include contingent liabilities in the calculation of our non-performing asset ratio (NPA ratio). We believe that impaired contingent liabilities should be included in the calculation of our NPA ratio where we have reason to know, as of the reporting date, that they are impaired. The credit risk associated with contingent liabilities (consisting mainly of financial guarantees provided to third-parties on behalf of our customers) is evaluated and provisioned according to the probability of default of our customers’ obligations. If impaired contingent liabilities were not included in the calculation of our NPA ratio, such ratio would generally be higher for the periods covered, amounting to approximately 4.8%,5.3%,5.9%, 6.4% and 7.5% as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

(8) Includes impaired loans.

Exchange Rates

Spain’s currency is the euro. Except as indicated below with respect to the consolidated income statement or unless otherwise indicated, the amounts that have been converted to euro in this Annual Report have been done so at the corresponding exchange rate published by the European Central Bank (“ECB”) on December 31 of the relevant period. Income statement items have been converted at the average exchange rates for the period.

For convenience in the analysis of the information, the following tables describe, for the periods and dates indicated, information concerning the noon buying rate for euro, expressed in U.S. dollars per €1.00. The term “noon buying rate” refers to the rate of exchange for euros, expressed in U.S. dollars per euro, in the City of New York for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

Year Ended December 31, | Average (1)
2013 | 1.3303
2014 | 1.3210
2015 | 1.1032
2016 | 1.1029
2017 | 1.1396
2018 (through March 30, 2018) | 1.2290

(1) Calculated by using the average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the period.

Month Ended | High | Low
September 30, 2017 | 1.2041 | 1.1747
October 31, 2017 | 1.1847 | 1.1580
November 30, 2017 | 1.1936 | 1.1577
December 31, 2017 | 1.2022 | 1.1725
January 31, 2018 | 1.2488 | 1.1922
February 28, 2018 | 1.2482 | 1.2211
March 31, 2018 (through March 30, 2018) | 1.2440 | 1.2216

The noon buying rate for euro from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, expressed in U.S. dollars per €1.00, on March 30, 2018, was $1.2320.

As of December 31, 2017, approximately 46.3% of our assets and approximately 45.7% of our liabilities were denominated in currencies other than euro. See Note 2.2.16 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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For a discussion of our foreign currency exposure, please see Note 7.4.2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements (“Market Risk—Structural Exchange-Rate Risk”) and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”.

## B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.

## C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

D. Risk Factors

#### Macroeconomic Risks

##### Economic conditions in the countries where the Group operates could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations

Despite the recent growth of the global economy, uncertainty remains. The deterioration of economic conditions in the countries where the Group operates could adversely affect the cost and availability of funding for the Group, the quality of the Group’s loan and investment securities portfolios and levels of deposits and profitability, which may also require the Group to take impairments on its exposures to the sovereign debt of one or more countries or otherwise adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the process the Group uses to estimate losses inherent in its credit exposure requires complex judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions and how these economic conditions might impair the ability of its borrowers to repay their loans. The degree of uncertainty concerning economic conditions may adversely affect the accuracy of the Group’s estimates, which may, in turn, affect the reliability of the process and the sufficiency of the Group’s loan loss provisions.

The Group faces, among others, the following economic risks:

· weak economic growth or recession in the countries where it operates;

· changes in the institutional environment in the countries where it operates could evolve into sudden and intense economic and/or regulatory downturns;

· deflation, mainly in Europe, or significant inflation, such as the significant inflation recently experienced by Venezuela and, to a lesser extent, Argentina;

· changes in foreign exchange rates as they result in changes in the reported earnings of the Group’s subsidiaries outside the Eurozone, and their assets, including their risk-weighted assets, and liabilities;

· a lower interest rate environment, even a prolonged period of negative interest rates in some areas where the Bank operates, which could lead to decreased lending margins and lower returns on assets;

· a higher interest rate environment, including as a result of an increase in interest rates by the Federal Reserve or any further tightening of monetary policies, including to address inflationary pressures and currency devaluations in Latin America, which could endanger a still tepid and fragile economic recovery and make it more difficult for customers of the Group’s mortgage and consumer loan products to service their debts;

· adverse developments in the real estate market, especially in Spain, Mexico, the United States and Turkey, given the Group’s exposures to such markets;

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· poor employment growth and structural challenges restricting employment growth, such as in Spain, where unemployment has remained relatively high, which may negatively affect the household income levels of the Group’s retail customers and may adversely affect the recoverability of the Group’s retail loans, resulting in increased loan loss provisions;

· lower oil prices, which could particularly affect producing areas, such as Venezuela, Mexico, Texas or Colombia, to which the Group is materially exposed;

· changes in laws, regulations and policies as a result of election processes in the different geographies in which the Group operates, which may negatively affect the Group’s business or customers in those geographies and other geographies in which the Group operates;

· the potential exit by an EU Member State from the European Monetary Union (“EMU”), which could materially adversely affect the European and global economy, cause a redenomination of financial instruments or other contractual obligations from the euro to a different currency and substantially disrupt capital, interbank, banking and other markets, among other effects;

· the possible political, economic and regulatory impacts in the United Kingdom and the EU derived from the outcome of the referendum held in the United Kingdom on June 23, 2016, which resulted in a vote in favor of the United Kingdom leaving the EU and the UK government giving notice to the EU under Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union of its intention to withdraw from the EU. The possible impact of the United Kingdom exiting the EU could include, among other things, political instability in the United Kingdom, the EU as a whole, or countries forming part of the EU; regulatory changes in the United Kingdom and/or in the EU; economic slowdown in the United Kingdom, in the EU and/or outside the EU; deterioration of the creditworthiness of borrowers based in or related to the United Kingdom and/or the EU; and volatility in financial markets which could limit or condition BBVA’s or any other issuer’s access to capital markets, all of which may arise regardless of the uncertainty as to the timing and duration of the exit process; and

· an eventual government default or restructuring on public debt, which could affect the Group primarily in two ways: directly, through portfolio losses, and indirectly, through instabilities that a default in public debt could cause to the banking system as a whole, particularly since commercial banks’ exposure to government debt is generally high in several countries in which the Group operates.

For additional information relating to certain economic risks that the Group faces in Spain, see “—Since the Group’s loan portfolio is highly concentrated in Spain, adverse changes affecting the Spanish economy could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition”. For additional information relating to certain economic risks that the Group faces in emerging market economies such as Latin America and Turkey, see “—The Group may be materially adversely affected by developments in the emerging markets where it operates”.

Any of the above risks could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### Since the Group’s loan portfolio is highly concentrated in Spain, adverse changes affecting the Spanish economy could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition

The Group has historically developed its lending business in Spain, which continues to be one of the main focuses of its business. The Group’s loan portfolio in Spain has been adversely affected by the deterioration of the Spanish economy since 2009. After rapid economic growth until 2007, Spanish gross domestic product (“GDP”) contracted in the period 2009-10 and 2012-13. The effects of the financial crisis were particularly pronounced in Spain given its heightened need for foreign financing as reflected by its high current account deficit, resulting from the gap between domestic investment and savings, and its public deficit. The current account imbalance has been corrected and the public deficit is in a downward trend, with GDP growth above 3% in 2015, 2016 and 2017 and unemployment falling to 17.2% in the fourth quarter of 2017. However, real or perceived difficulties in servicing public or private debt, triggered by foreign or domestic factors such as an increase in global financial risk or a decrease in the rate of domestic growth, could increase Spain’s financing costs, hindering economic growth, employment and households’ gross disposable income.

9

The Spanish economy is particularly sensitive to economic conditions in the Eurozone, the main market for Spanish goods and services exports. Accordingly, an interruption in the recovery in the Eurozone might have an adverse effect on Spanish economic growth. Given the relevance of the Group’s loan portfolio in Spain, any adverse changes affecting the Spanish economy could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### We may be adversely affected by political events in Catalonia

Our Spanish business includes extensive operations in Catalonia. Although actions carried out by the Spanish Government have helped diminish the level of uncertainty in the region resulting from its pro-independence movement, regional elections carried out in December 2017 resulted in pro-independence parties winning the majority of seats. As of the date of this Annual Report, a new government has not yet been formed. There is still significant uncertainty regarding the outcome of political and social tensions in Catalonia, which could result in volatile capital markets and other financing conditions in Spain or otherwise adversely affect the environment in which we operate in Catalonia and the rest of Spain, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

##### Any decline in the Kingdom of Spain’s sovereign credit ratings could adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations

Since the Bank is a Spanish company with substantial operations in Spain, its credit ratings may be adversely affected by the assessment by rating agencies of the creditworthiness of the Kingdom of Spain. As a result, any decline in the Kingdom of Spain’s sovereign credit ratings could result in a decline in the Bank’s credit ratings. In addition, the Group holds a substantial amount of securities issued by the Kingdom of Spain, autonomous communities within Spain and other Spanish issuers. Any decline in the Kingdom of Spain’s credit ratings could adversely affect the value of the Kingdom of Spain’s and other public or private Spanish issuers’ respective securities held by the Group in its various portfolios or otherwise materially adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the counterparties to many of the Group’s loan agreements could be similarly affected by any decline in the Kingdom of Spain’s credit ratings, which could limit their ability to raise additional capital or otherwise adversely affect their ability to repay their outstanding commitments to the Group and, in turn, materially and adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The Group may be materially adversely affected by developments in the emerging markets where it operates

The economies of some of the emerging markets where the Group operates, mainly Latin America and Turkey, experienced significant volatility in recent decades, characterized, in some cases, by slow or declining growth, declining investment and hyperinflation.

Emerging markets are generally subject to greater risks than more developed markets. For example, there is typically a greater risk of loss from unfavorable political and economic developments, social and geopolitical instability, and changes in governmental policies, including expropriation, nationalization, international ownership legislation, interest-rate caps and tax policies, and political unrest, such as the attempted coup in Turkey on July 15, 2016 and state of emergency entitling the exercise of additional powers by the Turkish government first declared on July 20, 2016 and which continues to be in place. In addition, these emerging markets are affected by conditions in other related markets and in global financial markets generally and some are particularly affected by commodities price fluctuations, which in turn may affect financial market conditions through exchange rate fluctuations, interest rate volatility and deposits volatility. As a global economic recovery remains fragile, there are risks of deterioration. If the global economic conditions deteriorate, the business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows of the Bank’s subsidiaries in emerging economies, mainly in Latin America and Turkey, may be materially adversely affected.

Furthermore, financial turmoil in any particular emerging market could negatively affect other emerging markets or the global economy in general. Financial turmoil in emerging markets tends to adversely affect stock prices and debt securities prices of other emerging markets as investors move their money to more stable and developed markets, and may reduce liquidity to companies located in the affected markets. An increase in the perceived risks associated with investing in emerging economies in general, or the emerging market economies

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where the Group operates in particular, could dampen capital flows to such economies and adversely affect such economies.

In addition, any changes in laws, regulations and policies pursued by the U.S. Government may adversely affect the emerging markets in which the Group operates, particularly Mexico due to the trade and other ties between Mexico and the United States. See “—Our business could be adversely affected by global political developments, particularly with regard to U.S. policies that affect Mexico” below.

If economic conditions in the emerging market economies where the Group operates deteriorate, the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

##### Our business could be adversely affected by global political developments, particularly with regard to U.S. policies that affect Mexico

Changes in economic, political and regulatory conditions in the United States or in U.S. laws and policies governing foreign trade and foreign relations could create uncertainty in the international markets and could have a negative impact on the Mexican economy and public finances. This correlation is due, in part, to the high level of economic activity between the two countries generally, including the trade facilitated by the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”), as well as due to their physical proximity.

Following the U.S. elections in November 2016 and the change in the U.S. administration for the four-year period from 2017 to 2020, there is uncertainty regarding future U.S. policies with respect to matters of importance to Mexico and its economy, particularly including trade and immigration. In particular, since August 16, 2017, the U.S. administration has been renegotiating the terms of NAFTA with its Mexican and Canadian counterparts. The U.S. administration, which has also stated that it may withdraw from the agreement, seeks to lower the trade deficit between the United States and Mexico, eliminate certain subsidies and practices by State-owned companies (such as Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex)) which are perceived to distort the market and achieve stronger protection for U.S. digital trade and intellectual properties. Because the Mexican economy is heavily influenced by the U.S. economy, the re-negotiation, or even termination, of NAFTA and/or the adoption of other U.S. government policies may adversely affect economic conditions in Mexico. Any decision taken by the U.S. administration that has an impact on the Mexican economy, such as by reducing the levels of remittances, reducing commercial activity among the two countries or slowing direct foreign investment in Mexico, could adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

U.S. immigration policies could also affect trade and other relations between Mexico and the United States and have other consequences for Mexican government policies. These factors could have an impact on Mexico’s GDP growth, the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar or euro and the Mexican peso, levels of foreign direct investment and portfolio investment in Mexico, interest rates, inflation and the Mexican economy generally, which in turn, may have an impact on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The Group’s earnings and financial condition have been, and its future earnings and financial condition may continue to be, materially affected by depressed asset valuations resulting from poor market conditions

Severe market events such as the past sovereign debt crisis, rising risk premiums and falls in share market prices, have resulted in the Group recording large write-downs on its credit market exposures in recent years. Several factors could further depress the valuation of our assets. Current political processes such as the implementation of “Brexit”, which will result in the United Kingdom leaving the European Union, the surge of populist trends in several European countries or potential changes in U.S. economic policies implemented by the U.S. administration, could increase global financial volatility and lead to the reallocation of assets. Doubts on the asset quality of European banks also affected their evolution in the market during 2016 and such doubts remained in 2017. In addition, uncertainty about China’s growth expectations and its policymaking capability to address certain severe future challenges has recently resulted in sudden and intense deterioration of the valuation of global assets and further increased volatility in the global financial markets. Additionally, in dislocated markets, hedging and other risk management strategies may not be as effective as they are in more normal market conditions due in part to the decreasing credit quality of hedge counterparties. Any deterioration in economic and financial market conditions could lead to further impairment charges and write-downs.

#####

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##### Exposure to the real estate market makes the Group vulnerable to developments in this market

The Group has substantial exposure to the real estate market, mainly in Spain, Mexico and the United States. The Group is exposed to the real estate market due to the fact that real estate assets secure many of its outstanding loans and due to the significant amount of real estate assets held on its balance sheet and its stakes in real estate companies such as Metrovacesa, S.A. and Testa Residencial SOCIMI, S.A. Any deterioration of real estate prices could materially and adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

#### Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks

##### The Group is subject to substantial regulation and regulatory and governmental oversight. Changes in the regulatory framework could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition

The financial services industry is among the most highly regulated industries in the world. In response to the global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis, governments, regulatory authorities and others have made and continue to make proposals to reform the regulatory framework for the financial services industry to enhance its resilience against future crises. Legislation has already been enacted and regulations issued in response to some of these proposals. The regulatory framework for financial institutions is likely to undergo further significant change. This creates significant uncertainty for the Group and the financial industry in general. The wide range of recent actions or current proposals includes, among other things, provisions for more stringent regulatory capital and liquidity standards, restrictions on compensation practices, special bank levies and financial transaction taxes, recovery and resolution powers to intervene in a crisis including “bail-in” of creditors, separation of certain businesses from deposit taking, stress testing and capital planning regimes, heightened reporting requirements and reforms of derivatives, other financial instruments, investment products and market infrastructures.

In addition, the new institutional structure in Europe for supervision, with the creation of the single supervisor, and for resolution, with the single resolution mechanism, is changing the supervisory landscape. The specific effects of a number of new laws and regulations remain uncertain because the drafting and implementation of these laws and regulations are still ongoing. In addition, since some of these laws and regulations have been recently adopted, the manner in which they are applied to the operations of financial institutions is still evolving. No assurance can be given that laws or regulations will be enforced or interpreted in a manner that will not have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, regulatory scrutiny under existing laws and regulations has become more intense.

Furthermore, regulatory and supervisory authorities have substantial discretion in how to regulate and supervise banks, and this discretion, and the means available to regulators and supervisors, have been steadily increasing during recent years. Regulation may be imposed on an ad hoc basis by governments and regulators in response to a crisis, and these may especially affect financial institutions that are deemed to be systemically important (including global systemically important banks (“G-SIBs”) and institutions deemed to be of local systemic importance, domestic systemically important banks (“D-SIBs”), such as the Bank).

In addition, local regulations in certain jurisdictions where the Group operates differ in a number of material respects from equivalent regulations in Spain or the United States. Changes in regulations may have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly in Mexico, the United States, Turkey, Venezuela and Argentina. Furthermore, regulatory fragmentation, with some countries implementing new and more stringent standards or regulation, could adversely affect the Group’s ability to compete with financial institutions based in other jurisdictions which do not need to comply with such new standards or regulation. In addition, financial institutions which are based in other jurisdictions, including the United States, could benefit from any deregulation efforts implemented in such jurisdictions. Moreover, to the extent recently adopted regulations are implemented inconsistently in the various jurisdictions in which the Group operates, the Group may face higher compliance costs.

Any required changes to the Group’s business operations resulting from the legislation and regulations applicable to such business could result in significant loss of revenue, limit the Group’s ability to pursue business opportunities in which the Group might otherwise consider engaging, affect the value of assets that the Group holds,

12

require the Group to increase its prices and therefore reduce demand for its products, impose additional costs on the Group or otherwise adversely affect the Group’s businesses. For example, the Group is subject to substantial regulation relating to liquidity. Future liquidity standards could require it to maintain a greater proportion of its assets in highly liquid but lower-yielding financial instruments, which would negatively affect its net interest margin. Moreover, the Group’s regulators, as part of their supervisory function, periodically review the Group’s allowance for loan losses. Such regulators may require the Group to increase its allowance for loan losses or to recognize further losses. Any such additional provisions for loan losses, as required by these regulators whose views may differ from those of the Group’s management, could have an adverse effect on the Group’s earnings and financial condition.

Adverse regulatory developments or changes in government policy relating to any of the foregoing or other matters could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

##### Increasingly onerous capital requirements may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations

As a Spanish credit institution, the Bank is subject to Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 26, 2013 on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms, amending Directive 2002/87/EC and repealing Directives 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC (the “CRD IV Directive”), through which the EU began implementing the Basel III capital reforms, with effect from January 1, 2014, with certain requirements in the process of being phased in until January 1, 2019. The core regulation regarding the solvency of credit institutions is Regulation (EU) No. 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 26, 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No. 648/2012 (the “CRR” and, together with the CRD IV Directive and any measures implementing the CRD IV Directive or the CRR which may from time to time be applicable in Spain, “CRD IV”), which is complemented by several binding regulatory technical standards, all of which are directly applicable in all EU Member States, without the need for national implementation measures. The implementation of CRD IV Directive into Spanish law has taken place through Royal Decree-Law 14/2013, of November 29, Law 10/2014, of June 26, on the organization, supervision and solvency of credit institutions (“Law 10/2014”), Royal Decree 84/2015, of February 13 (“RD 84/2015”), Bank of Spain Circular 2/2014, of January 31 and Bank of Spain Circular 2/2016, of February 2 (the “Bank of Spain Circular 2/2016”). On November 23, 2016, the European Commission published a package of proposals with further reforms to CRD IV, Directive 2014/59/EU, of May 15 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms (the “BRRD”) and Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 15, 2014 establishing uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of a Single Resolution Mechanism and a Single Resolution Fund and amending Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 (the “SRM Regulation”) (the “EU Banking Reforms”), including measures to increase the resilience of EU institutions and enhance financial stability. The timing for the final implementation of these reforms as at the date of this Annual Report is unclear. As of the date of this Annual Report, the EU Banking Reforms are being subject to further discussions and possible amendments at the European Parliament and the European Commission.

CRD IV, among other things, established minimum “Pillar 1” capital requirements and increased the level of capital required by means of a “combined buffer requirement” that entities must comply with from 2016 onwards. The “combined buffer requirement” introduced five new capital buffers: (i) the capital conservation buffer, (ii) the G-SIB buffer, (iii) the institution-specific countercyclical buffer, (iv) the D-SIB buffer, and (v) the systemic risk buffer. The “combined buffer requirement” applies in addition to the minimum “Pillar 1” capital requirements and is required to be satisfied with common equity tier 1 (“CET1”) capital.

The G-SIB buffer applies to those institutions included on the list of G-SIBs, which is updated annually by the Financial Stability Board (the “FSB”). The Bank has been excluded from this list with effect from January 1, 2017 and so, unless otherwise indicated by the FSB (or the Bank of Spain) in the future, it will no longer be required to maintain a G-SIB buffer.

The Bank of Spain announced on November 24, 2017 that the Bank continues to be considered a D-SIB, and consequently the Bank was required to maintain a fully-loaded D-SIB buffer of a CET1 capital ratio of 0.75% on a consolidated basis. The D-SIB buffer is being phased-in from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2019, with the result that the D-SIB buffer applicable to the Bank for 2018 is a CET1 capital ratio of 0.5625% on a consolidated basis.

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The Bank of Spain agreed in December 2015 to set the countercyclical capital buffer applicable to credit exposures in Spain at 0% from January 1, 2016. These percentages are revised each quarter. The Bank of Spain agreed in March 2018 to maintain the countercyclical capital buffer at 0% for the second quarter of 2018.

The Bank of Spain has greater discretion in relation to the institution-specific countercyclical buffer, the buffer for D-SIBs and the systemic risk buffer (a buffer to prevent systemic or macro prudential risks). With the entry into force of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (the “SSM”) on November 4, 2014, the ECB also has the ability to provide certain recommendations in this respect.

Moreover, Article 104 of the CRD IV Directive, as implemented by Article 68 of Law 10/2014, and similarly Article 16 of Council Regulation (EU) No. 1024/2013 of October 15, 2013 conferring specific tasks on the ECB concerning policies relating to the prudential supervision of credit institutions (the “SSM Regulation”), also contemplates that in addition to the minimum “Pillar 1” capital requirements and the combined buffer requirements, supervisory authorities may impose (above “Pillar 1” requirements and below the combined buffer requirements) further “Pillar 2” capital requirements to cover other risks, including those not considered to be fully captured by the minimum “own funds” “Pillar 1” requirements under CRD IV or to address macro-prudential considerations.

In accordance with the SSM Regulation, the ECB has fully assumed its new supervisory responsibilities of BBVA and the Group within the SSM. The ECB is required, under the Regulation (EU) No 468/2014 of the ECB of April 16, 2014 establishing the framework for cooperation within the Single Supervisory Mechanism between the ECB and national competent authorities and with national designated authorities (the “SSM Framework Regulation”), to carry out a supervisory review and evaluation process (the “SREP”) of BBVA and the Group at least on an annual basis.

In addition to the above, the European Banking Authority (the “EBA”) published on December 19, 2014 its final guidelines for common procedures and methodologies in respect of the SREP (the “EBA SREP Guidelines”). Included in this were the EBA’s proposed guidelines for a common approach to determining the amount and composition of additional “Pillar 2” own funds requirements to be implemented from January 1, 2016. Under these guidelines, national supervisors should set a composition requirement for the “Pillar 2” requirements to cover certain specified risks of at least 56% CET1 capital and at least 75% Tier 1 capital, as it has also been included in the EU Banking Reforms. The EBA SREP Guidelines and the EU Banking Reforms also contemplate that national supervisors should not set additional own funds requirements in respect of risks which are already covered by the “combined buffer requirement” and/or additional macro-prudential requirements.

Any additional “Pillar 2” own funds requirement that may be imposed on the Bank and/or the Group by the ECB pursuant to the SREP will require the Bank and/or the Group to hold capital levels above the minimum “Pillar 1” capital requirements.

As a result of the most recent SREP carried out by the ECB in 2017, we have been informed by the ECB that, effective from January 1, 2018, we are required to maintain (i) a CET1 phased-in capital ratio of 8.4375% (on a consolidated basis) and 7.875% (on an individual basis); and (ii) a phased-in total capital ratio of 11.9375% (on a consolidated basis) and 11.375% (on an individual basis).

This phased-in total capital ratio of 11.9375% on a consolidated basis includes (i) the minimum CET1 capital ratio required under “Pillar 1” (4.5%); (ii) the “Pillar 1” Additional Tier 1 capital requirement (1.5%); (iii) the “Pillar 1” Tier 2 capital requirement (2%); (iv) the additional CET1 capital requirement under “Pillar 2” (1.5%); (v) the capital conservation buffer (1.875% CET1); and (vi) the D-SIB buffer (0.5625% CET1).

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s phased-in total capital ratio was 15.37% on a consolidated basis and 22.54% on an individual basis. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s CET1 phased-in capital ratio was 11.67% on a consolidated basis and 17.67% on an individual basis. Such ratios exceed the applicable regulatory requirements described above, but there can be no assurance that the total capital requirements imposed on the Bank and/or the Group from time to time may not be higher than the levels of capital available at such point in time. There can also be no assurance as to the result of any future SREP carried out by the ECB and whether this will impose any further “Pillar 2” additional own funds requirements on the Bank and/or the Group.

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The EU Banking Reforms propose new requirements that capital instruments should meet in order to be considered as Additional Tier 1 instruments or Tier 2 instruments. In accordance with the EU Banking Reforms (as they currently stand), these new requirements are not subject to a grandfathering or exemption regime for currently issued Additional Tier 1 instruments and/or Tier 2 instruments. As a result, such instruments could be subject to regulatory uncertainties on their inclusion as capital if the EU Banking Reforms are approved in the form in which they were originally published, which may lead to regulatory capital shortfalls and ultimately a breach of the applicable minimum regulatory capital requirements.

Any failure by the Bank and/or the Group to maintain its “Pillar 1” minimum regulatory capital ratios, any “Pillar 2” additional own funds requirements and/or any “combined buffer requirement” could result in the imposition of restrictions or prohibitions on “discretionary payments” by the Bank as discussed below or administrative actions or sanctions, which, in turn, may have a material adverse effect on the Group’s results of operations.

According to Article 48 of Law 10/2014, Article 73 of RD 84/2015 and Rule 24 of Bank of Spain Circular 2/2016, any entity not meeting its “combined buffer requirement” is required to determine its Maximum Distributable Amount (“MDA”) as described therein. Until the MDA has been calculated and communicated to the Bank of Spain, where applicable, the relevant entity will be subject to restrictions on (i) distributions relating to CET1 capital, (ii) payments in respect of variable remuneration or discretionary pension revenues and (iii) distributions relating to Additional Tier 1 instruments (“discretionary payments”) and, thereafter, any such discretionary payments by that entity will be subject to such MDA limit.

Furthermore, as set forth in Article 48 of Law 10/2014, the adoption by the Bank of Spain of the measures prescribed in Articles 68.2.h) and 68.2.i) of Law 10/2014, aimed at strengthening own funds or limiting or prohibiting the distribution of dividends respectively will also result in a requirement to determine the MDA and restrict discretionary payments to such MDA. Pursuant to the EU Banking Reforms, MDA could also be affected by a breach of MREL (as defined below) (see “—Any failure by the Bank and/or the Group to comply with its MREL could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.” below).

As set out in the “Opinion of the European Banking Authority on the interaction of Pillar 1, Pillar 2 and combined buffer requirements and restrictions on distributions” published on December 16, 2015 (the “December 2015 EBA Opinion”), in the EBA’s opinion competent authorities should ensure that the CET1 capital to be taken into account in determining the CET1 capital available to meet the “combined buffer requirement” for the purposes of the MDA calculation is limited to the amount not used to meet the “Pillar 1” and, if applicable, “Pillar 2” own funds requirements of the institution. There can be no assurance as to how and when binding effect will be given to the December 2015 EBA Opinion in Spain, including as to the consequences for an institution of its capital levels falling below those necessary to meet these requirements. The EU Banking Reforms propose certain amendments in order to clarify, for the purposes of restrictions on distributions, the hierarchy between the “Pillar 2” additional own funds requirements, the minimum “own funds” “Pillar 1” requirements, the own funds and eligible liabilities requirement, MREL and the “combined buffer requirements” (which is referred to as “stacking order”). Furthermore, pursuant to the EU Banking Reforms, an institution would not be entitled to make distributions relating to CET1 capital or payments in respect of variable remuneration or discretionary pension revenues, before having made the payments due on Additional Tier 1 instruments.

On July 1, 2016, the EBA published additional information explaining how supervisors intend to use the results of an EU-wide stress test for SREP in 2016 (which results were published on July 29, 2016). The EBA stated, among other things, that the incorporation of the quantitative results of the EU-wide stress test into SREP assessments may include setting additional supervisory monitoring metrics in the form of capital guidance. Such guidance will not be included in MDA calculations but competent authorities would expect banks to meet that guidance except when explicitly agreed. Competent authorities have remedial tools if an institution refuses to follow such guidance. The EU Banking Reforms also propose that a distinction be made between “Pillar 2” capital requirements and “Pillar 2” capital guidance, with only the former being mandatory requirements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the EU Banking Reforms propose that, in addition to certain other measures, supervisory authorities be entitled to impose further “Pillar 2” capital requirements where an institution repeatedly fails to follow the “Pillar 2” capital guidance previously imposed.

15

The ECB has also set out in its recommendation of December 28, 2017 on dividend distribution policies that credit institutions should establish dividend policies using conservative and prudent assumptions in order, after any distribution, to satisfy the applicable capital requirements and the outcomes of the SREP.

Any failure by the Bank and/or the Group to comply with its regulatory capital requirements could also result in the imposition of further “Pillar 2” requirements and the adoption of any early intervention or, ultimately, resolution measures by resolution authorities pursuant to Law 11/2015 of June 18 on the Recovery and Resolution of Credit Institutions and Investment Firms (Ley 11/2015 de 18 de junio de recuperación y resolución de entidades de crédito y empresas de servicios de inversión), as amended, replaced or supplemented from time to time (“Law 11/2015”), which, together with Royal Decree 1012/2015 of November 6 by virtue of which Law 11/2015 is developed and Royal Decree 2606/1996 of December 20 on credit entities’ deposit guarantee fund is amended (“RD 1012/2015”), has implemented the BRRD into Spanish law. See “—Bail-in and write-down powers under the BRRD and the SRM Regulation may adversely affect our business and the value of any securities we may issue” below.

At its meeting of January 12, 2014, the oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“BCBS”) endorsed the definition of the leverage ratio set forth in CRD IV, to promote consistent disclosure, which applied from January 1, 2015. As of the date of this Annual Report, there is no applicable regulation in Spain which establishes a specific leverage ratio requirement for credit institutions. However, the EU Banking Reforms propose a binding leverage ratio requirement of 3% of Tier 1 capital that is added to an institution’s own funds requirements and that an institution must meet in addition to its risk based requirements.

Basel III implementation differs across jurisdictions in terms of timing and applicable rules. This lack of uniformity among implemented rules may lead to an uneven playing field and to competition distortions. Moreover, the lack of regulatory coordination, with some countries bringing forward the application of Basel III requirements or increasing such requirements, could adversely affect a bank with global operations such as the Bank and could undermine its profitability.

There can be no assurance that the implementation of the above capital requirements will not adversely affect the Bank’s ability to pay “discretionary payments” or result in the cancellation of such payments (in whole or in part), or require the Bank to issue additional securities that qualify as regulatory capital, to liquidate assets, to curtail business or to take any other actions, any of which may have adverse effects on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, increased capital requirements may negatively affect the Bank’s return on equity and other financial performance indicators.

##### Bail-in and write-down powers under the BRRD and the SRM Regulation may adversely affect our business and the value of any securities we may issue

The BRRD (which has been implemented in Spain through Law 11/2015 and RD 1012/2015) and the SRM Regulation are designed to provide authorities with a credible set of tools to intervene sufficiently early and quickly in unsound or failing credit institutions or investment firms (each, an “institution”) so as to ensure the continuity of the institution’s critical financial and economic functions, while minimizing the impact of an institution’s failure on the economy and financial system. The BRRD further provides that any extraordinary public financial support through additional financial stabilization tools is only to be used by a Member State as a last resort, after having assessed and utilized the resolution tools set out below to the maximum extent possible while maintaining financial stability.

In accordance with Article 20 of Law 11/2015, an institution will be considered as failing or likely to fail in any of the following circumstances: (i) it is, or is likely in the near future to be, in significant breach of its solvency or any other requirements necessary for maintaining its authorization; (ii) its assets are, or are likely in the near future to be, less than its liabilities; (iii) it is, or is likely in the near future to be, unable to pay its debts as they fall due; or (iv) it requires extraordinary public financial support (except in limited circumstances). The determination that an institution is failing or likely to fail may depend on a number of factors which may be outside of that institution’s control.

As provided in the BRRD, Law 11/2015 contains four resolution tools and powers which may be used alone or in combination where a Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority (as defined below) considers that (i) an institution is failing or likely to fail, (ii) there is no reasonable prospect that any other measure would prevent the failure of such

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institution within a reasonable timeframe and (iii) a resolution action, instead of the winding up of the institution under normal insolvency proceedings, is in the public interest. The four resolution tools are (i) sale of business, which enables resolution authorities to direct the sale of the institution or the whole or part of its business on commercial terms; (ii) bridge institution, which enables resolution authorities to transfer all or part of the business of the institution to a “bridge institution” (an entity created for this purpose that is wholly or partially in public control), which may limit the capacity of the institution to meet its repayment obligations; (iii) asset separation, which enables resolution authorities to transfer certain categories of assets (normally impaired or otherwise problematic) to one or more asset management vehicles to allow them to be managed with a view to maximizing their value through eventual sale or orderly wind-down (this can be used together with another resolution tool only); and (iv) the Spanish Bail-in Power (as defined below). Any exercise of the Spanish Bail-in Power by the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority may include the write down and/or conversion into equity or other securities or obligations (which equity, securities and obligations could also be subject to any future application of the Spanish Bail-in Power) of certain unsecured debt claims of an institution.

“Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority” means the Spanish Fund for the Orderly Restructuring of Banks (Fondo de Restructuración Ordenada Bancaria) (“FROB”), the European Single Resolution Mechanism (“SRM”) and, as the case may be, according to Law 11/2015, the Bank of Spain and the CNMV, and any other entity with the authority to exercise the Spanish Bail-in Power from time to time. “Spanish Bail-in Power” means any write-down, conversion, transfer, modification, or suspension power existing from time to time under: (i) any law, regulation, rule or requirement applicable from time to time in Spain, relating to the transposition or development of the BRRD (as amended, replaced or supplemented from time to time), including, but not limited to (a) Law 11/2015, (b) RD 1012/2015; and (c) the SRM Regulation, each as amended, replaced or supplemented from time to time; or (ii) any other law, regulation, rule or requirement applicable from time to time in Spain pursuant to which (a) obligations or liabilities of banks, investment firms or other financial institutions or their affiliates can be reduced, cancelled, modified, transferred or converted into shares, other securities, or other obligations of such persons or any other person (or suspended for a temporary period or permanently) or (b) any right in a contract governing such obligations may be deemed to have been exercised.

In accordance with Article 48 of Law 11/2015 (and subject to any exclusions that may be applied by the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority under Article 43 of Law 11/2015), in the case of any application of the Spanish Bail-in Power, the sequence of any resulting write-down or conversion by the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority shall be in the following order: (i) CET1 items; (ii) the principal amount of Additional Tier 1 instruments; (iii) the principal amount of Tier 2 capital instruments; (iv) the principal amount of other subordinated claims that are not Additional Tier 1 capital or Tier 2 capital; and (v) the principal or outstanding amount of the remaining eligible liabilities in the order of the hierarchy of claims in normal insolvency proceedings.

The BRRD, Law 11/2015 and the SRM Regulation provide for resolution authorities to have the further power to permanently write-down or convert into equity capital instruments at the point of non-viability (“Non-Viability Loss Absorption”) of an institution or a group. The point of non-viability of an institution is the point at which the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority determines that the institution meets the conditions for resolution or will no longer be viable unless the relevant capital instruments are written down or converted into equity or extraordinary public support is to be provided and without such support the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority determines that the institution would no longer be viable. The point of non-viability of a group is the point at which the group infringes or there are objective elements to support a determination that the group, in the near future, will infringe its consolidated solvency requirements in a way that would justify action by the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority in accordance with article 38.3 of Law 11/2015. Non-Viability Loss Absorption may be imposed prior to or in combination with any other exercise of the Spanish Bail-in Power or any other resolution tool or power (where the conditions for resolution referred to above are met).

Any application of the Spanish Bail-in Power (including a Non-Viability Loss Absorption) under the BRRD shall be in accordance with the hierarchy of claims in normal insolvency proceedings (unless otherwise provided by Applicable Banking Regulations). “Applicable Banking Regulations” means at any time the laws, regulations, requirements, guidelines and policies relating to capital adequacy, resolution and/or solvency then applicable to the Bank and/or the Group including, without limitation to the generality of the foregoing, CRD IV, the BRRD and those laws, regulations, requirements, guidelines and policies relating to capital adequacy, resolution and/or solvency then in effect in Spain (whether or not such regulations, requirements, guidelines or policies have the force of law and whether or not they are applied generally or specifically to the Bank and/or the Group).

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To the extent that any resulting treatment of a holder of the Bank’s securities pursuant to the exercise of the Spanish Bail-in Power (except as indicated below with respect to a Non-Viability Loss Absorption) is less favorable than would have been the case under such hierarchy in normal insolvency proceedings, a holder of such affected securities would have a right to compensation under the BRRD and the SRM Regulation based on an independent valuation of the institution, in accordance with Article 10 of RD 1012/2015 and the SRM Regulation. Any such compensation, however, together with any other compensation provided by any Applicable Banking Regulations (including, among such other compensation, in accordance with article 36.5 of Law 11/2015) is unlikely to compensate that holder for the losses it has actually incurred and there is likely to be a considerable delay in the recovery of such compensation. Compensation payments (if any) are also likely to be made considerably later than when amounts may otherwise have been due under the affected securities. In addition, in the case of a Non-Viability Loss Absorption it is not clear that a holder of the affected securities would have a right to compensation under the BRRD and the SRM Regulation if any resulting treatment of such holder pursuant to the exercise of the Spanish Bail-in Power was less favorable than would have been the case under such hierarchy in normal insolvency proceedings.

The powers set out in the BRRD, as implemented through Law 11/2015 and RD 1012/2015, and the SRM Regulation impact how credit institutions and investment firms are managed, as well as, in certain circumstances, the rights of creditors. Pursuant to Law 11/2015, upon any application of the Spanish Bail-in Power (including a Non-Viability Loss Absorption), holders of, among others, unsecured debt securities, subordinated obligations and shares issued by us may be subject to, among other things, a write-down (including to zero) and/or conversion into equity or other securities or obligations on any application of the Spanish Bail-in Power. The exercise of any such powers (or any of the other resolution powers and tools) may result in such holders of such securities losing some or all of their investment or otherwise having their rights under such securities adversely affected, including by becoming holders of further subordinated instruments. Such exercise could also involve modifications to, or the disapplication of, provisions in the terms and conditions of certain securities including alteration of the principal amount or any interest payable on debt instruments, the maturity date or any other dates on which payments may be due, as well as the suspension of payments for a certain period. As a result, the exercise of the Spanish Bail-in Power (including, where applicable, the Non-Viability Loss Absorption) with respect to such securities or the taking by an authority of any other action, or any suggestion that the exercise or taking of any such action may happen, could materially adversely affect the rights of holders of such securities, the market price or value or trading behavior of our securities and/or the ability of the Bank to satisfy its obligations under any such securities.

The exercise of the Spanish Bail-in Power (including by imposing a Non-Viability Loss Absorption) by the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority is likely to be inherently unpredictable and may depend on a number of factors which may also be outside of the Bank’s control. In addition, as the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority will retain an element of discretion, holders of such securities may not be able to refer to publicly available criteria in order to anticipate any potential exercise of any such Spanish Bail-in Power (including a Non-Viability Loss Absorption). Because of this inherent uncertainty, it will be difficult to predict when, if at all, the exercise of any such powers by the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority may occur.

This uncertainty may adversely affect the value of the unsecured debt securities, subordinated obligations and shares issued by us. The price and trading behavior of such securities may be affected by the threat of a possible exercise of any power under Law 11/2015 and/or the SRM Regulation (including any early intervention measure before any resolution) or any suggestion of such exercise, even if the likelihood of such exercise is remote. Moreover, the Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority may exercise any such powers without providing any advance notice to the holders of affected securities.

In addition, the EBA has published certain regulatory technical standards and implementing technical standards to be adopted by the European Commission and certain other guidelines. These standards and guidelines could be potentially relevant to determining when or how a Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority may exercise the Spanish Bail-in Power (including by imposing a Non-Viability Loss Absorption). Included in this are guidelines on the treatment of shareholders in bail-in or the write-down and conversion of capital instruments, and on the rate of conversion of debt to equity or other securities or obligations in any bail-in. No assurance can be given that these standards and guidelines will not be detrimental to the rights under, and the value of, unsecured debt securities, subordinated obligations and shares issued by us.

#####

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##### Any failure by the Bank and/or the Group to comply with its MREL could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations

The BRRD prescribes that banks shall hold a minimum level of own funds and eligible liabilities in relation to total liabilities known as the minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (“MREL”). According to Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/1450 of May 23, 2016 (the “MREL Delegated Regulation”), the level of own funds and eligible liabilities required under MREL will be set by the resolution authority for each bank (and/or group) based on, among other things, the criteria set forth in Article 45.6 of the BRRD, including the systemic importance of the institution. Eligible liabilities may be senior or subordinated, provided that, among other requirements, they have a remaining maturity of at least one year and, if governed by a non-EU law, they must be able to be written down or converted by the resolution authority of a Member State under that law or through contractual provisions.

MREL came into force on January 1, 2016. However, the EBA has recognized the impact which this requirement may have on banks’ funding structures and costs, and the MREL Delegated Regulation states that the resolution authorities shall determine an appropriate transitional period but that this shall be as short as possible.

In addition, as a result of the EU Banking Reforms, Directive (EU) 2017/2399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 12, 2017 amending Directive 2014/59/EU as regards the ranking of unsecured debt instruments in insolvency hierarchy was approved with the aim to harmonize national laws on insolvency and recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms, by creating a new credit class of “non-preferred” senior debt that should only be bailed-in after junior ranking instruments but before other senior liabilities. In this regard, on June 23, 2017 Royal Decree-Law 11/2017 of June 23 on urgent measures in financial matters (Real Decreto-ley 11/2017, de 23 de junio, de medidas urgentes en materia financiera) introduced into Spanish law the new class of “non-preferred” senior debt.

On November 9, 2015, the FSB published its final Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity (“TLAC”) Principles and Term Sheet (the “TLAC Principles and Term Sheet”), proposing that G-SIBs maintain significant minimum amounts of liabilities that are subordinated (by law, contract or structurally) to certain prior-ranking liabilities, such as guaranteed insured deposits, and forming a new standard for G-SIBs. The TLAC Principles and Term Sheet contain a set of principles on loss-absorbing and recapitalization capacity of G-SIBs in resolution and a term sheet for the implementation of these principles in the form of an internationally agreed standard. The TLAC Principles and Term Sheet require a minimum TLAC requirement to be determined individually for each G-SIB at the greater of (i) 16% of risk-weighted assets as of January 1, 2019 and 18% as of January 1, 2022, and (ii) 6% of the Basel III Tier 1 leverage ratio exposure measured as of January 1, 2019, and 6.75% as of January 1, 2022. The Bank is no longer classified as a G-SIB by the FSB with effect from January 1, 2017. However, if the Bank were to be so classified in the future or if TLAC requirements as set out below are adopted and implemented in Spain and extended to non-G-SIBs through the imposition of requirements similar to MREL as set out below, then this could create additional minimum requirements for the Bank.

In addition, the EU Banking Reforms establish some exemptions which could allow outstanding senior debt instruments to be used to comply with MREL. However, there is uncertainty regarding the final form of the EU Banking Reforms insofar as such eligibility is concerned and how those regulations and exemptions are to be interpreted and applied. This uncertainty may impact upon the ability of BBVA to comply with its MREL (at both individual and consolidated levels (together, “MRELs”)) by the relevant deadline. In this regard, the EBA submitted on December 14, 2016 its final report on the implementation and design of the MREL framework (the “EBA MREL Report”), which contains a number of recommendations to amend the current MREL framework. Additionally, the EU Banking Reforms contain the legislative proposal of the European Commission for the amendment of the MREL framework and the implementation of the TLAC standards. The EU Banking Reforms propose the amendment of a number of aspects of the MREL framework to align it with the TLAC standards included in the TLAC Principles and Term Sheet. To maintain coherence between the MREL rules applicable to G-SIBs and those applicable to non-G-SIBs, the EU Banking Reforms also propose a number of changes to the MREL rules applicable to non-G-SIBs. While the EU Banking Reforms propose for minimum harmonized or “Pillar 1” MRELs for G-SIBs, in the case of non-G-SIBs, it is proposed that MRELs will be imposed on a bank-specific basis. For G-SIBs, it is also proposed that a supplementary or “Pillar 2” MRELs may be further imposed on a bank-specific basis. The EU Banking Reforms further provide for the resolution authorities to give guidance to an institution to have own funds and eligible liabilities in excess of the requisite levels for certain purposes.

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Neither the BRRD nor the MREL Delegated Regulation provides details on the implications of a failure by an institution to comply with its MREL requirement. However, the EU Banking Reforms propose that this be addressed by the relevant authorities on the basis of their powers to address or remove impediments to resolution, the exercise of their supervisory powers under the CRD IV Directive, early intervention measures, and administrative penalties and other administrative measures.

Furthermore, in accordance with the EBA MREL Report, the EBA recommends that resolution authorities and competent authorities should engage in active monitoring of compliance with their respective requirements and considers that (i) the powers of resolution authorities to respond to a breach of MREL should be enhanced (which would require resolution authorities to be given the power to require the preparation and execution of an MREL restoration plan, to use their powers to address impediments to resolvability, to request that distribution restrictions be imposed on an institution by a competent authority and to request a joint restoration plan in cases where an institution breaches both MREL and minimum capital requirements); (ii) resolution authorities should assume a lead role in responding to a failure to issue or roll over MREL-eligible debt leading to a breach of MREL; and (iii) if there are both losses and a failure to roll over or issue MREL-eligible debt, both the relevant resolution authority and relevant competent authority should attempt to agree on a joint restoration plan (provided that both authorities believe that the institution is not failing or likely to fail). In addition, under the EBA Guidelines on triggers for use of early intervention measures of May 8, 2015 a significant deterioration in the amount of eligible liabilities and own funds held by an institution for the purposes of meeting its MRELs may put an institution in a situation where conditions for early intervention are met, which may result in the application by the competent authority of early intervention measures.

Further, as outlined in the EBA MREL Report, the EBA’s recommendation is that an institution will not be able to use the same CET 1 capital to meet both MREL and the combined buffer requirements. In addition, the EU Banking Reforms provide that, in the case of the own funds of an institution that may otherwise contribute to the combined buffer requirement where there is any shortfall in MREL, this will be considered as a failure to meet the combined buffer requirement such that those own funds will automatically be used instead to meet that institution’s MRELs and will no longer count towards its combined buffer requirement. Accordingly, this could trigger a limit on discretionary payments (see “—Increasingly onerous capital requirements may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations”).

Additionally, if the FROB, the SRM or a Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority finds that there could exist any obstacles to resolvability by the Bank and/or the Group, a higher MREL could be imposed.

Moreover, with respect to the EU Banking Reforms, there are uncertainties concerning how the subsidiaries of the Group would be treated in determining the resolution group of the Bank and the applicable MRELs, which may lead to a situation where the consolidated MREL of the Bank would not fully reflect its multiple-point-of-entry resolution strategy.

Any failure or perceived failure by the Bank and/or the Group to comply with its MREL may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial conditions and results of operations and could result in the imposition of restrictions or prohibitions on discretionary payments by the Bank, including the payment of dividends and interest or distributions on Additional Tier 1 instruments. There can also be no assurance as to the relationship between the “Pillar 2” additional own funds requirements, the “combined buffer requirement”, the MRELs once implemented in Spain and the restrictions or prohibitions on discretionary payments.

##### Increased taxation and other burdens imposed on the financial sector may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations

On February 14, 2013, the European Commission published a proposal (the “Commission’s Proposal”) for a Directive for a common financial transaction tax (“FTT”) in Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia and Slovakia (the “participating Member States”). However, Estonia has since stated that it will not participate.

The Commission’s Proposal has very broad scope and could, if introduced, apply to certain dealings in securities issued by the Group or other issuers (including secondary market transactions) in certain circumstances.

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Under the Commission’s Proposal, the FTT could apply in certain circumstances to persons both within and outside the participating Member States. Generally, it would apply to certain dealings in securities where at least one party is a financial institution and at least one party is established in a participating Member State. A financial institution may be, or be deemed to be, “established” in a participating Member State in a broad range of circumstances, including (i) by transacting with a person established in a participating Member State or (ii) where the financial instrument which is subject to the dealings is issued in a participating Member State.

However, the FTT proposal remains subject to negotiation among the participating Member States. It may therefore be altered prior to any implementation, the timing of which remains unclear. Additional EU Member States may decide to participate and participating Member States may decide not to participate.

Law 18/2014, of October 15, introduced a 0.03% tax on bank deposits in Spain. This tax is payable annually by Spanish banks. There can be no assurance that additional national or transnational bank levies or financial transaction taxes will not be adopted by the authorities of the jurisdictions where the Bank operates.

Any levies or taxes imposed on the Bank pursuant to the foregoing or otherwise in any of the jurisdictions where it operates could have a material adverse effect on the Bank′s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### Contributions for assisting in the future recovery and resolution of the Spanish banking sector may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations

Law 11/2015 and RD 1012/2015 require Spanish credit institutions, including BBVA, to make at least an annual ordinary contribution to the National Resolution Fund (Fondo de Resolución Nacional), payable on request of the FROB. The total amount of contributions to be made to the National Resolution Fund by all Spanish banking entities must equal at least 1% of the aggregate amount of all deposits guaranteed by the Deposit Guarantee Fund (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos de Entidades de Crédito) by December 31, 2024. The contribution will be adjusted to the risk profile of each institution in accordance with the criteria set out in Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/81 of December 19, 2014 and RD 1012/2015. The FROB may, in addition, collect extraordinary contributions.

Furthermore, Law 11/2015 also provides for an additional charge (tasa) which shall be used to further fund the activities of the FROB, in its capacity as a resolution authority, which charge shall equal 2.5% of the above annual ordinary contribution to be made to the National Resolution Fund.

Moreover, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/2361 of September 14, 2017 establishes the system of contributions to the administrative expenditures of the Single Resolution Board, to be paid by credit institutions in the EU. In addition, since 2016, the Bank has been required to make contributions directly to the EU Single Resolution Fund, once the National Resolution Fund has been integrated into it. See “—Regulatory developments related to the EU fiscal and banking union may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations”.

Any levies, taxes or funding requirements imposed on the Bank pursuant to the foregoing or otherwise in any of the jurisdictions where it operates could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### Regulatory developments related to the EU fiscal and banking union may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations

The project of achieving a European banking union was launched in the summer of 2012. Its main goal is to resume progress towards the European single market for financial services by restoring confidence in the European banking sector and ensuring the proper functioning of monetary policy in the Eurozone.

Banking union is expected to be achieved through new harmonized banking rules (the single rulebook) and a new institutional framework with stronger systems for both banking supervision and resolution that will be managed at the European level. Its two main pillars are the SSM and the SRM.

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The SSM is intended to assist in making the banking sector more transparent, unified and safer. In accordance with the SSM Framework Regulation, the ECB fully assumed its new supervisory responsibilities within the SSM, in particular the direct supervision of the largest European banks (including the Bank), on November 4, 2014.

The SSM represents a significant change in the approach to bank supervision at a European and global level, even if it is not expected to result in any radical change in bank supervisory practices in the short term. The SSM has resulted in the direct supervision by the ECB of the largest financial institutions, including the Bank, and indirect supervision of around 3,500 financial institutions. In the coming years, the SSM is expected to work to establish a new supervisory culture importing best practices from the 19 supervisory authorities that form part of the SSM. Several steps have already been taken in this regard, such as (i) the publication of the Supervisory Guidelines, (ii) the approval of the SSM Framework Regulation, (iii) the approval of Regulation (EU) 2016/445 of the ECB of March 14, 2016 on the exercise of options and discretions available in Union law, and (iv) a set of guidelines on the application of CRR’s national options and discretions. In addition, the SSM represents an extra cost for the financial institutions that fund it through payment of supervisory fees.

The other main pillar of the EU banking union is the SRM, the main purpose of which is to ensure a prompt and coherent resolution of failing banks in Europe at minimum cost. The SRM Regulation establishes uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of the SRM and a Single Resolution Fund. The new Single Resolution Board started operating on January 1, 2015 and fully assumed its resolution powers on January 1, 2016. The Single Resolution Fund has also been in place since January 1, 2016, funded by contributions from European banks in accordance with the methodology approved by the Council of the European Union. The Single Resolution Fund is intended to reach a total amount of €55 billion by 2024 and to be used as a separate backstop only after an 8% bail-in of a bank’s total liabilities including own funds has been applied to cover capital shortfalls (in line with the BRRD).

By allowing for the consistent application of EU banking rules through the SSM, the banking union is expected to help resume momentum toward economic and monetary union. In order to complete such union, a single deposit guarantee scheme is still needed, which may require a change to the existing European treaties. This is the subject of continued negotiation by European leaders to ensure further progress is made in European fiscal, economic and political integration.

Regulations adopted towards achieving a banking and/or fiscal union in the EU and decisions adopted by the ECB in its capacity as the Bank’s main supervisory authority may have a material effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, on January 29, 2014, the European Commission released its proposal on the structural reforms of the European banking sector, which will impose new constraints on the structure of European banks. The proposal is aimed at ensuring the harmonization between the divergent national initiatives in Europe. It includes a prohibition on proprietary trading similar to that contained in Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act (also known as the Volcker Rule) and a mechanism to potentially require the separation of trading activities (including market-making), such as in the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013, complex securitizations and risky derivatives.

There can be no assurance that regulatory developments related to the EU fiscal and banking union, and initiatives undertaken at the EU level, will not have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The Group’s anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism policies may be circumvented or otherwise not be sufficient to prevent all money laundering or terrorism financing

Group companies are subject to rules and regulations regarding money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Monitoring compliance with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing rules can put a significant financial burden on banks and other financial institutions and pose significant technical problems. Although the Group believes that its current policies and procedures are sufficient to comply with applicable rules and regulations, it cannot guarantee that its anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing policies and procedures will not be circumvented or otherwise not be sufficient to prevent all money laundering or terrorism financing. Any of such events may have severe consequences, including sanctions, fines and, notably, reputational consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial condition and results of operations.

#####

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##### The Group is exposed to risks in relation to compliance with anti-corruption laws and regulations and economic sanctions programs

The Group is required to comply with the laws and regulations of various jurisdictions where it conducts operations. In particular, its operations are subject to various anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010, and economic sanction programs, including those administered by the United Nations, the EU and the United States, including the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. The anti-corruption laws generally prohibit providing anything of value to government officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. As part of the Group’s business, the Group may deal with entities the employees of which are considered government officials. In addition, economic sanctions programs restrict the Group’s business dealings with certain sanctioned countries, individuals and entities.

Although the Group has internal policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations, there can be no assurance that such policies and procedures will be sufficient or that its employees, directors, officers, partners, agents and service providers will not take actions in violation of the Group’s policies and procedures (or otherwise in violation of the relevant anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations) for which it or they may be ultimately held responsible. Violations of anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations could lead to financial penalties being imposed on the Group, limits being placed on the Group’s activities, the Group’s authorizations and licenses being revoked, damage to the Group’s reputation and other consequences that could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, litigation or investigations relating to alleged or suspected violations of anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations could be costly.

##### Local regulation may have a material effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows

The Bank’s operations are subject to regulatory risks, including the effects of changes in laws, regulations, policies and interpretations, in the various jurisdictions outside Spain where it operates. Regulations in certain jurisdictions where the Bank operates differ in a number of material respects from equivalent regulations in Spain. For example, local regulations may require the Bank’s subsidiaries and affiliates to meet capital requirements that are different from those applicable to the Bank as a Spanish bank, they may prohibit certain activities permitted to be undertaken by the Bank in Spain or they may require certain approvals to be obtained in connection with such subsidiaries and affiliates’ activities. Changes in regulations may have a material effect on the Group’s business and operations, particularly changes affecting Mexico, the United States or Turkey, which are the Group’s most significant jurisdictions by assets other than Spain.

Furthermore, the governments in certain regions where the Group operates have exercised, and continue to exercise, significant influence over the local economy. Governmental actions, including changes in laws or regulations or in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations, concerning the economy and state-owned enterprises, or otherwise affecting the Group’s activity, could have a significant effect on the private sector entities in general and on the Bank’s subsidiaries and affiliates in particular. In addition, the Group’s activities in emerging economies, such as Venezuela, are subject to a heightened risk of changes in governmental policies, including expropriation, nationalization, international ownership legislation, interest-rate caps, exchange controls, government restrictions on dividends and tax policies. Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

#### Liquidity and Financial Risks

##### The Bank has a continuous demand for liquidity to fund its business activities. The Bank may suffer during periods of market-wide or firm-specific liquidity constraints, and liquidity may not be available to it even if its underlying business remains strong

Liquidity and funding continue to remain a key area of focus for the Group and the industry as a whole. Like all major banks, the Group is dependent on confidence in the short- and long-term wholesale funding markets. Should the Group, due to exceptional circumstances or otherwise, be unable to continue to source sustainable funding, its ability to fund its financial obligations could be affected.

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The Bank’s profitability or solvency could be adversely affected if access to liquidity and funding is constrained or made more expensive for a prolonged period of time. Under extreme and unforeseen circumstances, such as the closure of financial markets and uncertainty as to the ability of a significant number of firms to ensure they can meet their liabilities as they fall due, the Group’s ability to meet its financial obligations as they fall due or to fulfill its commitments to lend could be affected through limited access to liquidity (including government and central bank facilities). In such extreme circumstances, the Group may not be in a position to continue to operate without additional funding support, which it may be unable to access. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the Group’s solvency, including its ability to meet its regulatory minimum liquidity requirements. These risks can be exacerbated by operational factors such as an over-reliance on a particular source of funding or changes in credit ratings, as well as market-wide phenomena such as market dislocation, regulatory change or major disasters.

In addition, corporate and institutional counterparties may seek to reduce aggregate credit exposures to the Bank (or to all banks), which could increase the Group’s cost of funding and limit its access to liquidity. The funding structure employed by the Group may also prove to be inefficient, thus giving rise to a level of funding cost where the cumulative costs are not sustainable over the longer term. The funding needs of the Group may increase and such increases may be material to the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### Withdrawals of deposits or other sources of liquidity may make it more difficult or costly for the Group to fund its business on favorable terms or cause the Group to take other actions

Historically, one of the Group’s principal sources of funds has been savings and demand deposits. Large-denomination time deposits may, under some circumstances, such as during periods of significant interest-rate-based competition for these types of deposits, be a less stable source of deposits than savings and demand deposits. The level of wholesale and retail deposits may also fluctuate due to other factors outside the Group’s control, such as a loss of confidence (including as a result of political initiatives, including bail-in and/or confiscation and/or taxation of creditors’ funds) or competition from investment funds or other products. The introduction in 2013 of a national tax on outstanding deposits could be negative for the Group’s activities in Spain.

Moreover, there can be no assurance that, in the event of a sudden or unexpected withdrawal of deposits or shortage of funds in the banking systems or money markets in which the Group operates, or where such withdrawal specifically affects the Group, the Group will be able to maintain its current levels of funding without incurring higher funding costs or having to liquidate certain of its assets. Furthermore, in such an event, the Bank could be subject to the adoption of an early intervention or, ultimately, resolution measure by a Relevant Spanish Resolution Authority pursuant to Law 11/2015 (including, among others but without limitation, the Spanish Bail-in Power (including a Non-Viability Loss Absorption)). See “—Bail-in and write-down powers under the BRRD and the SRM Regulation may adversely affect our business and the value of any securities we may issue”.

In addition, if public sources of liquidity, such as the ECB extraordinary measures adopted in response to the financial crisis since 2008, are removed from the market, there can be no assurance that the Group will be able to maintain its current levels of funding without incurring higher funding costs or having to liquidate certain of its assets or taking additional deleverage measures, and could be subject to the adoption of any early intervention or, ultimately, resolution measures by resolution authorities pursuant to Law 11/2015 (including, among others but without limitation, the Spanish Bail-in Power (including a Non-Viability Loss Absorption)).

##### Implementation of internationally accepted liquidity ratios might require changes in business practices that affect the profitability of the Bank’s business activities

The liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) is a quantitative liquidity standard developed by the BCBS to ensure that those banking organizations to which this standard is to apply have sufficient high-quality liquid assets to cover expected net cash outflows over a 30-day liquidity stress period. The final standard was announced in January 2013 by the BCBS. The LCR has been progressively implemented since 2015 in accordance with the CRR, with banks having to fully comply (100%) with such ratio from January 1, 2018.

The BCBS’s net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) has a time horizon of one year and has been developed to provide a sustainable maturity structure of assets and liabilities such that banks maintain a stable funding profile in relation to their on- and off-balance sheet activities that reduces the likelihood that disruptions to a bank’s regular sources of funding will erode its liquidity position in a way that could increase the risk of its failure. The BCBS

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contemplates that the NSFR, including any revisions, must be implemented by member countries as a minimum standard by January 1, 2018, with no phase-in scheduled. The EU Banking Reforms propose the introduction of a harmonized binding requirement for the NSFR across the EU.

Various elements of the LCR and the NSFR, as they are implemented by national banking regulators and complied with by the Bank, may cause changes that affect the profitability of business activities and require changes to certain business practices, which could expose the Bank to additional costs (including increased compliance costs) or have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition or results of operations. These changes may also cause the Bank to invest significant management attention and resources to make any necessary changes.

##### The Group’s businesses are subject to inherent risks concerning borrower and counterparty credit quality which have affected and are expected to continue to affect the recoverability and value of assets on the Group’s balance sheet

The Group has exposures to many different products, counterparties and obligors and the credit quality of its exposures can have a significant effect on the Group’s earnings. Adverse changes in the credit quality of the Group’s borrowers and counterparties or collateral, or in their behavior or businesses, may reduce the value of the Group’s assets, and materially increase the Group’s write-downs and provisions for impairment losses. Credit risk can be affected by a range of factors, including an adverse economic environment, reduced consumer and/or government spending, global economic slowdown, changes in the rating of individual counterparties, the debt levels of individual contractual counterparties and the economic environment they operate in, increased unemployment, reduced asset values, increased personal or corporate insolvency levels, reduced corporate profits, changes (and the timing, quantum and pace of these changes) in interest rates, counterparty challenges to the interpretation or validity of contractual arrangements and any external factors of a legislative or regulatory nature. In recent years, the global economic crisis has driven cyclically high bad debt charges.

Non-performing or low credit quality loans have in the past and can continue to negatively affect the Bank’s results of operations. The Bank cannot assure that it will be able to effectively control the level of the impaired loans in its total loan portfolio. At present, default rates are partly cushioned by low rates of interest which have improved customer affordability, but the risk remains of increased default rates as interest rates start to rise. The timing, quantum and pace of any rise is a key risk factor. All new lending is dependent on the Group’s assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, and there is an inherent risk that the Group has incorrectly assessed the credit quality or willingness of borrowers to pay, possibly as a result of incomplete or inaccurate disclosure by those borrowers or as a result of the inherent uncertainty that is involved in the exercise of constructing models to estimate the true risk of lending to counterparties. The Group estimates and establishes reserves for credit risks and potential credit losses inherent in its credit exposure. This process, which is critical to the Group’s results and financial condition, requires difficult, subjective and complex judgments, including forecasts of how macro-economic conditions might impair the ability of borrowers to repay their loans. As is the case with any such assessments, there is always a risk that the Group will fail to adequately identify the relevant factors or that it will fail to estimate accurately the effect of these identified factors, which could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

##### The Group’s business is particularly vulnerable to volatility in interest rates

The Group’s results of operations are substantially dependent upon the level of its net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond the Group’s control, including fiscal and monetary policies of governments and central banks, regulation of the financial sectors in the markets in which it operates, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors. Changes in market interest rates, including cases of negative reference rates, can affect the interest rates that the Group receives on its interest-earning assets differently to the rates that it pays for its interest-bearing liabilities. This may, in turn, result in a reduction of the net interest income the Group receives, which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.

In addition, the high proportion of loans referenced to variable interest rates makes debt service on such loans more vulnerable to changes in interest rates. In addition, a rise in interest rates could reduce the demand for credit

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and the Group’s ability to generate credit for its clients, as well as contribute to an increase in the credit default rate. As a result of these and the above factors, significant changes or volatility in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

##### The Group has a substantial amount of commitments with personnel considered wholly unfunded due to the absence of qualifying plan assets

The Group’s commitments with personnel which are considered to be wholly unfunded are recognized under the heading “Provisions—Provisions for Pensions and Similar Obligations” in its consolidated balance sheets included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. For more information, please see Note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Group faces liquidity risk in connection with its ability to make payments on its unfunded commitments with personnel, which it seeks to mitigate, with respect to post-employment benefits, by maintaining insurance contracts which were contracted with insurance companies owned by the Group. The insurance companies have recorded in their balance sheets specific assets (fixed interest deposit and bonds) assigned to the funding of these commitments. The insurance companies also manage derivatives (primarily swaps) to mitigate the interest rate risk in connection with the payments of these commitments. The Group seeks to mitigate liquidity risk with respect to early retirements and post-employment welfare benefits through oversight by the Assets and Liabilities Committee (“ALCO”) of the Group. The Group’s ALCO manages a specific asset portfolio to mitigate the liquidity risk resulting from the payments of these commitments. These assets are government and covered bonds which are issued at fixed interest rates with maturities matching the aforementioned commitments. The Group’s ALCO also manages derivatives (primarily swaps) to mitigate the interest rate risk in connection with the payments of these commitments. Should BBVA fail to adequately manage liquidity risk and interest rate risk either as described above or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The Bank and certain of its subsidiaries are dependent on their credit ratings and any reduction of their credit ratings could materially and adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations

The Bank and certain of its subsidiaries are rated by various credit rating agencies. The credit ratings of the Bank and such subsidiaries are an assessment by rating agencies of their ability to pay their obligations when due. Any actual or anticipated decline in the Bank’s or such subsidiaries’ credit ratings to below investment grade or otherwise may increase the cost of and decrease the Group’s ability to finance itself in the capital markets, secured funding markets (by affecting its ability to replace downgraded assets with better-rated ones), or interbank markets, through wholesale deposits or otherwise, harm its reputation, require it to replace funding lost due to the downgrade, which may include the loss of customer deposits, and make third parties less willing to transact business with the Group or otherwise materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, any decline in the Bank’s or such subsidiaries’ credit ratings to below investment grade or otherwise could breach certain agreements or trigger additional obligations under such agreements, such as a requirement to post additional collateral, which could materially adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### Highly-indebted households and corporations could endanger the Group’s asset quality and future revenues

In recent years, households and businesses have reached a high level of indebtedness, particularly in Spain, which has created increased risk in the Spanish banking system. In addition, the high proportion of loans referenced to variable interest rates makes debt service on such loans more vulnerable to upward movements in interest rates and the profitability of the loans more vulnerable to interest rate decreases. Highly indebted households and businesses are less likely to be able to service debt obligations as a result of adverse economic events, which could have an adverse effect on the Group’s loan portfolio and, as a result, on its financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the increase in households’ and businesses’ indebtedness also limits their ability to incur additional debt, reducing the number of new products that the Group may otherwise be able to sell to them and limiting the Group’s ability to attract new customers who satisfy its credit standards, which could have an adverse effect on the Group’s ability to achieve its growth plans.

#####

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##### The Group depends in part upon dividends and other funds from subsidiaries

Some of the Group’s operations are conducted through its financial services subsidiaries. As a result, the Bank’s ability to pay dividends, to the extent the Bank decides to do so, depends in part on the ability of the Group’s subsidiaries to generate earnings and to pay dividends to BBVA. Payment of dividends, distributions and advances by the Group’s subsidiaries will be contingent upon their earnings and business considerations and is or may be limited by legal, regulatory and contractual restrictions. For instance, the repatriation of dividends from the Group’s Venezuelan and Argentinean subsidiaries have been subject to certain restrictions and there is no assurance that further restrictions will not be imposed. Additionally, the Bank’s right to receive any assets of any of the Group’s subsidiaries as an equity holder of such subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization will be effectively subordinated to the claims of subsidiaries’ creditors, including trade creditors. The Group also has to comply with increased capital requirements, which could result in the imposition of restrictions or prohibitions on discretionary payments including the payment of dividends and other distributions to the Bank by its subsidiaries (see “—Increasingly onerous capital requirements may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations”).

#### Business and Industry Risks

##### The Group faces increasing competition in its business lines

The markets in which the Group operates are highly competitive and this trend will likely continue with new business models likely to be developed in coming years which impact is unforeseeable. In addition, the trend towards consolidation in the banking industry has created larger and stronger banks with which the Group must now compete.

The Group also faces competition from non-bank competitors, such as payment platforms, e-commerce businesses, department stores (for some credit products), automotive finance corporations, leasing companies, factoring companies, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies, and public debt.

In the last years, the financial services sector has experienced a significant transformation, closely linked to the development of the Internet and mobile technologies. Part of that transformation involves the entrance of new players, such as non-bank digital providers that compete (and cooperate) between them and with banks in most of the areas of financial services as well as large digital players such as Amazon, Facebook or Apple, who have also started to offer financial services (mainly, payments and credit) ancillary to their core value proposition. However, as of the date of this Annual Report, there is an uneven playing field between banks and such non-bank players. For example, banking groups are subject to prudential regulations that have implications for most of their businesses, including those in which they compete with non-bank players that are only subject to activity-specific regulations or benefit from regulatory uncertainty. In addition, fintech activities are generally subject to additional rules on internal governance when they are carried out within a banking group. For instance, the CRD IV Directive limits the ratio between the variable and the fixed salary that financial institutions can pay to certain staff members identified as risk takers. This places banking groups at a competitive disadvantage for attracting and retaining digital talent and for retaining the founders and management teams of acquired start-ups.

Existing loopholes in the regulatory framework are another source of uneven playing fields between banks and non-bank players. Some new services or business models are not yet covered under existing regulations. In these cases, asymmetries between players arise since regulated providers often face obstacles to engage in unregulated activities. For instance, the EBA has recommended to competent authorities that they prevent credit institutions, payment institutions and e-money institutions from buying, holding or selling virtual currencies.

The Group’s future success may depend, in part, on its ability to use technology to provide products and services that provide convenience to customers. Despite the technological capabilities the Group has been developing and its commitment to digitalization, as a result of the uneven playing field referred to above or for other reasons, the Group may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to its customers, which would adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, companies offering new applications and financial-related services based on artificial intelligence are becoming more competitive. The often lower cost and higher processing speed of these new applications and services can be especially attractive to technologically-adept purchasers. As technology continues to evolve, more tasks currently performed by people may be replaced by automation, machine learning and other advances outside of the Group’s control. If the Group is not able to successfully keep pace with these technological advances, its business may be adversely impacted.

In addition, the project of achieving a European capital markets union was launched by the European Commission as a plan to mobilize capital in Europe, being one of its main objectives to provide businesses with a greater choice of funding at lower costs and to offer new opportunities for savers and investors. These objectives are expected to be achieved by developing a more diversified financial system complementing bank financing with deep and developed capital markets, which may adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The Group faces risks related to its acquisitions and divestitures

The Group’s mergers and acquisitions activity involves divesting its interests in some businesses and strengthening other business areas through acquisitions. The Group may not complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis or at all. Even though the Group reviews the companies it plans to acquire, it is generally not feasible for these reviews to be complete in all respects. As a result, the Group may assume unanticipated liabilities, or an acquisition may not perform as well as expected. In addition, transactions such as these are inherently risky because of the difficulties of integrating people, operations and technologies that may arise. There can be no assurance that any of the businesses the Group acquires can be successfully integrated or that they will perform well once integrated. Acquisitions may also lead to potential write-downs due to unforeseen business developments that may adversely affect the Group’s results of operations.

The Group’s results of operations could also be negatively affected by acquisition or divestiture-related charges, amortization of expenses related to intangibles and charges for impairment of long-term assets. The Group may be subject to litigation in connection with, or as a result of, acquisitions or divestitures, including claims from terminated employees, customers or third parties, and the Group may be liable for future or existing litigation and claims related to the acquired business or divestiture because either the Group is not indemnified for such claims or the indemnification is insufficient. These effects could cause the Group to incur significant expenses and could materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The Group is party to lawsuits, tax claims and other legal proceedings

Due to the nature of the Group’s business, the Bank and its subsidiaries are involved in litigation, arbitration and regulatory proceedings in jurisdictions around the world, the financial outcome of which is unpredictable, particularly where the claimants seek unspecified or undeterminable damages, or where the cases argue novel legal theories, involve a large number of parties or are at early stages of discovery. An adverse outcome or settlement in these proceedings could result in significant costs and may have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition, cash flows, results of operations and reputation.

In addition, responding to the demands of litigation may divert management’s time and attention and financial resources. While the Group provisions such risks based on its assessment of such matters and in accordance with applicable accounting rules, it is possible that losses resulting from such risks, if proceedings are decided in whole or in part adversely to the Group, could exceed the amount of provisions made for such risks, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 8. Financial information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal proceedings” and Note 24 to the Bank’s Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Group’s legal, regulatory and arbitration proceedings.

#####

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##### The Group’s ability to maintain its competitive position depends significantly on its international operations, which expose the Group to foreign exchange, political and other risks in the countries in which it operates, which could cause an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations

The Group operates commercial banks and insurance and other financial services companies in various countries and its overall success as a global business depends upon its ability to succeed in differing economic, social and political conditions. The Group is particularly sensitive to developments in Mexico, the United States, Turkey and Argentina, which represented 12.86%, 10.67%, 11.43% and 1.35% of the Group’s assets as at December 31, 2017, respectively.

The Group is confronted with different legal and regulatory requirements in many of the jurisdictions in which it operates. See “―Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks―Local regulation may have a material effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows”. These include, but are not limited to, different tax regimes and laws relating to the repatriation of funds or nationalization or expropriation of assets. The Group’s international operations may also expose it to risks and challenges which its local competitors may not be required to face, such as exchange rate risk, difficulty in managing a local entity from abroad, political risk which may be particular to foreign investors and limitations on the distribution of dividends.

The Group’s presence in locations such as the Latin American markets or Turkey requires it to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries and exposes the Group to increased risks relating to emerging markets. See “—Macroeconomic Risks—The Group may be materially adversely affected by developments in the emerging markets where it operates”. There can be no assurance that the Group will succeed in developing and implementing policies and strategies that are effective in each country in which it operates or that any of the foregoing factors will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

#### Financial, Reporting and Other Operational Risks

##### Our financial results, regulatory capital and ratios may be negatively affected by changes to accounting standards

We report our results and financial position in accordance with the EU-IFRS required to be applied under the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2004, which has been replaced by the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2017 for financial statements as of January 1, 2018 and later, and in compliance with IFRS-IASB. Changes to IFRS or interpretations thereof may cause our future reported results and financial position to differ from current expectations, or historical results to differ from those previously reported due to the adoption of accounting standards on a retrospective basis. Such changes may also affect our regulatory capital and ratios. We monitor potential accounting changes and, when possible, we determine their potential impact and disclose significant future changes in our financial statements that we expect as a result of those changes. Currently, there are a number of issued but not yet effective IFRS changes, as well as potential IFRS changes, some of which could be expected to impact our reported results, financial position and regulatory capital in the future. In particular, IFRS 9, requires us to record credit losses on loans at inception net of expected loss basis instead of recording credit losses on an incurred loss basis. For further information about developments in financial accounting and reporting standards, see Note 2.3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Recent IFRS pronouncements”).

##### Weaknesses or failures in the Group’s internal or outsourced processes, systems and security could materially adversely affect its results of operations, financial condition or prospects, and could result in reputational damage

Operational risks, through inadequate or failed internal processes, systems (including financial reporting and risk monitoring processes) or security, or from people-related or external events, including the risk of fraud and other criminal acts carried out by Group employees or against Group companies, are present in the Group’s businesses. These businesses are dependent on processing and reporting accurately and efficiently a high volume of complex transactions across numerous and diverse products and services, in different currencies and subject to a number of different legal and regulatory regimes. Any weakness in these internal processes, systems or security could have an adverse effect on the Group’s results, the reporting of such results, and on the ability to deliver appropriate customer outcomes during the affected period. In addition, any breach in security of the Group’s systems could disrupt its business, result in the disclosure of confidential information and create significant financial

29

and legal exposure for the Group. Although the Group devotes significant resources to maintain and regularly update its processes and systems that are designed to protect the security of its systems, software, networks and other technology assets, there is no assurance that all of its security measures will provide absolute security. Furthermore, the Group has outsourced certain functions (such as the storage of certain information) to third parties and, as a result, it is dependent on the adequacy of the internal processes, systems and security measures of such third parties. Any actual or perceived inadequacies, weaknesses or failures in the Group’s systems, processes or security or the systems, processes or security of such third parties could damage the Group’s reputation (including harming customer confidence) or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### The financial industry is increasingly dependent on information technology systems, which may fail, may not be adequate for the tasks at hand or may no longer be available

Banks and their activities are increasingly dependent on highly sophisticated information technology (“IT”) systems. IT systems are vulnerable to a number of problems, such as software or hardware malfunctions, computer viruses, hacking and physical damage to vital IT centers. IT systems need regular upgrading and banks, including the Bank, may not be able to implement necessary upgrades on a timely basis or upgrades may fail to function as planned.

Furthermore, the Group is under continuous threat of loss due to cyber-attacks, especially as it continues to expand customer capabilities to utilize internet and other remote channels to transact business. Two of the most significant cyber-attack risks that it faces are e-fraud and breach of sensitive customer data. Loss from e-fraud occurs when cybercriminals breach and extract funds directly from customers’ or the Group’s accounts. A breach of sensitive customer data, such as account numbers, could present significant reputational, legal and/or regulatory costs to the Group.

Over the past few years, there have been a series of distributed denial of service attacks on financial services companies. Distributed denial of service attacks are designed to saturate the targeted online network with excessive amounts of network traffic, resulting in slow response times, or in some cases, causing the site to be temporarily unavailable. Generally, these attacks have not been conducted to steal financial data, but meant to interrupt or suspend a company’s internet service. While these events may not result in a breach of client data and account information, the attacks can adversely affect the performance of a company’s website and in some instances have prevented customers from accessing a company’s website. Distributed denial of service attacks, hacking and identity theft risks could cause serious reputational harm. Cyber threats are rapidly evolving and the Group may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks. The Group’s risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of the evolving nature and complexity of these threats from cybercriminals and hackers, its plans to continue to provide internet banking and mobile banking channels, and its plans to develop additional remote connectivity solutions to serve its customers. The Group may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize these risks and could be held liable for any security breach or loss.

Additionally, fraud risk may increase as the Company offers more products online or through mobile channels.

In addition to costs that may be incurred as a result of any failure of its IT systems, the Group could face fines from bank regulators if it fails to comply with applicable banking or reporting regulations as a result of any such IT failure or otherwise.

The Group faces security risks, including denial of service attacks, hacking, social engineering attacks targeting its colleagues and customers, malware intrusion or data corruption attempts, and identity theft that could result in the disclosure of confidential information, adversely affect its business or reputation, and create significant legal and financial exposure

The Group’s computer systems and network infrastructure and those of third parties, on which it is highly dependent, are subject to security risks and could be susceptible to cyber-attacks, such as denial of service attacks, hacking, terrorist activities or identity theft. The Group’s business relies on the secure processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary and other information in its computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. In addition, to access the Group’s network, products and services, its customers and other third parties may use personal mobile

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devices or computing devices that are outside of its network environment and are subject to their own cybersecurity risks.

The Group, its customers, regulators and other third parties, including other financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing, have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be the target of, cyber-attacks. These cyber-attacks include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information, ransomware, improper access by employees or vendors, attacks on personal email of employees, ransom demands to not expose security vulnerabilities in the Group’s systems or the systems of third parties or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of the Group, its employees, its customers or of third parties, damage its systems or otherwise materially disrupt the Group’s or its customers’ or other third parties’ network access or business operations. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the Group may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance its protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents. Despite efforts to ensure the integrity of the Group’s systems and implement controls, processes, policies and other protective measures, the Group may not be able to anticipate all security breaches, nor may it be able to implement guaranteed preventive measures against such security breaches. Cyber threats are rapidly evolving and the Group may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks and could be held liable for any security breach or loss.

Cybersecurity risks for banking organizations have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, and the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions. For example, cybersecurity risks may increase in the future as the Group continues to increase its mobile-payment and other internet-based product offerings and expand its internal usage of web-based products and applications. In addition, cybersecurity risks have significantly increased in recent years in part due to the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations, hostile foreign governments, disgruntled employees or vendors, activists and other external parties, including those involved in corporate espionage. Even the most advanced internal control environment may be vulnerable to compromise. Targeted social engineering attacks and “spear phishing” attacks are becoming more sophisticated and are extremely difficult to prevent. In such an attack, an attacker will attempt to fraudulently induce colleagues, customers or other users of the Group’s systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to its data or that of its clients. Persistent attackers may succeed in penetrating defenses given enough resources, time, and motive. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and may not be recognized until well after a breach has occurred. The risk of a security breach caused by a cyber-attack at a vendor or by unauthorized vendor access has also increased in recent years. Additionally, the existence of cyber-attacks or security breaches at third-party vendors with access to the Group’s data may not be disclosed to it in a timely manner.

The Group also faces indirect technology, cybersecurity and operational risks relating to the customers, clients and other third parties with whom it does business or upon whom it relies to facilitate or enable its business activities, including, for example, financial counterparties, regulators and providers of critical infrastructure such as internet access and electrical power. As a result of increasing consolidation, interdependence and complexity of financial entities and technology systems, a technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach that significantly degrades, deletes or compromises the systems or data of one or more financial entities could have a material impact on counterparties or other market participants, including the Group. This consolidation, interconnectivity and complexity increase the risk of operational failure, on both individual and industry-wide bases, as disparate systems need to be integrated, often on an accelerated basis. Any third-party technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach, termination or constraint could, among other things, adversely affect the Group’s ability to effect transactions, service its clients, manage its exposure to risk or expand its business.

Cyber-attacks or other information or security breaches, whether directed at the Group or third parties, may result in a material loss or have material consequences. Furthermore, the public perception that a cyber-attack on its systems has been successful, whether or not this perception is correct, may damage the Group’s reputation with customers and third parties with whom it does business. Hacking of personal information and identity theft risks, in particular, could cause serious reputational harm. A successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause the Group serious negative consequences, including loss of customers and business opportunities, significant business disruption to its operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of its confidential information and/or that of its customers, or damage to the Group’s or its customers’ and/or third parties’ computers

31

or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in the Group’s security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, additional compliance costs, and could adversely impact its results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

The Group could be the subject of misinformation

The Group may be the subject of intentional misinformation and misrepresentations deliberately propagated to harm the Group’s reputation or for other deceitful purposes. Such misinformation could also be propagated by profiteering short sellers seeking to gain an illegal market advantage by spreading false information concerning the Group. The Group cannot assure that it will effectively neutralize and contain any false information that may be propagated regarding the Group, which could have an adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

##### BBVA’s financial statements and periodic disclosure under securities laws may not give you the same information as financial statements prepared under U.S. accounting rules and periodic disclosures provided by domestic U.S. issuers

Publicly available information about public companies in Spain is generally less detailed and not as frequently updated as the information that is regularly published by or about listed companies in the United States. In addition, although BBVA is subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the periodic disclosure required of foreign private issuers such as BBVA under the Exchange Act is more limited than the periodic disclosure required of U.S. issuers. Finally, BBVA maintains its financial accounts and records and prepares its financial statements in accordance with EU-IFRS required to be applied under the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2004 (as amended) and in compliance with IFRS-IASB, which differs in certain respects from U.S. GAAP, the financial reporting standard to which many investors in the United States may be more accustomed.

##### The Bank’s financial statements are based in part on assumptions and estimates which, if inaccurate, could cause material misstatement of the results of its operations and financial position

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS-IASB requires the use of estimates. It also requires management to exercise judgment in applying relevant accounting policies. The key areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions are significant to the consolidated and individual financial statements, include impairment of certain financial assets, the assumptions used to quantify certain provisions and for the actuarial calculation of post-employment benefit liabilities and commitments, the useful life and impairment losses of tangible and intangible assets, the valuation of goodwill and purchase price allocation of business combinations, the fair value of certain unlisted financial assets and liabilities, the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the exchange rate and the inflation rate of Venezuela. There is a risk that if the judgment exercised or the estimates or assumptions used subsequently turn out to be incorrect then this could result in significant loss to the Group, beyond that anticipated or provided for, which could have an adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Observable market prices are not available for many of the financial assets and liabilities that the Group holds at fair value and a variety of techniques to estimate the fair value are used. Should the valuation of such financial assets or liabilities become observable, for example as a result of sales or trading in comparable assets or liabilities by third parties, this could result in a materially different valuation to the current carrying value in the Group’s financial statements.

The further development of standards and interpretations under IFRS-IASB could also significantly affect the results of operations, financial condition and prospects of the Group.

#

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# ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

## A. History and Development of the Company

BBVA’s predecessor bank, BBV (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya), was incorporated as a public limited company (a “sociedad anónima” or S.A.) under the Spanish Corporations Law on October 1, 1988. BBVA was formed following the merger of Argentaria into BBV (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya), which was approved by the shareholders of each entity on December 18, 1999 and registered on January 28, 2000. It conducts its business under the commercial name “BBVA”. BBVA is registered with the Commercial Registry of Vizcaya (Spain). It has its registered office at Plaza de San Nicolás 4, Bilbao, Spain, 48005, and operates out of Calle Azul, 4, 28050, Madrid, Spain telephone number +34-91-374-6201. BBVA’s agent in the U.S. for U.S. federal securities law purposes is Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. New York Branch (1345 Avenue of the Americas, 44th Floor, New York, New York 10105 (Telephone: 212-728-1660)). BBVA is incorporated for an unlimited term.

Capital Expenditures

Our principal investments are financial investments in our subsidiaries and affiliates. The main capital expenditures from 2015 to the date of this Annual Report were the following:

2017

Acquisition of an additional 9.95% of Garanti

On March 22, 2017, we acquired 41,790,000,000 shares (in the aggregate) of Garanti (amounting to 9.95% of the total issued share capital of Garanti) from Doğuş Holding A.Ş. and Doğuş Araştırma Geliştirme ve Müşavirlik Hizmetleri A.Ş., under certain agreements entered into on February 21, 2017, at a purchase price of 7.95 Turkish Liras (“TL”) per share (approximately 3,322 million TL or €859 million in the aggregate).

2016

In 2016 there were no significant capital expenditures.

2015

Acquisition of an additional 14.89% of Garanti

On July 27, 2015, we acquired 62,538,000,000 shares (in the aggregate) of Garanti from Doğuş Holding A.Ş., Ferit Faik Şahenk, Dianne Şahenk and Defne Şahenk, under certain agreements entered into on November 19, 2014. The total price effectively paid by BBVA amounted to 8.765 TL per batch of 100 shares, amounting to approximately TL 5,481 million and €1,857 million applying a 2.9571 TL/EUR exchange rate.

Following this acquisition, we held 39.90% of Garanti’s share capital and started to fully consolidate Garanti’s results in our consolidated financial statements as we determined we were able to control such entity. On March 22, 2017, we completed the acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti. See “―2017” above.

In accordance with the IFRS-IASB accounting rules, at the date of achieving effective control over Garanti, BBVA had to measure at fair value its previously acquired stake of 25.01% in Garanti (classified as a joint venture accounted for under the equity method). This resulted in a negative impact in “Gains (losses) on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net” in the consolidated income statement of the BBVA Group for the year ended December 31, 2015, which resulted, in turn, in a net negative impact in the “Profit attributable to parent company” of the BBVA Group in 2015 amounting to €1,840 million. Such accounting impact did not result in any additional cash outflow from BBVA. Most of this impact resulted from the depreciation of the TL against the Euro since the acquisition by BBVA of such stake until the date of achieving such effective control.

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Acquisition of Catalunya Banc

On April 24, 2015, once the necessary authorizations had been obtained and all the agreed conditions precedent had been fulfilled, BBVA announced the acquisition of 1,947,166,809 shares of Catalunya Banc, S.A. (“Catalunya Banc”) (approximately 98.4% of its share capital) for a price of approximately €1,165 million.

Previously, on July 21, 2014, the Management Commission of the FROB had accepted BBVA’s bid in the competitive auction for the acquisition of Catalunya Banc.

Capital Divestitures

Our principal divestitures are financial divestitures in our subsidiaries and in affiliates. The main capital divestitures from 2015 to the date of this Annual Report were the following:

2017

Agreement for the sale of BBVA’s stake in BBVA Chile

On November 28, 2017, BBVA received a binding offer from The Bank of Nova Scotia group (“Scotiabank”) for the acquisition, at a price of approximately $2,200 million, of BBVA’s stake in Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Chile, S.A. (“BBVA Chile”) as well as in other companies of its Group in Chile whose operations are complementary to the banking business (amongst them, BBVA Seguros de Vida, S.A.). BBVA owns, directly and indirectly, approximately 68.19% of BBVA Chile’s share capital. The offer received does not include BBVA’s stake in the automobile financing companies which are part of the Forum group and in other Chilean entities which are engaged in corporate activities of the BBVA Group.

On December 5, 2017, BBVA accepted the offer and entered into a sale and purchase agreement.

Completion of the transaction is subject to obtaining the relevant regulatory approvals.

Agreement for the creation of a joint venture and transfer of the real estate business in Spain

On November 28, 2017, BBVA reached an agreement with an affiliate of Cerberus Capital Management, L.P. (“Cerberus”) for the creation of a joint venture to which the real estate business of BBVA in Spain will be transferred (the “Spun-off Business”). BBVA will contribute the Spun-off Business to a single company (the “Newco”) and will sell 80% of the shares of such Newco to Cerberus at the closing date of the transaction.

The Spun-off Business comprises: (i) foreclosed real estate assets (the “REOs”), with a gross book value of approximately €13,000 million, taking as starting point the situation of the REOs on June 26, 2017; and (ii) the necessary assets and employees to manage the Spun-off Business in an autonomous manner. For the purpose of the agreement with Cerberus, the Spun-off Business was valued at approximately €5,000 million.

Considering the valuation of the Spun-off Business previously mentioned and assuming that all the Spun-off Business’ REOs on June 26, 2017 will be contributed to the Newco, the sale price for 80% of the shares would amount to approximately €4,000 million. The final price will be determined based on the volume of REOs effectively contributed, which may vary depending on, among other matters, the sales carried out from the date of reference (June 26, 2017) until the date of closing of the transaction.

The consummation of the transaction is subject to obtaining the relevant authorizations from the competent authorities.

2016

In 2016 there were no significant capital divestitures.

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2015

Sale of the participation in Citic International Financial Holdings Limited (CIFH)

On December 23, 2014, the BBVA Group signed an agreement to sell its 29.68% participation in Citic International Financial Holdings Limited (“CIFH”) to China CITIC Bank Corporation Limited (“CNCB”). CIFH is a non-listed subsidiary of CNCB domiciled in Hong Kong. On August 27, 2015, BBVA completed the sale of this participation. The selling price of HK$8,162 million was registered under “Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations”.

Partial sale of China CITIC Bank Corporation Limited (CNCB)

On January 23, 2015, the BBVA Group signed an agreement to sell a 4.9% stake in CNCB to UBS AG, London Branch (“UBS”), which in turn entered into transactions pursuant to which such CNCB shares were to be transferred to a third party, with the ultimate economic benefit of ownership of such CNCB shares being transferred to Xinhu Zhongbao Co., Ltd (Xinhu) (collectively, the “Relevant Transactions”). On March 12, 2015, after having obtained the necessary approvals, BBVA completed the sale. The selling price to UBS was HK$5.73 per share, amounting to a total of HK$13,136 million, equivalent to approximately €1,555 million (with an exchange rate of €/HK$=8.45 as of the date of the closing).

In addition to the sale of this 4.9% stake, the BBVA Group made various sales of CNCB shares in the market during 2015. In total, a participation of 6.34% in CNCB was sold during 2015. The impact of these sales on the Consolidated Financial Statements of the BBVA Group was a gain, net of taxes, of approximately €705 million in 2015. This gain, gross of taxes, was recognized under “Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations” in the consolidated income statement for 2015. See Note 50 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

B. Business Overview

BBVA is a highly diversified international financial group, with strengths in the traditional banking businesses of retail banking, asset management, private banking and wholesale banking. We also have investments in some of Spain’s leading companies.

The BBVA Group is a customer-centric global financial services group founded in 1857. It has a solid leadership position in the Spanish market, it is the largest financial institution in Mexico in terms of assets, it has leading franchises in South America and the Sunbelt Region of the United States and it is the leading shareholder in Garanti, Turkey’s biggest bank in terms of market capitalization. Its diversified business is focused on high-growth markets and it relies on technology as a key sustainable competitive advantage. Corporate responsibility is at the core of its business model. BBVA fosters financial education and inclusion, and supports scientific research and culture.

The BBVA Group operates in Spain through Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A., a private-law entity subject to the laws and regulations governing banking entities operating in Spain. It carries out its activity through branches and agencies across the country and abroad. In addition to the transactions it carries out directly, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. is the parent company of the BBVA Group, which includes a group of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates performing a wide range of activities.

As of December 31, 2017, the BBVA Group had 131,856 employees, 72 million customers, 8,271 branches and 31,688 ATMs and was present in 35 countries. As of such date the BBVA Group was composed of 331 consolidated entities and 76 entities accounted for using the equity method.

The Group is committed to offering a compelling digital proposition and is focused on offering more products online and through mobile channels, improving the functionality of its digital offerings and refining customer experience. In 2017, the number of digital and mobile customers and the volume of digital sales continued to increase.

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Operating Segments

Set forth below are the Group’s current seven operating segments:

· Banking Activity in Spain.

· Non-Core Real Estate (until March 2017, this operating segment was referred to as Real Estate Activity in Spain).

· The United States.

· Mexico.

· Turkey.

· South America.

· Rest of Eurasia.

In addition to the operating segments referred to above, the Group has a Corporate Center which includes those items that have not been allocated to an operating segment. It includes the Group’s general management functions, including costs from central units that have a strictly corporate function; management of structural exchange rate positions carried out by the Financial Planning unit; specific issues of capital instruments to ensure adequate management of the Group’s overall capital position; proprietary portfolios such as holdings in some of Spain’s leading companies and their corresponding results; certain tax assets and liabilities; provisions related to commitments with pensioners; and goodwill and other intangibles.

The breakdown of the Group’s total assets by operating segments as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016(1) | 2015 (1)
| (In Millions of Euros)
Banking Activity in Spain | 319,417 | 335,847 | 343,793
Non-Core Real Estate | 9,714 | 13,713 | 17,122
The United States | 80,493 | 88,902 | 86,454
Mexico | 89,344 | 93,318 | 99,591
Turkey | 78,694 | 84,866 | 89,003
South America | 74,636 | 77,918 | 70,657
Rest of Eurasia | 17,265 | 19,106 | 19,579
Subtotal Assets by Operating Segment | 669,563 | 713,670 | 726,199
Corporate Center and other adjustments | 20,495 | 18,186 | 23,656
Total Assets BBVA Group | 690,059 | 731,856 | 749,855

(1) The figures corresponding to 2016 and 2015 have been restated due to changes in the structure of BBVA’s internal organization in a manner that caused the composition of the reportable segments to change. These changes were not significant.

The following table sets forth information relating to the profit (loss) attributable to parent company by each of BBVA’s operating segments and Corporate Center for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| Profit/(Loss) Attributable to Parent Company | % of Profit/(Loss) Attributable to Parent Company
| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In Percentage)
Banking Activity in Spain | 1,381 | 905 | 1,080 | 26 | 21 | 24
Non-Core Real Estate | (501) | (595) | (496) | (9) | (14) | (11)
The United States | 511 | 459 | 517 | 10 | 11 | 11
Mexico | 2,162 | 1,980 | 2,094 | 40 | 46 | 46
Turkey | 826 | 599 | 371 | 15 | 14 | 8
South America | 861 | 771 | 905 | 16 | 18 | 20
Rest of Eurasia | 125 | 151 | 70 | 2 | 4 | 2
Subtotal operating segments | 5,363 | 4,269 | 4,541 | 100 | 100 | 100
Corporate Center | (1,844) | (794) | (1,899) |  |  |
Profit attributable to parent company | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,642 |  |  |

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The following table sets forth information relating to the income of each operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and reconciles the income statement of the various operating segments to the consolidated income statement of the Group:

| Operating Segments
| Banking Activity in Spain | Non-Core Real Estate | The United States | Mexico | Turkey(1) | South America | Rest of Eurasia | Corporate Center | Total | Adjustments (2) | BBVA Group
| (In Millions of Euros)
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 3,738 | 71 | 2,158 | 5,437 | 3,331 | 3,200 | 180 | (357) | 17,758 | - | 17,758
Gross income | 6,180 | (17) | 2,919 | 7,080 | 4,115 | 4,451 | 468 | 73 | 25,270 | - | 25,270
Net margin before provisions(3) | 2,802 | (132) | 1,061 | 4,635 | 2,612 | 2,444 | 160 | (811) | 12,770 | - | 12,770
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,866 | (673) | 784 | 2,948 | 2,147 | 1,691 | 177 | (2,009) | 6,931 | - | 6,931
Profit attributable to parent company | 1,381 | (501) | 511 | 2,162 | 826 | 861 | 125 | (1,844) | 3,519 | - | 3,519
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 3,877 | 60 | 1,953 | 5,126 | 3,404 | 2,930 | 166 | (455) | 17,059 | - | 17,059
Gross income | 6,416 | (6) | 2,706 | 6,766 | 4,257 | 4,054 | 491 | (31) | 24,653 | - | 24,653
Net margin before provisions(3) | 2,837 | (130) | 863 | 4,371 | 2,519 | 2,160 | 149 | (907) | 11,862 | - | 11,862
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,268 | (743) | 612 | 2,678 | 1,906 | 1,552 | 203 | (1,084) | 6,392 | - | 6,392
Profit attributable to parent company | 905 | (595) | 459 | 1,980 | 599 | 771 | 151 | (794) | 3,475 | - | 3,475
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 4,015 | 71 | 1,811 | 5,387 | 2,194 | 3,202 | 176 | (432) | 16,426 | (404) | 16,022
Gross income | 6,803 | (28) | 2,631 | 7,081 | 2,434 | 4,477 | 465 | (183) | 23,680 | (318) | 23,362
Net margin before provisions(3) | 3,363 | (154) | 825 | 4,459 | 1,273 | 2,498 | 113 | (1,015) | 11,363 | (109) | 11,254
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,540 | (716) | 685 | 2,772 | 853 | 1,814 | 103 | (1,172) | 5,879 | (1,276) | 4,603
Profit attributable to parent company | 1,080 | (496) | 517 | 2,094 | 371 | 905 | 70 | (1,899) | 2,642 | - | 2,642

(1) The information for the year ended December 31, 2015, until July 2015, is presented under management criteria, pursuant to which Garanti’s results have been proportionally integrated based on our 25.01% interest in Garanti until July 2015, when the acquisition of an additional 14.89% stake in Garanti was completed and we started consolidating 100% of the Garanti group. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2) Adjustments in 2015 include (i) adjustments made to account for the fact that, until July 2015, in the consolidated financial statements Garanti was accounted for using the equity method rather than using the management criteria referred to above; and (ii) adjustments relating to the reclassification in the fourth quarter of 2015, of certain operating expenses related

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to technology from the Corporate Center to the Banking Activity in Spain segment. This reclassification was a consequence of the reassignment of technology-related management competences, resources and responsibilities from the Corporate Center to the Banking Activity in Spain segment during 2015.

(3) “Net margin before provisions” is calculated as “Gross income” less “Administration costs” and “Depreciation and amortization”.

The following tables set forth information relating to the balance sheet of the main operating segments as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31, 2017 |
| Banking Activity in Spain | The United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia |
| (In Millions of Euros) |
Total Assets | 319,417 | 80,493 | 89,344 | 78,694 | 74,636 | 17,265 |
Loans and advances to customers | 188,463 | 55,122 | 46,463 | 53,446 | 49,870 | 15,261 |
Of which: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 77,366 | 11,048 | 8,235 | 5,113 | 11,425 | 1,968 |
Consumer finance | 9,804 | 6,841 | 10,883 | 15,839 | 10,609 | 297 |
Loans | 7,845 | 6,312 | 6,486 | 11,047 | 7,970 | 282 |
Credit cards | 1,959 | 529 | 4,397 | 4,792 | 2,640 | 15 |
Loans to enterprises | 46,259 | 29,506 | 18,668 | 30,459 | 20,655 | 11,075 |
Loans to public sector | 15,952 | 5,133 | 3,111 | 1 | 867 | 510 |
Total Liabilities | 309,731 | 77,250 | 85,950 | 70,253 | 69,885 | 16,330 |
Customer deposits | 177,763 | 61,357 | 49,414 | 44,691 | 45,492 | 6,700 |
Of which: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 119,003 | 44,915 | 32,232 | 11,751 | 22,822 | 4,176 |
Time deposits | 47,599 | 11,423 | 7,669 | 32,705 | 18,717 | 2,254 |
Other customer funds | 6,680 | 208 | 4,497 | 43 | 4,137 | 231 |
Total Equity | 9,686 | 3,243 | 3,394 | 8,441 | 4,751 | 935 |
| As of December 31, 2016 |
| Banking Activity in Spain | The United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia |
| (In Millions of Euros) |
Total Assets | 335,847 | 88,902 | 93,318 | 84,866 | 77,918 | 19,106 |
Loans and advances to customers | 187,201 | 62,000 | 47,938 | 57,941 | 50,333 | 15,835 |
Of which: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 81,659 | 12,893 | 8,410 | 5,801 | 11,441 | 2,432 |
Consumer finance | 7,141 | 7,413 | 11,286 | 15,819 | 10,527 | 231 |
Loans | 5,374 | 6,838 | 6,630 | 10,734 | 7,781 | 217 |
Credit cards | 1,767 | 575 | 4,656 | 5,085 | 2,745 | 15 |
Loans to enterprises | 43,472 | 33,084 | 18,684 | 33,836 | 21,495 | 12,340 |
Loans to public sector | 18,268 | 4,594 | 3,862 | - | 685 | 57 |
Total Liabilities | 325,230 | 84,719 | 89,244 | 75,798 | 73,425 | 17,705 |
Customer deposits | 180,544 | 65,760 | 50,571 | 47,244 | 47,684 | 9,396 |
Of which: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 98,989 | 49,430 | 31,112 | 12,237 | 23,369 | 4,442 |
Time deposits | 70,696 | 13,765 | 7,048 | 35,231 | 20,509 | 4,773 |
Other customer funds | 5,124 | - | 5,324 | 21 | 4,456 | 107 |
Total Equity | 10,617 | 4,183 | 4,074 | 9,068 | 4,493 | 1,401 |

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| As of December 31, 2015 |
| Banking Activity in Spain | The United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia |
| (In Millions of Euros) |
Total Assets | 339,775 | 86,454 | 99,594 | 89,003 | 70,661 | 23,469 |
Loans and advances to customers | 192,068 | 60,599 | 49,075 | 57,768 | 44,970 | 16,143 |
Of which: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 85,029 | 13,182 | 9,099 | 6,215 | 9,810 | 2,614 |
Consumer finance | 6,126 | 7,364 | 11,588 | 14,156 | 9,278 | 322 |
Loans | 4,499 | 6,784 | 6,550 | 9,010 | 6,774 | 305 |
Credit cards | 1,627 | 580 | 5,037 | 5,146 | 2,504 | 17 |
Loans to enterprises | 43,149 | 31,882 | 18,160 | 31,918 | 19,896 | 12,619 |
Loans to public sector | 20,798 | 4,442 | 4,197 | - | 630 | 216 |
Total Liabilities | 329,195 | 82,413 | 93,413 | 83,246 | 66,287 | 22,319 |
Customer deposits | 185,471 | 63,715 | 49,553 | 47,148 | 41,998 | 15,053 |
Current and savings accounts | 81,218 | 45,717 | 32,165 | 9,697 | 21,011 | 5,031 |
Time deposits | 78,403 | 14,456 | 7,049 | 33,695 | 16,990 | 9,319 |
Other customer funds | 14,906 | - | 5,738 | - | 4,031 | 609 |
Total Equity | 10,581 | 4,041 | 6,181 | 5,757 | 4,374 | 1,150 |

Banking Activity in Spain

The Banking Activity in Spain operating segment includes all of BBVA’s banking and non-banking businesses in Spain, other than those included in the Corporate Center area and Non-Core Real Estate. The main business units included in this operating segment are:

· Spanish Retail Network: including individual customers, private banking, small companies and businesses in the domestic market;

· Corporate and Business Banking (CBB): which manages small and medium sized enterprises (“SMEs”), companies and corporations, public institutions and developer segments;

· Corporate and Investment Banking (C&IB): responsible for business with large corporations and multinational groups and the trading floor and distribution business in Spain; and

· Other units: which include the insurance business unit in Spain (BBVA Seguros), and the Asset Management unit, which manages Spanish mutual funds and pension funds. Loan production to real estate developers that are not in difficulties are also included here.

In addition, Banking Activity in Spain includes certain loans and advances portfolios, finance and structural euro balance sheet positions.

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The following table sets forth information relating to the activity of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Assets | 319,417 | 335,847 | 343,793
Loans and advances to customers | 188,463 | 187,201 | 192,028
Of which: |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 77,366 | 81,659 | 85,029
Consumer finance | 9,804 | 7,141 | 6,207
Loans | 7,845 | 5,374 | 4,577
Credit cards | 1,959 | 1,767 | 1,631
Loans to enterprises | 46,259 | 43,472 | 43,635
Loans to public sector | 15,952 | 18,268 | 20,892
Customer deposits | 177,763 | 180,544 | 188,116
Of which: |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 119,003 | 98,989 | 81,270
Time deposits | 47,599 | 70,696 | 81,048
Other customer funds | 6,680 | 5,124 | 14,861
Assets under management | 62,054 | 56,147 | 54,910
Mutual funds | 37,992 | 32,648 | 31,927
Pension funds | 24,022 | 23,448 | 22,860
Other placements | 40 | 51 | 123

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €188,463 million, a 0.7% increase compared with the €187,201 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €3,074 million increase in repurchase agreements (repos) and other loans, increased activity with clients in France, and a €2,787 million increase in loans to enterprises, of which approximately €800 million related to unimpaired loans transferred from the Non-Core Real Estate operating segment, partially offset by a €4,293 million decrease in residential mortgages continuing the trend of last year.

Customer deposits of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €177,763 million, a 1.5% decrease compared with the €180,544 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €23,097 million decrease in time deposits partially offset by a €20,014 million increase in current and savings accounts. Due to the low interest rate environment and the consequent low profitability of time deposits, there was a transfer from time deposits to current and savings accounts and, to a lesser extent, mutual funds.

Mutual funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €37,992 million, a 16.4% increase compared with the €32,648 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, continuing the trend of the previous year. Increased activity in mutual funds was mainly attributable the low return on deposits and the improvement of the markets. Pension funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €24,022 million, a 2.4% increase compared with the €23,448 million recorded as of December 31, 2016.

The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 5.2% compared with 5.8% as of December 31, 2016. This operating segment’s non-performing assets coverage ratio (which reflects the degree to which the impairment of non-performing assets has been covered in the Group’s consolidated financial statements through loan loss provisions) decreased to 50% as of December 31, 2017, from 53% as of December 31, 2016.

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Non-Core Real Estate

This operating segment was set up with the aim of providing specialized and structured management of the real estate assets accumulated by the Group as a result of the economic crisis in Spain. It primarily includes lending to real estate developers and foreclosed real estate assets (except for those new loans to developers that are included in the Banking Activity in Spain segment). In November 2017, BBVA reached an agreement with a subsidiary of Cerberus for the creation of a joint venture to which the real estate business of BBVA in Spain will be transferred, which represents the majority of the assets and the business of this operating segment. BBVA will retain a 20% interest in such joint venture, while Cerberus will acquire a 80% interest in exchange of approximately €4,000 million. For additional information on this transaction, see “—History and Development of the Company—Capital Divestitures—2017—Agreement for the creation of a joint venture and transfer of the real estate business in Spain”.

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment have significantly declined over recent years. As of December 31, 2017, loans and advances to customers amounted to €5,042 million, a 44.4% decrease compared with the €9,070 million recorded as of December 31, 2016.

Non-performing assets of this segment have continued to decline and as of December 31, 2017 and were 4.5 p.p. lower than as of December 31, 2016. The coverage of non-performing and potential problem loans of this segment decreased to 55.6% as of December 31, 2017, compared with 59.4% as of December 31, 2016 of the total amount of real-estate assets in this operating segment.

The number of real estate assets sold amounted to 36,041 units in 2017, 67.2% higher than in 2016.

The United States

This operating segment encompasses the Group’s business in the United States. BBVA Compass accounted for approximately 92% of the operating segment’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. Given its size in this segment, most of the comments below refer to BBVA Compass. This operating segment also includes the assets and liabilities of the BBVA office in New York, which specializes in transactions with large corporations.

The following table sets forth information relating to the business activity of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Assets | 80,493 | 88,902 | 86,454
Loans and advances to customers | 55,122 | 62,000 | 60,599
Of which: |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 11,048 | 12,893 | 13,182
Consumer finance | 6,841 | 7,413 | 7,364
Loans | 6,312 | 6,838 | 6,784
Credit cards | 529 | 575 | 580
Loans to enterprises | 29,506 | 33,084 | 31,882
Loans to public sector | 5,133 | 4,594 | 4,442
Customer deposits | 61,357 | 65,760 | 63,715
Of which: |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 44,915 | 49,430 | 45,717
Time deposits | 11,423 | 13,765 | 14,456
Other customer funds | 208 | - | -
Assets under management | - | - | -

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The U.S. dollar depreciated 12.1% against the euro as of December 31, 2017 compared with December 31, 2016, negatively affecting the business activity of the United States operating segment as of December 31, 2017 expressed in euro. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects―Operating Results―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition ―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €55,122 million, a 11.1% decrease compared with the €62,000 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the euro. Excluding this impact, loans and advances to customers increased by 1.2% driven by an overall increase in commercial loans as well as consumer loans, particularly in residential real estate loans. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects―Operating Results―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates” for an explanation on how we exclude the impact of changes in exchange rates when comparing amounts as of two different dates.

Customer deposits of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €61,357 million, a 6.7% decrease compared with the €65,760 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the euro. Excluding this impact, customers deposits increased by 6.2% mainly as a result of a 3.4% increase in current and savings accounts due primarily to marketing efforts, partially offset by a 5.6% decrease in time deposits.

The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 1.3% compared with 1.5% as of December 31, 2016. This operating segment’s non-performing assets coverage ratio decreased to 104% as of December 31, 2017, from 94% as of December 31, 2016.

Mexico

The Mexico operating segment comprises the banking and insurance businesses conducted in Mexico by the BBVA Bancomer financial group.

The following table sets forth information relating to the business activity of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Assets | 89,344 | 93,318 | 99,591
Loans and advances to customers | 46,463 | 47,938 | 49,074
Of which: |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 8,235 | 8,410 | 9,099
Consumer finance | 10,883 | 11,286 | 11,588
Loans | 6,486 | 6,630 | 6,550
Credit cards | 4,397 | 4,656 | 5,037
Loans to enterprises | 18,668 | 18,684 | 18,160
Loans to public sector | 3,111 | 3,862 | 4,197
Customer deposits | 49,414 | 50,571 | 49,552
Of which: |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 32,232 | 31,112 | 32,165
Time deposits | 7,669 | 7,048 | 7,049
Other customer funds | 4,497 | 5,324 | 5,738
Assets under management | 19,472 | 19,111 | 21,557
Mutual funds | 16,430 | 16,331 | 17,894
Pension funds | - | - | -
Other placements | 3,041 | 2,780 | 3,663

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The Mexican peso depreciated 8.0% against the euro as of December 31, 2017 compared with December 31, 2016, negatively affecting the business activity of the Mexico operating segment as of December 31, 2017 expressed in euro. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects―Operating Results―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €46,463 million, a 3.1% decrease compared with the €47,938 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, primarily due to the depreciation of the Mexican peso against the euro and, to a lesser extent, prepayments in the commercial portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2017. Assuming constant exchange rates, loans and advances to customers increased by 5.3% explained by overall increases in all the lines, in line with the growth of the Mexican banking system.

Customer deposits of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €49,414 million, a 2.3% decrease compared with the €50,571 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, primarily due to the depreciation of the Mexican peso against the euro. Excluding this impact, customer deposits increased by 6.2% driven by the performance of time deposits and current and savings accounts, supported by the growth of the Mexican banking system.

Mutual funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €16,430 million, a 0.6% increase compared with the €16,331 million recorded as of December 31, 2016.

This operating segment’s non-performing asset ratio was 2.3% as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. This operating segment’s non-performing assets coverage ratio decreased to 123% as of December 31, 2017, from 127% as of December 31, 2016.

Turkey

This operating segment comprises the banking and insurance businesses conducted by Garanti and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The following table sets forth information relating to the business activity of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Assets | 78,694 | 84,866 | 89,003
Loans and advances to customers | 53,446 | 57,941 | 57,768
Of which: |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 5,113 | 5,801 | 5,884
Consumer finance | 15,839 | 15,819 | 15,940
Loans | 11,047 | 10,734 | 10,607
Credit cards | 4,792 | 5,085 | 5,332
Loans to enterprises | 30,459 | 33,836 | 33,472
Loans to public sector | 1 | - | -
Customer deposits | 44,691 | 47,244 | 47,148
Of which: |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 11,751 | 12,237 | 11,889
Time deposits | 32,705 | 35,231 | 35,543
Other customer funds | 43 | 21 | 25
Assets under management | 3,902 | 3,753 | 3,620
Mutual funds | 1,265 | 1,192 | 1,243
Pension funds | 2,637 | 2,561 | 2,378
Other placements | - | - | -

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The Turkish lira depreciated 18.5% against the euro as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016, negatively affecting the business activity of the Turkey operating segment as of December 31, 2017 expressed in euro. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects―Operating Results―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €53,446 million, a 7.8% decrease compared with the €57,941 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Turkish lira. Excluding this impact, loans and advances to customers increased by 13.1% supported by the strong growth showed by the Turkish financial sector mainly as a result of the growth of lending spurred by the government’s Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF) program.

Customer deposits of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €44,691 million, a 5.4% decrease compared with the €47,244 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Turkish lira. Excluding this impact, customer deposits grew by 16.0%, above the average of the sector, with current and savings accounts increasing by 17.8%, reaching 26.3% of the total customer deposits and lowering the overall funding costs.

Mutual funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,265 million, a 6.1% increase compared with the €1,192 million recorded as of December 31, 2016. Excluding the exchange rate effect, there was a 30.1% increase as a result of a greater volume of funds, the increased use of alternative sale channels (including the implementation of a new e-platform), generally higher share prices and higher interest rates.

Pension funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €2,637 million, a 3.0% increase compared with the €2,561 million recorded as of December 31, 2016. Excluding the exchange rate effect, there was a 26.3% increase, mainly as a result of the introduction of a mandatory pension plan by the Turkish government since the beginning of 2017 as well as the implementation of a new e-platform, the positive trend in the economy and higher interest rates.

The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 3.9% compared with 2.7% as of December 31, 2016. This operating segment’s non-performing assets coverage ratio decreased to 85% as of December 31, 2017, from 124% as of December 31, 2016. These changes were mainly as a result of increased impairments of wholesale loans.

South America

The South America operating segment includes the BBVA Group’s banking and insurance businesses in the region.

The business units included in the South America operating segment are:

· Retail and Corporate Banking: includes banks in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.

· Insurance: includes insurance businesses in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela.

In November 2017, BBVA reached an agreement for the sale of BBVA’s stake in BBVA Chile. For additional information, see “—History and Development of the Company—Capital Divestitures—2017—Agreement for the sale of BBVA’s stake in BBVA Chile”.

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The following table sets forth information relating to the business activity of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Assets | 74,636 | 77,918 | 70,657
Loans and advances to customers | 49,870 | 50,333 | 44,970
Of which: |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 11,425 | 11,441 | 9,810
Consumer finance | 10,609 | 10,527 | 9,089
Loans | 7,970 | 7,781 | 6,585
Credit cards | 2,640 | 2,745 | 2,504
Loans to enterprises | 20,655 | 21,495 | 20,084
Loans to public sector | 867 | 685 | 630
Customer deposits | 45,492 | 47,684 | 41,998
Of which: |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 22,822 | 23,369 | 21,011
Time deposits | 18,717 | 20,509 | 16,990
Other customer funds | 4,137 | 4,456 | 4,229
Assets under management | 12,197 | 11,902 | 9,729
Mutual funds | 5,248 | 4,859 | 3,793
Pension funds | 6,949 | 7,043 | 5,936
Other placements | - | - | -

All the currencies of the countries in which BBVA operates in South America depreciated against the euro as of December 31, 2017, negatively affecting the business activity of the South America operating segment as of December 31, 2017 expressed in euro. See “Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects―Operating Results―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €49,870 million, a 0.9% decrease compared with the €50,333 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of all the currencies of the region. Excluding this impact, loans and advances to customers increased by 11.3%, mainly as a result of a €1,335 million increase in loans to enterprises, and a €1,102 million increase in consumer loans. By country, the main variation was related to Argentina where loans and advances to customers, at constant exchange rates, increased by €2,172 million.

Customer deposits of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €45,492 million, a 4.6% decrease compared with the €47,684 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of all the currencies of the region. Excluding this impact, customer deposits increased by 10.2%, mainly as a result of an increase in current and savings accounts. By country, the main variation was related to Argentina where customer deposits, at constant exchange rates, increased by €1,733 million.

Mutual funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €5,248 million, an 8.0% increase compared with the €4,859 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of increased activity in Argentina and Colombia during the first quarter of the year, which more than offset the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region.

The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 3.4% compared with 2.9% as of December 31, 2016, due to weaker economic conditions in the region during the first part of the year,

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alleviated slightly in the last quarter when the non-performing asset ratio decreased by 8 b.p. This operating segment’s non-performing assets coverage ratio decreased to 89% as of December 31, 2017, from 103% as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the weaker economic conditions during the first part of the year 2017.

Rest of Eurasia

This operating segment includes the retail and wholesale banking businesses carried out by the Group in Europe (primarily Portugal) and Asia, excluding Spain and Turkey.

The following table sets forth information relating to the business activity of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Assets | 17,265 | 19,106 | 19,579
Loans and advances to customers | 15,261 | 15,835 | 16,165
Of which: |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 1,968 | 2,432 | 2,614
Consumer finance | 297 | 231 | 322
Loans | 282 | 217 | 305
Credit cards | 15 | 15 | 17
Loans to enterprises | 11,075 | 12,340 | 12,619
Loans to public sector | 510 | 57 | 216
Customer deposits | 6,700 | 9,396 | 12,409
Of which: |  |  |
Current and savings accounts | 4,176 | 4,442 | 5,024
Time deposits | 2,254 | 4,773 | 6,684
Other customer funds | 231 | 107 | 609
Assets under management | 376 | 366 | 331
Mutual funds | - | - | -
Pension funds | 376 | 366 | 331
Other placements | - | - | -

Loans and advances to customers of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €15,261 million, a 3.6% decrease compared with the €15,835 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €1,266 million decrease in loans to enterprises as a result of the loss of certain customers in the Global Finance Asia area.

Customer deposits of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €6,700 million, a 28.7% decrease compared with the €9,396 million recorded as of December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €2,520 million decrease in time deposits, mainly as a result of the reclassification of certain customer deposits between this operating segment and the operating segment of Banking Activity in Spain.

Pension funds of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 amounted to €376 million, a 2.7% increase compared with the €366 million recorded as of December 31, 2016.

The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 2.4% compared with 2.6% as of December 31, 2016. This operating segment’s non-performing assets coverage ratio decreased to 74% as of December 31, 2017, from 85% as of December 31, 2016.

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Insurance Activity

See Note 23 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our insurance activity.

Monetary Policy

The integration of Spain into the European Monetary Union (“EMU”) on January 1, 1999 implied the yielding of monetary policy sovereignty to the Eurosystem. The “Eurosystem” is composed of the ECB and the national central banks of the 19 member countries that form the EMU.

The Eurosystem determines and executes the policy for the single monetary union of the 19 member countries of the EMU. The Eurosystem collaborates with the central banks of member countries to take advantage of the experience of the central banks in each of its national markets. The basic tasks carried out by the Eurosystem include:

· defining and implementing the single monetary policy of the EMU;

· conducting foreign exchange operations in accordance with the set exchange policy;

· lending to national monetary financial institutions in collateralized operations;

· holding and managing the official foreign reserves of the member states; and

· promoting the smooth operation of the payment systems.

In addition, the Treaty on the EU (“EU Treaty”) establishes a series of rules designed to safeguard the independence of the system, in its institutional as well as its administrative functions.

Supervision and Regulation

Since September 2012, significant progress has been made toward the establishment of a European banking union. The banking union is expected to be achieved through new harmonized banking rules (the single rulebook) and a new institutional framework with stronger systems for both banking supervision and resolution that will be managed at the European level. Its two main pillars are the SSM and the SRM. As a further step to a fully-fledged banking union, in November 2015, the European Commission put forward a proposal for a European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS), which intends to provide a stronger and more uniform degree of insurance cover for all retail depositors in the banking union.

Pursuant to Article 127(6) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU and the SSM Framework Regulation, the ECB is responsible for specific tasks concerning the prudential supervision of credit institutions established in participating Member States. Since 2014, it carries out these supervisory tasks within the SSM framework, composed of the ECB and the relevant national authorities. The ECB is responsible for the effective and consistent functioning of the SSM, with a view to carrying out effective banking supervision, contributing to the safety and soundness of the banking system and the stability of the financial system.

Its main aims are to:

· ensure the safety and soundness of the European banking system;

· increase financial integration and stability; and

· ensure consistent supervision.

The ECB, in cooperation with the relevant national supervisors, is responsible for the effective and consistent functioning of the SSM.

It has the authority to:

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· conduct supervisory reviews, on-site inspections and investigations;

· grant or withdraw banking licenses;

· assess banks’ acquisitions and disposals of qualifying holdings;

· ensure compliance with EU prudential rules; and

· set higher capital requirements (“buffers”) in order to counter any financial risks.

In addition, since November 2014, it assumed the direct supervision of the 123 significant banks of the participating countries, including Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. Ongoing supervision of the significant banks is carried out by Joint Supervisory Teams (“JSTs”). Each significant bank has a dedicated JST, comprising staff of the ECB and the relevant national supervisors (in our case, the Bank of Spain).

The criteria for determining whether a bank is considered significant (and therefore whether it falls under the ECB’s direct supervision) are set out in the SSM Framework Regulation and the SSM Framework Regulation. To qualify as significant, a bank must fulfill at least one of these criteria:

· size: the total value of its assets exceeds €30 billion;

· economic importance: for the specific country or the EU economy as a whole;

· cross border activities: the total value of its assets exceeds €5 billion and the ratio of its cross-border assets/liabilities in more than one other participating Member State to its total assets/liabilities is above 20%; or

· direct public financial assistance: it has requested or received funding from the European Stability Mechanism (the “ESM”) or the European Financial Stability Facility.

The ECB can decide at any time to classify a bank as significant to ensure that high supervisory standards are applied consistently.

The ECB indirectly supervises banks that are not considered significant (also known as “less significant” institutions), which continue to be supervised by their national supervisors, in close cooperation with the ECB. See “—Bank of Spain” below for an explanation of the tasks to be performed by the Bank of Spain.

Bank of Spain

The Bank of Spain was established in 1962 as a public law entity (entidad de derecho público) that operates as Spain’s autonomous central bank. In addition, it has the ability to function as a private bank. Except in its public functions, the Bank of Spain’s relations with third parties are governed by private law, and its actions are subject to the civil and business law codes and regulations.

Until January 1, 1999, the Bank of Spain was also the sole entity responsible for implementing Spanish monetary policy. For a description of monetary policy since the introduction of the euro, see “—Monetary Policy”.

Since January 1, 1999, the Bank of Spain has performed the following basic functions attributed to the Eurosystem:

· defining and implementing the Eurosystem’s monetary policy, with the principal aim of maintaining price stability across the Eurozone;

· conducting currency exchange operations consistent with the provisions of Article 219 of the EU Treaty, and holding and managing the Member States’ official currency reserves;

· promoting the sound working of payment systems in the Eurozone; and

· issuing legal tender banknotes.

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Recognizing the foregoing functions as a fully-fledged member of the Eurosystem, the Bank of Spain Law of Autonomy (Ley de Autonomía del Banco de España) stipulates the performance of the following functions by the Bank of Spain:

· holding and managing currency and precious metal reserves not transferred to the ECB;

· promoting the proper working and stability of the financial system and, without prejudice to the functions of the ECB, the proper working of the national payment systems, providing emergency liquidity assistance (ELA);

· promoting the sound working and stability of the financial system and, without prejudice to the functions of the ECB, of national payment systems;

· placing coins in circulation and the performance, on behalf of the State, of all such other functions entrusted to it in this connection;

· preparing and publishing statistics relating to its functions, and assisting the ECB in the compilation of the necessary statistical information;

· providing treasury services and acting as financial agent for government debt;

· advising the government, preparing the appropriate reports and studies; and

· exercising all other powers attributed to it by legislation.

As indicated above, on November 4, 2014 the ECB assumed responsibility for the supervision of Eurozone banks, following a year-long preparatory phase that included an in-depth examination of the resilience and balance sheets of the largest banks in the Eurozone. For all the banks not supervised directly by the ECB, around 3,500 banks, the ECB will also set and monitor the relevant supervisory standards and work closely with the national competent authorities in the supervision of these banks.

The ECB has set up homogenous criteria for all the supervised institutions under the SSM and has assumed decision-making power. National authorities, such as the Bank of Spain, provide their knowledge on their financial systems and the entities located in their jurisdictions. Therefore, the role of the Bank of Spain continues to be relevant for financial entities located in Spain. In particular, the Bank of Spain’s tasks include the following:

· it collaborates with the ECB in the supervision of significant entities through its participation in the JSTs of the relevant Spanish banks, and has a leading role in the on-site inspections;

· the Bank of Spain supervises directly the less significant Spanish banks. The ECB’s indirect supervision of these entities is focused on the homogenization of supervisory criteria and reception of information;

· there are several supervisory competences over banking entities, for example money laundering and terrorist financing, customer protection and certain aspects of the monitoring of the financial markets that are out of the scope of the SSM and remain under the purview of the Bank of Spain;

· the Bank of Spain participates in certain administrative processes controlled by the ECB, such as the granting or withdrawal of licenses and the application of fit and proper tests to members of the board and senior management of Spanish banks, and supports the ECB in cross-border tasks such as the definition of policies, methodologies or crisis management;

· the Bank of Spain continues to supervise other institution such as appraisal companies or specialist credit institutions, e-money issuing entities, mutual guarantee and re-guarantee companies; and

· the Bank of Spain participates in the governing bodies of the SSM contributing to the adoption of decisions affecting all credit institutions located in the Eurozone.

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Single Resolution Fund

The Single Resolution Fund (the “Fund”) was established pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 as a single financing arrangement for all the Member States participating in the SSM.

The Fund should be used in resolution procedures where the Single Resolution Board (“SRB”) considers it necessary to ensure the effective application of the resolution tools. The Fund should have adequate financial resources to allow for an effective functioning of the resolution framework by being able to intervene, where necessary, for the effective application of the resolution tools and to protect financial stability without recourse to taxpayers’ money.

The SRB should calculate the annual contributions to the Fund on the basis of a single target level established as 1% of the amount of covered deposits of all of the credit institutions authorized in all of the participating Member States. The SRB should ensure that the available financial means of the Fund reach at least the target level by the end of an initial period of eight years from January 1, 2016. The annual contribution to the Fund should be based on a flat contribution determined on the basis of an institution’s liabilities excluding own funds and covered deposits and a risk-adjusted contribution depending on the risk profile of that institution.

Deposit Guarantee Fund of Credit Institutions

The Deposit Guarantee Fund of Credit Institutions (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos or “FGD”), which operates under the guidance of the Bank of Spain, was set up by virtue of Royal Decree-Law 16/2011, of October 14. It is an independent legal entity and enjoys full authority to fulfill its functions. Royal Decree-Law 16/2011 unified the three previous guarantee funds that existed in Spain: the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Saving Banks, the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Credit Entities and the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Banking Establishments.

The main objective of the FGD is to guarantee deposits and securities held by credit institutions, up to the limit of €100,000. It also has the authority to carry out any such actions necessary to reinforce the solvency and operation of credit institutions in difficulty, with the purpose of defending the interests of depositors and deposit guarantee funds.

In order to fulfill its purposes, the FGD receives annual contributions from member credit institutions. The current annual contribution requirement is €2 for every €1,000 guaranteed deposits held by the respective member institution as of year-end. The Minister of the Economy and Finance is authorized to reduce the contributions when the FGD’s equity is considered sufficient to meet its needs. Moreover, it may suspend contributions when the FGD’s total equity reaches 1% of the calculation base of the contributions of the member institutions as a whole. Under certain circumstances defined by law, there may be extraordinary contributions from the institutions, and the European Central Bank may also require exceptional contributions of an amount set by law.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 all of the Spanish banks belonging to the BBVA Group were members of the FGD and were thus obligated to make annual contributions to it.

Investment Guarantee Fund

Royal Decree 948/2001, of August 3, regulates investor guarantee schemes (Fondo de Garantía de Inversores) related to both investment firms and to credit institutions. These schemes are set up through an investment guarantee fund for securities broker and broker-dealer firms and the deposit guarantee funds already in place for credit institutions. A series of specific regulations have also been enacted, defining the system for contributing to the funds.

The General Investment Guarantee Fund Management Company was created in a relatively short period of time and is a business corporation with capital in which all the fund members hold an interest. Member firms must make a joint annual contribution to the fund equal to 0.06% over the 5% of the securities that they hold on their client’s behalf. However, it is foreseen that these contributions may be reduced if the fund reaches a level considered to be sufficient.

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Liquidity Requirements – Minimum Reserve Ratio

The legal framework for the minimum reserve ratio is set out in Regulation (EC) No. 2818/98 of the ECB of December 1, 1998 on the application of minimum reserves (ECB/1998/15). The reserve coefficient for overnight deposits, deposits with agreed maturity or period of notice up to two years, debt securities issued with maturity up to two years and money market paper is 1%. For deposits with agreed maturity or period of notice over two years, repos and debt securities issued with maturity over two years there is no required reserve coefficient.

According to the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 issued by the European Commission of October 10, 2014, the LCR ratio came into force in Europe on October 1, 2015, with an initial 60% minimum requirement, progressively increased (phased-in) up to 100% in 2018.

Investment Ratio

In the past, the government used the investment ratio to allocate funds among specific sectors or investments. As part of the liberalization of the Spanish economy, it was gradually reduced to a rate of zero percent as of December 31, 1992. However, the law that established the ratio has not been abolished and the government could re-impose the ratio, subject to applicable EU requirements.

Capital Requirements

In December 2010, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”) proposed a number of fundamental reforms to the regulatory capital framework for internationally active banks (the “Basel III capital reforms”). The Basel III capital reforms raised the quantity and quality of capital required to be held by a financial institution with an emphasis on Common Equity Tier 1 capital (the “CET1 capital”).

As a Spanish credit institution, we are subject to the CRD IV Directive, through which the EU began implementing the Basel III capital reforms, with effect from January 1, 2014, with certain requirements in the process of being phased in until January 1, 2019. The core regulation regarding the solvency of credit entities is the CRR, which is complemented by several binding regulatory technical standards, all of which are directly applicable in all EU Member States, without the need for national implementation measures. The implementation of CRD IV Directive into Spanish law has taken place through Royal Decree-Law 14/2013, Law 10/2014, RD 84/2015, Bank of Spain Circular 2/2014 and Bank of Spain Circular 2/2016. On November 23, 2016, the European Commission published a package of proposals, the EU Banking Reforms, including, among others, proposed changes to the CRD IV Directive and CRR in order to increase the resilience of EU institutions and enhance financial stability. The timing for the final implementation of the EU Banking Reforms is unclear.

Among other things, CRD IV established minimum “Pillar 1” capital requirements both on a consolidated and individual basis (which includes a CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6% and a total capital ratio of 8% of risk-weighted assets). Additionally, CRD IV increased the level of capital required by means of a “combined buffer requirement” that entities must comply with from 2016 onwards (being phased-in from 2016 until 2019). The “combined buffer requirement” has introduced five new capital buffers: (i) the capital conservation buffer, (ii) the G-SIB buffer, (iii) the institution-specific countercyclical buffer, (iv) the D-SIB buffer and (v) the systemic risk buffer.

The combination of the capital conservation buffer, the institution-specific countercyclical buffer and the higher of (depending on the institution) the systemic risk buffer, the G-SIB buffer and the D-SIB buffer, in each case (if applicable to the relevant institution—in the event that the systemic risk buffer only applies to local exposures, such buffer is added to the higher of the G-SIB buffer or the D-SIB buffer) is referred to as the “combined buffer requirement”. This “combined buffer requirement” is in addition to the “Pillar 1” and the “Pillar 2” capital requirements and is required to be satisfied with CET1 capital.

The G-SIB buffer applies to those institutions included on the list of G-SIBs, which is updated annually by the FSB. We have been excluded from this list with effect from January 1, 2017 and so, unless otherwise indicated by the FSB (or the Bank of Spain) in the future, we will not be required to maintain a G-SIB buffer any longer.

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The Bank of Spain announced on November 24, 2017 that we are considered a D-SIB, and consequently we will be required to maintain a D-SIB buffer of a CET1 capital ratio of 0.75% on a consolidated basis. The D-SIB buffer is being phased-in from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2019, and the D-SIB buffer applicable to BBVA for 2018 is a CET1 capital ratio of 0.5625% on a consolidated basis.

Moreover, Article 104 of the CRD IV Directive, as implemented by Article 68 of Law 10/2014, and similarly Article 16 of the SSM Framework Regulation, also contemplate that in addition to the minimum “Pillar 1” capital requirements and the combined buffer requirements, supervisory authorities may impose (above “Pillar 1” requirements and below the combined buffer requirements) further “Pillar 2” capital requirements to cover other risks, including those not considered to be fully captured by the minimum “own funds” “Pillar 1” requirements under CRD IV or to address macro-prudential considerations.

Accordingly, any additional “Pillar 2” own funds requirement that may be imposed on us and/or the Group by the ECB pursuant to the SREP will require us and/or the Group to hold capital levels in addition to the ones required by the “Pillar 1” capital requirements and the combined buffer requirements.

As a result of the most recent SREP carried out by the ECB in 2017, we have been informed by the ECB that, effective from January 1, 2018, we are required to maintain (i) a CET1 phased-in capital ratio of 8.4375% (on a consolidated basis) and 7.875% (on an individual basis); and (ii) a phased-in total capital ratio of 11.9375% (on a consolidated basis) and 11.375% (on an individual basis).

This phased-in total capital ratio of 11.9375% on a consolidated basis includes (i) the minimum CET1 capital ratio required under “Pillar 1” (4.5%); (ii) the “Pillar 1” Additional Tier 1 capital requirement (1.5%); (iii) the “Pillar 1” Tier 2 capital requirement (2%); (iv) the additional CET1 capital requirement under “Pillar 2” (1.5%); (v) the capital conservation buffer (1.875% CET1); and (vi) the D-SIB buffer (0.5625% CET1).

According to Article 48 of Law 10/2014, Article 73 of RD 84/2015 and Rule 24 of Bank of Spain Circular 2/2016, any entity not meeting its “combined buffer requirement” is required to determine its MDA as described therein. Until the MDA has been calculated and communicated to the Bank of Spain, where applicable, the relevant entity will be subject to restrictions on (i) distributions relating to CET1 capital, (ii) payments in respect of variable remuneration or discretionary pension revenues and (iii) distributions relating to Additional Tier 1 Instruments (“discretionary payments”) and, thereafter, any such discretionary payments by that entity will be subject to such MDA limit. Furthermore, as set forth in Article 48 of Law 10/2014, the adoption by the Bank of Spain of the measures prescribed in Articles 68.2.h) and 68.2.i) of Law 10/2014, aimed at strengthening own funds or limiting or prohibiting the distribution of dividends respectively will also restrict the discretionary payments to such MDA. See “Item 3. Key Information ―Risk Factors―Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks―Increasingly onerous capital requirements may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations” for additional information.

Capital Management

Basel Capital Accord - Economic Capital

The Group’s capital management is performed at both the regulatory and economic levels.

Regulatory capital management is based on the analysis of the capital base and the capital ratios (core capital, Tier 1, etc.) using Basel (“BIS”) and the CRR. See Note 32 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The aim is to achieve a capital structure that is as efficient as possible in terms of both cost and compliance with the requirements of regulators, ratings agencies and investors. Active capital management includes securitizations, sales of assets, and preferred and subordinated issues of equity and hybrid instruments. In recent years we have taken various actions in connection with our capital management and in order to comply with various capital requirements applicable to us. We may make securities issuances or undertake asset sales in the future, which could involve outright sales of businesses or reductions in interests held by us, which could be material and could be undertaken at less than their respective book values, resulting in material losses thereon, in connection with our capital management and in order to comply with capital requirements or otherwise.

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The Bank has obtained the Bank of Spain’s approval with respect to its internal model of capital estimation (“IRB”) concerning certain portfolios and its operational risk internal model.

From an economic standpoint, capital management seeks to optimize value creation at the Group and at its different business units.

The Group allocates economic capital (“CER”) commensurate with the risks incurred by each business. This is based on the concept of unexpected loss at a certain level of statistical confidence, depending on the Group’s targets in terms of capital adequacy. The CER calculation combines lending risk, market risk (including structural risk associated with the balance sheet and equity positions), operational risk and fixed asset and technical risks in the case of insurance companies.

Shareholders’ equity, as calculated under BIS rules, is an important metric for the Group. However, for the purpose of allocating capital to operating segments the Group prefers CER. It is risk-sensitive and thus better reflects management policies for the individual businesses and the business portfolio. These provide an equitable basis for assigning capital to businesses according to the risks incurred and make it easier to compare returns.

To internal effects of management and pursuit of the operating segments, the Group realizes a capital allocation to each operating segment.

Concentration of Risk

According to the CRR, an institution’s exposure to a client or group of connected clients shall be considered a large exposure where its value is equal to or exceeds 10% of its eligible capital, and such institution shall have sound administrative and accounting procedures and adequate internal control mechanisms for the purposes of identifying, managing, monitoring, reporting and recording all large exposures and subsequent changes to them, in accordance with the CRR. Where an institution is subject to Part Three, Title II, Chapter 3 of the CRR, its 20 largest exposures on a consolidated basis, excluding those exempted from the application of Article 395(1) of the CRR, shall be made available to the competent authorities. Additionally to the aforementioned exposures, an institution shall also report its 10 largest exposures on a consolidated basis to institutions as well as its 10 largest exposures on a consolidated basis to unregulated financial entities, as well as any exposure to a client or group of connected clients greater than €300 million (before taking into account the effect of credit risk mitigation measures).

The CRR also imposes certain limits to large exposures. In particular, an institution shall not incur an exposure, after taking into account the effect of credit risk mitigation measures, to a client or group of connected clients the value of which exceeds 25% of its eligible capital. Where that client is an institution or where a group of connected clients includes one or more institutions, that value shall not exceed the higher of 25% of the institution’s eligible capital or €150 million, provided that the sum of exposure values, after taking into account the effect of credit risk mitigation measures, to all connected clients that are not institutions does not exceed 25% of the institution’s eligible capital. Where 25% of an institution’s eligible capital is less than €150 million, the value of the exposure, after taking into account the effect of credit risk mitigation measures, shall not exceed a reasonable limit in terms of the institution’s eligible capital. That limit shall be determined by the institution in accordance with the policies and procedures referred to in Article 81 of the CRD IV Directive, to address and control concentration risk. This limit shall not exceed 100% of the institution’s eligible capital.

Legal and Other Restricted Reserves

We are subject to the legal and other restricted reserves requirements applicable to Spanish companies. Please see “—Capital Requirements”.

Impairment on Financial Assets

For a discussion of non-performing loan provisions and credit risk, see Note 2.2.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Regulation of the Disclosure of Fees and Interest Rates

Banks must publish their preferential rates, rates applied on overdrafts, and fees and commissions charged in connection with banking transactions. Banking clients must be provided with written disclosure adequate to permit

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customers to ascertain transaction costs. The foregoing regulations are enforced by the Bank of Spain in response to bank client complaints.

Law 44/2002, of November 22, concerning measures to reform the Spanish financial system, contained a rule concerning the calculation of variable interest applicable to loans and credit secured by mortgages, bails, pledges or any other equivalent guarantee.

Employee Pension Plans

Under the relevant collective labor agreements, BBVA and some of its subsidiaries provide supplemental pension payments to certain active and retired employees and their beneficiaries. These payments supplement social security benefits from the Spanish state. See Note 2.2.12 and Note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

A bank may generally dedicate all of its net profits and its distributable reserves to the payment of dividends. In no event may dividends be paid from non-distributable reserves. For additional information see “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividends”.

Although banks are not legally required to seek prior approval from the Bank of Spain or the ECB before declaring interim dividends, we inform them on a voluntary basis upon the declaration of an interim dividend. It should be noted that the ECB recommendation dated December 28, 2017 addressed to, among others, significant supervised entities and significant supervised groups, such as BBVA and its Group, recommends credit institutions to establish dividend policies using conservative and prudent assumptions so that, after any such distribution, they are able to satisfy the applicable capital requirements and any other requirements resulting from the supervisory review and evaluation process (SREP).

Since January 1, 2016, according to CRD IV, those credit entities required to calculate their MDA will be subject to restrictions on discretionary payments, which includes, among others, dividend payments. See “—Capital Requirements”.

Our Bylaws allow for dividends to be paid in cash or in kind as determined by shareholders’ resolution.

Scrip Dividend

As in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, during 2017 a scrip dividend scheme called “Dividend Option” was approved by the annual general meeting of shareholders held on March 17, 2017, whereby a resolution for a capital increase to be charged to voluntary reserves for the implementation of a “Dividend Option” in 2017 was passed. This resolution allowed BBVA to implement one “Dividend Option” in April 2017 and, as a consequence of the execution of the related capital increase, 101,271,338 new ordinary shares were issued.

In connection therewith, BBVA shareholders were given the option to receive all or part of their remuneration in newly issued ordinary shares of BBVA or in cash.

On February 1, 2017 BBVA updated its shareholders’ remuneration policy in order to implement a fully in cash remuneration policy after the execution of the 2017 “Dividend Option”. This fully in cash remuneration is expected to be composed, for each financial year, of an interim dividend and a final dividend, subject to any applicable restrictions and authorizations.

Limitations on Types of Business

Spanish banks are subject to certain limitations on the types of businesses in which they may engage directly, but they are subject to few limitations on the types of businesses in which they may engage indirectly. Law 10/2014 and RD 84/2015 established the regulation for governance, authorization, supervision and solvency for credit institutions.

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Mortgage Legislation

Law 2/1981, of March 25, on mortgage market, as amended by Law 41/2007, regulates the different aspects of the Spanish mortgage market and establishes additional rules for the mortgage and financial system.

Royal Decree 716/2009, of April 24, implemented several aspects of Law 2/1981. The most significant aspect implemented by Royal Decree 716/2009 was the modification on the loan-to-value ratio requirement intending to improve the quality of Spanish mortgage-backed securities.

Increasing social pressure for the reform of mortgage legislation in Spain has resulted in changes to such legislation, which are described below.

Royal Decree 6/2012, of March 9, on urgent measures to protect mortgage debtors without financial resources introduced measures to enable the restructuring of mortgage debt and easing of collateral foreclosure aimed to protect especially vulnerable debtors.

Such measures include the following:

· the moderation of interest rates charged on mortgage arrears;

· the improvement of extrajudicial procedures as an alternative to legal foreclosure;

· the introduction of a voluntary code of conduct among lenders for regulated mortgage debt restructuring affecting especially vulnerable debtors; and

· where restructuring is unviable, lenders may, where appropriate and on an optional basis, offer the debtor partial debt forgiveness.

In addition, Royal Decree 27/2012, of November 15, on urgent measures to enhance the protection of mortgage debtors provided for a two-year moratorium, from the date of its adoption, on evictions applicable to debtor groups especially susceptible to social exclusion, which may remain at their homes for such period.

Law 1/2013, of May 14, on measures to protect mortgagees, debt restructuring and social rents, introduced important modifications to mortgage law and civil procedure law. The most relevant modifications are:

· extension of the two-year moratorium, established by Royal Decree 27/2012, until May 15, 2015;

· broadening the potential beneficiaries of the moratorium of Royal Decree 6/2012;

· limitation of the interest rates applied for delay or arrears;

· in the context of an auction, the base value of the property shall be the value set forth in the relevant mortgage deed and in no case shall it be less than 75% of the official appraisal value of the property;

· the possibility of suspension of enforcement proceedings when the loan or credit facility secured by the mortgage contains abusive clauses; and

· modification of the out-of-court notarial procedure.

Royal Decree 11/2014, following the judgment of the EU Court of Justice of July 17, 2014 regarding Spanish foreclosure processes, allows debtors to appeal against a court’s resolution which rejects his or her opposition to the execution of a mortgage.

The Mortgage Credit Directive 2014/17/EU on credit agreements for consumers relating to residential immovable property was adopted on February 4, 2014. This Directive aims to create a Union-wide mortgage credit market with a high level of consumer protection. It applies to both secured credit and home loans. Member States will have to transpose its provisions into their national law by March 2016.

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The main purpose of Royal Decree-Law 1/2015 of February 27 on the “second chance” mechanism is to regulate such mechanism. This allows an individual who has been declared bankrupt to be discharged of outstanding obligations as long as he or she fulfills certain requirements: (i) the bankruptcy proceedings must have concluded, (ii) the debtor must have acted in good faith, the Royal Decree being restrictive as to when a debtor is considered to have acted in good faith, and (iii) the bankruptcy judge has to approve the terms of the discharge (and may revoke his or her approval under certain circumstances upon request of any creditor in the following five years). Discharge from mortgage obligations would only apply to the outstanding debts after the foreclosure, as long as such debts are considered ordinary or subordinate according to the Spanish Insolvency Law. Co-debtors and guarantors, if any, would remain liable.

Law 25/2015, of July 28, on the “second chance” mechanism reducing the financial burden and other measures of a social nature, entered into force on July 30, 2015. The passage through parliament of Royal Decree-Law 1/2015 allowed some new changes to be added, such as introduction of a fee protection account for insolvency managers, limits on the remuneration of insolvency managers and the introduction of greater flexibility to a number of elements of the second chance mechanism.

Royal Decree-Law 1/2017 of January 20, on urgent measures on consumer protection on mortgage interest floor clauses, provides for an extrajudicial procedure pursuant to which consumers may claim from banks amounts that might have been wrongly charged pursuant to interest floor clauses that are deemed to be abusive and null (in light of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of December 21, 2016).

Royal Decree-Law 5/2017, of March 17, expanded the number of beneficiaries of the Code of Good Practice (established in Royal Decree 6/2012, as modified by Law 1/2013); provided the possibility to those beneficiaries of the suspension of evictions referenced in Law 1/2013 to automatically suspend evictions in certain homes until May 2020; and urged the government to propose, within eight months from its entry into force, policies targeted at facilitating mortgage debtors included in its scope of application to recover their usual residence when such debtors have been subject to a foreclosure proceeding.

Spain is in the process of implementing Mortgage Credit Directive 2014/17/EU. The future law will apply to credits and loans to individuals in connection with residential real estate properties. The most relevant modifications included in the draft law are:

· the draft law covers credits and loans to individuals in connection with residential real estate properties (including land and the preservation of real estate properties), excluding reverse mortgages;

· establishes a seven-day period for consumers to evaluate the mortgage-related documents, supervised by a Notary Public (Notario Público);

· clarifies some controversial issues in which litigation has arisen in the past years (mainly, benchmark interest rates references, foreign currencies submission and default interests);

· establishes the possible fees that may be charged on borrowers;

· forbids linked sales; and

· settles rules regarding the early termination of mortgages based exclusively on the amount of defaulted payments by the borrower (in light of recent court decisions declaring null and void some early termination clauses for their abusive terms).

Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems For Consumer Disputes

Law 7/2017, of November 4, seeks to ensure access for Spanish and European consumers to independent, impartial, transparent and effective alternative dispute resolution systems. For financial institutions, a specific law shall be passed and financial institutions will be forced to participate in those alternative dispute resolution mechanism.

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Payment Accounts

Royal Decree-Law 19/2017 of November 24, implements Directive 2014/92/EU on comparability of fees related to payment accounts, payment account switching and access to basic payment accounts. This Royal Decree-Law:

· regulates the right of access for legal residents in the EU and conditions for refusal;

· establishes the services linked to basic payment accounts and the maximum fees that may be charged by banks (which, in Spain, will be set by the Ministry of Economy);

· introduces changes to the information that should be provided to clients on features, costs, and conditions of services;

· facilitates account switching;

· introduces the Fee Information Document (FID) and the Statement of Fees (SoF) which provide information on fees to clients; and

· establishes that the Bank of Spain may offer free access to websites that provide comparative information on the terms offered by financial entities with respect to payment accounts.

Payment Services

The second Payment Services Directive (EU) 2015/2366 (PSD 2), which had to be implemented by member states by January 13, 2018, is still in the process of being implemented in Spain. The future law will modify the payment service market regulation by regulating the services of payment service providers, account information providers and payment initiation providers, and their relationship with credit institutions, as well as introducing regulatory technical standards for strong customer authentication, among many other changes.

Mutual Fund Regulation

Law 22/2014 of November 12, introduced a new legal regime for private investment entities in order to implement (i) Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 8 on Alternative Investment Fund Managers, and (ii) Directive 2013/14/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 21.

Asset Management Activities

Asset management activities in the EU are expected to be significantly impacted by the new regulation referred to below:

· Regulation (EU) 2017/1131 of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 14, 2017 on money market funds (“MMFs”), which (with the exception of certain articles which are in force since July 20, 2017) will apply from July 21, 2018. The Regulation introduces a broad set of new regulatory measures that apply to MMFs established, managed or marketed in the EU. In light of the perceived systemic risk presented by MMFs, the Regulation aims to make these investment products more resilient and resistant to contagion risks. It does this by imposing rules on eligible assets, portfolio diversification, portfolio maturity and valuation of assets and introduces new categories of MMFs that can offer a constant net asset value per share if they meet certain requirements. The Regulation is meant to be an important step in adopting a uniform set of rules that are designed to ensure that MMFs are, as far as possible, in a position to honor redemption requests from investors, especially during stressed market conditions, and therefore remain a reliable tool for investors’ cash management needs.

· Proposal for a Regulation (EU) on pan-European Personal Pension Product (“PEPP”). The PEPP is expected to constitute one of the key measures towards the Commission’s project to create a single market for capital in the EU. It aims to provide pension providers with the tools to offer PEPPs outside their national markets, thereby creating a large and competitive EU-level market for personal pensions which

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allows consumers to voluntarily complement their savings for retirement, while benefitting from solid consumer protection. PEPPs will have the same standard features wherever they are sold in the EU and can be offered by a broad range of providers, such as insurance companies, banks, occupational pension funds, investment firms and asset managers. They will complement existing state-based, occupational and national personal pensions, but not replace or harmonize national personal pension regimes. In accordance with the Proposal, PEPP providers will need to be authorized by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA).

· Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 as regards the clearing obligation, the suspension of the clearing obligation, the reporting requirements, the risk-mitigation techniques for OTC derivatives contracts not cleared by a central counterparty, the registration and supervision of trade repositories and the requirements for trade repositories.

· Royal Decree 62/2018, of February 9, reduces the maximum fees which may be charged to investors in connection with pension funds and plans and allows them to fully withdraw their savings after ten years of having made them. This Royal Decree introduces other minor changes to the regulation of pension funds and plans in Spain.

Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act

The consolidated text of the Corporate Enterprises Act adopted under Legislative Royal Decree 1/2010, of July 2, repealed the former Companies Act, adopted under Legislative Royal Decree 1564/1989, of December 22. This royal legislative decree has consolidated the legislation for public limited companies (sociedades anónima s) and limited liability companies (sociedades de responsabilidad limitada) in a single text, bringing together the contents of the two aforementioned acts, as well as a part of the Securities Exchange Act.

Law 25/2011 of August 1, partially amended the Corporate Enterprises Act and incorporated Directive 2007/36/EC, of July 11, on the exercise of certain rights of shareholders in listed companies.

In addition, the Entrepreneur Act (Law 14/2013) and an amendment to the Insolvency Act (Legislative Royal Decree 11/2014) introduced some modifications on the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act. Also, an amendment on corporate governance was introduced by Law 31/2014 of December 3. The main changes introduced by this law are related to the rights of shareholders (assistance, information and voting), the calling of a general shareholders’ meeting and the duties of the board of directors and the audit committee, appointments committee and remuneration committee.

Spanish Auditing Law

Law 22/2015, of July 20, on Auditing, adapted Spain’s internal legislation to the changes incorporated in Directive 2014/56/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of April 16, amending Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 17, on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts, to the extent that they were inconsistent. Together with this Directive, approval was also given to Regulation (EU) nº 537/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of April 16, on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities. Such Directive and Regulation constitute the fundamental legal regime that should govern audit activity in the European Union. Law 22/2015 regulates general aspects of access to audit practice and the requirements to be followed in that practice, from objectivity and independence, to the organization of auditors and performance of their work, as well as the regime for their oversight and the sanctions available to ensure the efficacy of the regulations.

Law 11/2015 of June 18, on the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

Law 11/2015 transposes a very important part of EU Law into Spanish law in respect of the recovery and resolution mechanisms for credit institutions and investment firms (the “institutions”). It further assumes many of the provisions of Law 9/2012 of November 14, 2012 on the restructuring and resolution of credit institutions, which it partially repeals.

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The regime set in place constitutes a special and full administrative procedure that seeks to ensure maximum speed in the intervention of an institution so as to provide for the continuity of its core functions, while minimizing the impact of its non-viability on the economic system and on public resources.

Compared to Law 9/2012, Law 11/2015 regulates internal recapitalization as a resolution instrument conceived as a “bail-in” arrangement (the absorption of losses by the shareholders and by the creditors of an institution under resolution).

Internal recapitalization is a new resolution instrument, since the loss-absorption mechanism makes it extensive to all the institution’s creditors, and not only to the shareholders and the subordinated creditors as envisaged under Law 9/2012 of November 14, 2012.

In this respect, liabilities eligible for bail-in are all the institution’s liabilities that are not expressly excluded or have not been excluded further to a decision by the FROB. These liabilities shall be susceptible to amortization or conversion into capital for the internal recapitalization of the institution concerned. Among the liabilities excluded are deposits guaranteed by the Deposit Guarantee Fund (up to €100,000) and liabilities incurred with employees, trade creditors and the tax or social security authorities.

Certain changes were made to the regime applicable in the event of the insolvency of an institution, in order to provide greater protection to the deposits of individuals and SMEs. In this respect, the following shall be considered as privileged credits: (i) deposits guaranteed by the Deposit Guarantee Fund (maximum of €100,000) and the rights to which they may have been subrogated should the guarantee have been made effective and (ii) the portion of the deposits of individuals and SMEs that exceeds the guaranteed level, and those deposits of those individuals and SMEs that would be guaranteed had they not been set up in branches located outside the EU.

For additional information on Law 11/2015, see “Item 3. Key Information―Risk Factors―Bail-in and write-down powers under the BRRD and the SRM Regulation may adversely affect our business and the value of any securities we may issue”.

Royal Decree 1012/2015 of November 6, on development of Law on recovery and resolution of credit entities and investment firms and modification of Royal Decree on deposit guarantee funds of credit entities

Royal Decree 1012/2015 partially transposes the BRRD and develops Law 11/2015 (described above).

Royal Decree 1012/2015 includes a package of measures aimed at: (i) establishing the criteria for the application of the regulation for the resolution of credit entities, (ii) establishing the content of the recovery and resolution plans for credit entities, (iii) regulating the use of the resolution instruments set in Law 11/2015, and in particular, the actions to be carried out by the FROB, (iv) establishing the regime applicable to the FROB in connection with the managing of the funds addressed to finance the resolution procedures and to the contributions that credit entities must make to the National Resolution Fund and, (v) establishing the regime applicable to the resolution of cross border entities.

Law 5/2015 of April 27, on promoting corporate financing

Among other matters, Law 5/2015 establishes a number of changes to encourage bank financing to SMEs, sets out the new legal framework for financial credit entities and regulates crowd funding. Law 5/2015 has also introduced amendments on other matters, including securitizations and debt issuance. It consolidates into one piece of legislation what has, until now, been a dispersed legal framework on securitization.

Law 5/2015 imposes an obligation on credit institutions to provide SMEs at least three months prior notice in the event the funding flow to an SME is to be cancelled or reduced by at least 35%. In so doing, the law aims to provide SMEs sufficient time to find new funding sources or to adjust the management of their own funds to avoid sudden liquidity deficiencies.

The main novelties of this new regime are the following: (i) private limited liability companies (sociedades limitadas or S.L.s) can issue and guarantee standard debt securities issuances capped at twice their own funds, (ii) the quantitative limit on debt issuances by non-listed public limited liability companies (sociedades anónimas or S.A.s) is removed, (iii) the management body of an issuer is authorized to approve standard debt securities issuances which do not yield part of the profits, unless stated otherwise in the issuer’s articles of association and (iv) it is

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clarified that it is unnecessary to appoint a commissioner and set up a syndicate of bondholders in debt issuances governed by foreign law and aimed at international markets.

U.S. Regulation

BBVA is a bank holding company within the meaning of the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). As such, BBVA is subject to the regulation and supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). BBVA has also elected to become a financial holding company. BBVA’s New York branch is supervised by the Federal Reserve through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as well as licensed and supervised by the New York State Department of Financial Services. BBVA Compass, including its main bank subsidiary Compass Bank, is regulated extensively under U.S. federal and state law. In addition, certain of BBVA Compass’ non-bank subsidiaries are subject to regulation under U.S. federal and state law.

The legislative, regulatory and supervisory framework in the United States governing the financial services sector has undergone significant change since the financial crisis and the passage of the D odd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) . Moreover, the intensity of supervisory and regulatory scrutiny has also increased.

While most of the changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act that impact BBVA and its subsidiaries have been implemented or are expected to follow a known trajectory, new changes under the Donald J. Trump administration may be forthcoming, and the exact nature and impact of such changes cannot yet be determined with complete certainty. President Trump has issued an executive order that sets forth principles for the reform of the federal financial regulatory framework, and the Republican majority in Congress has also suggested an agenda for financial regulatory change. It is too early to assess whether there will be any major changes in the regulatory environment or merely a rebalancing of the post-financial crisis framework. We expect that BBVA Compass’ business will remain subject to extensive regulation and supervision.

Financial Regulatory Authorities

Owing to its status as a bank holding company, BBVA’s direct and indirect activities and investments in the United States are limited to banking activities and certain non-banking activities that are “closely related to banking,” as determined by the Federal Reserve, and certain other activities permitted under the BHC Act. BBVA also is required to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before acquiring, directly or indirectly, the ownership or control of more than 5% of any class of voting securities of any U.S. bank or bank holding company. A bank holding company is required to act as a source of financial strength for its U.S. bank subsidiaries. Among other things, this source of strength obligation may result in a requirement for BBVA, as controlling shareholder, to inject capital into its U.S. bank subsidiary. BBVA’s U.S. branches and agencies are also subject to additional liquidity requirements, and in certain cases the entirety of BBVA’s U.S. operations are subject to additional risk management requirements. In addition, BBVA is subject to requirements related to the adequacy and reporting of its home country capital and stress testing standards.

The Federal Reserve’s Regulation YY requires foreign banking organizations with $50 billion or more in U.S. assets held outside of their U.S. branches and agencies to create a separately capitalized top-tier U.S. intermediate holding company (“IHC”). BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. is our designated IHC and holds all of BBVA’s U.S. bank and nonbank subsidiaries, including BBVA’s U.S. bank subsidiary, Compass Bank. BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. is a bank holding company within the meaning of the BHC Act, has elected to become a financial holding company, and is subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve through the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. is subject to U.S. risk-based and leverage capital, liquidity, risk management, stress testing and other enhanced prudential standards on a consolidated basis. As a bank holding company, it must also act as a source of strength to its bank subsidiaries. BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. is also subject to the Alabama State Banking Department’s requirements for bank holding companies that hold Alabama state-chartered banks, like Compass Bank, under the bank holding company laws of the State of Alabama. BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. is also subject to supervision and regulation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”).

Compass Bank is subject to supervision and regulation by a variety of U.S. regulatory agencies. Compass Bank is an Alabama state-chartered bank, is a member of the Federal Reserve System, and has branches in Alabama,

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Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas. Compass Bank is supervised and examined by the Federal Reserve, the Alabama State Banking Department and, with respect to consumer financial laws and regulations, the CFPB. In addition, certain aspects of Compass Bank’s branch operations in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas are subject to examination by the respective state banking regulators in such states. Compass Bank is a depository institution insured by, and subject to the regulation of, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”).

BBVA Bancomer, S.A.’s agency office in Houston, Texas is a non-FDIC insured agency office of BBVA Bancomer, S.A., an indirect subsidiary of BBVA, which is licensed under the laws of the State of Texas and supervised by the Texas Department of Banking and the Federal Reserve.

Bancomer Transfer Services, Inc., a non-banking affiliate of BBVA and a direct subsidiary of BBVA Bancomer USA, Inc., is licensed as a money transmitter by the State of California Department of Business Oversight, the Texas Department of Banking, and certain other state regulatory agencies. Bancomer Transfer Services, Inc. is also registered as a money services business with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

BBVA’s indirect U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, BBVA Securities Inc. (“BSI”), is subject to regulation and supervision by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) with respect to its securities activities, as well as various U.S. state regulatory authorities. Additionally, the securities underwriting and dealing activities of BSI are subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve.

The activities of BBVA’s U.S. investment adviser affiliates are regulated and supervised by the SEC. In addition, Compass Bank has registered with the SEC and the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board as a municipal advisor pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act’s municipal advisor registration requirements.

BBVA’s U.S. insurance agency affiliate is subject to regulation and supervision by various U.S. state insurance regulatory authorities.

BBVA is provisionally registered as a “swap dealer” as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), which subjects BBVA to regulation and supervision by the CFTC. BBVA’s world-wide swap activities are also subject to regulations adopted by the European Commission pursuant to the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (“EMIR”) and the EU’s Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID”) and other European regulations and directives. Compass Bank (and other entities of the BBVA Group) may register as a swap dealer if required by its swap activities or if it is determined to be beneficial to its business.

Currently, BBVA does not anticipate that it will be required to register as a “security-based swap dealer” with the SEC, once such registration requirement comes into effect.

Enhanced Prudential Standards

The Federal Reserve has imposed greater risk-based and leverage capital requirements, liquidity requirements, capital planning and stress testing requirements, risk management requirements and other enhanced prudential standards for bank holding companies with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets. Under the enhanced prudential standard regulations applicable to foreign banking organizations with $50 billion or more in U.S. assets held outside of their U.S. branches and agencies, BBVA designated BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. as its IHC. As BBVA’s IHC, BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. is subject to U.S. risk-based and leverage capital, liquidity, risk management, stress testing and other enhanced prudential standards on a consolidated basis. BBVA’s U.S. branches and agencies (and in certain cases, the entire U.S. operations of BBVA) are also subject to liquidity buffer and risk management requirements. In addition, BBVA is subject to requirements related to the adequacy and reporting of its home country capital and stress testing standards. The Federal Reserve has proposed but not yet finalized the single-counterparty credit limits requirements and an early remediation framework for large U.S. bank holding companies and large FBOs with respect to their combined U.S. operations. The proposed rule would apply both to BBVA Compass and to the combined U.S. operations of BBVA with different levels of stringency.

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The U.S. Congress is currently considering a bill that would raise the total consolidated asset threshold for certain enhanced prudential standards from $50 billion to $250 billion. The bill would exempt bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $100 billion from these enhanced prudential standards, effective immediately upon enactment of the bill. Bank holding companies with consolidated assets between $100 billion to $250 billion would be exempt from these enhanced prudential standards following an 18-month period, unless the Federal Reserve either determined to apply some or all of these standards to some or all such bank holding companies or to subject such bank holding companies to less stringent versions of these standards. Currently the bill does not specifically address whether the threshold for enhanced prudential standards applicable to IHCs, such as BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc., would also be raised. It is too early to tell whether this bill will become law and how it will affect the threshold for enhanced prudential standards applicable to IHCs.

Capital

BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. and Compass Bank are subject to the U.S. Basel III capital rule (“U.S. Basel III”), which is based on the Basel III regulatory capital standards established by the Basel Committee. Certain aspects of U.S. Basel III, such as the minimum capital ratios and the methodology for calculating risk-weighted assets, became effective on January 1, 2015 for BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. and Compass Bank. The minimum regulatory capital ratios under U.S. Basel III for bank holding companies are the following: Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%; Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0%; Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0%; and Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%.

Other aspects of the rule, such as a capital conservation buffer and certain regulatory deductions from and adjustments to capital, are being phased in over several years. The phase in period for the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016, with an initial phase-in amount of greater than 0.625%. The phase-in amount for 2017 was greater than 1.25%. The required capital conservation buffer is greater than 1.875% in 2018. The capital conservation buffer will fully phase-in at greater than 2.5% beginning on January 1, 2019. Failure to maintain the capital conservation buffer will result in increasingly stringent restrictions on a banking organization’s ability to make dividend payments and other capital distributions and pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers.

U.S. Basel III also revised the capital thresholds for the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions. Under the prompt corrective action framework, U.S. federal banking regulators rate insured depository institutions on the basis of five capital categories: “well-capitalized” (the highest rating), “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized” (the lowest rating). The federal banking regulators are required to take mandatory supervisory actions, and are authorized to take other discretionary actions, with respect to insured depository institutions in the three undercapitalized categories. The severity of those actions would depend upon the capital category to which the insured depository institution is assigned. To qualify as “well capitalized,” Compass Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0%, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0%, and not be subject to any order or written directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.

The Federal Reserve has not yet revised the well-capitalized standard for bank holding companies to reflect the higher capital requirements imposed under the U.S. Basel III capital rule. For purposes of the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y, including determining whether a bank holding company meets the requirements to be a financial holding company, bank holding companies, such as BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc., must maintain a Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio of 6 percent or greater and a Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio of 10 percent or greater to be well-capitalized. If the Federal Reserve Board were to apply the same or a very similar well-capitalized standard to bank holding companies as that applicable to Compass Bank, BBVA Compass Bancshares Inc.’s capital ratios as of December 31, 2017 would exceed such revised well-capitalized standard.

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Total Loss-Absorbing Capital and Long-Term Debt Requirements

The Federal Reserve’s final rule on the TLAC of U.S. G-SIBs and the IHCs of non-U.S. G-SIBs does not apply since neither the BBVA Compass nor BBVA are G-SIBs and are therefore not subject to the rule.

Annual Capital Plans and Stress Testing

Under enhanced prudential standards applicable to bank holding companies with $50 billion or more of total consolidated assets, BBVA Compass is required to submit annual capital plans to the Federal Reserve and generally may pay dividends and make other capital distributions only in accordance with a capital plan as to which the Federal Reserve has not objected. Under the Federal Reserve’s Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (“CCAR”) process, BBVA Compass’ capital plan must include an assessment of the expected uses and sources of capital over a forward-looking planning horizon of at least nine quarters, a detailed description of BBVA Compass’ process for assessing capital adequacy, BBVA Compass’ capital policy, and a discussion of any expected changes to BBVA Compass’ business plan that are likely to have a material impact on its capital adequacy or liquidity. Based on a quantitative assessment, including a supervisory stress test conducted as part of the CCAR process, the Federal Reserve will either object to BBVA Compass’ capital plan, in whole or in part, or provide a notice of non-objection to BBVA Compass. If the Federal Reserve objects to a capital plan, BBVA Compass may not make any capital distribution other than those with respect to which the Federal Reserve has indicated its non-objection.

Under revised CCAR rules that became effective on March 6, 2017, the Federal Reserve is no longer allowed to object to the capital plans of large and noncomplex bank holding companies, including BBVA Compass, on a qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, basis. Instead, the Federal Reserve may evaluate the strength of BBVA Compass’ qualitative capital planning process through the regular supervisory process and targeted horizontal reviews of particular aspects of capital planning.

In addition to capital planning requirements BBVA Compass and Compass Bank are subject to stress testing requirements under the Federal Reserve’s enhanced prudential standards rule and the Dodd-Frank Act. BBVA Compass must conduct semi-annual company-run stress tests and is subject to an annual supervisory stress test conducted by the Federal Reserve.

For the capital plan and stress test cycle that began January 1, 2017, BBVA Compass submitted its capital plan to the Federal Reserve by April 5, 2017 and the Federal Reserve published summary results on June 28, 2017. The Federal Reserve did not object to BBVA Compass’ 2017 capital plan. For the capital plan and stress test cycle beginning January 1, 2018, BBVA Compass is required to submit its capital plan to the Federal Reserve by April 5, 2018 and the Federal Reserve is required to publish summary results by June 30, 2018. Although management believes that the capital plan that BBVA Compass plans to submit is reasonable and fiscally sound, BBVA Compass can make no assurances that the Federal Reserve will not object to BBVA Compass’ capital plan.

Liquidity

The Federal Reserve and other federal banking regulators have issued liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) requirements, which are based on the Basel Committee’s LCR standard and are designed to ensure that covered banking organizations have sufficient high-quality liquid assets to cover expected net cash outflows over a 30-day liquidity stress period. This standard’s objective is to promote the short-term resilience of the liquidity risk profile of banking organizations. As a consolidated U.S. bank holding company with total assets of $50 billion or more that is not an advanced approaches bank holding company, BBVA Compass is subject to a modified version of the LCR, pursuant to which, as of January 1, 2017, BBVA Compass has been required to maintain a minimum of 100% of the fully phased-in modified LCR. In addition, effective October 1, 2018, BBVA Compass will be required to disclose certain quantitative and qualitative information related to its LCR calculation after each calendar quarter.

On June 1, 2016, the Federal Reserve and other federal banking regulators proposed a rule to implement a net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”), which is based on additional quantitative liquidity standards developed by the Basel Committee and is designed to ensure that an institution maintains sufficiently stable funding over a one-year time horizon. The proposal includes a modified, less stringent version of the NSFR that would apply to consolidated U.S. bank holding companies with total assets of $50 billion or more that are not advanced approaches bank holding companies, such as BBVA Compass.

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Resolution Planning

Under Title I of the Dodd-Frank Act and implementing regulations issued by the Federal Reserve and the FDIC, BBVA must prepare and submit annually a plan for the orderly resolution of its U.S. subsidiaries and U.S. operations in the event of future material financial distress or failure (the “Title I Resolution Plan”). For foreign-based companies subject to these resolution planning requirements, such as BBVA, the Title I Resolution Plan relates to subsidiaries, branches, agencies and businesses that are domiciled in, or whose activities are carried out in whole or in material part in, the United States. BBVA filed its last Title I Resolution Plan in December 2015 and is required to file its next Title I Resolution Plan on or before December 31, 2018. In addition, Compass Bank is subject to the FDIC rule requiring insured depository institutions with total assets of $50 billion or more to submit periodically to the FDIC a plan for resolution in the event of failure under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act.

Volcker Rule

The Volcker Rule prohibits an insured depository institution, such as Compass Bank, and its affiliates from (1) engaging in “proprietary trading” and (2) investing in or sponsoring certain types of funds (covered funds) subject to certain limited exceptions. The final rules contain exemptions for market-making, hedging, underwriting, trading in U.S. government and agency obligations, and permit certain ownership interests in certain types of funds to be retained. They also permit the offering and sponsoring of funds under certain conditions. In the case of non-U.S. banking entities, such as BBVA, there is also an exemption permitting activities conducted solely outside of the United States, provided that certain criteria are satisfied. The final Volcker Rule regulations impose significant compliance and reporting obligations on banking entities. BBVA Compass is subject to the enhanced compliance program under the Volcker Rule but does not expect to be required to report metrics to the regulators. BBVA is of the view that the impact of the Volcker Rule is not material to its business operations.

Derivatives

Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act amended the Commodity Exchange Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to establish a comprehensive framework for the regulation of over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives by the CFTC and the SEC, including by imposing mandatory clearing, exchange trading and transaction reporting requirements on such derivatives. In addition, Title VII required the CFTC and SEC to adopt rules regarding the registration of certain entities that deal or are major market participants in certain OTC derivatives, as well as rules imposing capital, margin, business conduct, record keeping and other requirements on such entities. While the CFTC has completed the majority of its regulations in this area, most of which are in effect, the SEC has not yet adopted a number of its Title VII regulations. In December 2016, the CFTC reproposed regulations to impose position limits on certain futures and option contracts in specified energy, metal and agricultural commodities and for economically equivalent swaps. This proposal has not yet been finalized. In addition, the Federal Reserve, FDIC, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Farm Credit Administration and the Federal Housing Finance Agency adopted final rules establishing initial and variation margin requirements for non-cleared swaps and security-based swaps between certain entities, while the CFTC adopted final rules establishing initial and variation margin requirements for non-cleared swaps between certain entities. All swap dealers must currently comply with the variation margin requirements (to the extent applicable to a particular transaction); however, the initial margin requirements are still being phased in, generally based on the transactional volume of the parties and their affiliates.

In general, as a non-U.S. swap dealer, BBVA is not subject to all CFTC requirements, including certain business conduct standards, when entering into swaps with non-U.S. counterparties. In addition, subject to conditions, BBVA may comply with EU OTC derivatives requirements in lieu of some CFTC requirements, including portfolio reconciliation, portfolio compression and trade confirmation requirements, pursuant to substituted compliance determinations issued by the CFTC.

Deposit Insurance and Assessments

Deposits at Compass Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) as administered by the FDIC, up to the applicable limits established by law. The DIF is funded through assessments on banks, such as Compass Bank. Changes in the methodology used to calculate these assessments resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act increased the assessments that Compass Bank is required to pay to the FDIC. In addition, in March 2016, the FDIC issued a final rule imposing a surcharge on the assessments of insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more, such as Compass Bank, to raise the DIF’s reserve ratio. These surcharges will cease on

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December 31, 2018. The FDIC also collects Financing Corporation deposit assessments, which are calculated off of the assessment base established by the Dodd-Frank Act. Compass Bank pays the DIF assessment, less offset available by means of prepaid assessment credits, as well as the Financing Corporation assessments.

Revised Supervisory Rating System and Corporate Governance Requirements for Large Financial Institutions

In August 2017, the Federal Reserve issued a proposal to revise its supervisory rating system for “Large Financial Institutions”, the definition of which includes financial institutions with total consolidated assets of at least $50 billion which are not considered to be systemically important. The revised supervisory rating system, if finalized, would apply to, among other entities, IHCs established pursuant to the Federal Reserve’s Regulation YY, including BBVA Compass. Under the proposal, Large Financial Institutions would receive separate ratings from the Federal Reserve for (1) capital planning and positions, (2) liquidity risk management and positions and (3) governance and controls. Each of these component areas would receive one of the following four ratings: (i) Satisfactory, (ii) Satisfactory Watch, (iii) Deficient-1, and (iv) Deficient-2. As proposed, a covered company would have to maintain a rating of “Satisfactory” or “Satisfactory Watch” for each of the three components to be considered “well managed.” Existing statutes and regulations provide benefits to firms considered to be “well managed,” such as the ability to engage in additional permitted activities. Also in August 2017, the Federal Reserve issued proposed guidance intended to enhance the effectiveness of boards of directors and refocus the Federal Reserve’s supervisory expectations for boards of directors on their core responsibilities, and also to delineate between roles and responsibilities for boards of directors and for senior management. Although the proposed guidance would not directly apply to BBVA Compass, the Federal Reserve solicited comments on how the guidance could be adapted to apply to IHC, signaling that BBVA Compass could fall within the scope of a related future proposal.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

The Dodd-Frank Act broadened the application of Sections 23A and 23B of Federal Reserve Act, although the Federal Reserve has not yet implemented such changes in Regulation W (“Reg W”). Reg W places various qualitative and quantitative restrictions on BBVA and its non-bank subsidiaries with regard to borrowing or otherwise obtaining credit from their U.S. banking affiliates or engaging in certain other transactions involving those subsidiaries. Such transactions must be on terms that would ordinarily be offered to unaffiliated entities, must be secured by designated amounts of specified collateral, are subject to quantitative limitations. Under the Dodd-Frank Act changes, credit exposure arising from derivative transactions, securities borrowing and lending transactions, and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements are subject to the collateral and quantitative limitations. The Reg W restrictions also apply to certain transactions of BBVA’s New York branch with certain of its affiliates.

Consumer Protection Regulations

The regulations that the CFPB may adopt could affect the nature of the consumer activities that BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc., Compass Bank and BBVA’s New York branch may conduct, and may impose restrictions and limitations on the conduct of such activities. The CFPB has promulgated many mortgage-related rules since it was established under the Dodd-Frank Act, including rules related to the ability to repay and qualified mortgage standards, mortgage servicing standards, loan originator compensation standards, high-cost mortgage requirements, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act requirements and appraisal and escrow standards for higher-priced mortgages. These rules have created operational and strategic challenges for Compass Bank, as it is both a mortgage originator and a servicer.

Durbin Amendment’s Rules Affecting Debit Card Interchange Fees

Under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, the maximum permissible interchange fee that an issuer may receive for an electronic debit transaction is the sum of 21 cents per transaction, a 1 cent fraud prevention adjustment, and 5 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction.

Incentive Compensation Regulations and Other Regulations Applicable to SEC-regulated Entities

The Dodd-Frank Act requires the SEC to cause issuers with listed securities, which may include foreign private issuers such as BBVA, to establish a “claw back” policy to recoup previously awarded employee compensation in

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the event of an accounting restatement. The SEC proposed rules in 2015 to implement this provision. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act requires U.S. regulatory agencies to prescribe regulations with respect to incentive-based compensation at financial institutions in order to prevent inappropriate behavior that could lead to a material financial loss. In 2016, federal regulators reproposed a rule that would require, among other things, the deferral of a percentage of certain incentive-based compensation for senior executives and certain other employees and, under certain circumstances, clawback of incentive-based compensation.

The Dodd-Frank Act also grants the SEC discretionary rule-making authority to impose a new fiduciary standard on brokers, dealers and investment advisers, and expands the extraterritorial jurisdiction of U.S. courts over actions brought by the SEC or the United States with respect to violations of the antifraud provisions in the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.

Anti-Money Laundering; Office of Foreign Assets Control

A major focus of U.S. governmental policy relating to financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at fighting money laundering and terrorist financing. Regulations applicable to BBVA and certain of its affiliates impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedures, and controls to detect, prevent, and report money laundering. In particular, the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act), as amended, requires financial institutions operating in the United States to, among other things, (i) give special attention to correspondent and payable-through bank accounts, (ii) implement enhanced reporting due diligence, and “know your customer” standards for private banking and correspondent banking relationships, (iii) scrutinize the beneficial ownership and activity of certain non-U.S. and private banking customers (especially for so-called politically exposed persons), and (iv) develop and maintain anti-money laundering programs, customer identification procedures, and due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. Such required compliance programs are intended to supplement compliance programs with respect to the sanctions programs administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution.

Cybersecurity

In October 2016, the federal banking regulators issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking regarding enhanced cyber risk management standards, which would apply to a wide range of large financial institutions and their third-party service providers, including BBVA Compass and its U.S. bank subsidiaries. The proposed standards would expand existing cybersecurity regulations and guidance to focus on cyber risk governance and management; management of internal and external dependencies; and incident response, cyber resilience and situational awareness. In addition, the proposal contemplates more stringent standards for institutions with systems that are critical to the financial sector.

Disclosure of Iranian Activities under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act

The BBVA Group discloses the following information pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, which requires an issuer to disclose whether it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or with natural persons or entities designated by the U.S. government under specified executive orders, including activities not prohibited by U.S. law and conducted outside the United States by non-U.S. affiliates in compliance with local law. In order to comply with this requirement, the Company has requested relevant information from its affiliates globally.

The BBVA Group has the following activities, transactions and dealings with Iran requiring disclosure:

Legacy contractual obligations related to counter indemnities. Before 2007, the BBVA Group issued certain counter indemnities to its non-Iranian customers in Europe for various business activities relating to Iran in support of guarantees provided by Bank Melli, one of which remains outstanding while another one was cancelled on January 1, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, no fees and/or commissions have been recorded in connection with these counter indemnities. In addition, during this period the BBVA Group incurred in deferral commissions expenses of $334.92 in connection with the outstanding counter indemnity and cancellation expenses of $138.80 in connection with the other counter indemnity. The BBVA Group does not allocate direct costs to fees

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and commissions and therefore has not disclosed a separate profit measure. In accordance with Council Regulation (EU) Nr. 267/2012 of March 23, 2012, any payments of amounts due to Bank Melli under these counter indemnities were initially blocked and thereafter released upon authorization by the relevant Spanish authorities. The BBVA Group is committed to terminating the outstanding counter indemnity as soon as contractually possible and does not intend to enter into new business relationships involving Bank Melli.

Iranian embassy-related activity. The BBVA Group maintains bank accounts in Spain for one employee of the Iranian embassy in Spain and, until 2017, it maintained bank accounts in Spain for a former employee of the Iranian embassy in Spain. Both employees are Spanish citizens. Estimated gross revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017, from embassy-related activity, which include fees and/or commissions, did not exceed $2,628.34. The BBVA Group does not allocate direct costs to fees and commissions and therefore has not disclosed a separate profit measure. The BBVA Group is committed to terminating these business relationships as soon as legally possible.

C. Organizational Structure

As of December 31, 2017, the BBVA Group was composed of 331 consolidated entities and 76 entities accounted for using the equity method.

The companies are principally domiciled in the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay and Venezuela. In addition, BBVA has an active presence in Asia.

Below is a simplified organizational chart of BBVA’s most significant subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017.

Subsidiary | Country of Incorporation | Activity | BBVA Voting Power | BBVA Ownership | Total Assets (1)
|  |  | (in Percentages) | (In Millions of Euros)
BBVA BANCOMER | Mexico | Bank | 100.00 | 100.00 | 79,732
GARANTI | Turkey | Bank | 49.85 | 49.85 | 69,738
COMPASS BANK | The United States | Bank | 100.00 | 100.00 | 62,075
BANCO CONTINENTAL, S.A. | Peru | Bank | 92.24 | 46.12 | 19,320
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA CHILE, S.A. | Chile | Bank | 68.19 | 68.19 | 17,982
BBVA SEGUROS, S.A., DE SEGUROS Y REASEGUROS | Spain | Insurance | 99.96 | 99.96 | 17,890
BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. | Colombia | Bank | 95.47 | 95.47 | 15,718
BBVA BANCO FRANCES, S.A. | Argentina | Bank | 66.55 | 66.55 | 8,957
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA (PORTUGAL), S.A. | Portugal | Bank | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4,687
GARANTIBANK INTERNATIONAL NV | Netherlands | Bank | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4,101
PENSIONES BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V., GRUPO FINANCIERO BBVA BANCOMER | Mexico | Insurance | 100.00 | 100.00 | 3,924
SEGUROS BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V., GRUPO FINANCIERO BBVA BANCOMER | Mexico | Insurance | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2,980

(1) Information for non-EU subsidiaries has been calculated using the prevailing exchange rates on December 31, 2017.

## D. Property, Plants and Equipment

We own and rent a substantial network of properties in Spain and abroad, including 3,019 branch offices in Spain and, principally through our various subsidiaries, 5,252 branch offices abroad as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 67% of our branches in Spain and 69% of our branches abroad (65% excluding those branches relating to the Garanti group) were rented from third parties pursuant to short-term leases that may be renewed by mutual agreement.

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E. Selected Statistical Information

The following is a presentation of selected statistical information for the periods indicated. Where required under Industry Guide 3, we have provided such selected statistical information separately for our domestic and foreign activities, pursuant to our calculation that our foreign operations are significant according to Rule 9-05 of Regulation S-X.

Average Balances and Rates

The tables below set forth selected statistical information on our average balance sheets, which are based on the beginning and month-end balances in each year. We do not believe that monthly averages present trends materially different from those that would be presented by daily averages. Interest income figures, when used, include interest income on non-accruing loans to the extent that cash payments have been received. Loan fees are included in the computation of interest revenue.

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| Average Balance Sheet - Assets and Interest from Earning Assets
| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | Year Ended December 31, 2016 | Year Ended December 31, 2015
| Average Balance | Interest | Average Yield (1) | Average Balance | Interest | Average Yield (1) | Average Balance | Interest | Average Yield (1)
| (In Millions of Euros, Except Percentages)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and balances with central banks and other demand deposits | 33,917 | 83 | 0.25% | 26,209 | 10 | 0.05% | 23,542 | 2 | 0.02%
Debt securities and derivatives | 177,164 | 4,724 | 2.67% | 202,388 | 5,072 | 2.51% | 211,589 | 4,673 | 2.21%
Domestic | 110,491 | 1,089 | 0.99% | 133,009 | 1,772 | 1.33% | 143,760 | 1,947 | 1.35%
Foreign | 66,673 | 3,636 | 5.45% | 69,379 | 3,300 | 4.76% | 67,829 | 2,726 | 4.02%
Loans and receivables | 444,518 | 24,003 | 5.40% | 454,299 | 22,301 | 4.91% | 421,300 | 19,881 | 4.72%
Loans and advances to central banks | 10,945 | 258 | 2.36% | 15,326 | 229 | 1.50% | 12,004 | 140 | 1.17%
Loans and advances to credit institutions | 26,420 | 485 | 1.83% | 28,078 | 218 | 0.78% | 27,171 | 270 | 0.99%
Loans and advances to customers | 407,153 | 23,261 | 5.71% | 410,895 | 21,853 | 5.32% | 382,125 | 19,471 | 5.10%
In euros | 196,893 | 3,449 | 1.75% | 201,967 | 3,750 | 1.86% | 196,987 | 4,301 | 2.18%
Domestic | 187,281 | 3,377 | 1.80% | 192,186 | 3,685 | 1.92% | 192,508 | 4,285 | 2.23%
Foreign | 9,612 | 72 | 0.75% | 9,781 | 65 | 0.66% | 4,479 | 16 | 0.37%
In other currency | 210,261 | 19,812 | 9.42% | 208,928 | 18,104 | 8.67% | 185,139 | 15,170 | 8.19%
Domestic | 15,329 | 403 | 2.63% | 15,355 | 348 | 2.27% | 14,923 | 284 | 1.91%
Foreign | 194,932 | 19,409 | 9.96% | 193,573 | 17,756 | 9.17% | 170,216 | 14,886 | 8.75%
Other assets(2) | 48,872 | 485 | 0.99% | 52,748 | 325 | 0.62% | 49,128 | 226 | 0.46%
Total average assets (3) | 704,471 | 29,296 | 4.16% | 735,645 | 27,708 | 3.77% | 705,559 | 24,783 | 3.51%

(1) Rates have been presented on a non-taxable equivalent basis.

(2) Includes “Hedging derivatives”, “Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk”, “Joint ventures, associates and unconsolidated subsidiaries”, “Insurance and reinsurance assets”, “Tangible assets”, “Intangible assets”, “Tax assets”, “Other assets” and “Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale”.

(3) Foreign activity represented 46.99% of the total average assets for the year ended December 31, 2017, 49.84% for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 41.86% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

| Average Balance Sheet - Liabilities and Interest Paid on Interest Bearing Liabilities
| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | Year Ended December 31, 2016 | Year Ended December 31, 2015
| Average Balance | Interest | Average Yield (1) | Average Balance | Interest | Average Yield (1) | Average Balance | Interest | Average Yield (1)
| (In Millions of Euros, Except Percentages)
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions | 90,619 | 2,212 | 2.44% | 101,975 | 1,866 | 1.83% | 99,289 | 1,559 | 1.57%
Customer deposits | 392,057 | 7,007 | 1.79% | 398,851 | 5,944 | 1.49% | 366,249 | 4,390 | 1.20%
In euros | 186,261 | 461 | 0.25% | 195,310 | 766 | 0.39% | 187,721 | 1,024 | 0.55%
Domestic | 176,429 | 447 | 0.25% | 185,046 | 739 | 0.40% | 182,351 | 1,015 | 0.56%
Foreign | 9,832 | 14 | 0.14% | 10,264 | 26 | 0.26% | 5,370 | 9 | 0.17%
In other currency | 205,796 | 6,546 | 3.18% | 203,541 | 5,178 | 2.54% | 178,528 | 3,366 | 1.89%
Domestic | 12,076 | 95 | 0.78% | 11,543 | 39 | 0.34% | 9,529 | (53) | (0.55)%
Foreign | 193,720 | 6,451 | 3.33% | 191,998 | 5,139 | 2.68% | 168,999 | 3,419 | 2.02%
Debt certificates | 84,221 | 1,631 | 1.94% | 89,876 | 1,738 | 1.93% | 89,672 | 1,875 | 2.09%
Other liabilities (2) | 82,699 | 687 | 0.83% | 89,328 | 1,101 | 1.23% | 96,049 | 936 | 0.97%
Total average liabilities | 649,597 | 11,537 | 1.78% | 680,029 | 10,648 | 1.57% | 651,259 | 8,760 | 1.35%
Shareholders' equity | 54,874 | - | - | 55,616 | - | - | 54,300 | - | -
Total average liabilities and equity (3) | 704,471 | 11,537 | 1.64% | 735,645 | 10,648 | 1.45% | 705,559 | 8,760 | 1.24%

69

(1) Rates have been presented on a non-taxable equivalent basis.

(2) Includes “Financial liabilities held for trading”, “Hedging derivatives”, “Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk”, “Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts”, “Provisions”, “Tax liabilities”, “Other liabilities”, “Liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale”.

(3) Foreign activity represented 46.99% of the total average liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2017, 45.62% for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 41.86% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Changes in Net Interest Income-Volume and Rate Analysis

The following tables allocate changes in our net interest income between changes in volume and changes in rate for 2017 compared with 2016, and 2016 compared with 2015. Volume and rate variance have been calculated based on movements in average balances over the period and changes in interest rates on average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities. The only out-of-period items and adjustments excluded from the following table are interest payments on loans which are made in a period other than the period in which they are due. Loan fees were included in the computation of interest income.

| 2017/2016
| Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in
| Volume (1) | Rate (2) | Net Change
| (In Millions of Euros)
Interest income |  |  |
Cash and balances with central banks | 3 | 71 | 74
Securities portfolio and derivatives | (632) | 285 | (347)
Loans and advances to central banks | (66) | 94 | 29
Loans and advances to credit institutions | (13) | 279 | 266
Loans and advances to customers | (199) | 1,606 | 1,408
In euros | (94) | (206) | (301)
Domestic | (94) | (214) | (308)
Foreign | (0) | 7 | 7
In other currencies | 115 | 1,593 | 1,708
Domestic | (1) | 56 | 55
Foreign | 116 | 1,537 | 1,653
Other assets | (24) | 184 | 160
Total income | (931) | 2,519 | 1,588
Interest expense |  |  |
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions | (208) | 554 | 346
Customer deposits | (101) | 1,164 | 1,063
In euros | (35) | (269) | (305)
Domestic | (34) | (258) | (292)
Foreign | (1) | (12) | (13)
In other currencies | 57 | 1,311 | 1,368
Domestic | 2 | 54 | 56
Foreign | 56 | 1,256 | 1,312
Debt certificates | (109) | 3 | (106)
Other liabilities | (82) | (332) | (414)
Total expense | (500) | 1,389 | 889
Net interest income | (431) | 1,130 | 699

70

(1) The volume effect is calculated as the result of the average interest rate of the earlier period multiplied by the difference between the average balances of both periods.

(2) The rate effect is calculated as the result of the average balance of the earlier period multiplied by the difference between the average interest rates of both periods.

| 2016/2015
| Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in
| Volume (1) | Rate (2) | Net Change
| (In Millions of Euros)
Interest income |  |  |
Cash and balances with central banks | - | 7 | 8
Securities portfolio and derivatives | (83) | 482 | 399
Loans and advances to central banks | 45 | 44 | 89
Loans and advances to credit institutions | 65 | (117) | (52)
Loans and advances to customers | 2,063 | 319 | 2,382
In euros | 12 | (564) | (552)
Domestic | (7) | (593) | (600)
Foreign | 20 | 29 | 48
In other currencies | 2,051 | 883 | 2,934
Domestic | 8 | 56 | 64
Foreign | 2,043 | 827 | 2,870
Other assets | 22 | 77 | 99
Total income | 2,112 | 813 | 2,925
Interest expense |  |  |
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions | 82 | 225 | 307
Customer deposits | 477 | 1,076 | 1,553
In euros | 23 | (282) | (258)
Domestic | 15 | (290) | (275)
Foreign | 8 | 9 | 17
In other currencies | 454 | 1,357 | 1,812
Domestic | (11) | 103 | 92
Foreign | 465 | 1,255 | 1,720
Debt certificates | 64 | (201) | (137)
Other liabilities | (24) | 188 | 165
Total expense | 600 | 1,288 | 1,888
Net interest income | 1,512 | (475) | 1,037

(1) The volume effect is calculated as the result of the average interest rate of the earlier period multiplied by the difference between the average balances of both periods.

(2) The rate effect is calculated as the result of the average balance of the earlier period multiplied by the difference between the average interest rates of both periods.

71

Interest Earning Assets—Margin and Spread

The following table analyzes the levels of our average earning assets and illustrates the comparative gross and net yields and spread obtained for each of the years indicated.

| December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euro, except Percentages)
Average interest earning assets | 655,599 | 682,897 | 647,177
Gross yield(1) | 4.5% | 4.1% | 3.8%
Net yield(2) | 4.2% | 3.8% | 3.5%
Net interest margin(3) | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.5%
Average effective rate paid on all interest-bearing liabilities | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Spread(4) | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.3%

(1) Gross yield represents total interest income divided by average interest earning assets.

(2) Net yield represents total interest income divided by total average assets.

(3) Net interest margin represents net interest income as percentage of average interest earning assets.

(4) Spread is the difference between gross yield and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

ASSETS

Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Banks

As of December 31, 2017, interbank deposits (excluding deposits with central banks) represented 3.8% of our total assets. Of such interbank deposits, 25.6% were held outside of Spain and 74.4% in Spain. We believe that our deposits are generally placed with highly rated banks and have a lower risk than many loans we could make in Spain. However, such deposits are subject to the risk that the deposit banks may fail or the banking system of certain of the countries in which a portion of our deposits are made may face liquidity or other problems.

Securities Portfolio

As of December 31, 2017, our total securities portfolio (consisting of investment securities and loans and receivables) was carried on our consolidated balance sheet at a carrying amount (equivalent to its market or appraised value as of such date) of €112,660 million, representing 16.3% of our total assets. €32,617 million, or 29.0%, of our securities portfolio consisted of Spanish Treasury bonds and Treasury bills. The average yield during 2017 on the investment securities that BBVA held was 2.4%, compared with an average yield of approximately 5.4%% earned on loans and advances during 2017. See Notes 10 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For a discussion of our investments in affiliates, see Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For a discussion of the manner in which we value our securities, see Notes 2.2.1 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following tables analyze the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The trading portfolio is not included in the tables below because the amortized costs and fair values of these items are the same. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

72

| As of December 31, 2017
| Amortized cost | Fair Value (1) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses
| (In Millions of Euros)
DEBT SECURITIES |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 24,716 | 25,605 | 906 | (17)
Spanish Government and other government agencies debt securities | 22,765 | 23,539 | 791 | (17)
Other debt securities | 1,951 | 2,066 | 114 | -
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 891 | 962 | 72 | -
Issued by other institutions | 1,061 | 1,103 | 43 | -
Foreign | 40,557 | 40,647 | 661 | (572)
The United States | 12,479 | 12,317 | 35 | (198)
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government agencies debt securities | 3,052 | 3,018 | - | (34)
States and political subdivisions debt securities | 5,573 | 5,482 | 8 | (99)
Other debt securities | 3,854 | 3,817 | 28 | (65)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 56 | 57 | 1 | -
Issued by other institutions | 3,798 | 3,759 | 26 | (65)
Mexico | 9,755 | 9,658 | 45 | (142)
Mexican Government and other government agencies debt securities | 8,101 | 8,015 | 34 | (120)
Other debt securities | 1,654 | 1,643 | 11 | (22)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 212 | 209 | 1 | (3)
Issued by other institutions | 1,442 | 1,434 | 10 | (19)
Turkey | 5,052 | 4,985 | 48 | (115)
Turkey Government and other government agencies debt securities | 5,033 | 4,967 | 48 | (114)
Other debt securities | 19 | 19 | 1 | (1)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 19 | 19 | - | (1)
Issued by other institutions | - | - | - | -
Other countries | 13,271 | 13,687 | 533 | (117)
Other foreign governments and other government agencies debt securities | 6,774 | 7,022 | 325 | (77)
Other debt securities | 6,497 | 6,664 | 208 | (40)
Issued by Central Banks | 1,330 | 1,331 | 2 | (1)
Issued by credit institutions | 2,535 | 2,654 | 139 | (19)
Issued by other institutions | 2,632 | 2,679 | 66 | (19)
TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO | 65,273 | 66,251 | 1,567 | (588)
HELD TO MATURITY PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 5,984 | 6,043 | 59 | -
Spanish Government and other government agencies debt securities | 5,754 | 5,812 | 58 | -
Other domestic debt securities | 230 | 231 | 1 | -
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 203 | 204 | 1 | -
Issued by other institutions | 27 | 27 | - | -
Foreign | 7,770 | 7,759 | 30 | (42)
Government and other government agencies debt securities | 6,864 | 6,844 | 18 | (39)
Other debt securities | 906 | 915 | 12 | (3)
TOTAL HELD TO MATURITY PORTFOLIO | 13,754 | 13,801 | 89 | (42)
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES | 79,027 | 80,053 | 1,656 | (630)

73

(1) Fair values for listed securities are determined on the basis of their quoted prices at the end of the period. Fair values are used for unlisted securities based on our estimates and valuation techniques. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

| As of December 31, 2016
| Amortized cost | Fair Value (1) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses
| (In Millions of Euros)
DEBT SECURITIES |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 24,731 | 25,540 | 828 | (19)
Spanish Government and other government agencies debt securities | 22,427 | 23,119 | 711 | (18)
Other debt securities | 2,305 | 2,421 | 117 | (1)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 986 | 1,067 | 82 | -
Issued by other institutions | 1,319 | 1,354 | 36 | (1)
Foreign | 49,253 | 49,040 | 773 | (987)
The United States | 14,256 | 14,043 | 48 | (261)
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government agencies debt securities | 1,702 | 1,683 | 1 | (19)
States and political subdivisions debt securities | 6,758 | 6,654 | 8 | (112)
Other debt securities | 5,797 | 5,706 | 39 | (130)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 95 | 97 | 2 | -
Issued by other institutions | 5,702 | 5,609 | 37 | (130)
Mexico | 11,525 | 11,200 | 19 | (343)
Mexican Government and other government agencies debt securities | 9,728 | 9,438 | 11 | (301)
Other debt securities | 1,797 | 1,763 | 8 | (42)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 86 | 87 | 2 | (1)
Issued by other institutions | 1,710 | 1,675 | 6 | (41)
Turkey | 5,550 | 5,443 | 73 | (180)
Turkey Government and other government agencies debt securities | 5,055 | 4,961 | 70 | (164)
Other debt securities | 495 | 482 | 2 | (16)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 448 | 436 | 2 | (15)
Issued by other institutions | 47 | 46 | - | (1)
Other countries | 17,923 | 18,354 | 634 | (203)
Other foreign governments and other government agencies debt securities | 7,882 | 8,156 | 373 | (98)
Other debt securities | 10,041 | 10,197 | 261 | (105)
Issued by Central Banks | 1,657 | 1,659 | 4 | (2)
Issued by credit institutions | 3,269 | 3,311 | 96 | (54)
Issued by other institutions | 5,115 | 5,227 | 161 | (49)
TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO | 73,985 | 74,580 | 1,601 | (1,006)
HELD TO MATURITY PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 8,625 | 8,717 | 92 | -
Spanish Government and other government agency debt securities | 8,063 | 8,153 | 90 | -
Other domestic debt securities | 562 | 564 | 2 | -
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 494 | 496 | 2 | -
Issued by other institutions | 68 | 68 | - | -
Foreign | 9,071 | 8,902 | 16 | (185)
Government and other government agency debt securities | 7,982 | 7,830 | 13 | (165)
Other debt securities | 1,089 | 1,072 | 4 | (21)
TOTAL HELD TO MATURITY PORTFOLIO | 17,696 | 17,619 | 108 | (185)
|  | - |  |
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES | 91,681 | 92,199 | 1,709 | (1,192)

74

(1) Fair values for listed securities are determined on the basis of their quoted prices at the end of the period. Fair values are used for unlisted securities based on our estimates and valuation techniques. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

| As of December 31, 2015
| Amortized cost | Fair Value (1) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses
| (In Millions of Euros)
DEBT SECURITIES |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 43,500 | 45,668 | 2,221 | (53)
Spanish Government and other government agencies debt securities | 38,763 | 40,799 | 2,078 | (41)
Other debt securities | 4,737 | 4,869 | 144 | (11)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 2,702 | 2,795 | 94 | -
Issued by other institutions | 2,035 | 2,074 | 50 | (11)
Foreign | 62,734 | 62,641 | 1,132 | (1,226)
The United States | 13,890 | 13,717 | 63 | (236)
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government agencies debt securities | 2,188 | 2,177 | 4 | (15)
States and political subdivisions debt securities | 4,629 | 4,612 | 9 | (26)
Other debt securities | 7,073 | 6,927 | 50 | (195)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 71 | 75 | 5 | (1)
Issued by other institutions | 7,002 | 6,852 | 45 | (194)
Mexico | 12,627 | 12,465 | 73 | (235)
Mexican Government and other government agencies debt securities | 10,284 | 10,193 | 70 | (160)
Other debt securities | 2,343 | 2,272 | 4 | (75)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 260 | 254 | 1 | (7)
Issued by other institutions | 2,084 | 2,019 | 3 | (68)
Turkey | 13,414 | 13,265 | 116 | (265)
Turkey Government and other government agencies debt securities | 11,801 | 11,682 | 111 | (231)
Other debt securities | 1,613 | 1,584 | 4 | (34)
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 1,452 | 1,425 | 3 | (30)
Issued by other institutions | 162 | 159 | 1 | (4)
Other countries | 22,803 | 23,194 | 881 | (490)
Other foreign governments and other government agencies debt securities | 9,778 | 10,356 | 653 | (76)
Other debt securities | 13,025 | 12,838 | 227 | (414)
Issued by Central Banks | 2,277 | 2,273 | - | (4)
Issued by credit institutions | 3,468 | 3,488 | 108 | (88)
Issued by other institutions | 7,280 | 7,077 | 119 | (322)
TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO | 106,234 | 108,310 | 3,354 | (1,278)
TOTAL HELD TO MATURITY PORTFOLIO | - | - | - | -
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES | 106,234 | 108,310 | 3,354 | (1,278)

75

(1) Fair values for listed securities are determined on the basis of their quoted prices at the end of the period. Fair values are used for unlisted securities based on our estimates and valuation techniques. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

As of December 31, 2017 the carrying amount of the debt securities classified within the available for sale portfolio by rating categories defined by external rating agencies, were as follows:

|  | As of December 31, 2017
|  | Debt Securities Available for Sale
|  | Carrying Amount (In Millions of Euros) |  | %
AAA |  | 687 |  | 1.0%
AA+ |  | 10,738 |  | 16.2%
AA |  | 507 |  | 0.8%
AA- |  | 291 |  | 0.4%
A+ |  | 664 |  | 1.0%
A |  | 683 |  | 1.0%
A- |  | 1,330 |  | 2.0%
BBB+ |  | 35,175 |  | 53.1%
BBB |  | 7,958 |  | 12.0%
BBB- |  | 5,583 |  | 8.4%
BB+ or below |  | 1,564 |  | 2.4%
Without rating |  | 1,071 |  | 1.6%
TOTAL |  | 66,251 |  | 100.0%

The following tables analyze the amortized cost and fair value of our ownership of equity securities as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

| As of December 31, 2017
| Amortized cost | Fair Value (1) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses
| (In Millions of Euros)
EQUITY SECURITIES |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 2,222 | 2,250 | 29 | (1)
Equity listed | 2,189 | 2,188 | - | (1)
Equity unlisted | 33 | 62 | 29 | -
Foreign | 880 | 976 | 110 | (15)
United States | 509 | 543 | 40 | (6)
Equity listed | 11 | 11 | - | -
Equity unlisted | 498 | 532 | 40 | (6)
Other countries | 371 | 432 | 70 | (9)
Equity listed | 204 | 229 | 33 | (7)
Equity unlisted | 167 | 202 | 37 | (2)
TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO | 3,102 | 3,225 | 139 | (16)
TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES | 3,102 | 3,225 | 139 | (16)
TOTAL INVESTMENT SECURITIES | 82,129 | 83,278 | 1,795 | (646)

76

(1) Fair values for listed securities are determined on the basis of their quoted prices at the end of the year. Fair values are used for unlisted securities based on our estimates or on unaudited financial statements, when available.

| As of December 31, 2016
| Amortized cost | Fair Value (1) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses
| (In Millions of Euros)
EQUITY SECURITIES |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 3,748 | 2,822 | 19 | (945)
Equity listed | 3,690 | 2,763 | 17 | (944)
Equity unlisted | 57 | 59 | 2 | (1)
Foreign- | 1,501 | 1,820 | 336 | (17)
United States | 553 | 588 | 35 | -
Equity listed | 16 | 38 | 22 | -
Equity unlisted | 537 | 550 | 13 | -
Other countries | 948 | 1,231 | 301 | (17)
Equity listed | 777 | 1,028 | 268 | (15)
Equity unlisted | 171 | 203 | 33 | (2)
TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO | 5,248 | 4,641 | 355 | (962)
TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES | 5,248 | 4,641 | 355 | (962)
TOTAL INVESTMENT SECURITIES | 96,930 | 96,839 | 2,064 | (2,154)

(1) Fair values for listed securities are determined on the basis of their quoted prices at the end of the year. Fair values are used for unlisted securities based on our estimates or on unaudited financial statements, when available.

| As of December 31, 2015
| Amortized cost | Fair Value (1) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses
| (In Millions of Euros)
EQUITY SECURITIES - |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |
Domestic | 3,476 | 2,939 | 22 | (559)
Equity listed | 3,402 | 2,862 | 17 | (558)
Equity unlisted | 74 | 78 | 5 | (1)
Foreign | 1,728 | 2,177 | 501 | (51)
United States | 590 | 616 | 26 | -
Equity listed | 41 | 62 | 21 | -
Equity unlisted | 549 | 554 | 5 | -
Other countries | 1,138 | 1,561 | 475 | (51)
Equity listed | 986 | 1,313 | 371 | (44)
Equity unlisted | 152 | 248 | 103 | (7)
TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE PORTFOLIO | 5,204 | 5,116 | 522 | (610)
TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES | 5,204 | 5,116 | 522 | (610)
TOTAL INVESTMENT SECURITIES | 111,438 | 113,426 | 3,876 | (1,888)

(1) Fair values for listed securities are determined on the basis of their quoted prices at the end of the year. Fair values are used for unlisted securities based on our estimates or on unaudited financial statements, when available.

77

The following table analyzes the maturities of our debt investment and fixed income securities, excluding trading portfolio, by type and geographical area as of December 31, 2017:

| Maturity at One Year or Less | Maturity After One Year to Five Years | Maturity after Five Years to 10 Years | Maturity after 10 Years | Total
| Amount | Yield % (1) | Amount | Yield % (1) | Amount | Yield % (1) | Amount | Yield % (1) | Amount
| (Millions of Euros, Except Percentages)
DEBT SECURITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spanish government and other government agencies debt securities | 3,632 | 1.67 | 2,658 | 2.87 | 12,305 | 2.49 | 4,944 | 4.43 | 23,539
Other debt securities | 365 | 3.05 | 1,513 | 2.96 | 21 | 5.64 | 166 | 17.73 | 2,066
Total Domestic | 3,998 | 1.80 | 4,172 | 2.90 | 12,325 | 2.47 | 5,110 | 3.20 | 25,605
Foreign |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The United States | 387 | 1.27 | 2,284 | 1.95 | 1,984 | 2.45 | 7,661 | 2.13 | 12,317
U.S. Treasury and other government agencies debt securities | 258 | 0.24 | 1,421 | 1.78 | 1,339 | 2.10 | - | - | 3,018
States and political subdivisions debt securities | 1 | 6.85 | 1 | 3.34 | 50 | 2.60 | 5,430 | 2.04 | 5,482
Other debt securities | 127 | 3.32 | 862 | 2.24 | 596 | 3.25 | 2,231 | 2.38 | 3,817
Mexico | 746 | 8.42 | 2,958 | 3.25 | 2,674 | 1.96 | 3,280 | 5.10 | 9,658
Mexican Government and other government agencies debt securities | 690 | 8.52 | 2,074 | 3.04 | 2,210 | 1.50 | 3,041 | 4.53 | 8,015
Other debt securities | 55 | 6.89 | 884 | 3.78 | 465 | 5.15 | 239 | 5.32 | 1,643
Turkey | 350 | 0.02 | 2,716 | 0.00 | 1,914 | 0.05 | 5 | 4.96 | 4,985
Turkey Government and other government agencies debt securities | 350 | 0.02 | 2,698 | 0.00 | 1,913 | 0.05 | 5 | 4.96 | 4,967
Other debt securities | - | - | 19 | - | - | - | - | - | 19
Other countries | 4,739 | 6.11 | 3,134 | 2.16 | 2,442 | 3.09 | 3,373 | 4.03 | 13,687
Securities of other foreign governments(2) | 2,188 | 3.51 | 802 | 2.43 | 1,563 | 2.25 | 2,470 | 4.07 | 7,022
Other debt securities of other countries | 2,551 | 8.80 | 2,332 | 2.07 | 879 | 4.76 | 903 | 3.89 | 6,664
Total Foreign | 6,222 | 5.74 | 11,092 | 1.87 | 9,014 | 1.94 | 14,319 | 2.74 | 40,647
TOTAL AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE | 10,220 | 4.11 | 15,263 | 2.16 | 21,339 | 2.26 | 19,429 | 2.87 | 66,251
HELD-TO-MATURITY PORTFOLIO |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spanish government | 2,900 | 3.93 | 106 | 2.88 | 845 | 2.26 | 1,903 | 2.18 | 5,754
Other debt securities | 177 | 3.07 | 53 | 2.95 | - | - | - | - | 230
Total Domestic | 3,078 | 3.88 | 159 | 2.90 | 845 | 2.26 | 1,903 | 2.18 | 5,984
Total Foreign | 2,430 | 2.73 | 2,346 | 0.03 | 1,646 | 0.00 | 1,348 | 1.09 | 7,770
TOTAL HELD-TO-MATURITY | 5,508 | 3.38 | 2,505 | 0.21 | 2,491 | 0.77 | 3,251 | 1.70 | 13,754
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES | 15,728 | 3.85 | 17,768 | 1.89 | 23,830 | 2.10 | 22,680 | 2.70 | 80,005

(1) Rates have been presented on a non-taxable equivalent basis.

(2) Securities of other foreign governments mainly include investments made by our subsidiaries in securities issued by the governments of the countries where they operate.

Loans and Advances to Credit Institutions and Central Banks

As of December 31, 2017, our total loans and advances to credit institutions and central banks amounted to €33,597 million, or 4.9% of total assets. Net of our impairment losses, loans and advances to credit institutions and central banks amounted to €33,561 million as of December 31, 2017, or 4.9% of our total assets.

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Loans and Advances to Customers

As of December 31, 2017, our total loans and advances to customers amounted to €401,074 million, or 58.1% of total assets. Net of our impairment losses, loans and advances to customers amounted to €388,326 million as of December 31, 2017, or 56.3% of our total assets. As of December 31, 2017 our loans and advances to customers in Spain amounted to €180,033 million. Our loans and advances to customers outside Spain amounted to €221,041 million as of December 31, 2017. For a discussion of certain mandatory ratios relating to our loan portfolio, see “—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Capital Requirements” and “—Business Overview— Supervision and Regulation—Investment Ratio”.

Loans by Geographic Area

The following table shows, by domicile of the customer, our net loans and advances to customers as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013
| (In Millions of Euros)
Domestic | 180,033 | 182,492 | 192,227 | 178,410 | 188,434
Foreign |  |  |  |  |
Europe | 25,308 | 25,763 | 23,327 | 19,696 | 18,650
The United States | 53,526 | 60,388 | 58,677 | 47,819 | 35,858
Mexico | 48,463 | 50,242 | 51,842 | 49,904 | 41,823
Turkey | 49,690 | 54,174 | 54,252 | - | -
South America | 39,814 | 53,512 | 47,862 | 53,616 | 50,291
Other | 4,240 | 4,058 | 4,735 | 3,586 | 3,606
Total foreign | 221,041 | 248,137 | 240,695 | 174,620 | 150,228
Total loans and advances | 401,074 | 430,629 | 432,921 | 353,030 | 338,662
Impairment losses | (12,748) | (15,974) | (18,691) | (14,244) | (14,950)
Total net lending (1) | 388,326 | 414,655 | 414,231 | 338,785 | 323,712

(1) Total net lending includes financial assets held for trading for loans and advances to customers.

Loans by Type of Customer

The following table shows, by domicile and type of customer, our net loans and advances to customers at each of the dates indicated. The classification by type of customer is based principally on regulatory authority requirements in each country.

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013
| (In Millions of Euros)
Domestic |  |  |  |  |
Government | 18,116 | 20,741 | 23,549 | 23,421 | 22,287
Agriculture | 1,231 | 1,076 | 1,064 | 1,221 | 1,281
Industrial | 14,707 | 13,670 | 15,079 | 13,507 | 13,844
Real estate and construction | 11,786 | 15,179 | 18,621 | 20,170 | 25,456
Commercial and financial | 16,075 | 13,111 | 11,557 | 18,439 | 15,615
Loans to individuals(1) | 99,780 | 102,299 | 105,157 | 86,362 | 90,838
Other | 18,338 | 16,415 | 17,200 | 15,289 | 19,113
Total Domestic | 180,033 | 182,492 | 192,227 | 178,410 | 188,434
Foreign |  |  |  |  |
Government | 14,289 | 14,132 | 15,062 | 13,691 | 10,314
Agriculture | 2,646 | 3,236 | 3,251 | 3,127 | 3,727
Industrial | 37,319 | 43,402 | 41,834 | 24,072 | 14,985
Real estate and construction | 17,885 | 21,822 | 20,343 | 12,982 | 15,243
Commercial and financial | 31,584 | 33,933 | 32,019 | 25,441 | 31,802
Loans to individuals(1) | 78,162 | 89,981 | 89,132 | 72,223 | 59,840
Other | 39,156 | 41,630 | 39,054 | 23,082 | 14,318
Total Foreign | 221,040 | 248,137 | 240,695 | 174,620 | 150,228
Total Loans and Advances | 401,074 | 430,629 | 432,921 | 353,030 | 338,662
Impairment losses | (12,748) | (15,974) | (18,691) | (14,244) | (14,950)
Total net lending(2) | 388,326 | 414,655 | 414,231 | 338,785 | 323,712

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(1) Includes mortgage loans to households for the acquisition of housing.

(2) Total net lending includes financial assets held for trading for loans and advances to customers.

The following table sets forth a breakdown, by currency, of our net loan portfolio as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013
| (In Millions of Euros)
In euros | 199,399 | 199,289 | 204,549 | 182,903 | 190,135
In other currencies | 188,926 | 215,366 | 209,681 | 155,882 | 133,578
Total net lending (1) | 388,326 | 414,655 | 414,231 | 338,785 | 323,712

(1) Total net lending includes financial assets held for trading for loans and advances to customers.

As of December 31, 2017, loans by BBVA and its subsidiaries to associates and jointly controlled companies amounted to €510 million, compared with €442 million as of December 31, 2016. Loans outstanding to the Spanish government and its agencies amounted to €18,116 million, or 4.5% of our total loans and advances as of December 31, 2017, compared with €20,741 million, or 4.8% of our total loans and advances as of December 31, 2016. None of our loans to companies controlled by the Spanish government are guaranteed by the government and, accordingly, we apply normal credit criteria in extending credit to such entities. Moreover, we carefully monitor such loans because governmental policies necessarily affect such borrowers.

Diversification in our loan portfolio is our principal means of reducing the risk of loan losses. We also carefully monitor our loans to borrowers in sectors or countries experiencing liquidity problems. Our exposure to our five largest borrowers as of December 31, 2017, excluding government-related loans, amounted to €19,061 million or approximately 4.92% of our total outstanding loans and advances. As of December 31, 2017 there did not exist any concentration of loans exceeding 10% of our total outstanding loans and advances, other than by category as disclosed in the table above.

Maturity and Interest Sensitivity

The following table sets forth an analysis by maturity of our total loans and advances to customers by domicile of the branch office that issued the loan and the type of customer as of December 31, 2017. The determination of maturities is based on contract terms.

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| Maturity
| Due in One Year or Less | Due After One Year Through Five Years | Due After Five Years | Total
| (in Millions of Euros)
Domestic |  |  |  |
Government | 7,422 | 5,848 | 4,845 | 18,116
Agriculture | 480 | 521 | 230 | 1,231
Industrial | 6,100 | 5,471 | 3,137 | 14,707
Real estate and construction | 3,353 | 3,799 | 4,635 | 11,786
Commercial and financial | 11,091 | 3,289 | 1,696 | 16,075
Loans to individuals | 11,625 | 23,846 | 64,308 | 99,780
Other | 7,280 | 7,385 | 3,673 | 18,338
Total Domestic | 47,351 | 50,158 | 82,524 | 180,033
Foreign |  |  |  |
Government | 1,464 | 1,752 | 11,073 | 14,289
Agriculture | 1,544 | 752 | 350 | 2,646
Industrial | 14,777 | 14,020 | 8,522 | 37,319
Real estate and construction | 6,750 | 7,039 | 4,096 | 17,885
Commercial and financial | 18,553 | 9,569 | 3,462 | 31,584
Loans to individuals | 19,183 | 19,666 | 39,312 | 78,162
Other | 12,835 | 16,868 | 9,452 | 39,156
Total Foreign | 75,106 | 69,666 | 76,268 | 221,040
Total loans and advances | 122,457 | 119,824 | 158,792 | 401,074

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our fixed and variable rate loans which had a maturity of one year or more as of December 31, 2017.

| Interest Sensitivity of Outstanding Loans and Advances Maturing in More Than One Year
| Domestic | Foreign | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
Fixed rate | 24,485 | 81,181 | 105,666
Variable rate | 108,197 | 64,753 | 172,950
Total loans and advances | 132,682 | 145,934 | 278,616

Impairment Losses on Loans and Advances

For a discussion of loan loss reserves, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Critical Accounting Policies—Impairment losses on financial assets” and Note 2.2.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table provides information, by domicile of customer, regarding our loan loss reserve and movements of loan charge-offs and recoveries for periods indicated.

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| As of and for the year ended December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013
| (In Millions of Euros)
Loan loss reserve at beginning of period: |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | 9,113 | 12,357 | 9,832 | 10,510 | 9,638
Foreign | 6,903 | 6,385 | 4,441 | 4,480 | 4,506
Total Loan loss reserve at beginning of period | 16,016 | 18,742 | 14,273 | 14,990 | 14,144
Loans charged off: |  |  |  |  |
Total domestic (1) | (3,709) | (3,298) | (3,340) | (2,628) | (1,965)
Total foreign (2) | (2,330) | (2,400) | (1,933) | (1,836) | (1,709)
Total Loans charged off: | (6,039) | (5,698) | (5,273) | (4,464) | (3,674)
Provision for possible loan losses: |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | 1,155 | 1,095 | 1,933 | 2,308 | 3,420
Foreign | 3,078 | 3,046 | 2,804 | 2,439 | 2,522
Total Provision for possible loan losses | 4,233 | 4,141 | 4,737 | 4,747 | 5,942
Acquisition and disposition of subsidiaries (3) | (5) | - | 6,572 | - | (30)
Effect of foreign currency translation | (926) | (601) | (862) | (119) | (557)
Other | (495) | (567) | (705) | (881) | (835)
Loan loss reserve at end of period: |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | 7,234 | 9,113 | 12,357 | 9,832 | 10,510
Foreign | 5,550 | 6,903 | 6,385 | 4,441 | 4,480
Total Loan loss reserve at end of period | 12,784 | 16,016 | 18,742 | 14,273 | 14,990
Loan loss reserve as a percentage of total loans and receivables at end of period | 2.96% | 3.44% | 3.97% | 3.83% | 4.27%
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of total loans and receivables at end of period | 1.40% | 1.22% | 1.12% | 1.19% | 1.05%

(1) Domestic loans charged off in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were mainly related to the real estate sector.

(2) Foreign loans charged off in 2017 include €1,903 million related to real estate loans and loans to individuals and others and €407 million related to commercial and financial loans. Loans charged off in 2016 include €2,012 million related to real estate loans and loans to individuals and others and €361 million related to commercial and financial loans. Loans charged off in 2015 include €1,904 million related to real estate loans and loans to individuals and others and €16 million related to commercial and financial loans. Foreign loans charged off in 2014 include €1,806 million related to real estate loans and loans to individuals and others and €30 million related to commercial and financial loans. Loans charged off in 2013 include €1,592 million related to real estate loans and loans to individuals and others, €114 million related to commercial and financial loans and €3 million related to loans to governmental and non-governmental agencies.

(3) Includes amounts related to the acquisition of Garanti and Catalunya Banc in 2015. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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When the recovery of any recognized amount is considered to be remote, this amount is removed from the consolidated balance sheet, without prejudice to any actions taken by the consolidated entities in order to collect the amount until their rights extinguish in full through expiry, forgiveness or for other reasons.

The loans charged off amounted to €6,039 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared with €5,698 million during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Our loan loss reserves as a percentage of total loans and advances decreased to 3.0% as of December 31, 2017 from 3.4 % as of December 31, 2016.

Impaired Loans

As described in Note 2.2.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, loans are considered to be impaired loans when there are reasonable doubts that the loans will be recovered in full and/or the related interest will be collected for the amounts and on the dates initially agreed upon, taking into account the guarantees received by the consolidated entities to ensure (in part or in full) the performance of the loans.

Amounts collected in relation to impaired loans and receivables are used to recognize the related accrued interest and any excess amount is used to reduce the unpaid principal. The approximate amount of interest income on our impaired loans which was included in profit attributable to parent company in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was €347.4 million, €264.2 million, €253.9 million, €231.2 million and €253.3 million, respectively.

The following table provides information regarding our impaired loans, by domicile and type of customer, as of the dates indicated:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013
| (In Millions of Euros)
Impaired loans |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | 12,730 | 16,360 | 19,481 | 18,563 | 20,985
Public sector | 158 | 270 | 191 | 172 | 158
Other resident sector | 12,572 | 16,090 | 19,290 | 18,391 | 20,826
Foreign | 6,671 | 6,565 | 5,882 | 4,167 | 4,493
Public sector | 13 | 42 | 21 | 8 | 11
Other non-resident sector | 6,658 | 6,523 | 5,860 | 4,159 | 4,482
Total impaired loans | 19,401 | 22,925 | 25,363 | 22,730 | 25,478
Total loan loss reserve | (12,784) | (16,016) | (18,742) | (14,273) | (14,990)
Impaired loans net of reserves | 6,617 | 6,909 | 6,621 | 8,457 | 10,488
Impaired loans as a percentage of total loans and receivables, net | 4.50% | 4.92% | 5.38% | 6.10% | 7.26%
Impaired loans (net of reserve) as a percentage of total loans and receivables, net | 1.53% | 1.48% | 1.40% | 2.27% | 2.99%

Our total impaired loans amounted to €19,401 million as of December 31, 2017, a 15.37% decrease compared with €22,925 million as of December 31, 2016. This decrease was mainly attributable to the reduction of the Group’s exposure to the real estate sector in Spain.

As mentioned in Note 2.2.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, our loan loss reserve includes loss reserve for impaired assets and loss reserve for unimpaired assets but which present an inherent loss. As of December 31, 2017, the loan loss reserve amounted to €12,784 million, a 20.18% decrease compared with €16,016 million as of December 31, 2016. This decrease in our loan loss reserve is mainly attributable to a decline in impaired loans, particularly in the construction sector. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the loan reserve amounted to €18,742 million, €14,273 million and €14,990 million, respectively.

The following tables provide information, by domicile and type of customer, regarding our impaired loans and the loan loss reserves for impaired assets taken for each impaired loan category, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:

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2017 | Impaired Loans | Loan Loss Reserve | Impaired Loans as a Percentage of Loans by Category
| (In Millions of Euros)
Domestic: |  |  |
Government | 158 | (34) | 0.87%
Credit institutions | - | - | 0.00%
Other sectors | 12,572 | (5,204) | 7.76%
Agriculture | 95 | (43) | 7.75%
Industrial | 902 | (449) | 6.13%
Real estate and construction | 3,647 | (2,037) | 30.94%
Commercial and other financial | 1,055 | (557) | 6.56%
Loans to individuals | 5,911 | (1,676) | 5.92%
Other | 961 | (442) | 5.24%
Total Domestic | 12,730 | (5,238) | 7.07%
Foreign: |  |  |
Government | 13 | (8) | 0.09%
Credit institutions | 11 | (6) | 0.40%
Other sectors | 6,647 | (3,424) | 3.22%
Agriculture | 70 | (41) | 2.65%
Industrial | 756 | (434) | 2.02%
Real estate and construction | 517 | (214) | 2.89%
Commercial and other financial | 651 | (390) | 2.06%
Loans to individuals | 2,505 | (1,345) | 3.21%
Other | 2,148 | (999) | 5.49%
Total Foreign | 6,671 | (3,437) | 3.02%
Collective allowance for incurred but not reported losses | - | (4,109) |
Total impaired loans | 19,401 | (12,784) | 4.85%
2016 | Impaired Loans | Loan Loss Reserve | Impaired Loans as a Percentage of Loans by Category
| (In Millions of Euros)
Domestic: |  |  |
Government | 270 | (31) | 1.30%
Credit institutions | - | - | -
Other sectors | 16,090 | (7,385) | 9.95%
Agriculture | 104 | (47) | 9.64%
Industrial | 1,134 | (581) | 8.29%
Real estate and construction | 6,262 | (3,521) | 41.25%
Commercial and other financial | 1,206 | (731) | 9.19%
Loans to individuals | 5,992 | (1,744) | 5.86%
Other | 1,392 | (761) | 8.48%
Total Domestic | 16,360 | (7,416) | 8.96%
Foreign: |  |  |
Government | 42 | (12) | 0.30%
Credit institutions | 10 | (7) | 0.00%
Other sectors | 6,523 | (3,356) | 2.79%
Agriculture | 117 | (67) | 3.62%
Industrial | 1,159 | (457) | 2.67%
Real estate and construction | 537 | (245) | 2.46%
Commercial and other financial | 661 | (346) | 1.95%
Loans to individuals | 2,809 | (1,573) | 3.12%
Other | 1,240 | (675) | 2.98%
Total Foreign | 6,565 | (3,375) | 2.65%
Collective allowance for incurred but not reported losses | - | (5,224) |
Total impaired loans | 22,925 | (16,016) | 5.65%

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Troubled Debt Restructurings

As of December 31, 2017, of the total troubled debt restructurings of €21,311 million, as described in Note 7.3 and Appendix VIII to our Consolidated Financial Statements, €9,191 million were not considered impaired loans.

Potential Problem Loans

The identification of “Potential problem loans” is based on the analysis of historical non-performing asset ratio trends, categorized by products/clients and geographical locations. This analysis is focused on the identification of portfolios with non-performing asset ratio higher than our average non-performing asset ratio. Once these portfolios are identified, we segregate such portfolios into groups with similar characteristics based on the activities to which they are related, geographical location, type of collateral, solvency of the client and loan to value ratio.

The non-performing asset ratio in our domestic real estate and construction portfolio was 30.9% as of December 31, 2017 (compared with 41.2% as of December 31, 2016), substantially higher than the average non-performing asset ratio for all of our domestic activities (7.1% as of December 31, 2017 and 9.0% as of December 31, 2016) and the average non-performing asset ratio for all of our consolidated activities (4.4% as of December 31, 2017 and 4.9% as of December 31, 2016). Within such portfolio, construction loans and property development loans (which exclude mainly infrastructure and civil construction) had a non-performing asset ratio of 26.2% as of December 31, 2017 (compared with 25.3% as of December 31, 2016). Given such non-performing asset ratio, we performed an analysis in order to define the level of loan provisions attributable to these loan portfolios (see Note 2.2.1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements).

Foreign Country Outstandings

The following table sets forth, as of the end of the years indicated, the aggregate amounts of our cross-border outstandings (which consist of loans, interest-bearing deposits with other banks, acceptances and other monetary assets denominated in a currency other than the home-country currency of the office where the item is booked) where outstandings in the borrower’s country exceeded 1% of our total assets as of December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Cross-border outstandings do not include loans in local currency made by our subsidiary banks to customers in other countries to the extent that such loans are funded in the local currency or hedged. As a result, they do not include the vast majority of the loans made by our subsidiaries in South America, Mexico, Turkey and the United States or other regions which are not listed below.

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| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Amount | % of Total Assets | Amount | % of Total Assets | Amount | % of Total Assets
| (In Millions of Euros, Except Percentages)
United Kingdom | 8,444 | 1.2% | 5,854 | 0.8% | 7,306 | 1.0%
Mexico | 2,635 | 0.4% | 1,947 | 0.3% | 2,134 | 0.3%
Turkey | 7,754 | 1.1% | 1,665 | 0.2% | 1,974 | 0.3%
Other OECD | 7,885 | 1.1% | 7,745 | 1.1% | 8,124 | 1.1%
Total OECD | 26,718 | 3.9% | 17,211 | 2.4% | 19,538 | 2.7%
Central and South America | 3,980 | 0.6% | 4,001 | 0.6% | 3,434 | 0.5%
Other | 3,787 | 0.5% | 4,056 | 0.6% | 4,888 | 0.7%
Total | 34,485 | 5.0% | 25,268 | 3.5% | 27,860 | 3.8%

The following table sets forth the amounts of our cross-border outstandings as of December 31 of the years indicated below by type of borrower where outstandings in the borrower’s country exceeded 1% of our total assets.

| Governments | Banks and Other Financial Institutions | Commercial, Industrial and Other | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |
Mexico | 280 | 61 | 2,295 | 2,635
Turkey | 3,211 | 1,488 | 3,055 | 8,444
United Kingdom | - | 7,003 | 1,441 | 7,754
Total | 3,491 | 8,552 | 6,791 | 18,833
As of December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |
Mexico | 160 | 5 | 1,781 | 1,947
Turkey | 105 | 439 | 1,120 | 1,665
United Kingdom | - | 3,732 | 2,122 | 5,854
Total | 266 | 4,176 | 5,024 | 9,466
As of December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |
Mexico | 166 | 4 | 1,965 | 2,134
United Kingdom | - | 4,661 | 2,646 | 7,306
Total | 166 | 4,665 | 4,611 | 9,440

The Bank of Spain requires that minimum reserves be maintained for cross-border risk arising with respect to loans and other outstandings to countries, or residents of countries, falling into certain categories established by the Bank of Spain on the basis of the level of perceived transfer risk. The category that a country falls into is determined by us, subject to review by the Bank of Spain.

The following table shows the minimum required reserves with respect to each category of country for BBVA’s level of coverage as of December 31, 2017.

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Categories(1) | Minimum Percentage of Coverage (Outstandings Within Category)
Countries belonging to the OECD whose currencies are listed in the Spanish foreign exchange market | 0.0
Countries with transitory difficulties(2) | 10.1
Doubtful countries(2) | 22.8
Very doubtful countries(2)(3) | 83.5
Bankrupt countries(4) | 100.0

(1) Any outstanding which is guaranteed may be treated, for the purposes of the foregoing, as if it were an obligation of the guarantor.

(2) Coverage for the aggregate of these three categories (countries with transitory difficulties, doubtful countries and very doubtful countries) must equal at least 35% of outstanding loans within the three categories. The Bank of Spain has recommended up to 50% aggregate coverage.

(3) Outstandings to very doubtful countries are treated as impaired under Bank of Spain regulations.

(4) Outstandings to bankrupt countries must be charged off immediately. As a result, no such outstandings are reflected on our consolidated balance sheet. Notwithstanding the foregoing minimum required reserves, certain interbank outstandings with an original maturity of three months or less have minimum required reserves of 50%. We met or exceeded the minimum percentage of required coverage with respect to each of the foregoing categories.

Our exposure to borrowers in countries with difficulties (the last four categories in the foregoing table), excluding our exposure to subsidiaries or companies we manage and trade-related debt, amounted to €130 million, €104 million and €130 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These figures do not reflect loan loss reserves of 19.1%, 35.6%, and 29.2% respectively, of the relevant amounts outstanding at such dates. Deposits with or loans to borrowers in all such countries as of December 31, 2017 did not in the aggregate exceed 0.02% of our total assets.

The country-risk exposures described in the preceding paragraph as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 do not include exposures for which insurance policies have been taken out with third parties that include coverage of the risk of confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, non-transfer, non-convertibility and, if appropriate, war and political violence. The sums insured as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $124 million, $90 million and $81 million, respectively (approximately €104 million, €85 million and €74 million, respectively, based on a euro/dollar exchange rate on December 31, 2017 of $1.00 = €0.83, on December 31, 2016 of $1.00 = €0.95, and on December 31, 2015 of $1.00 = €0.92).

LIABILITIES

Deposits

The principal components of our customer deposits are domestic demand and savings deposits and foreign time deposits. The following tables provide information regarding our deposits by principal geographic area for the dates indicated.

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| As of December 31, 2017
| Customer Deposits | Bank of Spain and Other Central Banks | Other Credit Institutions | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Domestic | 165,559 | 28,044 | 5,518 | 199,121
Foreign |  |  |  |
Europe | 22,177 | 101 | 34,849 | 57,128
The United States | 58,164 | 87 | 3,961 | 62,212
Mexico | 52,387 | 3,316 | 2,429 | 58,132
Turkey | 36,815 | 3,713 | 953 | 41,482
South America | 38,764 | 1,792 | 2,999 | 43,555
Other | 2,511 | - | 3,806 | 6,317
Total Foreign | 210,819 | 9,010 | 48,998 | 268,826
Total | 376,379 | 37,054 | 54,516 | 467,949

| As of December 31, 2016
| Customer Deposits | Bank of Spain and Other Central Banks | Other Credit Institutions | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Domestic | 161,022 | 26,602 | 6,768 | 194,392
Foreign |  |  |  |
Europe | 30,949 | 101 | 38,338 | 69,388
The United States | 62,311 | 38 | 5,040 | 67,388
Mexico | 54,117 | 2,400 | 3,663 | 60,180
Turkey | 38,211 | 3,191 | 1,463 | 42,865
South America | 50,282 | 2,407 | 4,035 | 56,724
Other | 4,572 | - | 4,194 | 8,766
Total Foreign | 240,442 | 8,138 | 56,733 | 305,312
Total | 401,465 | 34,740 | 63,501 | 499,706

| As of December 31, 2015
| Customer Deposits | Bank of Spain and Other Central Banks | Other Credit Institutions | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
Total Domestic | 168,689 | 19,014 | 8,262 | 195,965
Foreign |  |  |  |
Europe | 35,770 | 101 | 39,896 | 75,767
The United States | 62,988 | 619 | 7,391 | 70,998
Mexico | 51,422 | 11,254 | 1,643 | 64,319
Turkey | 36,036 | 4,348 | 1,786 | 42,170
South America | 44,469 | 3,341 | 4,423 | 52,233
Other | 3,988 | 1,411 | 5,142 | 10,541
Total Foreign | 234,673 | 21,073 | 60,281 | 316,027
Total | 403,362 | 40,087 | 68,543 | 511,992

For an analysis of our deposits, including non-interest bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits, saving deposits and time deposits, see Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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As of December 31, 2017, the maturity of our time deposits (excluding interbank deposits) in denominations of $100,000 or greater was as follows:

| As of December 31, 2017
| Domestic | Foreign | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
3 months or under | 6,694 | 40,738 | 47,432
Over 3 to 6 months | 3,405 | 5,839 | 9,245
Over 6 to 12 months | 6,401 | 8,643 | 15,044
Over 12 months | 8,639 | 7,481 | 16,120
Total | 25,140 | 62,701 | 87,841

Time deposits from Spanish and foreign financial institutions amounted to €25,941 million as of December 31, 2017, substantially all of which were in excess of $100,000.

Large denomination deposits may be a less stable source of funds than demand and savings deposits because they are more sensitive to variations in interest rates. For a breakdown by currency of customer deposits as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, see Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Short-term Borrowings

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and promissory notes issued by us constituted the only categories of short-term borrowings that equaled or exceeded 30% of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

| As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 |  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2016 |  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2015
| Amount | Average rate |  | Amount | Average rate |  | Amount | Average rate
| (In Millions of Euro, Except Percentages)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (principally Spanish treasury bills): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of end of period | 33,208 | 1.7% |  | 39,682 | 1.6% |  | 50,342 | 1.0%
Average during period | 32,475 | 2.4% |  | 39,589 | 1.4% |  | 47,954 | 0.9%
Maximum quarter-end balance | 33,863 | - |  | 41,399 | - |  | 50,342 | -
Bank promissory notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of end of period | 1,462 | 0.7% |  | 1,033 | 0.2% |  | 516 | 0.3%
Average during period | 704 | 1.0% |  | 883 | 0.7% |  | 2,239 | 1.0%
Maximum quarter-end balance | 1,462 | - |  | 1,079 | - |  | 3,354 | -
Bonds and subordinated debt : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of end of period | 4,321 | 5.8% |  | 14,708 | 3.7% |  | 14,741 | 3.4%
Average during period | 7,717 | 5.4% |  | 15,092 | 3.5% |  | 15,320 | 2.2%
Maximum quarter-end balance | 10,848 | - |  | 16,016 | - |  | 15,693 | -
Total short-term borrowings as of end of period | 38,991 | 2.1% |  | 55,423 | 2.1% |  | 65,598 | 1.5%

Return Ratios

The following table sets out our return ratios:

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| As of or for the Year Ended December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Percentages)
Return on shareholders' funds (1) | 6.4% | 6.7% | 5.3%
Return on assets(2) | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Dividend pay-out ratio(3) | 21.1% | 36.1% | 45.9%
Equity to assets ratio(4) | 7.8% | 7.6% | 7.7%

(1) Represents profit attributable to parent company for the year as a percentage of average stockholder’s funds for the year.

(2) Represents profit attributable to parent company as a percentage of average total assets for the year.

(3) Represents dividends declared by BBVA (including the cash remuneration paid under the “Dividend Option” scheme) as a percentage of profit attributable to parent company. This ratio does not take into account the non-cash remuneration paid by BBVA under the “Dividend Option” scheme (in the form of BBVA shares or ADSs). See “—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends—Scrip Dividend” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividends”.

(4) Represents average total equity over average total assets.

EQUITY

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

As of December 31, 2017, the accumulated other comprehensive loss amounted to €8,792 million, a 61.1% increase compared to the €5,458 million recorded as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the balance amounted to €3,349 million.

The majority of the balance is related to the conversion to euros of the financial statements balances from consolidated entities whose functional currency is not euros. In this regard, the increase in “Foreign currency translation” (from €5,185 million in 2016 to €9,159 million in 2017) was mainly related to the depreciation of the Mexican peso and the Turkish lira.

## F. Competition

The commercial banking sector in Spain has undergone significant consolidation. In the majority of the markets where we provide financial services, the Banco Santander Group is our largest competitor, but the restructuring processes that have been underway for several years have increased the size of certain banks, such as Bankia (an integration of seven regional saving banks, led by Caja Madrid), Caixabank (which acquired Banco de Valencia, Banca Cívica and Barclays’s Spanish operations) and Banco Sabadell. Furthermore, in June 2017, Banco Santander announced the acquisition of 100% of the share capital of Banco Popular as part of the resolution strategy adopted by the Single Resolution Board (SRB) for the latter. This has further increased the market share of Banco Santander in Spain.

We face strong competition in all of our principal areas of operations. The low interest rate environment which depresses interest income and the ongoing de-leveraging process makes competition quite fierce in the Spanish market. In particular, competition is particularly intense in the credit market for lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), where new credit interest rates have fallen from an average of 5.5% between January 2012 and May 2014 to around 2.6% at December 2017, barely exceeding credit costs.

In addition, in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the need for a more balanced funding structure led to increased competition for deposits in Spain. While the low interest rate environment has depressed deposits’ remuneration, there seems to be a zero interest rate floor as deposit rates are not entering negative territory. Former Spanish savings banks, many of which have become commercial banks and received financial or other forms of

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support from the Spanish government and the European Stability Mechanism, and money market mutual funds provide strong competition for savings deposits and, in the case of savings banks, for other retail banking services.

Credit cooperatives, which are active principally in rural areas where they provide savings and loan services and related services such as the financing of agricultural machinery and supplies, are also a source of competition. The entry of “fintech companies” and online banks into the Spanish banking system has also increased competition, especially in payment services. Insurance companies and other financial service firms also compete for customer funds. Like commercial banks, former savings banks, insurance companies and other financial service firms are expanding the services offered to consumers in Spain. We face competition in mortgage loans from savings banks and, to a lesser extent, cooperatives.

Furthermore, the EU Directive on Investment Services took effect on December 31, 1995. The EU Directive permits all brokerage houses authorized to operate in other member states of the EU to carry out investment services in Spain. Although the EU Directive is not specifically addressed to banks, it affects the activities of banks operating in Spain. Besides, several initiatives have been implemented recently in order to facilitate the creation of a Pan-European financial market. For example, SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area), which is a payment-integration initiative for simplification of bank transfers, direct debits and payment cards mainly within the EU and the MiFID project (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive), which has been complemented with the introduction of MiFID II in January 2018, a Directive that aims to create a European framework for investment services. In addition, decisive steps are being taken towards achieving a banking union in Europe (as agreed at a Eurogroup meeting in June 2012). The ECB started to work as a single supervisor in November 2014, supervising more than 120 entities (including BBVA) in the Eurozone. Moreover, the foundations of a single resolution mechanism were set with the agreement on the regulation and contributions to the Fund and the appointment of the SRB which is operational since January 1, 2015. A new instrument of bank direct recapitalization was created within the ESM. The bail-in tool included in the BRRD entered into force on January 1, 2016. The creation of a common deposit-guarantee scheme (the EDIS) was proposed by the European Commission in November 2015 in order to complete the current banking union process. More recently, in November 2017, the Bank of Spain Circular 4/2017 entered into force and modified the calculation of provisions by Spanish banks in order to adjust them to IFRS 9.

Following the financial turmoil, a number of banks have disappeared or have been absorbed by other banks. We believe this trend will likely continue in the future, with a number of mergers and acquisitions between financial entities both domestically and at the European level. In Spain, the recapitalization of several entities with public funds and their subsequent privatization, with the purpose of achieving a stronger banking sector, has intensified this process. In this vein, Bankia and BMN merged in December 2017. In the United States, the government has facilitated the purchase of troubled banks by other competitors in the context of the financial crisis, and European governments, including the Spanish government, have expressed their willingness to facilitate these types of operations.

In the United States, where we operate primarily through BBVA Compass, the competitive landscape has also been significantly affected by the financial crisis. The U.S. banking industry has experienced significant impairment of its assets since 2009, which resulted in losses in selected product categories and slow loan growth. However, this trend has stabilized more recently and U.S. commercial banks have largely recovered from the crisis, although the mortgage delinquency rate remained high at 3.62% in September 2017, according to the Federal Reserve. Commercial banks continue to make strides toward healthy balance sheets, with delinquency and charge-off rates falling throughout 2017. Consumer delinquencies of the system have actually returned to pre-crisis levels. Commercial real estate asset quality has also improved steadily with the delinquency rate at 0.76% as of September 2017 according to the Federal Reserve. Asset quality has improved since the crisis, and we expect these positive trends to continue on the back of rising economic confidence.

In Turkey, where we operate through Garanti, competition remains high. The three public banks that operate in the country accounted for 31% of the total assets of financial institutions as of December 31, 2017, whereas private banks (including Garanti) accounted for 59% and development banks and participation banks (banks that operate under the ethos of Islamic banking) together accounted for the remaining 10%. 2017 turned out to be better than anticipated after a slowdown in the economy in the third quarter of 2016. Timely and effective stimulus measures taken by the government by means of supportive fiscal policies facilitated a quick recovery of the economy. In this vein, the government introduced a TL 250 billion guarantee scheme under the Credit Guarantee Fund. In 2017, TL 200 billion of the fund was utilized. Consequently, loans to corporations in local currency grew by approximately

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30% during the year, leading the 25% increase in TL loans (i.e., loans denominated in TL). Consumer loans also registered a strong 18% growth, while amounts drew under? credit cards grew by 14% in 2017. Total customer deposits grew by 18% during the year. The growth in TL customer deposits fell short of the strong TL lending growth, and increased by 13%. Foreign currency customer deposits grew strongly by 14% in U.S. dollars terms.

In Mexico, where we operate through BBVA Bancomer, the banking industry remained solvent despite the recent volatile environment in the financial markets. During 2017, total bank lending to the private sector showed double-digit nominal growth, in line with last year’s growth rate (an increase of 12.7% in 2017, compared to an increase of 12.9% in 2016). The amount of total bank deposits slightly decreased its nominal growth rate from 12.6% in 2016 to 12.0% in 2017 year-on-year. The similar growth rates in loans and deposits helped maintain a balance. With regards to solvency, the overall capitalization level of the Mexican banking system reached 15.7% as of November 30, 2017, well above the minimum regulatory requirement.

In Mexico, changes in banking regulation could have a significant potential impact on competition. The most relevant regulatory developments in 2016 and 2017 include the following:

● adoption of measures to increase security in financial transactions and combat identity theft; definition of identification methods to be implemented in the signing of contracts and the request for means of payment, cash withdrawals and transfers, which include biometric validation and non-face-to-face identification (digital onboarding); and

● adoption of measures to promote competition, supervision and legal security of Financial Technology Institutions (FTIs). The new proposed Fintech law, still under discussion in Congress, aims to regulate the creation of FTIs associated with crowdfunding and e-money. Likewise, it provides for the so-called innovative models, which would allow FTIs, financial institutions and other legal persons (Start-ups) to provide their services in a manner that differs from that prevailing in the market, on a temporary basis and benefiting from exceptions to the applicable regulation. In addition, the draft law allow FTIs and other financial institutions to use virtual assets (cryptocurrencies), subject to their recognition and regulation by the Mexican Central Bank (Banco de Mexico). Finally, the draft law includes an obligation for financial institutions and FTIs to set up Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for the distribution of open, aggregate and transactional data (the latter subject to prior authorization from the client).

It is early to determine the definitive impact that the proposed Fintech law will have on the Mexican financial system, especially because it is still under discussion. However, the proposal has been positively received by the financial institutions, as it will provide FTIs with a legal framework and will create a more equal environment for all players in the financial system.

In addition, any changes in laws, regulations and policies pursued by the actual U.S. Government may adversely affect, directly or indirectly, the financial and economic activities of the emerging markets in which the Group operates, particularly Mexico due to the strong trade and other ties between Mexico and the United States. In particular, if the United States was to withdraw from NAFTA, this could have a material adverse effect on Mexico’s economy.

In recent years, the financial services sector has undergone significant transformation in relation to the development of the Internet and mobile technologies and the entrance of new players into activities previously provided in the main by financial services providers. Whereas commercial banks were almost the sole providers of the whole range of financial products, from credit to deposits, or payments and investment services, today, a set of non-bank digital providers compete (and cooperate) among each other and with banks in the provision of financial services. These new FinTech providers are generally startup firms that are specialized in a specific service or niche of the financial services market, however, large digital players such as Amazon, Facebook or Apple have also started to offer financial services (mainly, in relation to payments and credit) ancillary to their core business.

In this new competitive environment, banks and other players are calling for a level playing field (LPF) that ensures fair competition among the different financial services providers. Regulations on consumer protection and the integrity of the financial system (such as anti-money laundering regulations or regulations for combating the financing of terrorism) are generally activity-specific and, therefore, meet the principle of LPF, except for some exemptions based on the size of the firm. However, with regards to financial stability, banking groups are subject to

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prudential regulations that have implications for most of their activities, including those in which they compete with non-bank players that are only subject to activity-specific regulations or that may be able to benefit from regulatory uncertainty. Therefore, FinTech activities are generally more highly regulated when they are carried out within a banking group than if they are conducted by a purely FinTech provider. For instance, the CRD IV Directive (CRD) limits the ratio between the variable and the fixed salary that financial institutions can pay to certain staff members identified as risk takers. This places banking groups at a competitive disadvantage in respect of attracting and retaining key management and personnel of any start-up they may acquire .

Existing loopholes in the regulatory framework are another cause of an uneven playing field between banks and non-bank players. Some new services or business models are not yet subject to existing regulations. In such cases, not only potential risks to financial stability, consumer protection and the integrity of the financial system are unaddressed, but asymmetries arise between players since regulated providers often face obstacles that unregulated providers do not face. For instance, the European Banking Authority (EBA) has recommended that the competent authorities prevent credit institutions, payment institutions and e-money institutions from buying, holding or selling virtual currencies.

## G. Cybersecurity and Fraud Management

We have 141 Business Continuity Plans in place across 22 countries, as well as an insurance policy to cover certain contingencies.

Digital transformation has become a strategic priority for the financial sector and in particular for BBVA. In this regard, it is vital to protect our trademark, our assets and the information of our customers from existent threats in the digital world.

To obtain this objective, we have a Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) which is responsible for preventing, alerting and responding to cyber threats. We believe that the CERT can adapt quickly and innovate solutions to solve the challenges needed to digitally transform the BBVA Group, while keeping up with the frequent changes to cyber-crime technology.

With the objective of maintaining the best practices of the international financial sector, in 2016 a Technology and Cybersecurity Committee was created in the BBVA Group. This committee is composed of four Board members and is chaired by the Chief Executive Officer of BBVA.

Lastly, BBVA has a strong commitment to the protection of its customers, and to this end we work closely with regulators and the bank industry in those countries in which the BBVA Group has a presence, with the goal that customers are always protected.

During 2017, BBVA made progress in the integrity management of all external and internal fraud prevention processes, including the establishment of a corporate fraud committee. The BBVA Group’s global anti-fraud program is focused on preventing and mitigating the impact of fraudulent activities.

# ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

# ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

## Overview

The BBVA Group is a customer-centric global financial services group founded in 1857. It has a solid leadership position in the Spanish market, it is the largest financial institution in Mexico in terms of assets, it has leading franchises in South America and the Sunbelt Region of the United States and it is the leading shareholder in Garanti, Turkey’s biggest bank in terms of market capitalization. Its diversified business is focused on high-growth markets and it relies on technology as a key sustainable competitive advantage. Corporate responsibility is at the core of its business model. BBVA fosters financial education and inclusion, and supports scientific research and culture.

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The BBVA Group operates in Spain through Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A., a private-law entity subject to the laws and regulations governing banking entities operating in Spain. It carries out its activity through branches and agencies across the country and abroad. In addition to the transactions it carries out directly, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. is the parent company of the BBVA Group, which includes a group of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates performing a wide range of activities.

As of December 31, 2017, the BBVA Group had 131,856 employees, 72 million customers, 8,271 branches and 31,688 ATMs and was present in 35 countries. As of such date the BBVA Group was composed of 331 consolidated entities and 76 entities accounted for using the equity method.

Critical Accounting Policies

The Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were prepared by the Bank’s directors in accordance with EU-IFRS required to be applied under the Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2004, and in compliance with IFRS-IASB, and by applying the basis of consolidation, accounting policies and measurement bases described in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, so that they present fairly the Group’s total equity and financial position as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and its results of operations and consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. The Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared on the basis of the accounting records kept by the Bank and by each of the other Group companies and include the adjustments and reclassifications required to unify the accounting policies and measurement bases used by the Group. See Note 2.2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, estimates were made by the Group and the consolidated companies in order to quantify certain of the assets, liabilities, income, expenses and commitments reported herein. These estimates relate mainly to the following:

· The impairment on certain financial assets.

· The assumptions used to quantify other provisions and for the actuarial calculation of the post-employment benefit liabilities and commitments.

· The useful life and impairment losses of tangible and intangible assets.

· The valuation of goodwill and price allocation of business combinations.

· The fair value of certain unlisted financial assets and liabilities.

· The recoverability of deferred tax assets.

· The exchange rate and the inflation rate of Venezuela.

Although these estimates were made on the basis of the best information available as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, events that take place in the future might make it necessary to revise these estimates (upwards or downwards) in coming years.

Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contains a summary of our significant accounting policies. We consider certain of these policies to be particularly important due to their effect on the financial reporting of our financial condition and results of operations and because they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgments, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. Our reported financial condition and results of operations are sensitive to accounting methods, assumptions and estimates that underlie the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The nature of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors to be considered when reviewing our Consolidated Financial Statements and the discussion below.

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We have identified the accounting policies enumerated below as critical to the understanding of our financial condition and results of operations, since the application of these policies requires significant management assumptions and estimates that could result in materially different amounts to be reported if the assumptions used or underlying circumstances were to change.

See Note 2.3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on changes to IFRS or their interpretation that will become effective after the date of this Annual Report.

Fair value of financial instruments

The fair value of an asset or a liability on a given date is taken to be the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset, or paid, upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The most objective and common reference for the fair value of an asset or a liability is the price that would be paid for it on an organized, transparent and deep market (“quoted price” or “market price”).

If there is no market price for a given asset or liability, its fair value is estimated on the basis of the price established in recent transactions involving similar instruments and, in the absence thereof, by using mathematical measurement models sufficiently tried and trusted by the international financial community. Such estimates would take into consideration the specific features of the asset or liability to be measured and, in particular, the various types of risk associated with the asset or liability. However, the limitations inherent to the measurement models developed and the possible inaccuracies of the assumptions required by these models may signify that the fair value of an asset or liability thus estimated does not coincide exactly with the price for which the asset or liability could be purchased or sold on the date of its measurement.

See Notes 2.2.1 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which contain a summary of our significant accounting policies.

Derivatives and other future transactions

These instruments include outstanding foreign currency purchase and sale transactions, outstanding securities purchase and sale transactions, futures transactions relating to securities, exchange rates or interest rates, forward interest rate agreements, options relating to exchange rates, securities or interest rates and various types of financial swaps.

All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value from the date of arrangement. If the fair value of a derivative is positive, it is recorded as an asset and if it is negative, it is recorded as a liability. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, it is understood that on the date of arrangement the fair value of the derivatives is equal to the transaction price. Changes in the fair value of derivatives after the date of arrangement are recognized in the heading “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net” in the consolidated income statement.

Specifically, the fair value of the standard financial derivatives included in the held for trading portfolios is equal to their daily quoted price. If, under exceptional circumstances, their quoted price cannot be established on a given date, these derivatives are measured using methods similar to those used to measure over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives.

The fair value of OTC derivatives is equal to the sum of the future cash flows arising from the instruments discounted at the measurement date (“present value” or “theoretical value”). These derivatives are measured using methods recognized by the financial markets, including the net present value (“NPV”) method and option price calculation models.

Financial derivatives that have equity instruments as their underlying, whose fair value cannot be determined in a sufficiently objective manner and are settled by delivery of those instruments, are measured at cost.

Financial derivatives designated as hedging items are included in the heading of the balance sheet “Hedging derivatives”. These financial derivatives are valued at fair value.

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See Note 2.2.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which contains a summary of our significant accounting policies with respect to these instruments.

Goodwill in consolidation

Pursuant to IFRS 3, if the difference on the date of a business combination between the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of all the non-controlling interests and the fair value of equity interest previously held in the acquired entity, on one hand, and the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, on the other hand, is positive, it is recorded as goodwill on the asset side of the balance sheet. Goodwill represents the future economic benefits from assets that cannot be individually identified and separately recognized.

Goodwill is not amortized and is subject periodically to an impairment analysis. Any impaired goodwill is written off.

If the difference is negative, it is recognized directly in the income statement under the heading “Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss”.

Goodwill is allocated to one or more cash-generating units, or CGUs, expected to benefit from the synergies arising from business combinations. The CGUs units represent the Group’s smallest identifiable business and/or geographical segments as managed internally by its directors within the Group.

The CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment based on the carrying amount of the unit including the allocated goodwill. Such testing is performed at least annually and whenever there is an indication of impairment.

For the purpose of determining the impairment of a CGU to which a part or all of goodwill has been allocated, the carrying amount of that CGU, adjusted by the theoretical amount of the goodwill attributable to the non-controlling interest, shall be compared to its recoverable amount. The resulting difference shall be apportioned by reducing, firstly, the carrying amount of the goodwill allocated to that unit and, secondly, if there are still impairment losses remaining to be recognized, the carrying amount of the rest of the assets. This shall be done by allocating the remaining difference in proportion to the carrying amount of each of the assets in the CGU. In any case, impairment losses on goodwill can never be reversed.

See Notes 2.2.7 and 2.2.8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which contain a summary of our significant accounting policies related to goodwill.

The results from each of these tests on the dates mentioned were as follows:

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, no impairment had been identified in any of the main CGUs.

The Group’s most significant goodwill corresponds to the CGU in the United States. The calculation of the impairment loss used the cash flow projections estimated by the Group’s management, based on the latest budgets available for the next five years. As of December 31, 2017, the Group used a sustainable growth rate of 4.0% (the same rate was considered as of December 31, 2016 and 2015) to extrapolate the cash flows in perpetuity starting on the fifth year (2022), based on the real GDP growth rate of the United States and the income recurrence. The rate used to discount the cash flows is the cost of capital assigned to the CGU, 10.0% as of December 31, 2017 (10% and 9.8% as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively), which consists of the risk free rate plus a risk premium.

As of December 31, 2017 if the discount rate had increased or decreased by 50 basis points, the recoverable amount would have decreased or increased by €1,159 million and €1,371 million respectively (€1,106 million and €1,309 million respectively as of December 31, 2016). If, as of December 31, 2017, the growth rate had increased or decreased by 50 basis points, the recoverable amount would have increased or decreased by €661 million and €559 million respectively (€521 million and €441 million respectively as of December 31, 2016).

As of December 31, 2017 the recoverable amounts of our main CGUs were in excess of their carrying value and, as such, were not at risk of impairment.

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Insurance contracts

The methods and techniques used to calculate the mathematical reserves for insurance contracts mainly involve the valuation of the estimated future cash flows, discounted at the technical interest rate for each contract. Changes in insurance mathematical reserves may occur in the future as a consequence of changes in interest rates and other key assumptions. See Notes 2.2.9 and 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which contain a summary of our significant accounting policies and assumptions about our most significant insurance contracts.

Post-employment benefits and other long term commitments to employees

Pension and post-retirement benefit costs and credits are based on actuarial calculations. Inherent in these calculations are assumptions including discount rates, rate of salary increase and expected return on plan assets. Changes in pension and post-retirement costs may occur in the future as a consequence of changes in interest rates, expected return on assets or other assumptions. See Notes 2.2.12 and 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which contain a summary of our significant accounting policies about pension and post-retirement benefit costs and credits.

Impairment losses on financial assets

As we describe in Note 2.2.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, a loan is considered to be an impaired loan and, therefore, its carrying amount is adjusted to reflect the effect of its impairment when there is objective evidence that events have occurred which give rise to a negative impact on the future cash flows that were estimated at the time the transaction was arranged. The potential impairment of these assets is determined individually or collectively.

The amount of the impairment losses incurred on financial assets determined individually represents the excess of their respective carrying amounts over the present values of their expected future cash flows. These cash flows are discounted using the original effective interest rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective rate determined under the contract. As an exception to the rule described above, the market value of listed debt instruments is deemed to be a fair estimate of the present value of their expected future cash flows.

Impairment losses on financial assets collectively evaluated for impairment are calculated by using statistical procedures, and they are deemed equivalent to the portion of losses incurred on the date that the consolidated financial statements are prepared that has yet to be allocated to specific assets. The BBVA Group also estimates losses through statistical processes that apply historical data and other specific parameters that, although having been generated as of closing date for these consolidated financial statements, have arisen on an individual basis following the reporting date (“incurred but not reported losses”).

The incurred loss is calculated taking into account three key factors: exposure at default, probability of default and loss given default.

• Exposure at default (EAD) is the amount of risk exposure at the date of default by the counterparty.

• Probability of default (PD) is the probability of the counterparty failing to meet its principal and/or interest payment obligations. The PD is associated with the rating/scoring of each counterparty/transaction. In addition, the PD calculation includes the loss identification period (‘LIP’) parameter, which is the period between the time at which the event that generates a given loss occurs and the time when the loss is identified at an individual level. The analysis of the LIPs is carried out on the basis of uniform risk portfolios.

• Loss given default (LGD) is the estimate of the loss arising in the event of default. It depends mainly on the characteristics of the counterparty, and the valuation of the guarantees or collateral associated with the asset. In order to calculate the LGD at each balance sheet date, the Group evaluates the whole amount expected to be obtained over the remaining life of the financial asset. The recoverable amount from executable secured collateral is estimated based on the property valuation, discounting the necessary adjustments to adequately account for the potential fall in value until its execution and sale, as well as execution costs, maintenance costs and sale costs. When a property right is contractually acquired at the

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end of the foreclosure process or when the assets of distressed borrowers are purchased, the asset is recognized in the financial statements (see Note 2.2.4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

The estimates of the portfolio’s inherent risks and overall recovery vary with changes in the economy, individual industries, countries and individual borrowers’ or counterparties’ ability and willingness to repay their obligations. The degree to which any particular assumption affects the allowance for credit losses depends on the severity of the change and its relationship to the other assumptions.

Key judgments used in determining the allowance for loan losses include: (i) risk ratings for pools of commercial loans and advances; (ii) market and collateral values and discount rates for individually evaluated loans; (iii) product type classifications for consumer and commercial loans and advances; (iv) loss rates used for consumer and commercial loans and advances; (v) adjustments made to assess current events and conditions; (vi) considerations regarding domestic, global and individual countries economic uncertainty; and (vii) overall credit conditions.

A. Operating Results

Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition

Trends in Exchange Rates

We are exposed to foreign exchange rate risk in that our reporting currency is the euro, whereas certain of our subsidiaries and investees keep their accounts in other currencies, principally Mexican pesos, U.S. dollars, Turkish liras, Argentine pesos, Chilean pesos, Colombian pesos, Venezuelan bolivar and Peruvian new soles. For example, if Latin American currencies, the U.S. dollar or the Turkish lira depreciate against the euro, when the results of operations of our subsidiaries in the countries using these currencies are included in our consolidated financial statements, the euro value of their results declines, even if, in local currency terms, their results of operations and financial condition have remained the same. By contrast, the appreciation of Latin American currencies, the U.S. dollar or the Turkish lira against the euro would have a positive impact on the results of operations of our subsidiaries in the countries using these currencies when their results of operations are included in our consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates may limit the ability of our results of operations, stated in euro, to fully show the performance in local currency terms of our subsidiaries.

The assets and liabilities of our subsidiaries which maintain their accounts in currencies other than the euro have been converted to the euro at the period-end exchange rates for inclusion in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Income statement items have been converted at the average exchange rates for the period. The following table sets forth the exchange rates of several Latin American currencies, the U.S. dollar and the Turkish lira against the euro, expressed in local currency per €1.00 as averages for 2017, 2016 and 2015 and as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 according to the ECB.

| Average Exchange Rates | Period-End Exchange Rates
| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | Year Ended December 31, 2016 | Year Ended December 31, 2015 | As of December 31, 2017 | As of December 31, 2016 | As of December 31, 2015
Mexican peso | 21.3297 | 20.6637 | 17.6109 | 23.6614 | 21.7718 | 18.9147
U.S. dollar | 1.1296 | 1.1069 | 1.1094 | 1.1993 | 1.0541 | 1.0887
Argentine peso | 18.7375 | 16.3348 | 10.2526 | 22.5830 | 16.5846 | 14.1267
Chilean peso | 732.6007 | 748.5030 | 725.6894 | 738.0074 | 703.2349 | 769.8229
Colombian peso | 3,333.3333 | 3,378.3784 | 3,048.7805 | 3,584.2294 | 3,164.5570 | 3,424.6575
Peruvian new sol | 3.6813 | 3.7333 | 3.5314 | 3.8813 | 3.5310 | 3.7092
Venezuelan bolivar (*) | 18,181.8182 | 1,893.9394 | 469.4836 | 18,181.8182 | 1,893.9394 | 469.4836
Turkish lira | 4.1213 | 3.3427 | 3.0246 | 4.5464 | 3.7072 | 3.1765

(*) With respect to each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, these alternative exchange rates (see “Presentation of Financial Information―Venezuela”) have been used as reference.

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During 2017, the Mexican peso, the U.S. dollar, the Argentine peso, the Venezuelan bolivar and the Turkish lira depreciated against the euro in average terms. In particular, the Venezuelan bolivar depreciated significantly (see “Presentation of Financial Information—Venezuela”).On the other hand, the Chilean peso, the Colombian peso and the Peruvian new sol appreciated against the euro in average terms. With respect to period-end exchange rates, all of the above currencies depreciated against the euro. The overall effect of changes in exchange rates was negative both for the period-on-period comparison of the Group’s income statement and the period-on-period comparison of the Group’s balance sheet.

During 2016, all of the above currencies depreciated against the euro in average terms, except for the U.S. dollar. In particular, the Venezuelan bolivar depreciated significantly (see “Presentation of Financial Information―Venezuela”). With respect to period-end exchange rates, there was a period-on-period appreciation against the euro of the U.S. dollar, Chilean peso, Colombian peso and Peruvian new sol, and a period-on-period depreciation of the rest of currencies against euro, which was particularly significant for the Venezuelan bolivar. The overall effect of changes in exchange rates was negative both for the period-on-period comparison of the Group’s income statement and the period-on-period comparison of the Group’s balance sheet.

When comparing two dates or periods in this Annual Report we have sometimes excluded the impact of changes in exchange rates by assuming constant exchange rates. In doing this, with respect to income statement amounts, we have used the average exchange rate for the more recent period for both periods and, with respect to balance sheet amounts, we have used the closing exchange rate of such more recent period.

Consolidation of Garanti

On November 19, 2014, the Group signed agreements with Doğuş Holding A.Ş., Ferit Faik Şahenk, Dianne Şahenk and Defne Şahenk to acquire 62,538,000,000 additional shares of Garanti in the aggregate (equivalent to 14.89% of the capital of Garanti). Upon the closing of this acquisition in July 2015, we held 39.90% of Garanti’s share capital and started to consolidate Garanti’s results in our consolidated financial statements as we determined we were able to control such entity. On March 22, 2017, we completed the acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti. See “Item 4. Information on the Company―History and Development of the Company―Capital expenditures―2017”.

The acquisition completed in 2015 resulted in certain changes in our operating segments. In particular, since January 1, 2015, our former Eurasia segment has been recast into the following two segments: Turkey, which consists of our stake in Garanti (25.01% until July 27, 2015, 39.90% from July 27, 2015 to March 22, 2017 and 49.85% since March 22, 2017), and Rest of Eurasia, which includes the retail and wholesale businesses carried out in Europe and Asia, other than in Spain and Turkey.

Acquisition of Catalunya Banc

On April 24, 2015, once the necessary authorizations had been obtained and all the agreed conditions precedent had been fulfilled, BBVA announced the acquisition of 1,947,166,809 shares of Catalunya Banc, S.A. (approximately 98.4% of its share capital) for a price of approximately €1,165 million. Previously, on July 21, 2014, the Management Commission of the FROB had accepted BBVA’s bid in the competitive auction for the acquisition of Catalunya Banc. Such acquisition had an impact on the results of operations of the Banking Activity in Spain segment during 2015. As of December 31, 2016, Catalunya Banc had been fully merged into BBVA.

Operating Environment

Our results of operations are dependent, to a large extent, on the level of demand for our products and services (primarily loans and deposits but also intermediation of financial products such as sovereign or corporate debt) in the countries in which we operate. Demand for our products and services in those countries is affected by the performance of their respective economies in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), as well as prevailing levels of employment, inflation and, particularly, interest rates. The demand for loans and saving products correlates positively with income, which correlates in turn with the GDP, employment and corporate profits evolution. Regarding interest rates, they have a direct impact on banking results as the banking activity mainly relies on the generation of positive interest margins by paying lower interest on liabilities, primarily deposits, than the interest received on assets, primarily loans. However, it should be noted that higher interest rates, all else being equal, also reduce the demand for banking loans and increase the cost of funding of the banking business.

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Global GDP growth improved in 2017 to approximately 3.7% according to BBVA Research estimates, above the growth in 2016 (3.3%) and surpassing the long-term average of around 3.5%. The improvement has been more prominent in advanced economies, such as the United States and Europe, although some emerging market areas, such as Latin America, have also shown significant growth. Global GDP growth perspectives are around 3.8% for both 2018 and 2019 according to BBVA Research forecasts.

Regarding the evolution of key economic areas for the Group, after growing by 3.3% in 2016, the Spanish economy continued to expand at a high rate of 3.1% in 2017. According to BBVA Research’s current estimates, growth is expected to slow to below 3% in 2018. Some of the supporting drivers of the Spanish economy, which had an expansionary effect on growth, have weakened or reversed: the fall in oil prices has stopped, the euro has slightly appreciated, interest rates have not registered further decreases and the fiscal policy stance is less growth-supportive than in the past. However, improvements in the credit market and the structural economic reforms implemented in Spain, including related to the labor market, are expected to remain anchors for economic growth in Spain.

Mexican GDP grew by 2.3% in 2017 as a result mainly of a rebound in the fourth quarter of the year of 0.8% over the previous quarter. BBVA Research forecasts GDP growth to remain at around 2% in 2018, supported by the resilience of private consumption in an environment of lower inflation than in the past and by exports, which have been supported by stronger activity in the U.S. industrial sector. However Mexico’s outlook is plagued with uncertainty, which mainly stems from the U.S. administration’s economic policy, especially regarding trade and migration issues. Against this backdrop, a sound fiscal policy and monetary policy oriented to maintaining price stability is crucial to limiting the impact of uncertainties around the Mexican economy.

South American GDP growth (based on the weighted average of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, according to their GDP size) recovered from negative levels (-2.4% in 2016) to 0.9% according to BBVA Research estimates, supported by global growth and the rise in commodity prices. The external environment is expected to continue to support growth, which together with the expected recovery in investment and the effect of the depreciation of local currencies in 2017, are expected to allow GDP growth to exceed 1% in 2018. Inflation pressures remain relatively contained in the region (except in Argentina). This relatively positive scenario might be affected by risks related to U.S. policy actions, the outcome of local elections and any delays in planned investment.

The U.S. economy improved over the course of 2017, with GDP growth reaching 2.3% (compared to 1.5% in 2016), driven by personal consumption and fixed investment, which more than offset the impact of catastrophic weather events. A tax reform was approved at the end of 2017 and a further fiscal stimulus plan was launched in early 2018. As a result of this, together with an improved global outlook and high confidence levels both for households and firms, GDP growth is expected to accelerate to around 2.8% in 2018, according to BBVA Research forecasts. In this context, and despite the still moderated pace of inflation, the Federal Reserves is expected to continue raising interest rates. Despite the improvement of the economy, growth could be affected in the medium to long term by protectionist policies.

As regards Turkey, 2017 GDP growth is estimated to have strongly accelerated to 7.0% from 3.2% in 2016. A positive global environment, domestic demand supported by a strong labor market and the growth of lending spurred by the government’s Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF) program have all positively affected growth. Inflation has surpassed two-digit levels driven by domestic demand pressures, commodity prices and the lagged effects of the depreciation of the Turkish lira, although it is expected to fall in the coming months. The Turkish central bank has tightened monetary policy by raising interest rates by 75 basis points, in response to demand and depreciation pressures. Over the course of 2018, demand pressures are expected to diminish and overall GDP growth is forecast to reach 4.5% by BBVA Research.

BBVA Group results of operations for 2017 compared with 2016

The table below shows the Group’s consolidated income statements for 2017 and 2016:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Interest and similar income | 29,296 | 27,708 | 5.7
Interest and similar expenses | (11,537) | (10,648) | 8.3
Net interest income | 17,759 | 17,059 | 4.1
Dividend income | 334 | 467 | (28.5)
Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method | 4 | 25 | (84.0)
Fee and commission income | 7,150 | 6,804 | 5.1
Fee and commission expenses | (2,229) | (2,086) | 6.9
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities (1) | 938 | 1,661 | (43.5)
Exchange differences, net | 1,030 | 472 | 118.2
Other operating income | 1,439 | 1,272 | 13.1
Other operating expenses | (2,223) | (2,128) | 4.5
Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 3,342 | 3,652 | (8.5)
Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | (2,272) | (2,545) | (10.7)
Gross income | 25,270 | 24,653 | 2.5
Administration costs | (11,112) | (11,366) | (2.2)
Personnel expenses | (6,571) | (6,722) | (2.2)
Other administrative expenses | (4,541) | (4,644) | (2.2)
Depreciation and amortization | (1,387) | (1,426) | (2.7)
Net margin before provisions | 12,771 | 11,861 | 7.7
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (745) | (1,186) | (37.2)
Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss | (4,803) | (3,801) | 26.4
Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets | (364) | (521) | (30.1)
Gains (losses) on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net | 47 | 70 | (32.9)
Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss | - | - | -
Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations | 26 | (31) | n.m.(2)
Operating profit before tax | 6,931 | 6,392 | 8.4
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (2,169) | (1,699) | 27.7
Profit from continuing operations | 4,762 | 4,693 | 1.5
Profit from discontinued operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 4,762 | 4,693 | 1.5
Profit attributable to parent company | 3,519 | 3,475 | 1.3
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | 1,243 | 1,218 | 2.1

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(1) Comprises the following income statement line items contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements: “Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net”; “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net”; “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” and “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net”.

(2) Not meaningful.

The changes in our consolidated income statements for 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

Net interest income

The following table summarizes net interest income for 2017 compared with 2016.

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Interest and similar income | 29,296 | 27,708 | 5.7
Interest and similar expenses | (11,537) | (10,648) | 8.3
Net interest income | 17,759 | 17,059 | 4.1

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €17,759 million, a 4.1% increase compared with the €17,059 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of higher interest rates of

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interest-earning assets, particularly foreign loans and advances to customers, which more than offset the higher growth in interest and similar expenses. By segment, the increase in net interest income was driven mainly by net interest income increases in the following regions:

· in the United States, mainly as a result of the impact of the Federal Reserve Board benchmark interest rate increases;

· in Mexico, mainly as a result of higher interest rates applicable to loans and advances to customers and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the average volume of loans and advances to customers; and

· in South America, generally due to increases in the average volume of interest-earning assets, particularly loans and advances to customers, in the countries of this region where BBVA operates;

and which was partially offset by:

· the performance of the Banking Activity in Spain operating segment, which was adversely affected by the lower average volumes of interest-earning assets (mainly securities, derivatives and loans); and

· the performance of the Turkey operating segment, as a result of the negative impact of the depreciation of the Turkish lira which more than offset the higher interest rates of interest-earning assets, particularly loans and advances to customers, and the growth in activity, particularly in cash and cash balances with central banks.

Dividend income

Dividend income for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €334 million, a 28.5% decrease compared with the €467 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of our divestment in CNCB, a 2.14% stake of which we sold in 2017, and lower dividends from Telefónica, S.A.

Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method

Share of profit of entities accounted for using the equity method for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €4 million, compared with the €25 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Fee and commission income

The breakdown of fee and commission income for 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Bills receivables | 46 | 52 | (11.5)
Current accounts | 507 | 469 | 8.1
Credit and debit cards | 2,834 | 2,679 | 5.8
Checks | 212 | 207 | 2.4
Transfers and others payment orders | 601 | 578 | 4.0
Insurance product commissions | 192 | 178 | 7.9
Commitment fees | 231 | 237 | (2.5)
Contingent risks | 396 | 406 | (2.5)
Asset Management | 923 | 839 | 10.0
Securities fees | 385 | 335 | 14.9
Custody securities | 122 | 122 | -
Other | 700 | 701 | (0.1)
Fee and commission income | 7,150 | 6,804 | 5.1

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Fee and commission income increased by 5.1% to €7,150 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from €6,804 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of an increase in fees and commissions from the use of credit cards in South America, Mexico, Spain and the United States, and an increase in securities fees and asset management fees in Spain.

Fee and commission expenses

The breakdown of fee and commission expenses for 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Credit and debit cards | 1,458 | 1,334 | 9.3
Transfers and others payment orders | 102 | 102 | -
Commissions for selling insurance | 60 | 63 | (4.8)
Other fees and commissions | 610 | 587 | 3.9
Fee and commission expenses | 2,229 | 2,086 | 6.9

Fee and commission expenses increased by 6.9% to €2,229 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from €2,086 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to an increase in commissions paid by the BBVA Group to other financial institutions in connection with the use of credit and debit cards in South America, Mexico and Spain.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities decreased 43.5% to €938 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared with a gain of €1,661 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily as result of the lower sales of ALCO (Assets and Liabilities Committee) portfolios in Spain. In addition, the gain in the prior period was partially due to the sale of our stake in VISA Europe, Ltd. recorded in the second quarter of 2016, which resulted in a €225 million gain.

The table below provides a breakdown of net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net | 985 | 1,375 | (28.4)
Available-for-sale financial assets | 843 | 1,271 | (33.7)
Loans and receivables | 133 | 95 | 40.6
Other | 9 | 10 | (7.1)
Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net | 218 | 248 | (12.1)
Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net | (56) | 114 | n.m.(1)
Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net | (209) | (76) | 175.0
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities | 938 | 1,661 | (43.5)

(1) Not meaningful.

Exchange differences, net

Exchange differences, net increased to €1,030 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from €472 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as a result mainly of certain financial operations particularly in Turkey.

Other operating income and expenses

Other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 13.1% to €1,439 million, compared with the €1,272 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of higher income from real estate-related services in Spain.

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Other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €2,223 million, a 4.5% increase compared with the €2,128 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of higher expenses from real estate-related services in Spain.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €3,342 million, an 8.5% decrease compared with the €3,652 million of income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of lower insurance activity in Spain and the impact of the depreciation of some currencies against the euro.

Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €2,272 million, a 10.7% decrease compared with the €2,545 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the lower insurance activity in Spain and the impact of the depreciation of some currencies against the euro mentioned above, which had a corresponding impact on expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts.

Administration costs

Administration costs, which include personnel expenses and other administrative expenses, for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to an expense of €11,112 million, a 2.2% decrease compared with the €11,366 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, driven by declines in both personnel expenses and other administrative expenses, mainly as a result of some synergies in Spain (following the integration of Catalunya Banc) and the impact of the depreciation of some currencies, particularly the Turkish Lira.

The table below provides a breakdown of personnel expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Wages and salaries | 5,163 | 5,267 | (2.0)
Social security costs | 761 | 784 | (2.9)
Defined contribution plan expense | 87 | 87 | -
Defined benefit plan expense | 62 | 67 | (7.5)
Other personnel expenses | 497 | 516 | (3.7)
Personnel expenses | 6,571 | 6,722 | (2.2)

The table below provides a breakdown of other administrative expenses for 2017 and 2016:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Technology and systems | 692 | 673 | 2.8
Communications | 269 | 294 | (8.5)
Advertising | 352 | 398 | (11.6)
Property, fixtures and materials | 1,033 | 1,080 | (4.4)
Of which: |  |  |
Rent expenses | 581 | 616 | (5.7)
Taxes other than income tax | 456 | 433 | 5.3
Other expenses | 1,738 | 1,766 | (1.6)
Other administrative expenses | 4,541 | 4,644 | (2.2)

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €1,387 million, a 2.7% decrease compared with the €1,426 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of some currencies against the euro.

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Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was an expense of €745 million, a 37.2% decrease compared with the €1,186 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly attributable to the provisions recorded in 2016 related to the invalidity of clauses limiting interest rates in certain mortgage loans with customers (the so-called “cláusulas suelo”) in Spain. BBVA has made additional provisions during 2017 to cover possible contingencies and claims that may arise in connection with this matter in amounts that BBVA considers not significant.

Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss

Impairment on financial assets for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a loss of €4,803 million, a 26.4% increase compared with the €3,801 million net loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the recognition of impairment losses of €1,123 million relating to our slightly above 5% stake in Telefónica, S.A. resulting from the fact that its stock price fell below our acquisition cost for a prolonged period The Group’s non-performing asset ratio was 4.4% as of December 31, 2017, compared with 4.9% as of December 31, 2016.

Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets

Impairment losses on non-financial assets for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a loss of €364 million, a 30.1% decrease compared with the €521 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to lower impairment losses on real estate investment properties in Spain.

Gains (losses) on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net

Gains on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net, for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €47 million, a 32.9% decrease compared with the €70 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations

Profit from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €26 million, compared with the €31 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Operating profit before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €6,931 million, an 8.4% increase compared with the €6,392 million operating profit before tax recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was an expense of €2,169 million, a 27.7% increase compared with the €1,699 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the higher operating profit before tax, and the recognition of the impairment losses relating to our stake in Telefónica, S.A. which adversely affected our operating profit before tax but had no impact on taxable income.

Profit

As a result of the foregoing, profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €4,762 million, a 1.5% increase compared with the €4,693 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €3,519 million, a 1.3% increase compared with the €3,475 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

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Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,243 million, a 2.1% increase compared with the €1,218 million profit attributable to non-controlling interests recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the stronger performance of our Peruvian and Argentinian operations where there are minority shareholders, as well as our reduction of our stake in our Argentinian operations during the year, which more than offset the effect of the completion, in March 2017, of the acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti (which resulted in a reduction in the stake held by others in Garanti).

BBVA Group results of operations for 2016 compared with 2015

The table below shows the Group’s consolidated income statements for 2016 and 2015:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Interest and similar income | 27,708 | 24,783 | 11.8
Interest and similar expenses | (10,648) | (8,761) | 21.5
Net interest income | 17,059 | 16,022 | 6.5
Dividend income | 467 | 415 | 12.5
Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method | 25 | 174 | (85.6)
Fee and commission income | 6,804 | 6,340 | 7.3
Fee and commission expenses | (2,086) | (1,729) | 20.6
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities (1) | 1,661 | 865 | 92.0
Exchange differences, net | 472 | 1,165 | (59.5)
Other operating income | 1,272 | 1,315 | (3.3)
Other operating expenses | (2,128) | (2,285) | (6.9)
Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 3,652 | 3,678 | (0.7)
Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | (2,545) | (2,599) | (2.1)
Gross income | 24,653 | 23,362 | 5.5
Administration costs | (11,366) | (10,836) | 4.9
Personnel expenses | (6,722) | (6,273) | 7.2
Other administrative expenses | (4,644) | (4,563) | 1.8
Depreciation and amortization | (1,426) | (1,272) | 12.1
Net margin before provisions | 11,861 | 11,254 | 5.4
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (1,186) | (731) | 62.2
Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss | (3,801) | (4,272) | (11.0)
Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets | (521) | (273) | 90.8
Gains (losses) on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net | 70 | (2,135) | n.m.(2)
Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss | - | 26 | (100.0)
Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations | (31) | 734 | n.m. (2)
Operating profit before tax | 6,392 | 4,603 | 38.9
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (1,699) | (1,274) | 33.4
Profit from continuing operations | 4,693 | 3,328 | 41.0
Profit from discontinued operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 4,693 | 3,328 | 41.0
Profit attributable to parent company | 3,475 | 2,642 | 31.5
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | 1,218 | 686 | 77.6

(1) Comprises the following income statement line items contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements: “Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net”; “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net”; “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” and “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net”.

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(2) Not meaningful.

The changes in our consolidated income statements for 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

Net interest income

The following table summarizes net interest income for 2016 compared with 2015.

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Interest and similar income | 27,708 | 24,783 | 11.8
Interest and similar expenses | (10,648) | (8,761) | 21.5
Net interest income | 17,059 | 16,022 | 6.5

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €17,059 million, a 6.5% increase compared with the €16,022 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 mainly as a result of the following changes:

· in Turkey, net interest income increased as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti in July 2015 and, to a lesser extent, increases in volumes and yields on loans and decreased cost of deposits, partially offset by a decline in the value of the Turkish lira;

· in the United States, net interest income increased mainly as a result of the impact of the appreciation of the U.S. dollar and, to a lesser extent, the impact of the growth in loans and advances to customers, as well as improving pricing of such loans and advances driven by higher yields in new loan production and the lower costs of deposits;

· in the Banking Activity in Spain, net interest income decreased compared to the previous year, mainly as a result of a decrease in loan volumes in an environment of low interest rates;

and was partially offset by the following changes:

· in Mexico, net interest income decreased mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso, which more than offset the higher volumes in lending and fund gathering; and

· in South America, net interest income decreased mainly as a result of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso, which more than offset the increase in fees related to bills, receivables, checks and credit cards, particularly in Colombia and Argentina.

Dividend income

Dividend income for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €467 million, a 12.5% increase compared with the €415 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of an increase in the collection of dividends from our investments in Telefónica S.A. and CNCB.

Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method

Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €25 million, an 85.6% decrease compared with the €174 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015. This decrease was mainly attributable to the fact that in 2015 the results of operations of Garanti were accounted for using the equity method for six months (through June 30, 2015), whereas we consolidated Garanti’s results throughout 2016 using the full integration method.

Fee and commission income

The breakdown of fee and commission income for 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

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| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Bills receivables | 52 | 94 | (44.5)
Current accounts | 469 | 405 | 15.7
Credit and debit cards | 2,679 | 2,336 | 14.7
Checks | 207 | 239 | (13.2)
Transfers and others payment orders | 578 | 474 | 21.9
Insurance product commissions | 178 | 171 | 4.2
Commitment fees | 237 | 172 | 37.5
Contingent risks | 406 | 360 | 12.9
Asset Management | 839 | 686 | 22.4
Securities fees | 335 | 283 | 18.2
Custody securities | 122 | 314 | (61.1)
Other | 701 | 807 | (13.1)
Fee and commission income | 6,804 | 6,340 | 7.3

Fee and commission income increased by 7.3% to €6,804 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from €6,340 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 mainly as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti and, to a lesser extent, increased collection and payment services income, particularly transfers, fees and commissions from credit cards in Mexico and South America.

Fee and commission expenses

The breakdown of fee and commission expenses for 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Credit and debit cards | 1,334 | 1,113 | 19.9
Transfers and others payment orders | 102 | 92 | 10.9
Commissions for selling insurance | 63 | 69 | (8.7)
Other fees and commissions | 587 | 454 | 29.3
Fee and commission expenses | 2,086 | 1,729 | 20.6

Fee and commission expenses increased by 20.6% to €2,086 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from €1,729 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 mainly as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti, the contribution of Catalunya Banc and, to a lesser extent, due to higher expenses assigned to insurance and credit and debit card commissions.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities increased by 92.0% to €1,661 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from €865 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of higher ALCO (Assets and Liabilities Committee) portfolio sales in Spain.

The table below provides a breakdown of net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Beginning January 1, 2016, we modified the sub-captions included in net gain (losses) on financial assets and liabilities. As a result, the breakdown shown below is not directly comparable with the sub-captions included in the 2015 Form 20-F under net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net | 1,375 | 1,055 | 30.3
Available-for-sale financial assets | 1,271 | 980 | 29.7
Loans and receivables | 95 | 76 | 23.9
Other | 10 | (1) | n.m.(1)
Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net | 248 | (409) | n.m.(1)
Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net | 114 | 126 | (9.2)
Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net | (76) | 93 | n.m.(1)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities | 1,661 | 865 | 92.0

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(1) Not meaningful.

Exchange differences, net

Exchanges differences, net decreased from €1,165 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to €472 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, due primarily to the evolution of foreign currencies and exchange rate management, including hedging arrangements.

Other operating income and expenses

Other operating income amounted to €1,272 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a 3.3% decrease compared with €1,315 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to the lower income from non-financial services.

Other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016, amounted to €2,128 million, a 6.9% decrease compared with the €2,285 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 due primarily to lower expenses from real estate companies.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €3,652 million, a 0.7% decrease compared with €3,678 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €2,545 million, a 2.1% decrease compared with the €2,599 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Administration costs

Administration costs for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €11,366 million, a 4.9% increase compared with the €10,836 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to the change in the consolidation method of Garanti and the higher contribution of Catalunya Banc, partially offset by the effect of the depreciation of the currencies in Mexico and South America.

The table below provides a breakdown of personnel expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Beginning January 1, 2016, we modified the sub-captions included in administration costs. As a result, the breakdown shown below is not directly comparable with the sub-captions included in the 2015 Form 20-F under administration costs.

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Wages and salaries | 5,267 | 4,868 | 8.2
Social security costs | 784 | 733 | 7.0
Defined contribution plan expense | 87 | 84 | 3.6
Defined benefit plan expense | 67 | 57 | 17.5
Other personnel expenses | 516 | 531 | (2.8)
Personnel expenses | 6,722 | 6,273 | 7.2

Wages and salary expenses increased 7.2% from €6,273 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to €6,722 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti.

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The table below provides a breakdown of other administrative expenses for 2016 and 2015:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Technology and systems | 673 | 625 | 7.7
Communications | 294 | 281 | 4.8
Advertising | 398 | 387 | 2.9
Property, fixtures and materials | 1,080 | 1,030 | 4.9
Of which: |  |  |
Rent expenses | 616 | 591 | 32.2
Taxes other than income tax | 433 | 466 | (75.6)
Other expenses | 1,766 | 1,775 | (61.3)
Other administrative expenses | 4,644 | 4,563 | n.m.(1)

(1) Not meaningful.

Technology and systems expenses increased 7.7% from €625 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to €673 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to t he change in the consolidation method of Garanti and higher spending on technology. Property, fixtures and materials expenses increased from €1,030 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to €1,080 million mainly as a result of t he change in the consolidation method of Garanti and the higher contribution of Catalunya Banc.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €1,426 million, an 12.1% increase compared with the €1,272 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 mainly as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti, the acquisition of Catalunya Banc and, to a lesser extent, the amortization of software and hardware particularly in the United States affected by the mild appreciation of the U.S. dollar.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled €1,186 million, a 62.2% increase compared with the €731 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 mostly as a result of higher provisions related to the invalidity of clauses limiting of interest rates in certain mortgage loans with customers (the so-called “cláusulas suelo”) of €577 million (€404 million after tax).

Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss

Impairment on financial assets for the year ended December 31, 2016 was a loss of €3,801 million, a 11.0% decrease compared with the €4,272 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 mainly due to decreased impaired assets as a result of lower additions to non-performing assets in Spain, higher recovery of written-off assets of the Non-Core Real Estate segment and the impact of the depreciation of the majority of our operating currencies against the euro. These effects were partially offset by the change in the consolidation method of Garanti. The Group’s non-performing asset ratio was 4.9% as of December 31, 2016, compared with 5.4% as of December 31, 2015.

Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets

Impairment on non-financial assets for the year ended December 31, 2016 was a loss of €521 million, a 90.8% increase compared with the €273 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, due to impairments losses on real estate investment properties in Spain.

Gains (losses) on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net

Gains on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €70 million, compared with a loss of €2,135 million recognized for the year ended December 31, 2015. The loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 was mainly the result of the fair value measurement of the stake we

110

already held in Garanti at the time we acquired our additional 14.89% stake in Garanti, which we had to make as a result of the purchase of an additional stake in Garanti and the change in its consolidation method.

Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss

There was no negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2016. There was €26 million negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of the acquisition of Catalunya Banc.

Profit ( loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations

Loss from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €31 million, compared with a gain of €734 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The gain in 2015 related mainly to capital gains from the sale of the 6.34% stake in CNCB.

Operating profit before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €6,392 million, a 38.9% increase from the €4,603 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €1,699 million, compared with a €1,274 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of higher operating profit before tax and a lower proportion of income with low or zero tax rates (primarily dividends and equity-accounted earnings).

Profit from continuing operations

As a result of the foregoing, profit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €4,693 million, a 41.0% increase from the €3,328 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Profit from discontinued operations, net

There was no profit from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, nor for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Profit

As a result of the foregoing, profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €4,693 million, a 41.0% increase from the €3,328 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Profit attributable to parent company

Profit attributable to parent company for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €3,475 million, a 31.5% increase from the €2,642 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €1,218 million, a 77.6% increase compared with €686 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti and stronger performance of our Peruvian and Argentinian operations where there are minority shareholders, partially offset by the depreciation of the Venezuelan bolivar.

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Results of Operations by Operating Segment

The information contained in this section is presented under management criteria.

The tables set forth below reconcile the income statement of our operating segments presented in this section to the consolidated income statement of the Group. The “Adjustments” column reflects the differences between the Group income statement and the income statement calculated in accordance with management operating segment reporting criteria for 2015, which are the following:

· The treatment of Garanti: Information from January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2015 was calculated and presented under management criteria according to which the assets, liabilities and income statement of Garanti were included in every line item of the balance sheet and the income statement based on our 25.01% interest in Garanti until July 2015. For purposes of the Group financial statements the participation in Garanti was accounted under “Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method” through June 30, 2015.

· The creation of a line in the income statement called “Profit from corporate operations” which is in place of “Profit from discontinued operations” in the Group financial statements and which included in 2015 the gains from the sale of our 6.34% participation in CNCB during 2015 and the impact of our acquisition of a 14.89% stake in Garanti in 2015 (which required us to (i) measure at fair value our prior 25.01% stake in Garanti, which was then classified as a joint venture accounted by the using of the equity method, and (ii) fully consolidate Garanti in the consolidated financial statements of the BBVA Group).

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| For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| Banking Activity in Spain | Non-Core Real Estate | United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia | Corporate Center | Total |  | Adjustments |  | Group Income
| (In Millions of Euros)
Net interest income | 3,738 | 71 | 2,158 | 5,437 | 3,331 | 3,200 | 180 | (357) | 17,758 |  | - |  | 17,758
Net fees and commissions | 1,561 | 3 | 647 | 1,217 | 703 | 713 | 164 | (86) | 4,921 |  | - |  | 4,921
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net (1) | 555 | - | 111 | 249 | 14 | 480 | 123 | 436 | 1,968 |  | - |  | 1,968
Other operating income and expenses, net (2) | 327 | (91) | 2 | 177 | 67 | 59 | 1 | 80 | 622 |  | - |  | 622
Gross income | 6,180 | (17) | 2,919 | 7,080 | 4,115 | 4,451 | 468 | 73 | 25,270 |  | - |  | 25,270
Administration costs | (3,066) | (97) | (1,671) | (2,189) | (1,325) | (1,886) | (297) | (581) | (11,112) |  | - |  | (11,112)
Depreciation and amortization | (313) | (18) | (187) | (256) | (178) | (121) | (11) | (303) | (1,387) |  | - |  | (1,387)
Net margin before provisions | 2,802 | (132) | 1,061 | 4,635 | 2,612 | 2,444 | 160 | (811) | 12,770 |  | - |  | 12,770
Impairment losses on financial assets, net(3) | (567) | (138) | (241) | (1,652) | (453) | (650) | 23 | (1,125) | (4,803) |  | - |  | (4,803)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (369) | (403) | (36) | (35) | (12) | (103) | (6) | (73) | (1,036) |  | - |  | (1,036)
Operating profit/ (loss) before tax | 1,866 | (673) | 784 | 2,948 | 2,147 | 1,691 | 177 | (2,009) | 6,931 |  | - |  | 6,931
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (482) | 170 | (273) | (786) | (426) | (486) | (52) | 166 | (2,169) |  | - |  | (2,169)
Profit from continuing operations | 1,384 | (502) | 511 | 2,162 | 1,720 | 1,205 | 125 | (1,843) | 4,762 |  | - |  | 4,762
Profit from discontinued operations /Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |  | - |  | -
Profit | 1,384 | (502) | 511 | 2,162 | 1,720 | 1,205 | 125 | (1,843) | 4,762 |  | - |  | 4,762
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (3) | 1 | - | - | (895) | (345) | - | (1) | (1,242) |  | - |  | (1,243)
Profit attributable to parent company | 1,381 | (501) | 511 | 2,162 | 826 | 861 | 125 | (1,844) | 3,519 |  | - |  | 3,519

(1) Includes “Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net”, “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net” and “Exchange differences, net”.

(2) Includes share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method.

(3) Referred as “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss” in “Item 3. Key Information—Selected Consolidated Financial Data”.

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| For the Year Ended December 31, 2016
| Banking Activity in Spain | Non-Core Real Estate | United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia | Corporate Center | Total |  | Adjustments |  | Group Income
| (In Millions of Euros)
Net interest income | 3,877 | 60 | 1,953 | 5,126 | 3,404 | 2,930 | 166 | (455) | 17,059 |  | - |  | 17,059
Net fees and commissions | 1,477 | 6 | 638 | 1,149 | 731 | 634 | 194 | (110) | 4,718 |  | - |  | 4,718
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net (1) | 786 | (3) | 142 | 222 | 77 | 464 | 87 | 357 | 2,133 |  | - |  | 2,133
Other operating income and expenses, net (2) | 277 | (68) | (27) | 270 | 46 | 25 | 45 | 177 | 744 |  | - |  | 744
Gross income | 6,416 | (6) | 2,706 | 6,766 | 4,257 | 4,054 | 491 | (31) | 24,653 |  | - |  | 24,653
Administration costs | (3,252) | (96) | (1,652) | (2,149) | (1,524) | (1,793) | (330) | (569) | (11,366) |  | - |  | (11,366)
Depreciation and amortization | (327) | (27) | (190) | (247) | (214) | (100) | (12) | (307) | (1,426) |  | - |  | (1,426)
Net margin before provisions | 2,837 | (130) | 863 | 4,371 | 2,519 | 2,160 | 149 | (907) | 11,862 |  | - |  | 11,862
Impairment losses on financial assets, net(3) | (763) | (138) | (221) | (1,626) | (520) | (526) | 30 | (37) | (3,801) |  | - |  | (3,801)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (807) | (475) | (30) | (67) | (93) | (82) | 23 | (139) | (1,668) |  | - |  | (1,668)
Operating profit/ (loss) before tax | 1,268 | (743) | 612 | 2,678 | 1,906 | 1,552 | 203 | (1,084) | 6,392 |  | - |  | 6,392
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (360) | 148 | (153) | (697) | (390) | (487) | (52) | 293 | (1,699) |  | - |  | (1,699)
Profit from continuing operations | 908 | (595) | 459 | 1,981 | 1,515 | 1,065 | 151 | (791) | 4,693 |  | - |  | 4,693
Profit from discontinued operations /Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |  | - |  | -
Profit | 908 | (595) | 459 | 1,981 | 1,515 | 1,065 | 151 | (791) | 4,693 |  | - |  | 4,693
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (3) | - | - | (1) | (917) | (294) | - | (3) | (1,218) |  | - |  | (1,218)
Profit attributable to parent company | 905 | (595) | 459 | 1,980 | 599 | 771 | 151 | (794) | 3,475 |  | - |  | 3,475

(1) Includes “Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net”, “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net” and “Exchange differences, net”.

(2) Includes share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method.

(3) Referred as “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss” in “Item 3. Key Information—Selected Consolidated Financial Data”.

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| For the Year Ended December 31, 2015
| Banking Activity in Spain | Non-Core Real Estate | United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia | Corporate Center | Total |  | Adjustments(5) |  | Group Income
| (In Millions of Euros)
Net interest income | 4,015 | 71 | 1,811 | 5,387 | 2,194 | 3,202 | 176 | (432) | 16,426 |  | (404) |  | 16,022
Net fees and commissions | 1,593 | 2 | 616 | 1,223 | 471 | 718 | 170 | (88) | 4,705 |  | (94) |  | 4,611
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net (1) | 1,011 | 4 | 186 | 198 | (273) | 595 | 125 | 163 | 2,009 |  | 21 |  | 2,030
Other operating income and expenses, net (2) | 185 | (105) | 18 | 273 | 42 | (38) | (6) | 172 | 540 |  | 159 |  | 699
Gross income | 6,803 | (28) | 2,631 | 7,081 | 2,434 | 4,477 | 465 | (183) | 23,680 |  | (318) |  | 23,362
Administration costs | (3,072) | (101) | (1,602) | (2,402) | (1,043) | (1,875) | (336) | (595) | (11,027) |  | 191 |  | (10,836)
Depreciation and amortization | (368) | (25) | (204) | (219) | (118) | (104) | (15) | (237) | (1,290) |  | 18 |  | (1,272)
Net margin before provisions | 3,363 | (154) | 825 | 4,459 | 1,273 | 2,498 | 113 | (1,015) | 11,363 |  | (109) |  | 11,254
Impairment losses on financial assets, net(3) | (1,342) | (179) | (142) | (1,633) | (422) | (614) | (4) | (3) | (4,339) |  | 67 |  | (4,272)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (481) | (383) | 2 | (53) | 2 | (71) | (6) | (154) | (1,144) |  | (1,261) |  | (2,405)
Operating profit/ (loss) before tax | 1,540 | (716) | 685 | 2,772 | 853 | 1,814 | 103 | (1,172) | 5,879 |  | (1,276) |  | 4,603
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (454) | 221 | (168) | (678) | (166) | (565) | (33) | 402 | (1,441) |  | 167 |  | (1,274)
Profit from continuing operations | 1,086 | (495) | 517 | 2,094 | 687 | 1,248 | 70 | (770) | 4,438 |  | (1,109) |  | 3,328
Profit from discontinued operations /Profit from corporate operations, net (4) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (1,109) | (1,109) |  | 1,109 |  | -
Profit | 1,086 | (495) | 517 | 2,094 | 687 | 1,248 | 70 | (1,880) | 3,328 |  | - |  | 3,328
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (6) | (1) | - | (1) | (316) | (343) | 1 | (19) | (686) |  | - |  | 686
Profit attributable to parent company | 1,080 | (496) | 517 | 2,094 | 371 | 905 | 70 | (1,899) | 2,642 |  | - |  | 2,642

(1) Includes “Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net”, “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net”, “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net” and “Exchange differences, net”.

(2) Includes share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method.

(3) Referred as “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss” in “Item 3. Key Information—Selected Consolidated Financial Data”.

(4) For Group income (derived from the Group income statement) this line represents “Profit from discontinued operations” and for operating segments (presented in accordance with management criteria) it represents “Profit from corporate operations”.

(5) Adjustments in 2015 include (i) adjustments made to account for the fact that, until July 2015, in the consolidated financial statements Garanti was accounted for using the equity method rather than using the management criteria referred to above; and (ii) adjustments relating to the reclassification, in the fourth quarter of 2015, of certain operating expenses related to technology from the Corporate Center to the Banking Activity in Spain segment. This reclassification was a consequence of the reassignment of technology-related management competences, resources and responsibilities from the Corporate Center to the Banking Activity in Spain segment during 2015.

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Results of Operations by Operating Segment for 2017 Compared with 2016

BANKING ACTIVITY IN SPAIN

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 3,738 | 3,877 | (3.6)
Net fees and commissions | 1,561 | 1,477 | 5.7
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 555 | 786 | (29.4)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (111) | (123) | (9.3)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 438 | 400 | 9.6
Gross income | 6,180 | 6,416 | (3.7)
Administration costs | (3,066) | (3,252) | (5.7)
Depreciation and amortization | (313) | (327) | (4.4)
Net margin before provisions | 2,802 | 2,837 | (1.3)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (567) | (763) | (25.7)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (369) | (807) | (54.3)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,866 | 1,268 | 47.2
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (482) | (360) | 33.9
Profit from continuing operations | 1,384 | 908 | 52.5
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 1,384 | 908 | 52.5
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (3) | (3) | (3.6)
Profit attributable to parent company | 1,381 | 905 | 52.7

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €3,738 million, a 3.6% decrease compared with the €3,877 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a decrease in the average volume of interest-earning assets, particularly in the securities portfolio and derivatives as a result of the sale of certain wholesales portfolios and, to a lesser extent, lower average loans and advances to customers, partially offset by the lower funding cost of interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest margin over this operating segment’s total average assets amounted to 1.18% for 2017 compared with 1.15% for 2016.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,561 million, a 5.7% increase compared with the €1,477 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of an increase in securities fees due to increased activity in our wholesale businesses and the growth in mutual funds driven primarily by higher share prices.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a net gain of €555 million, a 29.4% decrease compared with the €786 million net gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of lower sales of ALCO (Assets and Liabilities Committee) portfolios. The gain in the prior period was also partially due to the gains from the sale of our stake in VISA Europe, Ltd. recorded in the second quarter of 2016.

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Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €111 million, a 9.3% decrease compared with the €123 million of net expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a reduced annual contribution to the Single Resolution Fund and increased income from insurance activity.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Net income on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a gain of €438 million, a 9.6% increase compared with the €400 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the lower claims ratio and new contracts originated.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to an expense of €3,066 million, a 5.7% decrease compared with the €3,252 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €66 million decrease in salaries, a €38 million decrease in rent expenses due to a reduction in the number of branches, a €20 million decrease in IT expenses and a €23 million decrease in third party services expenses. There has been a decrease in administration costs for the six consecutive quarters ended December 31, 2017 due to the synergies related to the integration of Catalunya Banc and the implementation of efficiency plans.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a net loss of €567 million, a 25.7% decrease compared with the €763 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of decreased impaired assets due to the improvement of credit quality, partially offset by the increase in the size of the loan portfolio by year end. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 5.2% compared with 5.8% as of December 31, 2016.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €369 million, a 54.3% decrease compared with the €807 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016. Provisions recorded in 2016 were adversely affected by provisioning related to the invalidity of clauses limiting interest rates in certain mortgage loans with customers (the so-called “cláusulas suelo”). BBVA has made additional provisions during 2017 to cover possible contingencies and claims that may arise in connection with this matter in amounts that BBVA considers not significant.

Operating profit/ (loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €1,866 million, a 47.2% increase compared with the €1,268 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was an expense of €482 million, a 33.9% increase compared with the €360 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 mainly as a result of the higher operating profit before tax. The tax expense amounted to 25.8% of the operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 28.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,381 million, a 52.7% increase compared with the €905 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

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NON-CORE REAL ESTATE

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 71 | 60 | 19.5
Net fees and commissions | 3 | 6 | (50.7)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | - | (3) | (100.0)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (91) | (68) | 33.2
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | - | - | -
Gross income | (17) | (6) | 157.8
Administration costs | (97) | (96) | 0.5
Depreciation and amortization | (18) | (27) | (33.8)
Net margin before provisions | (132) | (130) | 1.2
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (138) | (138) | 0.4
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (403) | (475) | (15.2)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | (673) | (743) | (9.4)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | 170 | 148 | 15.4
Profit from continuing operations | (502) | (595) | (15.6)
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | (502) | (595) | (15.6)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | 1 | - | n.m.(1)
Profit attributable to parent company | (501) | (595) | (15.8)

(1) Not meaningful.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €71 million, a 19.5% increase compared with the €60 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of higher interest income from construction sector loans.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €3 million, a 50.7% decrease compared with the €6 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a decrease in insurance product commissions.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €91 million, compared with the €68 million of net expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €32 million decrease in income from non-financial services.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €97 million, a 0.5% increase compared with the €96 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a net loss of €138 million, a 0.4% increase compared with the €138 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 52.8% compared with 56.1% as of December 31, 2016.

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Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €403 million, a 15.2% decrease compared with the €475 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of portfolio sales.

Operating profit/ (loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating loss before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €673 million, a 9.4% decrease compared with the €743 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax income related to loss from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €170 million, a 15.4% increase compared with the €148 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016. Consequently, tax income amounted to 25.3% of the operating loss before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 19.9% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a loss of €501 million, a 15.8% decrease compared with the €595 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

UNITED STATES

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 2,158 | 1,953 | 10.5
Net fees and commissions | 647 | 638 | 1.5
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 111 | 142 | (22.2)
Other operating income and expenses, net | 2 | (27) | n.m.(1)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | - | - | -
Gross income | 2,919 | 2,706 | 7.9
Administration costs | (1,671) | (1,652) | 1.1
Depreciation and amortization | (187) | (190) | (1.9)
Net margin before provisions | 1,061 | 863 | 22.9
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (241) | (221) | 8.9
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (36) | (30) | 21.4
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 784 | 612 | 28.2
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (273) | (153) | 78.6
Profit from continuing operations | 511 | 459 | 11.3
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 511 | 459 | 11.3
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | -
Profit attributable to parent company | 511 | 459 | 11.3

(1) Not meaningful.

In 2017 the U.S. dollar depreciated 2.0% against the euro in average terms, resulting in a negative exchange rate effect on our consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2017 and in the results of operations

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of the United States operating segment for such year expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €2,158 million, a 10.5% increase compared with the €1,953 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of higher interest rates (including as a result of the impact of the Federal Reserve Board benchmark interest rate increases), particularly related to loans and advances to customers, and, to a lesser extent, in the securities portfolio and derivatives, partially offset by the effect of higher interests on deposits, particularly from Federal Home Loan Banks. The net interest margin over total average assets of this operating segment amounted to 2.58% for 2017 compared with 2.26% for 2016.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €647 million, a 1.5% increase compared with the €638 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the increase in commissions, particularly in credit and debit card commissions.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a net gain of €111 million, a 22.2% decrease compared with the €142 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of lower sales of ALCO (Assets and Liabilities Committee) securities and mortgage portfolios.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €2 million, compared with the €27 million of net expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the lower contribution made to the Deposit Guarantee Fund.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,671 million, a 1.1% increase compared with the €1,652 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of increases in general and administrative expenses, particularly IT, consulting and marketing expenses, and, to a lesser extent, an increase in personnel expenses.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €241 million, an 8.9% increase compared with the €221 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of additional allowances for loan losses related to the impact of hurricanes Harvey and Irma, and higher loan-loss provisioning related to consumer portfolios, partially offset by decreased impaired assets due to the improvement in the credit quality indicators of energy loans during 2017. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 1.2%, compared with 1.5% as of December 31, 2016.

Operating profit/ (loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €784 million, a 28.2% increase compared with the €612 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €273 million, a 78.6% increase compared with the €153 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the higher operating profit before tax and the impact of the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act signed into legislation on December 22, 2017 (pursuant to which the corporate tax rate was also reduced). Consequently, the tax expense

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amounted to 34.9% of the operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared with 25.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €511 million, an 11.3% increase compared with the €459 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

MEXICO

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 5,437 | 5,126 | 6.1
Net fees and commissions | 1,217 | 1,149 | 5.9
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 249 | 222 | 12.3
Other operating income and expenses, net | (239) | (237) | 1.0
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 416 | 507 | (17.8)
Gross income | 7,080 | 6,766 | 4.6
Administration costs | (2,189) | (2,149) | 1.9
Depreciation and amortization | (256) | (247) | 3.8
Net margin before provisions | 4,635 | 4,371 | 6.0
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (1,652) | (1,626) | 1.6
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (35) | (67) | (47.8)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 2,948 | 2,678 | 10.1
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (786) | (697) | 12.8
Profit from continuing operations | 2,162 | 1,981 | 9.2
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 2,162 | 1,981 | 9.2
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | - | (1) | n.m.(1)
Profit attributable to parent company | 2,162 | 1,980 | 9.2

(1) Not meaningful.

In 2017, the Mexican peso depreciated 3.1% against the euro in average terms, resulting in a negative exchange rate effect on our consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2017 and in the results of operations of the Mexico operating segment for such year expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €5,437 million, a 6.1% increase compared with the €5,126 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, and a 9.5% increase excluding the negative exchange rate effect. The increase was mainly as a result of higher interest rates, particularly due to the effect of the higher interest rates on the securities portfolio and loans and advances to customers, and to a lesser extent, an increase in the average volume of loans and advances to customers. The net interest margin over total average assets of this operating segment amounted to 5.65% for 2017 compared with 5.47% for 2016.

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Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,217 million, a 5.9% increase compared with the €1,149 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of an overall increase in commissions, particularly in credit and debit card commissions and fees from online and investment banking, partially offset by a decrease in commissions for selling insurance and the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso against the euro.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €249 million, a 12.3% increase compared with the €222 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of portfolio sales.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other operating income and expenses, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a net expense of €239 million, a 1.0% increase compared with the €237 million of net expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €416 million, a 17.8% decrease compared with the €507 million income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the higher rate of claims brought by customers (particularly in the last quarter of 2017) as a result of the impact of natural disasters that took place during 2017.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €2,189 million, a 1.9% increase compared with the €2,149 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the increase in general and administrative expenses, particularly IT expenses, and, to a lesser extent, the increase in personnel expenses. The increase was below Mexico’s inflation rate for the year.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €1,652 million, a 1.6% increase compared with the €1,626 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso, the increase in impairment losses on financial assets (4.9%) was in line with the increase recorded in loans and advances to customers (5.3%). The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment was 2.3% as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Operating profit/ (loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €2,948 million, a 10.1% increase compared with the €2,678 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €786 million, a 12.8% increase compared with the €697 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the higher operating profit before tax. Consequently, the tax expense amounted to 26.7% of the operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 26.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

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Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €2,162 million, a 9.2% increase compared with the €1,980 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

TURKEY

Since July 2015 we have fully consolidated Garanti’s results in our consolidated financial statements. From July 2015 to March 2017, we held 39.90% of Garanti’s share capital and, on March 22, 2017, we completed the acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company—Capital expenditures—2017”.

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 3,331 | 3,404 | (2.1)
Net fees and commissions | 703 | 731 | (3.9)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 14 | 77 | (81.2)
Other operating income and expenses, net | 5 | (18) | n.m.(1)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 62 | 64 | (2.6)
Gross income | 4,115 | 4,257 | (3.3)
Administration costs | (1,325) | (1,524) | (13.1)
Depreciation and amortization | (178) | (214) | (16.7)
Net margin before provisions | 2,612 | 2,519 | 3.7
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (453) | (520) | (13.0)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (12) | (93) | (87.2)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 2,147 | 1,906 | 12.7
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (426) | (390) | 9.2
Profit from continuing operations | 1,720 | 1,515 | 13.5
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | n.m.(1)
Profit | 1,720 | 1,515 | 13.5
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (895) | (917) | (2.4)
Profit attributable to parent company | 826 | 599 | 37.9

(1) Not meaningful.

The Turkish lira depreciated 18.9% against the euro in average terms during 2017, resulting in a negative exchange rate effect on our consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2017 and in the results of operations of the Turkey operating segment for such year expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €3,331 million, a 2.1% decrease compared with the €3,404 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the depreciation of the Turkish lira. Excluding this impact, there was a 20.6% increase in net interest income, mainly as a result of higher interest rates, particularly in loans and advances to customers and inflation-linked bonds, and the growth in activity, particularly in cash and cash balances with central banks, in line with the growth of the Turkish financial sector. The net interest margin over total average assets of this operating segment amounted to 4.05% for 2017 compared to 3.81% for 2016.

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Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €703 million, a 3.9% decrease compared with the €731 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the depreciation of the Turkish lira. Excluding this impact, there was an 18.5% increase in net fees and commissions, mainly as a result of an increase in credit and debit card commissions, which amounted to €51 million, and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in checks and bills receivables commissions, which increased by €32 million.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €14 million, an 81.2% decrease compared with the €77 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016. The gain in 2016 was partially due to the sale of Garanti’s stake in VISA Europe, Ltd. recorded in the second quarter of 2016.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €5 million, compared with the €18 million of net expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a €13 million increase in financial income from real estate-related services.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €62 million, a 2.6% decrease compared with the €64 million income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the depreciation of the Turkish lira.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,325 million, a 13.1% decrease compared with the €1,524 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the depreciation of the Turkish lira. Excluding this impact, administration costs increased by 7.2%, mainly as a result of the 11.9% inflation rate, which led to a €78 million increase in personnel expenses and an €11 million increase in general and administrative expenses.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €453 million, a 13.0% decrease compared with the €520 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Turkish lira. Excluding this impact, impairment losses on financial assets increased by 7.3%, mainly as a result of the deterioration of the credit quality and the increase in the size of the loan portfolio. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 3.9% compared with 2.7% as of December 31, 2016. This increase was mainly the result of increased impairments of wholesale loans, the majority of which had already been fully provisioned.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €2,147 million, a 12.7% increase compared with the €1,906 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €426 million, a 9.2% increase compared with the €390 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the higher operating profit before tax. Consequently, the tax expense

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amounted to 19.9% of the operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 20.5% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €895 million, a 2.4% decrease compared with the €917 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 mainly as a result of the completion of our acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti on March 22, 2017, which more than offset the effect of the higher operating profit before tax.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €826 million, a 37.9% increase compared with the €599 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 mainly as a result of the higher operating profit before tax and our acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti during the year.

SOUTH AMERICA

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 3,200 | 2,930 | 9.2
Net fees and commissions | 713 | 634 | 12.4
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 480 | 464 | 3.4
Other operating income and expenses, net | (113) | (133) | (15.0)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 172 | 158 | 8.8
Gross income | 4,451 | 4,054 | 9.8
Administration costs | (1,886) | (1,793) | 5.2
Depreciation and amortization | (121) | (100) | 20.8
Net margin before provisions | 2,444 | 2,160 | 13.1
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (650) | (526) | 23.6
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (103) | (82) | 26.2
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,691 | 1,552 | 8.9
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (486) | (487) | (0.3)
Profit from continuing operations | 1,205 | 1,065 | 13.1
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 1,205 | 1,065 | 13.1
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (345) | (294) | 17.0
Profit attributable to parent company | 861 | 771 | 11.6

In 2017, the Venezuelan bolivar depreciated significantly against the euro in average terms compared with the year ended December 31, 2016. In the year ended December 31, 2017 the Group used the estimated exchange rate of 18,182 Venezuelan bolivars per euro. See “Presentation of Financial Information―Venezuela”. In addition, the Argentine peso depreciated 12.8% against the euro in average terms. On the other hand, the Chilean peso, Colombian peso and Peruvian new sol appreciated in average terms against the euro compared with the year ended December 31, 2016, by 2.1%, 1.4% and 1.4%, respectively. In the aggregate, changes in exchange rates resulted in a negative impact on most of the headings of the results of operations of the South America operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

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Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €3,200 million, a 9.2% increase compared with the €2,930 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of growth in the average volume of interest-earning assets, particularly loans and advances to customers, and, to a lesser extent, in the securities portfolio and derivatives, partially offset by the depreciation of the Venezuelan bolivar and the Argentine peso. Assuming constant exchange rates, net interest income increased by 15.1%. The net interest margin over total average assets of this operating segment amounted to 4.22% for 2017 compared with 4.09% for 2016.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €713 million, a 12.4% increase compared with the €634 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of an increase in credit and debit card commissions, which amounted to €33 million, and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in checks and bills receivables commissions which increased by €13 million, partially offset by the depreciation of local currencies against the euro. By country, the main variation was registered in Argentina where net fees and commissions, at constant exchange rates, increased by €65 million.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €480 million, a 3.4% increase compared with the €464 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of foreign-currency operations.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €113 million, a 15.0% decrease compared with the €133 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Venezuelan bolivar and the Argentine peso.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €172 million, a 8.8% increase compared with the €158 million income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the performance in Colombia where income on insurance and reinsurance contracts, at constant exchange rates, increased by €14 million.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €1,886 million, a 5.2% increase compared with the €1,793 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, in line with the average inflation rate in most countries and partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Venezuelan bolivar and the Argentine peso.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €650 million, a 23.6% increase compared with the €526 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of increased impaired assets due to the deterioration of credit quality with certain customers, partially offset by the decrease in the volume of the loan portfolio, the higher recovery of written-off assets and the depreciation of the Venezuelan bolivar and the Argentine peso. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 3.4% compared with 2.9% as of December 31, 2016.

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Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €103 million, a 26.2% increase compared with the €82 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of an increase in contingent liabilities.

Operating profit/ (loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €1,691 million, an 8.9% increase compared with the €1,552 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €486 million, a 0.3% decrease compared with the €487 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Venezuelan bolivar and the Argentine peso. Assuming constant exchange rates, tax expenses increased by 10.1%, in line with the 8.9% increase in operating profit before tax. Consequently, the tax expense amounted to 28.7% of the operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 31.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €345 million, a 17.0% increase compared with the €294 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 mainly as a result of the stronger performance of our Peruvian and Argentinian operations, where there are minority shareholders, as well as our reduction of our stake in our Argentinian operations during 2017.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €861 million, an 11.6% increase compared with the €771 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

REST OF EURASIA

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 180 | 166 | 8.7
Net fees and commissions | 164 | 194 | (15.2)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 123 | 87 | 40.4
Other operating income and expenses, net | 1 | 45 | (97.3)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | - | - | -
Gross income | 468 | 491 | (4.8)
Administration costs | (297) | (330) | (9.9)
Depreciation and amortization | (11) | (12) | (10.4)
Net margin before provisions | 160 | 149 | 7.0
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | 23 | 30 | (24.3)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (6) | 23 | n.m.(1)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 177 | 203 | (12.9)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (52) | (52) | 0.3
Profit from continuing operations | 125 | 151 | (17.4)
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 125 | 151 | (17.4)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | -
Profit attributable to parent company | 125 | 151 | (17.4)

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(1) Not meaningful.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €180 million, an 8.7% increase compared with the €166 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the performance of the Global Finance unit in Europe, particularly retail business and Corporate and Investment Banking (C&IB), and, to a lesser extent the performance of the Global Markets unit in Europe, partially offset by performance of the Global Markets unit in Asia.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €164 million, a 15.2% decrease compared with the €194 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a decrease in securities fees.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €123 million, a 40.4% increase compared with the €87 million net gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the €21 million increase in the gains on financial assets in retail businesses, particularly in Portugal (€13 million increase) and the €28 million increase of the Global Markets unit in Europe, partially offset by the €25 million decrease of the Global Markets unit in Asia.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €1 million, compared with the €45 million net income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of our divestment in CNCB, a 2.14% stake of which we sold in 2017, which resulted in lower dividends from CNCB.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €297 million, a 9.9% decrease compared with the €330 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the expense reduction efforts in the Corporate and Investment Banking (C&IB) unit in Asia and the retail business in Europe.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to a €23 million gain, a 24.3% decrease compared with the €30 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the release of provisions, particularly in Portugal. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2017 was 1.2% compared with 1.5% as of December 31, 2016.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €177 million, a 12.9% decrease compared with the €203 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

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Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €52 million, a 0.3% increase compared with the €52 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of a higher effective tax rate attributable in part to lower dividends received in 2017. Consequently, the tax expense amounted to a 29.5% of the operating profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €125 million, a 17.4% decrease compared with the €151 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

CORPORATE CENTER

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | (357) | (455) | (21.6)
Net fees and commissions | (86) | (110) | (21.2)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 436 | 357 | 22.2
Other operating income and expenses, net | 99 | 197 | (49.7)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | (19) | (21) | (9.8)
Gross income | 73 | (31) | n.m.(1)
Administration costs | (581) | (569) | 2.2
Depreciation and amortization | (303) | (307) | (1.3)
Net margin before provisions | (811) | (907) | (10.6)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (1,125) | (37) | n.m.(1)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (73) | (139) | (47.3)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | (2,009) | (1,084) | 85.4
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | 166 | 293 | (43.3)
Profit from continuing operations | (1,843) | (791) | 133.1
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | (1,843) | (791) | 133.1
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (1) | (3) | (60.0)
Profit attributable to parent company | (1,844) | (794) | 132.3

(1) Not meaningful.

Net interest income / (expense)

Net interest expense of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €357 million, a 21.6% decrease compared with the €455 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the lower funding cost of the Group’s investments.

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Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was an expense of €86 million, a 21.2% decrease compared with an expense of €110 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of an increase in funds commissions income.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €436 million, a 22.2% increase compared with the €357 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the sale of a 2.14% stake in CNCB in 2017.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €99 million, a 49.7% decrease compared with the €197 million net income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the decreased dividends from Telefónica, S.A. as it lowered its dividends from €0.55 per share to €0.4 per share, and from CNCB, which also lowered its dividends and also due to the smaller stake held by the Group in CNCB (following the sale of a 2.14% stake in 2017).

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was an expense of €19 million, a 9.8% decrease compared with the €21 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €581 million, a 2.2% increase compared with the €569 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the €15 million increase in fixed remuneration and also due to a €11 million increase in general and administrative expenses, particularly IT expenses.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €1,125 million, compared with the €37 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the recognition of impairment losses of €1,123 million relating to our slightly above 5% stake in Telefónica, S.A. resulting from the fact that its stock price fell below our acquisition cost for a prolonged period.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were €73 million, a 47.3% decrease compared with the €139 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly due to lower provisions for early retirements.

Operating profit/ (loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating loss before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was €2,009 million, compared with the €1,084 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax income related to loss from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to €166 million, a 43.3% decrease compared with the €293 million income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, despite the increase in operating loss before tax since the recognition of the impairment losses relating to our stake in Telefónica, S.A., had no impact on taxable income. Consequently, the tax income

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amounted to 8.3% of the operating loss before tax for the year ended December 31, 2017, and 27.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a loss of €1,844 million, compared with the €794 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Results of Operations by Operating Segment for 2016 Compared with 2015

BANKING ACTIVITY IN SPAIN

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 3,877 | 4,015 | (3.5)
Net fees and commissions | 1,477 | 1,593 | (7.3)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 786 | 1,011 | (22.2)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (123) | (168) | (26.9)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 400 | 352 | 13.5
Gross income | 6,416 | 6,803 | (5.7)
Administration costs | (3,252) | (3,072) | 5.9
Depreciation and amortization | (327) | (368) | (11.2)
Net margin before provisions | 2,837 | 3,363 | (15.6)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (763) | (1,342) | (43.1)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (807) | (481) | 67.7
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,268 | 1,540 | (17.7)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (360) | (454) | (20.7)
Profit from continuing operations | 908 | 1,086 | (16.4)
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 908 | 1,086 | (16.4)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (3) | (6) | (52.8)
Profit attributable to parent company | 905 | 1,080 | (16.2)

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €3,877 million, a 3.5% decrease compared with the €4,015 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a decrease in loan volumes in an environment of low interest rates, where lower yields on loans were partially offset by cheaper funding.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,477 million, a 7.3% decrease compared with the €1,593 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to lower contribution from fees and commissions arising from securities services, including investment banking.

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Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €786 million, a 22.2% decrease compared with the €1,011 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of lower ALCO portfolio sales.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €123 million, a 26.9% decrease compared with the €168 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a reduced annual contribution to the Single Resolution Fund.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Net income on insurance and reinsurance contracts for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €400 million, a 13.5% increase compared with €352 million net income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to the integration of Catalunya Banc and a higher amount of net premiums.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were of €3,252 million, 5.9% higher compared with the €3,072 million in expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, substantially all of which was a result of the acquisition of Catalunya Banc and the related subsequent integration costs.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was a loss of €763 million, a 43.1% decrease compared with the €1,342 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to the continued improvement of credit quality in Spain. This operating segment’s non-performing asset ratio decreased to 5.8% as of December 31, 2016 from 6.6% as of December 31, 2015.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled €807 million, 67.7% higher than the €481 million provisions recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, and were mainly attributable to higher provisions related to the invalidity of clauses limiting interest rates in certain mortgage loans with customers (the so-called “cláusulas suelo”) of €577 million (€404 million after tax).

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,268 million, a 17.7% decrease compared with the €1,540 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €360 million, a 20.7% decrease compared with the €454 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the 18.1% decrease in operating profit before tax. Such income tax was levied at a 30% tax rate.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €905 million, a 16.2% decrease compared with the €1,080 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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NON-CORE REAL ESTATE

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 60 | 71 | (16.2)
Net fees and commissions | 6 | 2 | 138.9
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | (3) | 4 | n.m.(1)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (68) | (105) | (35.0)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | - | - | -
Gross income | (6) | (28) | (76.5)
Administration costs | (96) | (101) | (4.9)
Depreciation and amortization | (27) | (25) | 11.2
Net margin before provisions | (130) | (154) | (15.2)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (138) | (179) | (23.1)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (475) | (383) | 23.9
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | (743) | (716) | 3.8
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | 148 | 221 | (33.2)
Profit from continuing operations | (595) | (495) | 20.3
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | (595) | (495) | 20.3
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | - | (1) | (100.0)
Profit attributable to parent company | (595) | (496) | 20.1

(1) Not meaningful.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to net interest income of €60 million, a 16.2% decrease compared with the net interest income of €71 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €6 million, compared with the €2 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net losses on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €3 million, compared with the €4 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €68 million, a 35.0% decrease compared with the €105 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of lower impairment related to the Bank’s participation in Metrovacesa S.A.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €96 million, 4.9% lower compared with the €101 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a 16.5% decrease in other administrative expenses.

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Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €138 million, a 23.1% decrease compared with the €179 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of higher recovery of written-off assets as well as lower losses from real estate asset collateral.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled €475 million, 23.9% higher than the €383 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of higher impairments mainly due to the reallocation of certain loans from the Banking Activity in Spain segment to the Non-Core Real Estate segment relating to foreclosed assets, which resulted in higher loan loss provisions. The purpose of this reallocation was to better reflect the risk profile of the loan portfolios of each segment. With respect to the foreclosed assets of this segment, we updated their appraisal value to reflect higher haircuts on the less liquid assets, in respect of which we had limited market references and a wide price valuation range. The portfolios which were most impacted by this update were our land portfolios.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, the operating loss before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €743 million, a 3.8% increase compared with the €716 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax income related to loss from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €148 million, a 33.2% decrease compared with the €221 million of income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the reversal of certain deductions that were applied in prior years in connection with impairments in participations.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was a loss of €595 million, compared with the €496 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

UNITED STATES

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 1,953 | 1,811 | 7.9
Net fees and commissions | 638 | 616 | 3.5
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 142 | 186 | (23.6)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (27) | 18 | n.m.(1)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | - | - | -
Gross income | 2,706 | 2,631 | 2.8
Administration costs | (1,652) | (1,602) | 3.1
Depreciation and amortization | (190) | (204) | (6.7)
Net margin before provisions | 863 | 825 | 4.6
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (221) | (142) | 56.0
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (30) | 2 | n.m.(1)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 612 | 685 | (10.6)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (153) | (168) | (8.8)
Profit from continuing operations | 459 | 517 | (11.2)
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 459 | 517 | (11.2)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | -
Profit attributable to parent company | 459 | 517 | (11.2)

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(1) Not meaningful.

In 2016 the U.S. dollar appreciated 0.2% against the euro on average terms, resulting in a positive exchange rate effect on our income statement and in the results of operations of the United States operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 expressed in euros. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition ―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,953 million, a 7.9% increase compared with the €1,811 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of increased activity, particularly in loans and advances to customers, as well as improved pricing of such loans and advances driven by higher yields in new loan production and the lower cost of deposits.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €638 million, a 3.5% increase compared with the €616 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of an increase in securities fees which generated an impact of €123 million, and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in checks and bills receivables commissions which translated into a €9 million increase, partially offset by a €108 million decrease in other commissions.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €142 million, a 23.6% decrease compared with the €186 million net gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the difficult situation in the markets and lower sales of ALCO portfolios.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €27 million, compared with the €18 million operating income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to a €17 million decrease in dividends from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, in 2015 other operating income and expense, net benefited from the income generated by the sale of Capital Investment Counsel Inc.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €1,652 million, a 3.1% increase compared with the €1,602 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a €40 million increase in personnel expenses and, to a lesser extent, due to a €10 million increase in other administrative expenses. Among the main variations, fixed remuneration increased the costs by €29 million, and variable remuneration increased the costs by €13 million. Additionally, there was a positive exchange rate effect of €5 million.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €221 million, a 56.0% increase compared with the €142 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of increased impaired financial assets due to the increase registered in the loan portfolio and

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the deterioration in credit quality, particularly related to the rise in provisions following the rating downgrades on some companies that operate in the energy, metal and mining sectors during the first quarter of 2016. This increase in impairment losses on financial assets was partially offset by lower recovery of written-off assets. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2016 was 1.5% compared with 0.9% as of December 31, 2015.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, the operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €612 million, a 10.6% decrease compared with the €685 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €153 million, an 8.8% decrease compared with the €168 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the 10.6% decrease in the operating profit before tax.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €459 million, an 11.2% decrease compared with the €517 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

MEXICO

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 5,126 | 5,387 | (4.9)
Net fees and commissions | 1,149 | 1,223 | (6.1)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 222 | 198 | 12.3
Other operating income and expenses, net | (237) | (260) | (9.0)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 507 | 533 | (4.9)
Gross income | 6,766 | 7,081 | (4.4)
Administration costs | (2,149) | (2,402) | (10.5)
Depreciation and amortization | (247) | (219) | 12.6
Net margin before provisions | 4,371 | 4,459 | (2.0)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (1,626) | (1,633) | (0.5)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (67) | (53) | 25.6
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 2,678 | 2,772 | (3.4)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (697) | (678) | 2.7
Profit from continuing operations | 1,981 | 2,094 | (5.4)
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 1,981 | 2,094 | (5.4)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (1) | (1) | -
Profit attributable to parent company | 1,980 | 2,094 | (5.4)

(1) Not meaningful.

In 2016, the Mexican peso depreciated 14.8% against the euro in average terms, resulting in a negative exchange rate effect on our consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016 and in the results

136

of operations of the Mexico operating segment for such year expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €5,126 million, a 4.9% decrease compared with the €5,387 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso, which more than offset the higher volumes in lending and fund gathering.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,149 million, a 6.1% decrease compared with the €1,223 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €181 million). Excluding this impact, net fees and commissions increased mainly as a result of an increase in commissions for selling insurance, and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in insurance product commissions, partially offset by a decrease in brokerage commissions.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €222 million, a 12.3% increase compared with the €198 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of gains derived from hedging activity partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso in the last quarter of 2016.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €237 million, compared with the €260 million of other operating expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €38 million). Excluding this impact, other operating income and expenses, net decreased mainly as a result of an increase in expenses related to non-banking activity (like administration costs relating to foreclosed assets) and expenses related to ATMs and frauds, partially offset by a €27 million decrease in the contribution to the Mexican Deposit Guarantee Fund (IPAB) year-on-year.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €507 million, a 4.9% decrease compared with income of €533 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €79 million).

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €2,149 million, a 10.6% decrease compared with the €2,402 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €355 million). Excluding this impact, administration costs increased mainly as a result of a €92 million increase in personnel expenses, primarily related to variable remuneration and, to a lesser extent, due to IT expenses, which increased costs by €23 million, and a €10 million increase in other administrative expenses for the ongoing renovation and remodeling of branch offices and the change of headquarters.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €1,626 million, a 0.5% decrease compared with the €1,633 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the Mexican peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €241 million). Excluding this impact, the change in impairment losses on financial assets was mainly

137

as a result of an increase in impaired assets due to the increase registered in the loan portfolio and the deterioration in credit quality. This increase in impairment losses on financial assets was partially offset due to higher recovery of written-off assets. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2016 was 2.3% compared with 2.6% as of December 31, 2015.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions in this operating segment for 2016 were €67 million compared with the €53 million recorded for 2015, as a result of higher provisions related to restructuring costs.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, the operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €2,678 million, a 3.4% decrease compared with the operating profit of €2,772 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €697 million, a 2.7% increase compared with the expense of €678 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,980 million, a 5.4% decrease compared with the €2,094 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

TURKEY

Since July 2015 (following the acquisition of an additional 14.89% stake in Garanti) we have fully consolidated Garanti’s results in our consolidated financial statements. Until then, in accordance with IFRS 8, information for Turkey was presented under management criteria, pursuant to which Garanti’s information was proportionally consolidated based on our interest in Garanti (25.01% during the six-month period ended June 30, 2015). See “Item 4. Information on the Company―History and Development of the Company―Capital expenditures―2017” for information on the evolution of our stake in Garanti.

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 3,404 | 2,194 | 55.1
Net fees and commissions | 731 | 471 | 55.2
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 77 | (273) | n.m.(1)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (18) | 2 | n.m.(1)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 64 | 40 | 62.0
Gross income | 4,257 | 2,434 | 74.9
Administration costs | (1,524) | (1,043) | 46.2
Depreciation and amortization | (214) | (118) | 81.8
Net margin before provisions | 2,519 | 1,273 | 97.8
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (520) | (422) | 23.2
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (93) | 2 | n.m.(1)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,906 | 853 | 123.5
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (390) | (166) | 135.4
Profit from continuing operations | 1,515 | 687 | 120.6
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 1,515 | 687 | 120.6
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (917) | (316) | 190.2
Profit attributable to parent company | 599 | 371 | 61.4

138

(1) Not meaningful.

As indicated above, since July 2015 (following the acquisition of an additional 14.89% stake in Garanti), Garanti was fully consolidated by us. Such consolidation affected the comparability of our results for the periods discussed below for all the accounting lines items of the income statement. Additionally the Turkish lira depreciated 10% against the euro in average terms during 2016, resulting in a negative exchange rate effect on our consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016 and in the results of operations of the Turkey operating segment for such year expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €3,404 million, a 55.1% increase compared with the €2,194 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti, which more than offset the adverse impact of exchange rates, as well as due to increases in volumes and yields on loans and a decreased cost of deposits.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €731 million, a 55.2% increase compared with the €471 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti which more than offset the adverse impact of changes in exchange rates (which had an estimated impact of €45 million). Excluding the effect of the acquisition of the additional stake in Garanti and the resulting change in the consolidation method of Garanti and excluding the impact of variations in exchange rates, net fees and commissions increased mainly as a result of an increase in checks and bills receivables commissions and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in contingent risk commissions.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €77 million, compared with the €273 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result mainly of capital gains from the divestment of ALCO portfolios, the proceeds of our sale of VISA Europe Ltd. to VISA Inc. in November 2015 (€87 million gross of tax) which were received in 2016 and gains on financial assets of the Global Markets unit in Turkey, partially offset by a negative exchange rate effect of €26 million.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €18 million, compared with operating income of €2 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of increased amounts payable as a contribution to the Deposit Guarantee Fund. Additionally there were higher expenses as a result of the high inflation rate and the investments made in the upgrading, modernization and digitalization of traditional channels.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €64 million, a 62.0% increase compared with the €40 million of operating income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti.

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Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €1,524 million, a 46.2% increase compared with the €1,043 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti which more than offset the impact of changes in exchange rates. Excluding the effect of the acquisition of the additional stake in Garanti and the resulting change in the consolidation method of Garanti, and excluding the impact of variations in exchange rates, the change in administration costs was mainly as a result of the high inflation, the 30% increase in the minimum wage since January 2016 and an increase in variable remuneration in personnel expenses.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €520 million, a 23.2% increase compared with the €422 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti which more than offset the impact of changes in exchange rates. Excluding the effect of the acquisition of the additional stake in Garanti and the resulting change in the consolidation method of Garanti, and excluding the impact of variations in exchange rates, the change in impairment losses on financial assets, net was mainly as a result of increased impaired assets due to the increase in the loan portfolio and the deterioration in credit quality, and increased impairment losses related to the subsidiary in Romania. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2016 was 2.7% compared with 2.8% as of December 31, 2015.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled €93 million, compared with the €2 million reversal recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, and were mainly provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating profit/(loss) before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,906 million, a 123.5% increase compared with the €853 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €390 million, a 135.4% increase compared with the €166 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of the change in the consolidation method of Garanti.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €599 million, a 61.4% increase compared with the €371 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

SOUTH AMERICA

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 2,930 | 3,202 | (8.5)
Net fees and commissions | 634 | 718 | (11.6)
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 464 | 595 | (22.0)
Other operating income and expenses, net | (133) | (219) | (39.4)
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | 158 | 181 | (12.8)
Gross income | 4,054 | 4,477 | (9.5)
Administration costs | (1,793) | (1,875) | (4.4)
Depreciation and amortization | (100) | (104) | (3.3)
Net margin before provisions | 2,160 | 2,498 | (13.5)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (526) | (614) | (14.2)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (82) | (71) | 15.2
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 1,552 | 1,814 | (14.4)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (487) | (565) | (13.8)
Profit from continuing operations | 1,065 | 1,248 | (14.7)
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 1,065 | 1,248 | (14.7)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (294) | (343) | (14.2)
Profit attributable to parent company | 771 | 905 | (14.9)

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All the currencies of the region depreciated in average terms against the euro compared with the year ended December 31, 2015 and resulted in a negative impact on the results of operations of the South America operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 expressed in euro. See “―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Trends in Exchange Rates”. In the year ended December 31, 2016, the Group used the estimated exchange rate of 1,893 Venezuelan bolivars per euro. See “Presentation of Financial Information―Venezuela”.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €2,930 million, an 8.5% decrease compared with the €3,202 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €572 million), which more than offset the increase in fees related to bills, receivables, checks and credit cards, particularly in Colombia and Argentina.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €634 million, an 11.6% decrease compared with the €718 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €131 million). Excluding this impact, net fees and commissions increased mainly as a result of an increase in credit and debit card commissions which generated an increase of €33 million, and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in checks and bills receivables commissions which translated into a €26 million increase, partially offset by a €27 million decrease in other commissions. By country, the main variation was registered in Argentina where net fees and commissions, at constant exchange rates, increased by €19 million due to higher commissions as a result of local and regional incentives of VISA.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €464 million, a 22.0% decrease compared with the €595 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €172 million). By country, the main variation was registered in Colombia where net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net at constant exchange rates, decreased by €75 million due to the fair value measurement of our previously acquired stake in Credibanco.

141

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating expenses of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €133 million, compared with the €219 million of other net operating expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately € 121 million). Excluding this impact, the change in other operating income and expenses, net was mainly due to a €27 million decrease in other operating income. By country, the main variation was registered in Venezuela where other operating expenses, at constant exchange rates, increased by €30 million.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €1,793 million, a 4.4% decrease compared with the €1,875 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso (which had an estimated impact of approximately €348 million). Excluding this impact, administration costs increased mainly as a result of a €148 million increase in personnel expenses, and, to a lesser extent, due to a €118 million increase in other administrative expenses. Among the main variations, fixed remuneration increased the costs by €94 million, and IT expenses increased the costs by €24 million. All the changes were impacted by the high inflation in certain countries in the region. By country, the main variation was registered in Argentina where administration costs, at constant exchange rates, increased by €171 million mainly due to an increase in personnel expenses and other administrative expenses which was attributable in part to the high inflation.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €526 million, a 14.2% decrease compared with the €614 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of decreased impaired assets due to the decrease registered in the loan portfolio and the depreciation of the currencies of the region (which had an estimated impact of approximately €72 million). This decrease in impairment losses on financial assets was partially offset by the lower recovery of written-off assets. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2016 was 2.9% compared with 2.3% as of December 31, 2015. By country, the main variation was registered in Chile where impairment losses on financial assets, at constant exchange rates, decreased by €31 million.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled €82 million, a 15.2% increase compared with the €71 million provisions recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of higher provisions relating to restructuring costs related to the Group’s transformation process.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, the operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €1,552 million, a 14.4% decrease compared with the operating profit of €1,814 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €487 million, a 13.8% decrease compared with the €565 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the impact of the depreciation of the currencies of the region, particularly the Venezuelan bolivar and Argentine peso, and the lower operating profit before tax.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €771 million, a 14.9% decrease compared with the €905 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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REST OF EURASIA

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | 166 | 176 | (5.9)
Net fees and commissions | 194 | 170 | 13.8
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 87 | 125 | (30.3)
Other operating income and expenses, net | 45 | (6) | n.m.(1)
Gross income | 491 | 465 | 5.7
Administration costs | (330) | (336) | (2.0)
Depreciation and amortization | (12) | (15) | (18.7)
Net margin before provisions | 149 | 113 | 31.7
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | 30 | (4) | n.m.(1)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | 23 | (6) | n.m.(1)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | 203 | 103 | 96.4
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | (52) | (33) | 56.9
Profit from continuing operations | 151 | 70 | 115.0
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | - | -
Profit | 151 | 70 | 115.0
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | - | - | -
Profit attributable to parent company | 151 | 70 | 115.0

(1) Not meaningful.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €166 million, a 5.9% decrease compared with the €176 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly due to the low interest rate environment, leading to fewer transactions, as a result of macroeconomic conditions in the Eurozone.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €194 million, a 13.8% increase compared with the €170 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of an increase in commissions which generated an increase of €18 million, and, to a lesser extent, due to an increase in securities fees which translated into a €9 million increase, partially offset by a €3 million decrease in contingent risk commissions.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €87 million, a 30.3% decrease compared with the €125 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a lower contribution from trading income.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €45 million, compared with the €6 million of net expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a €46 million increase in income from dividends received from CNCB.

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Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €330 million, a 2.0% decrease compared with the €336 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a €13 million decrease in personnel expenses, partially offset by an increase in other administrative expenses of €7 million. Among the main variations, fixed remuneration costs decreased by €16 million, and remuneration based on equity instruments decreased such costs by €4 million.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to a €30 million gain, compared with the €4 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the release of provisions in Portugal, Belgium and in the Corporate & Investment Banking unit for the European customers. The non-performing asset ratio of this operating segment as of December 31, 2016 was 2.7% compared with 2.5% as of December 31, 2015.

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, the operating profit before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €203 million, a 96.4% increase compared with the €103 million of operating profit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax expense related to profit from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €52 million, a 56.9% increase compared with the €33 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the higher operating income before tax.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €151 million, a 115.0% increase compared with the €70 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

CORPORATE CENTER

| For The Year Ended December 31, |
| 2016 | 2015 | Change
| (In Millions of Euros) | (In %)
Net interest income | (455) | (432) | 5.5
Net fees and commissions | (110) | (88) | 24.7
Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net | 357 | 163 | 118.8
Other operating income and expenses, net | 197 | 192 | 2.9
Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts | (21) | (19) | 9.4
Gross income | (31) | (183) | (83.0)
Administration costs | (569) | (595) | (4.4)
Depreciation and amortization | (307) | (237) | 29.8
Net margin before provisions | (907) | (1,015) | (10.6)
Impairment losses on financial assets, net | (37) | (3) | n.m.(1)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | (139) | (154) | (9.5)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax | (1,084) | (1,172) | (7.6)
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | 293 | 402 | (27.2)
Profit from continuing operations | (791) | (770) | 2.7
Profit from corporate operations, net | - | (1,109) | (100.0)
Profit | (791) | (1,880) | (57.9)
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests | (3) | (19) | (83.9)
Profit attributable to parent company | (794) | (1,899) | (58.2)

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(1) Not meaningful.

Net interest income

Net interest income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was net interest expense of €455 million, a 5.5% increase compared with the €432 million of net interest expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily as a result of higher expenses related to the purchase price allocation of Catalunya Banc.

Net fees and commissions

Net fees and commissions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was an expense of €110 million, a 24.7% increase compared with the €88 million expense recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €357 million, a 118.8% increase compared with the €163 million gain recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of higher gains of the ALCO management.

Other operating income and expenses, net

Other net operating income of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €197 million, a 2.9% increase compared with the €192 million of operating income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of the purchase price allocation of the current business of the insurance companies of Catalunya Banc(which contributed €9 million), partially offset by a €13 million decrease in the share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method.

Income and expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts

Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €21 million, a 9.4% increase compared with expenses of €19 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Administration costs

Administration costs of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 were €569 million, a 4.4% decrease compared with the €595 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a €49 million decrease in other administrative expenses, partially offset by an increase in personnel expenses. Among the main variations, branch allocation expenses decreased the costs by €70 million, and lower redundancy expenses decreased the costs by €21 million.

Impairment losses on financial assets, net

Impairment losses on financial assets, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was a loss of €37 million, compared with the €3 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of higher impairment of debt securities and higher country risk loan-loss provisions.

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled €139 million, an 9.5% decrease compared with the €154 million provisions recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to lower provisions for early retirements.

145

Operating profit/(loss) before tax

As a result of the foregoing, operating loss before tax of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was €1,084 million, compared with the €1,172 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations

Tax income related to loss from continuing operations of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to €293 million, compared with the €402 million of income recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, mainly as a result of a lower operating loss before tax. In addition, in 2015 there were higher tax deductions as a result of the sale of participations.

Profit from corporate operations, net

There was no profit from corporate operations, net of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016, whereas there was a €1,109 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015, which resulted from the sale of the 6.43% stake in CNCB.

Profit attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, the profit attributable to parent company of this operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 was a loss of €794 million, compared with the €1,899 million loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity risk management and controls are explained in Note 7.5.1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, information on encumbered assets is provided in Note 7.5.2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For information concerning our short-term borrowing, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Selected Statistical Information—Liabilities—Short-term Borrowings”.

Liquidity and finance management of the BBVA Group’s balance sheet seeks to fund the growth of the banking business at suitable maturities and costs, using a wide range of instruments that provide access to a large number of alternative sources of finance.

A core principle in the BBVA Group’s liquidity and finance management is the financial independence of its banking subsidiaries. This aims to ensure that the cost of liquidity is correctly reflected in price formation. Accordingly, we maintain a liquidity pool at an individual LMU level at each of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and our banking subsidiaries, including BBVA Compass, BBVA Bancomer, Garanti and our Latin American subsidiaries.

The table below shows the composition of the liquidity pool of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and each of our significant subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017:

| BBVA Eurozone (1) | BBVA Bancomer | BBVA Compass | Garanti | Others
| (In Millions of Euros)
Cash and balances with central banks | 15,634 | 8,649 | 2,150 | 6,692 | 6,083
Assets for credit operations with central banks | 47,429 | 5,731 | 24,039 | 5,661 | 6,333
Central governments issues | 26,784 | 3,899 | 2,598 | 5,661 | 6,274
Of Which: Spanish government securities | 20,836 | - | - | - | -
Other issues | 20,645 | 1,831 | 7,023 | - | 58
Loans | - | - | 14,417 | - | -
Other non-eligible liquid assets | 7,986 | 575 | 621 | 1,607 | 345
Accumulated available balance | 71,050 | 14,955 | 26,810 | 13,959 | 12,761
Average balance | 67,823 | 13,896 | 27,625 | 13,862 | 13,211

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(1) It includes Spain, Portugal and Rest of Eurasia.

Management of liquidity and structural finance within the BBVA Group is based on the principle of the financial autonomy of the entities that make it up. This approach helps prevent and limit liquidity risk by reducing the Group’s vulnerability in periods of high risk. This decentralized management also helps avoid possible contagion due to a crisis that could affect only one or several BBVA Group entities, which must cover their liquidity needs independently in the markets where they operate. Liquidity Management Units (LMUs) have been set up for this reason in the geographical areas where the main foreign subsidiaries operate, and also for the parent company of the Group (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A.), within the Euro currency scope, which LMU includes BBVA Portugal and Rest of Eurasia.

The Finance Division, through Global Asset Liabilities Management (ALM) manages the BBVA Group’s liquidity and funding. It plans and executes the funding of the long-term structural gap of each LMU and proposes to ALCO the actions to adopt in this regard in accordance with the policies and limits established by the Executive Committee.

As a first core element, the Bank’s targets in terms of liquidity and funding risk are centered on the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Loan-to-Stable-Customer-Deposits (LtSCD) ratio. LCR is a regulatory measurement aimed at ensuring entities’ resilience in a scenario of liquidity stress within a time horizon of 30 days. BBVA, within its risk appetite framework and its limits and alerts schemes, has established a requirement for compliance with the LCR ratio both for the Group as a whole and for each of the LMUs individually. The internal levels required were designed to comply in advance with the implementation of the regulatory requirements of 2018, at a level above 100%.

LCR came into force in Europe on October 1, 2015, with an initial 60% minimum requirement, progressively increased (phased-in) up to 100% in 2018. Throughout 2017, LCR at the BBVA Group remained above 100%. As of December 31, 2017, LCR was 128%.

Although this regulatory requirement is mandatory at a group level for Eurozone banks, the LCR of all of our banking subsidiaries exceeded 100% as of December 31, 2017. Liquidity excesses in subsidiaries are not deemed to be transferable to other subsidiaries when calculating the consolidated LCR. Excluding High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA), our consolidated LCR was 149% as of December 31, 2017, 21% above the required LCR.

For the purpose of establishing the (maximum) target levels for LtSCD in each LMU and providing an optimal funding structure reference in terms of risk appetite, Global Risk Management (“GRM”)-Structural Risks identifies and assesses the economic and financial variables that condition the funding structures in the various geographical areas. The behavior of the indicators reflects that the funding structure remained robust in 2017 and 2016, in the sense that all the LMUs maintained levels of self-funding with stable customer funds which were higher than the required levels.

The second core element in liquidity and funding risk management is the achievement of proper diversification of the funding structure, avoiding excessive reliance on short-term funding and establishing a maximum level of short-term borrowing comprising both wholesale funding as well as less stable funds from non-retail customers. Regarding long-term funding, its maturity profile does not show significant concentrations, which contributes to the adaptation of the anticipated securities issuance schedule to financial conditions of the markets. Moreover, concentration risk is monitored at the LMU level, with a view to ensuring the right diversification both by counterparty and by instrument type.

The third element promotes the short-term resilience of the liquidity risk profile, helping ensure that each LMU has sufficient collateral to address the risk of wholesale markets closing. Basic Capacity is the short-term liquidity risk management and control metric that is defined as the relationship between the available explicit assets, such as collaterals for central banks, and the maturities of wholesale liabilities and volatile funds, at different terms, with special relevance being given to 30-day maturities.

Our principal source of funds is our customer deposit base, which consists primarily of demand, savings and time deposits. In addition to relying on our customer deposits, we also access the interbank market (overnight and time deposits) and domestic and international capital markets for our additional liquidity requirements. To access the

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capital markets, we have in place a series of domestic and international programs for the issuance of commercial paper and medium- and long-term debt. Another source of liquidity is our generation of cash flow from our operations. Finally, we supplement our funding requirements with borrowings from the Bank of Spain and from the ECB or the respective central banks of the countries where our subsidiaries are located. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our borrowings from central banks.

The following table shows the balances as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 of our principal sources of funds (including accrued interest, hedge transactions and issue expenses):

|  | As of December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Deposits from central banks | 37,054 | 34,740 | 40,087
Deposits from credit institutions | 54,516 | 63,501 | 68,543
Customer deposits | 376,379 | 401,465 | 403,362
Debt certificates | 63,915 | 76,375 | 81,980
Other financial liabilities | 11,850 | 13,129 | 12,141
Total | 543,714 | 589,210 | 606,113

Customer deposits

Customer deposits amounted to €376,379 million as of December 31, 2017, compared with €401,465 million as of December 31, 2016 and €403,362 million as of December 31, 2015.

Our customer deposits, excluding assets sold under repurchase agreements, amounted to €367,300 million as of December 31, 2017 compared with €387,974 million as of December 31, 2016 and €380,094 million as of December 31, 2015.

The decline in customer deposits in 2017 was mainly as a result of the reclassification as non-current assets and liabilities held for sale of the assets and liabilities of BBVA Chile and the real estate business in Spain as a result of the agreements entered into with Scotiabank and Cerberus, respectively. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company—Capital Divestitures—2017—Agreement for the creation of a joint venture and transfer of the real estate business in Spain”.

Amounts due to credit institutions

Amounts due to credit institutions, including central banks, amounted to €91,570 million as of December 31, 2017, compared with €98,241 million as of December 31, 2016 and €108,630 million as of December 31, 2015. The decrease as of December 31, 2017 compared with December 31, 2016, was mainly attributable to the lower volume of deposits from credit institutions, as a result of the reclassification as non-current assets and liabilities held for sale of the assets and liabilities of BBVA Chile as a result of the agreement entered into with Scotiabank.

|  | As of December 31, |
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Deposits from credit institutions | 54,516 | 63,501 | 68,543
Deposits from central banks | 37,054 | 34,740 | 40,087
Total | 91,570 | 98,241 | 108,630

Capital markets

We make debt issuances in the domestic and international capital markets in order to finance our activities and as of December 31, 2017 we had €47,027 million of senior debt outstanding, comprising €42,561 million in bonds and debentures and €4,466 million in promissory notes and other securities, compared with €59,390 million, €58,173 million and €1,217 million outstanding as of December 31, 2016, respectively (€66,165 million, €65,517

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million and €648 million outstanding, respectively, as of December 31, 2015). See Note 22.4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition, we had a total of €17,153 million in subordinated debt and €163 million in preferred securities outstanding as of December 31, 2017, compared with €15,718 million and €987 million outstanding as of December 31, 2016, respectively.

The breakdown of the outstanding subordinated debt and preferred securities by issuer, maturity, interest rate and currency is disclosed in Appendix VI of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following is a breakdown as of December 31, 2017 of the maturities of our debt securities (including bonds) from credit institutions and subordinated liabilities. Regulatory equity instruments have been classified according to their contractual maturity:

| Demand | Up to 1 Month | 1 to 3 Months | 3 to 12 Months | 1 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
Senior debt | 29 | 1,831 | 4,688 | 3,403 | 31,348 | 5,837 | 47,026
Subordinated debt and preferred securities | 109 | - | 4 | 69 | 4,378 | 12,755 | 17,316
Total | 139 | 1,831 | 4,692 | 3,472 | 35,726 | 18,591 | 64,341

Generation of Cash Flow

We operate in Spain, Mexico, Turkey, the United States and over 30 other countries, mainly in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Our banking subsidiaries around the world, including BBVA Compass, are subject to supervision and regulation by a variety of regulatory bodies relating to, among other things, the satisfaction of different solvency, resolution and/or governance requirements. The obligation to satisfy such requirements may affect the ability of our banking subsidiaries, including BBVA Compass, to transfer funds to us in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. In addition, under the laws of the various jurisdictions where our subsidiaries, including BBVA Compass, are incorporated, dividends may only be paid out of funds legally available and, in certain cases, subject to the prior approval of the competent regulatory or supervisory authorities. For example, BBVA Compass is incorporated in Alabama and under Alabama law it is not able to pay any dividends without the prior approval of the Superintendent of Banking of Alabama if the dividend would exceed the total net earnings for the year combined with the bank’s retained net earnings of the preceding two years.

Even where any applicable requirements are met and funds are legally available, the relevant regulator could advise against the transfer of funds to us in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances, for prudence reasons or otherwise.

There is no assurance that in the future other similar restrictions will not be adopted or that, if adopted, they will not negatively affect our liquidity. The geographic diversification of our businesses, however, may help to limit the effect on the Group of any restrictions that could be adopted in any given country.

We believe that our working capital is sufficient for our present requirements and to pursue our planned business strategies.

See Note 51 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Capital

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, equity is calculated in accordance with current regulation on minimum capital base requirements for Spanish credit institutions – both as individual entities and as a consolidated group. Such regulation dictates how to calculate such equity levels, as well as the various internal capital adequacy assessment processes they should have in place and the information they should disclose to the market.

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The minimum capital base requirements established by the current regulation are calculated according to the Group’s exposure to credit and dilution risk, counterparty and liquidity risk relating to the trading portfolio, exchange-rate risk and operational risk. In addition, the Group must fulfill the risk concentration limits established in said regulation and the internal corporate governance obligations.

As a result of the most recent SREP carried out by the ECB in 2017, we have been informed by the ECB that, effective from January 1, 2018, we are required to maintain (i) a CET1 phased-in capital ratio of 8.4375% (on a consolidated basis) and 7.875% (on an individual basis); and (ii) a phased-in total capital ratio of 11.9375% (on a consolidated basis) and 11.375% (on an individual basis).

This phased-in total capital ratio of 11.9375% on a consolidated basis includes (i) the minimum CET1 capital ratio required under “Pillar 1” (4.5%); (ii) the “Pillar 1” Additional Tier 1 capital requirement (1.5%); (iii) the “Pillar 1” Tier 2 capital requirement (2%); (iv) the additional CET1 capital requirement under “Pillar 2” (1.5%); (v) the capital conservation buffer (1.875% CET1); and (vi) the D-SIB buffer (0.5625% CET1).

Since BBVA was not part of the list of global systemically important financial institutions (which is updated every year by the Financial Stability Board (FSB)) as of January 1, 2018, the G-SIB buffer will not apply to BBVA in 2018. The FSB or the Bank of Spain may include BBVA in this list in the future.

However, the Bank of Spain announced on November 24, 2017 that the Bank will continue to be considered a D-SIB, and consequently the Bank is required to maintain a D-SIB buffer of a CET1 capital ratio of 0.75% on a consolidated basis. The D-SIB buffer is being phased-in from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2019, with the result that the D-SIB buffer applicable to the Bank for 2018 is a CET1 capital ratio of 0.5625% on a consolidated basis.

Our consolidated ratios as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows:

| As of December 31, | As of December 31, | % Change
| 2017 | 2016 | 2017-2016
| (In Millions of Euros)
Ordinary Tier I Capital | 50,935 | 54,339 | (6.3)
Adjustments | (8,594) | (6,969) | 23.3
Mandatory convertible bonds | - | - | -
CORE CAPITAL ( a) | 42,341 | 47,370 | (10.6)
Preferred securities | 6,296 | 6,496 | (3.1)
Adjustments | (1,657) | (3,783) | (56.2)
CAPITAL (TIER I) (b) | 46,980 | 50,083 | (6.2)
OTHER ELIGIBLE CAPITAL (TIER II) ( c) | 8,798 | 8,810 | (0.1)
CAPITAL BASE (TIER I + TIER II) ( d) | 55,778 | 58,893 | (5.3)
Minimum capital requirement | 29,030 | 31,116 | (6.7)
CAPITAL SURPLUS | 26,748 | 27,777 | (3.7)
RISK WEIGHTED ASSETS (RWA) ( e) | 362,875 | 388,951 | (6.7)
BIS RATIO (d)/( e) | 15.37% | 15.14% |
CORE CAPITAL (a)/ ( e) | 11.67% | 12.18% |
TIER I (b)/ ( e) | 12.95% | 12.88% |
TIER II ( c)/( e) | 2.42% | 2.27% |

As of December 31, 2017, the phased-in Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) stood at 11.67%, decreasing by 51 basis points with respect to December 31, 2016. This decrease was mainly attributable to the phase-in calendar concerning minority interests and deductions which increased to 80% in 2017 from 60% in 2016, which had a negative impact of 57 basis points in the year-on-year change. In addition, the CET1 ratio was adversely affected by corporate transactions carried out during 2017, in particular the acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti and the sale of a 2.14% stake in CNCB. Both transactions had a combined negative impact on the ratio of 13 basis points. These effects were partially offset by the organic generation of capital as a result of the increased profit, net of dividends paid and remunerations.

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The recognition of impairment losses of €1,123 million in connection with our stake in Telefónica, S.A. in 2017 had no impact on our equity or the capital ratios since these unrealized losses were already accounted for.

During 2017, the BBVA Group continued to strengthen its capital position with the issuance of two series of new perpetual securities contingently convertible into shares, classified as additional Tier 1 equity instruments (contingent convertible securities) amounting to €500 million and $1,000 million, respectively. The amount of the latter issuance was not included in the Group’s Tier 1 capital as of December 31, 2017 as the required authorization from the supervisor for its inclusion had not been received as of such date. This authorization was received at the start of 2018.

Regarding Tier 2 instruments, in 2017 Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. issued subordinated debt in an aggregate amount of €1,500 million, and Garanti issued subordinated debt in an aggregate amount of $750 million.

Finally, the total phased-in capital ratio stood at 15.37% as of December 31, 2017, reflecting the effects discussed above.

These levels were above the requirements established by the ECB in its SREP letter and the systemic buffers applicable to the BBVA Group for the CET1 ratio in 2017 (11.125%).

Risk-weighted assets as of December 31, 2017 decreased by approximately 6.7% compared to December 31, 2016, mainly as a result of the depreciation of certain local currencies and the efficient management and allocation of capital in line with the strategic objectives of the Group.

## C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

In 2017, we continued to foster the use of new technologies as a key component of our global development strategy. We explored new business and growth opportunities, focusing on three major areas: emerging technologies; digital banking; and data driven initiatives, in each case with the customer as the focal point of our banking business.

The BBVA Group is not materially dependent on the issuance of patents, licenses and industrial, mercantile or financial contracts or on new manufacturing processes in carrying out its business purpose.

## D. Trend Information

The European financial services sector is expected to remain competitive in the current challenging environment. Further consolidation in the sector through mergers, acquisitions or alliances, might be possible. Some banks have exited some lines of their non-core businesses and activities.

There are four main trends that are expected to shape the sector profitability in the future: the slow economic recovery, the low (or even negative) interest rate environment, the surge of alternative finance providers and the completion and the implementation of the already existing financial regulatory reforms. At the same time there are new and evolving risks, such as market based and asset management activities, misconduct risks and the decline of correspondent banking, among others.

For a discussion on the slow economic recovery trend, see “―Operating Results―Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations and Financial Condition―Operating Environment”. Regarding the second trend, the impact of the ultra-expansionary monetary policy is significant in the sector’s results, where the reductions of credit interest rates cannot be compensated by a similar contraction of the deposit rates as customers are not accustomed to negative deposit rates and that funding source is crucial for banks. This is particularly important in a country like Spain, where mortgages account for a significant proportion of credit (more than 40%) and nine out of 10 mortgages are estimated to be on variable rates. Further, alternative finance providers are growing very fast in line with technological advances and becoming a very important competitor for the banking industry (see also “Item 4. Information on the Company―Competition”). These entities, which form part of the shadow

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banking sector, do not have to comply with a regulation scheme as strict as that applicable to banks. Finally, regarding the fourth trend, it is possible that, in the framework of the banking union and in the inception of the capital markets union, regulatory changes and enhanced institutional architecture might contribute to a more competitive and less fragmented landscape. Having said that, a comprehensive analysis and understanding of the already implemented regulatory changes would be needed before the introduction of new measures.

There are still some challenges to be addressed, such as the banking conduct and culture and their implications on consumer and investor protection issues. An ethical behavior is of the utmost importance for the banking business to recover the trust that was lost during the last financial crisis.

Financial stability and consumer protection are the final goals of the global financial regulatory reform that started nine years ago. However, if such reform is applied locally, inconsistently and heterogeneously, it can lead to divergences, regulatory inconsistencies and regulatory arbitrages with unintended consequences. In addition to that, the lack of homogeneity at the European level makes it difficult for investors to evaluate financial institutions and often impose additional burdens on financial institutions. This could reduce the potential synergies for the Group, as it might not be allowed to sell the same products across all the jurisdictions in which it carries out its activities.

Regarding consumer protection rules, the European Commission proposed on February 10, 2016 the application of the revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) and Regulation (MiFIR) of the European Parliament and of the European Council be delayed by one year until January 3, 2018. Six days later, the European Parliament also proposed the deferral of its transposition into national legislation for one year, until July 3, 2017. This decision responded to concerns expressed by the European Securities and Markets Authority (the “ESMA”) regarding the fact that neither the competent authorities, nor market participants, would have the necessary information technology systems ready in time for earlier implementation.

Broadly, MiFID II / MiFIR goals are fostering investor protection, enhancing market transparency, multilateral trading (instead of bilateral or OTC trading) and competition and improving corporate governance and compliance, all at the same time. It represents a significant overhaul of MiFID -that came into force in 2007- and will have a significant impact in European markets and all types of financial instruments, both equity and non-equity. It represents a significant effort in terms of costs for regulators, supervisors and financial entities to adapt their systems to the new requirements.

For fostering investor protection, MiFID II / MiFIR establish (i) stricter requirements for product design, distribution and follow-up; (ii) tougher conditions for the provision of independent services; (iii) the prohibition, subject to certain exceptions, of any remuneration, discount or non-monetary benefit in exchange for advisory services, including research and (iv) a detailed cost disclosure.

The greater pre-trade transparency and multilateral trading in markets might result in narrower margins due to a compression of spreads and in a change of paradigm in the competitive landscape. In addition, the higher post-trade transparency may have unintended consequences as a result of the availability of public information related to transactions closed on book positions.

Another key regulation for consumer protection in Europe is the Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products (“PRIIPs”). The original proposal from the European Commission was released on July 3, 2012 and the regulation on Key Information Documents (“KIDs”) for PRIIPS was passed and published in the Official Journal of the EU on November 26, 2014 and was expected to become effective on January 1, 2017. However, the Commission decided to extend by one year the implementation of the PRIIPS regulation in order to align its implementation with MiFID II and assure a smooth implementation for European consumers and ensure legal certainty for the sector.

The PRIIPs regulation aims at increasing transparency and comparability among investment products. As such, financial institutions have to provide consumers with the most relevant information to make their investment decisions with a clear understanding of all the risks, costs and possible performance scenarios involved. The European Supervisory Authorities (“ESAs”) launched a Joint Consultation Paper on November 10, 2015 with the proposed Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS) that define the Level 2 requirements of the PRIIPs Regulation, including both presentation and content of the KIDs. On June 30, 2016 the Commission adopted a delegated act setting the RTS specifying the content and underlying methodology of the KIDs. However, on September 14, 2016

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the European Parliament voted down the delegated act and called for certain modifications. The final version of the RTS was published in the Official Journal of the EU on April 8, 2017 and is in effect from January 1, 2018.

Furthermore, there are other challenges to be mentioned within the Euro Area such as the possibility of several countries imposing new taxes on the financial industry (such as bank levies, financial activity taxes or FTT). In addition, there is an agreement to introduce a FTT at the European Union level. Such proposal was made by the European Commission for introducing a tax within eleven Member States of the European Union. The introduction of such tax was initially expected by January 1, 2014 but it was later postponed to January 1, 2016, then to mid-2016 and is now stalled because it lost the support of one Member State.

Differing tax regimes could set incentives for banks to operate, or transactions to take place, in those geographies where the tax pressure is lower. The implementation of new regulations in countries where we operate which results in increased tax pressure could have a material impact on our profitability.

The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) is binding since January 2015, and the bail-in tool since 2016. The BRRD sets a common framework for all EU countries with the intention to pre-empt bank crises and resolve financial institutions in an orderly manner in the event of failure, whilst preserving essential bank operations and minimizing taxpayers’ costs, thus helping to restore confidence in Europe’s financial sector. The bail-in tool implies that a bank’s creditors will be written-down or converted into equity in a resolution scenario, and that they should afford much of the burden to help recapitalize a failed bank instead of taxpayers. For that to be effective, the BRRD requires banks to have enough liabilities that could be eligible to bail-in – the Minimum Required Eligible Liabilities (MREL). Despite the impact on banks’ liability structure, we believe the introduction of the bail-in tool and the MREL enhances banks’ fundamentals, encourages positive discrimination between issuers, breaks down the sovereign-banking link and increases market discipline.

The EBA submitted on December 14, 2016 its final report on the implementation and design of the MREL framework, which contains a number of recommendations to amend the current MREL framework. Additionally, the EU Banking Reforms contain the legislative proposal of the European Commission for the amendment of the MREL framework and the implementation of the TLAC standards.

The legislative proposal which is currently under negotiations in the EU Council and the EU Parliament, is aimed at amending both the current banking prudential and resolution frameworks. The revision includes the implementation of several international standards into EU law (some regulatory pieces adopted by the Basel Committee after 2010 and the TLAC standard) and the introduction of a package of technical improvements. In parallel, a legislative proposal to harmonize creditor hierarchy of senior debt across the EU was approved through a fast track process at the end of 2017. EU Member States must transpose this in order to align their creditor hierarchies by creating a new class of debt “senior non-preferred debt” which ranks below traditional senior debt but above subordinated debt. This new class of liabilities will be fully eligible to count towards banks’ MREL requirements.

The negotiations for the rest of the package are not expected to conclude before the end of 2018, following which Member States will have at least one year to transpose or to comply with the directives and regulations. Therefore, at this stage, there is still uncertainty concerning important matters such as the definitive calibration of MREL for EU banks.

E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In addition to loans, we had outstanding the following amounts of our off-balance sheet arrangements as of the dates indicated:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Bank guarantees | 38,889 | 39,722 | 39,971
Letters of credit | 8,781 | 10,210 | 9,367
Total financial guarantees given | 47,671 | 49,932 | 49,338

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In addition to the off-balance sheet arrangements described above, the following tables provide information regarding commitments to extend credit and assets under management as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Credit institutions | 946 | 859 | 921
Government and other government agencies | 2,198 | 3,110 | 2,570
Other resident sectors | 32,990 | 28,323 | 27,334
Non-resident sector | 58,133 | 74,961 | 92,795
Total contingent liabilities | 94,268 | 107,253 | 123,620
Total contingent risks and contingent liabilities | 141,939 | 157,185 | 172,958

| As of December 31,
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
Mutual funds | 60,939 | 55,037 | 54,419
Pension funds | 33,985 | 33,418 | 31,542
Customer portfolios | 36,901 | 40,805 | 42,074
Other resources | 3,081 | 2,831 | 3,786
Total assets under management | 134,906 | 132,091 | 131,822

See Notes 33 and 36 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information with respect to our off-balance sheet arrangements.

F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

Our consolidated contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017 based on when they are due, were as follows:

| Less Than One Year | One to Three Years | Three to Five Years | Over Five Years | Total
| (In Millions of Euros)
Senior debt | 9,841 | 11,927 | 19,421 | 5,837 | 47,026
Subordinated debt and preferred securities | 182 | 1,429 | 2,950 | 12,755 | 17,316
Deposits from customers | 341,447 | 14,932 | 4,349 | 15,650 | 376,380
Capital lease obligations | - | - | - | - | -
Operating lease obligations | 343 | 301 | 531 | 2,410 | 3,584
Purchase obligations | 29 | - | - | - | 29
Post-employment benefits (1) | 871 | 1,504 | 1,165 | 1,982 | 5,522
Insurance commitments (2) | 1,560 | 1,119 | 1,502 | 5,042 | 9,223
Total (3) | 354,274 | 31,213 | 29,917 | 43,676 | 459,080

(1) Represents the Group’s estimated aggregate amounts for pension commitments in defined-benefit plans and other post-employment commitments (such as early retirement and welfare benefits), based on certain actuarial assumptions. Post-employment benefits are detailed in Note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2) Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts.

(3) The majority of the senior and subordinated debt was issued at fixed rates (see Note 22.4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Floating-rate amounts were calculated based on the conditions prevailing as of December 31, 2017. The

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financial cost of such issuances for 2017, 2016 and 2015 is detailed in Note 37.2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

Our Board of Directors is committed to a good corporate governance system in the design and operation of our corporate bodies in the best interests of the Company and our shareholders.

Our Board of Directors is subject to Board Regulations that reflect and implement the principles and elements of BBVA’s concept of corporate governance. These Board Regulations comprise standards for the internal management and operation of the Board and its Committees, as well as the rights and obligations of directors in the performance of their duties, which are contained in the directors’ charter.

General shareholders’ meetings are subject to their own set of regulations on issues such as how they operate and what rights shareholders enjoy regarding such meetings. These establish the possibility of exercising or delegating votes over remote communication media.

Our Board of Directors has approved a report on corporate governance and a report on directors’ remuneration for 2017, according to the forms set forth under Spanish regulation for listed companies.

Shareholders and investors may find the documents referred to above on our website (www.bbva.com).

Our website was created as an instrument to facilitate information and communication with shareholders. It provides special direct access to all information considered relevant to BBVA’s corporate governance system in a user-friendly manner. In addition, all the information required by article 539 of the Corporate Enterprises Act can be accessed on BBVA’s website (www.bbva.com).

A. Directors and Senior Management

We are managed by a Board of Directors that, once the pending acceptances and approvals indicated below (see “—The Board of Directors”), are obtained, will be composed of 15 members.

Pursuant to article 1 of the Board Regulations, Bank directorships may be executive or non-executive. Executive directors are those who perform management functions in the Company or its Group entities, regardless of the legal relationship they have with such companies. All other Board members will be considered non-executives and they may be proprietary, independent or other external directors.

Independent directors are those non-executive directors who have been appointed in view of their personal and professional background who can perform their duties without being constrained by their relations with the Company or its Group, its significant shareholders or its executives. Under the Board Regulations, directors cannot be deemed independent if they:

(a) have been employees or executive directors in Group companies, unless three or five years have elapsed, respectively since they ceased as employees or executive directors, as the case may be;

(b) receive from the Company or its Group entities, any amount or benefit for an item other than remuneration for their directorship, except where the sum is insignificant. This does not include either dividends or pension supplements that a director may receive due to a former professional or employment relationship, provided these are unconditional and, consequently, the company paying them may not at its own discretion, suspend, amend or revoke their accrual unless there has been a breach of duty;

(c) are partners of the external auditor or in charge of the audit report or have been so in the last three years, whether the audit in question was carried out on the Company or any other Group entity;

(d) are executive directors or senior managers of another company in which a Company’s executive director or senior manager is an external director;

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(e) maintain any significant business relationship with the Company or with any Group company or have done so over the last year, either in their own name or as a significant shareholder, director or senior manager of a company that maintains or has maintained such a relationship. Business relationship here means any relationship as supplier of goods or services, including financial goods or services, and as advisor or consultant;

(f) are significant shareholders, executive directors or senior managers of any entity that receives, or has received over the last three years, donations from the Company or its Group. Those persons who are merely trustees in a foundation receiving donations shall not be deemed to be included under this letter;

(g) are spouses, or spousal equivalents or related up to second degree of kinship to an executive director or senior manager of the Company;

(h) have not been proposed by the Appointments Committee for appointment or renewal;

(i) have held a directorship for a continuous period of more than 12 years; or

(j) are related to any significant shareholder or shareholder represented on the Board of Directors under any of the circumstances described under letters (a), (e), (f) or (g) above. In the event of kinship relationships mentioned in letter (g), the limitation will apply not only with respect to the shareholder, but also with respect to their proprietary directors in the company in which the shareholder holds an interest.

Directors who hold shares in the Bank may be considered independent provided they comply with the above conditions and their shareholding is not legally considered to be significant.

Regulations of the Board of Directors

The principles and elements comprising our corporate governance are set forth in our Board Regulations, which govern the internal procedures and the operation of the Board and its Committees and directors’ rights and duties as described in their charter.

The full text of the Board Regulations can be found on the Bank’s corporate website (www.bbva.com).

The following provides a brief description of several significant matters covered in the Regulations of the Board of Directors.

Performance of Directors’ Duties

Directors must comply with their duties as defined by legislation and by our Bylaws in a manner that is faithful to the interests of the Company.

They will participate in the deliberations, discussions and debates on matters submitted for their consideration, expressing their opposition when they consider that a draft resolution submitted to the Board may be contrary to the Company’s interests and will be appraised of the necessary information to be able to form their own opinions regarding questions corresponding to our corporate bodies. They may request any additional information and advice they require to comply with their duties. They must devote to their duties the time and effort which is necessary to perform them efficiently and they are obliged to attend the meetings of corporate bodies and of the Board Committees on which they sit, unless they can justify the reason for their absence.

The directors may also request the Board of Directors for assistance from external experts on matters subject to their consideration whose special complexity or importance so requires.

Conflicts of Interest

The rules comprising the BBVA directors’ charter detail different situations in which conflicts of interest could arise between directors, their family members and/or organizations with which they are linked, and the BBVA Group. They set out procedures for such cases, in order to avoid conduct contrary to our best interests. The rules contained in the BBVA Board of Directors’ charter are in line with the specific regulation established on the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act.

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These rules help ensure directors’ conduct reflects stringent ethical codes, in keeping with applicable standards and according to core values of the BBVA Group.

Incompatibilities

Directors are also subject to the rules on limitations and incompatibilities established under the applicable regulations at any time and, in particular, to the provisions of Spanish Law 10/2014 and Circular 2/2016, of the Bank of Spain, for credit institutions on supervision and solvency. A director of BBVA may not be a director in companies in which the Group or any of the Group companies hold a stake, subject to the exceptions set forth below. Non-executive directors may hold a directorship in the Bank’s associated companies or in any other Group company provided the directorship is not related to the Group’s holding in such companies. As an exception and when proposed by the Bank, executive directors are able to hold directorships in companies directly or indirectly controlled by the Bank with the approval of the Executive Committee, and in other associated companies with the approval of the Board of Directors.

Directors may not provide professional services to enterprises competing with the Bank or any of the Group entities, unless they have received express prior authorization from the Board of Directors or the general shareholders’ meeting, as the case may be, or unless such services or activities were provided or performed before they became directors of the Bank, they do not involve effective competition with the Bank and they were reported to the Bank at the time of appointment.

Term of Directorships and Director Age Limit

Directors will stay in office for the term set out in our Bylaws (three years). If they have been co-opted, they will stay in office until the first general shareholders’ meeting is held. The general shareholders’ meeting may then ratify their appointment for the term of office established under our Bylaws.

BBVA’s Board of Directors Regulations establishes an age limit for sitting on the Bank’s Board. Directors must present their resignation at the first meeting of the Bank’s Board of Directors to be held after the general shareholders’ meeting that approves the accounts for the year in which they reach the age of seventy-five years.

Appointment and Re-election of Directors

The proposals that the Board submits to the Company’s general shareholders’ meeting for the appointment or re-election of directors and the appointments the Board makes directly to cover vacancies, exercising its powers of co-option will be approved at the proposal of the Appointments Committee in the case of independent directors, and following a report from said Committee for all other directors.

In all such cases the proposal must be accompanied by a report of the Board explaining the grounds on which the Board of Directors has assessed the competence, experience and merits of the candidate proposed, which will be attached to the minutes of the general shareholders’ meeting or of the Board of Directors.

To such end, the Appointments Committee will evaluate the balance of skills, knowledge and expertise on the Board of Directors, as well as the conditions that candidates should display to fill the vacancies arising, assessing the dedication necessary to be able to suitably perform their duties in view of the needs that the Company’s governing bodies may have at any time.

Directors’ Resignation and Dismissal

Furthermore, in the following circumstances, reflected in the Board Regulations, directors must place their office at the disposal of the Board of Directors and accept its decision regarding their continuity or non-continuity in office. Should the Board resolve they do not continue in office, they will be obliged to tender their resignation:

· when they are affected by circumstances of incompatibility or prohibition as defined under prevailing legislation, in our Bylaws or in the Board Regulations;

· when significant changes occur in their professional or personal situation that may affect the condition by virtue of which they were appointed to the Board of Directors;

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· when they are in serious dereliction of their duties as directors;

· when for reasons attributable to the director in his or her condition as such, serious damage has been done to the Company’s net worth, credit or reputation; or

· when they lose their suitability to hold the position of director of the Bank.

Evaluation

Article 17 of the Board Regulations indicates that the Board of Directors will assess the quality and efficiency of the Board’s operation and will assess the performance of the duties of the Chairman of the Board (process which will be led by the Lead Director). Such assessment will always begin with the report submitted by the Appointments Committee. Likewise, the Board will carry out the evaluation of the operation of its Committees, on the basis of the report that each Committee submits to the Board of Directors.

Moreover, article 5 of the Board Regulations establishes that the Chairman, who is responsible for the efficient running of the Board of Directors, will organize and coordinate the periodic assessment of the Board’s performance with the Chairs of the relevant Committees. Pursuant to the provisions of the Board Regulations, as in previous years, in 2017 the Board of Directors assessed the quality and efficiency of its own operation and of its Committees, as well as the performance of the duties of the Chairman both as Chairman of the Board and as first executive of the Bank.

The Board of Directors

Our 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting held on March 16, 2018 approved to establish the number of members of the Board of Directors in 15. Currently, our Board of Directors comprises 13 members, including one member who was elected at such 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting but whose suitability has not yet been approved by our supervisor (the ECB). Two additional individuals were elected to our Board at such meeting but have not yet accepted their appointment. As a result, as a Spanish corporate law matter, such individuals are not yet considered to be members of our Board of Directors. In addition, the suitability of such individuals has not yet been approved by our supervisor.

The following table sets forth the names of the members of the Board of Directors as of that date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, their date of appointment and, if applicable, re-election, their current positions and their present principal outside occupation and main employment history.

Name | Birth Year | Current Position | Date Nominated | Date Re-elected | Present Principal Outside Occupation and Employment History(*)
Francisco González Rodríguez(1) | 1944 | Group Executive Chairman | January 28, 2000 | March 11, 2016 | Chairman of the Board of Directors and Group Executive Chairman of BBVA since January 2000; Director of Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer, S.A. de C.V. and BBVA Bancomer S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer.
Carlos Torres Vila (1) (6) | 1966 | Chief Executive Officer | May 4, 2015 | March 11, 2016 | Chief Executive Officer of BBVA since May 2015. Chairman of the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee. Director of Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer, S.A. de C.V. and BBVA Bancomer S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer. He started at BBVA on September 2008 holding senior management posts such as Head of Digital Banking from March 2014 to May 2015 and BBVA Strategy & Corporate Development Director from January 2009 to March 2014.
Tomás Alfaro Drake(6) (4) | 1951 | External Director | March 18, 2006 | March 17, 2017 | Director of Internal Development and Professor in the Finance department of Universidad Francisco de Vitoria.
José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas (2) (3) (5) (7) | 1955 | Independent Director | March 13, 2015 | March 16, 2018 | Chairman of the Audit and Compliance Committee. Chairman of Ernst & Young Spain from 2004 to 2014, where he was a partner since 1987 and also held a series of senior offices, including Director of the Banking Group from 1989 to 2004 and Managing Director of the Audit and Advisory practices at Ernst & Young Italy and Portugal from 2008 to 2013.
Belén Garijo López (2) (4) | 1960 | Independent Director | March 16, 2012 | March 16, 2018 | Chair of the Remuneration Committee. Member of the Executive Board of Merck Group and CEO of Merck Healthcare, member of the Board of Directors of L’Oréal and Chair of the International Executive Committee of PhRMA, ISEC (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America).
José Manuel González-Páramo Martínez-Murillo | 1958 | Executive Director | May 29, 2013 | March 17, 2017 | Executive Director of BBVA since May 2013. Member of the European Central Bank (ECB) Governing Council and Executive Committee from 2004 to 2012. Chairman of European DataWarehouse GmbH. Head of BBVA’s Global Economics, Regulation and Public Affairs Area.
Sunir Kumar Kapoor (6) | 1963 | Independent Director | March 11, 2016 | Not applicable | President and CEO of UBmatrix Inc from 2005 to 2011. Executive Vice President and CMO of Cassatt Corporation from 2004 to 2005. Oracle Corporation, Vice President Collaboration Suite from 2002 to 2004. Founder and CEO of Tsola Inc from 1999 to 2001. President and CEO of E-Stamp Corporation from 1996 to 1999. Vice President of Strategy, Marketing and Planning of Oracle Corporation from 1994 to 1996. Currently, he is an independent consultant to various leading companies in the technology sector, such as cloud infrastructures or data analysis.
Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo(1) (5) (4) | 1947 | External Director | February 28, 2004 | March 17, 2017 | Was Partner of J&A Garrigues from 1977 to 2004, where he has also held a series of senior offices, including Director of M&A Department, Director of Banking and Capital Markets Department and member of its Management Committee.
Lourdes Máiz Carro (2) (3) (4) | 1959 | Independent Director | March 14, 2014 | March 17, 2017 | Was Secretary of the Board of Directors and Director of Legal Services at Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España from 2001 until 2016. Joined the Spanish State Counsel Corps (Cuerpo de Abogados del Estado) and from 1992 until 1993 she was Deputy to the Director in the Ministry of Public Administration. From 1993 to 2001 held various senior positions in the Public Administration.
José Maldonado Ramos(1)(3) (5) | 1952 | External Director | January 28, 2000 | March 16, 2018 | Was appointed Director and General Secretary of BBVA in January 2000. Took early retirement as Bank executive in December 2009.

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Juan Pi Llorens (2) (5) (6) | 1950 | Independent Director | July 27, 2011 | March 16, 2018 | Chairman of the Risk Committee. Had a professional career at IBM holding various senior posts at a national and international level including Vice President for Sales at IBM Europe, Vice President of Technology & Systems Group at IBM Europe and Vice President of the Finance Services Sector at GMU (Growth Markets Units) in China. He was executive President of IBM Spain.
Susana Rodríguez Vidarte (1)(3)(5) | 1955 | External Director | May 28, 2002 | March 17, 2017 | Professor of Strategy at the Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences at Universidad de Deusto. Doctor in Economic and Business Sciences from Universidad de Deusto.
Jan Paul Marie Francis Verplancke (**) | 1963 | Independent Director | March 16, 2018 | Not applicable | Was Director, Chief Information Officer, Group Head of Technology and Banking Operations, of Standard Chartered Bank, between 2004 and 2015. Before that, he held several positions in multinational companies, such as Vicepresident of Technology and Chief Information Officer, in the EMEA region of Dell (1999-2004) and Vicepresident of Information of the Youth Category (USA) of Levi Strauss (1998-1999).
(*) Where no date is provided, the position is currently held. (**) Appointed as director in the 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting held on March 16, 2018. As of the date of this Annual Report, the approval by our supervisor (the ECB) of Mr. Verplancke’s suitability as member of the Board is still pending. (1) Member of the Executive Committee. (2) Member of the Audit and Compliance Committee. (3) Member of the Appointments Committee. (4) Member of the Remuneration Committee. (5) Member of the Risk Committee. (6) Member of the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee. (7) Lead Director.

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Additionally, the Bank’s 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting held on March 16, 2018 resolved to appoint:

Jaime Félix Caruana Lacorte, who was born in 1952, and will foreseeably have the condition of independent director of the Bank. He was General Director of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) between 2009 and 2017. Between 2006 and 2009 he was Head of the Monetary, Capital Markets Department and Financial Counselor and General Manager at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), he was Chair of the Basel’s Banking Supervision Committee between 2003 and 2006, he was Governor of the Bank of Spain between 2000 and 2006, and he was General Manager of Banking Supervision at the Bank of Spain between 1999 and 2000.

Ana Cristina Peralta Moreno, who was born in 1961, and will foreseeably have the condition of independent director of the Bank. She was General Director of Risks and Member of the Management Committee of Banco Pastor, between 2008 and 2011. Before that, she held several positions at Bankinter, including Chief Risk Officer and Member of the Management Committee between 2004 and 2008. She has also held the position of independent director in Deutsche Bank SAE (2014-2018) and Banco Etcheverría (2013-2014).

Jaime Félix Caruana Lacorte and Ana Cristina Peralta Moreno have not yet accepted their appointment. As a result, as a Spanish corporate law matter, such individuals are not yet considered to be members of our Board of Directors. In addition, the suitability of such individuals has not yet been approved by our supervisor.

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Senior Management

Our senior managers were each appointed for an indefinite term. Their positions as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F are as follows:

Name | Current Position | Present Principal Outside Occupation and Employment History(*)
Francisco González Rodríguez | Group Executive Chairman | Chairman of the Board of Directors and Group Executive Chairman of BBVA since January 2000; Director of Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer, S.A. de C.V. and BBVA Bancomer S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer.
Carlos Torres Vila | Chief Executive Officer | Chief Executive Officer of BBVA since May 2015. Chairman of the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee. Director of Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer, S.A. de C.V. and BBVA Bancomer S.A., Institución de Banca Múltiple, Grupo Financiero BBVA Bancomer. He started at BBVA in September 2008 holding senior management posts such as Head of Digital Banking from March 2014 to May 2015 and BBVA Strategy & Corporate Development Director from January 2009 to March 2014.
José Manuel González-Páramo Martínez-Murillo | Head of Global Economics, Regulation & Public Affairs | Executive Director of BBVA since May 2013, and Head of BBVA’s Global Economics, Regulation and Public Affairs. Member of the ECB’s Governing Council and Executive Committee from 2004 to 2012. Chairman of European DataWarehouse GmbH.
Eduardo Arbizu Lostao | Head of Legal & Compliance | Head of Legal department of BBVA since 2002; Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of Retail Operations in Continental Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece) from 1997 to 2002 at Barclays.
Domingo Armengol Calvo | General Secretary | General Secretary of BBVA since 2009. Deputy Secretary of the Board from 2005 to 2009 and Head of the Institutional Legal Department of BBVA from 2000 to 2009.
Juan Asúa Madariaga | Head of Corporate & Investment Banking | Head of Corporate & Investment Banking in BBVA. Head of Spain and Portugal in BBVA from 2007 to 2012. Head of Corporate and Middle cap companies of Spain and Portugal in BBVA from 2006 to 2007.
Ricardo Forcano García | Head of Talent & Culture | Head of Talent & Culture since July 2016. Previously, he held other posts at BBVA such as Head of Business Development Growth Markets from 2015 to 2016 and Head of New Business Models from 2011 to 2012. Prior to joining BBVA he was Deputy Director of Corporate Strategy of Endesa from 2003 to 2007.
Ricardo Gómez Barredo | Head of Accounting & Supervisors | Head of Accounting & Supervisors since July 2016. Head of Global Accounting and Information Management from 2011 to 2016 and Head of Financial Planning and Management Control of BBVA’s Group from 2007 to 2011.
Ricardo Enrique Moreno García | Head of Engineering | Head of Engineering since May 2015. Previously he was Transformation Process Manager of the BBVA Group from 2006 to 2010 and Managing Director of BBVA Banco Francés from 2010 to 2015.
Eduardo Osuna Osuna | Mexico Country Manager | Mexico Country Manager since May 2015 and General Manager of BBVA Bancomer. Previously he was Head of Commercial Banking of BBVA Bancomer from 2010 to 2012 and Head of Government and Corporate Banking of BBVA Bancomer from 2012 to 2015.
Cristina de Parias Halcón | Spain Country Manager | Spain Country Manager since May 2015. Head of Spain and Portugal from 2014 to 2015 and Head of the Central Area in Spain from 2011 to 2014. She joined BBVA in 1998 and has held positions in digital business development, payment systems, Uno-e and consumer finance from 1998 to 2011.
David Puente Vicente | Head of Data | Head of Data since March 2017. Prior to this post, he was Head of Business Development Spain since May 2015. Previously, he held others posts at BBVA such as Head of New Business Models from 2004 to 2006 and Head of CEO’s Office from 2009 to 2012. He was Senior Associate at Mckinsey & Company from 2002 to 2004.
Francisco Javier Rodríguez Soler | Head of Strategy & M&A | Head of Strategy & M&A since May 2015. Prior to this post, he was Head of M&A and Corporate Development of BBVA from 2010 to 2015. Prior to joining BBVA in 2008, he was Head of Strategy and M&A of Endesa.
Jaime Sáenz de Tejada Pulido | Head of Finance | Head of Finance since May 2015. Head of Strategy and Finance from 2014 to 2015 and Head of Spain and Portugal from 2012 to 2014. Business Development Manager of Spain and Portugal at BBVA from 2011 to 2012. Central Area Manager of Madrid and Castilla La Mancha from 2007 to 2010.
Jorge Sáenz-Azcúnaga Carranza | Head of Country Monitoring | Head of Country Monitoring since July 2016. He joined BBVA in 1993 and he has held various senior posts such as Head of CEO Office from 2002 to 2005, Head of Strategy and Planning, Spain & Portugal from 2008 to 2013 and Country Networks - Head of Business Monitoring Spain, USA and Turkey from 2015 to 2016.
José Luis de los Santos Tejero | Head of Internal Audit | Head of Internal Audit since 2002 and senior manager since May 2015. From October 1999 until December 2001 he was Deputy Director of Internal Audit and Director of Methodology and Specialized Areas. Between June 1998 and October 1999 he was Director of Internal Audit of the Argentaria Group.
Rafael Salinas Martínez de Lecea | Head of Global Risk Management | Head of Global Risk Management since May 2015. Prior to this post, he was Head of Risk and Portfolio Management from 2006 to 2015 and CFO of Banco de Crédito Local de España from 2003 to 2005.
Derek Jensen White | Head of Customer and Client Solutions | Head of Customer and Client Solutions since 2016. Prior to joining BBVA he held various senior posts at Barclays such as Chief Customer Experience Officer, Global Retail & Business Banking from 2011 to 2013 and Chief Design & Digital Officer from 2013 to 2016.

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(*) Where no date is provided, positions are currently held.

B. Compensation

The provisions of BBVA’s Bylaws that relate to compensation of directors are in accordance with the relevant provisions of Spanish law. Furthermore, BBVA has a remuneration policy for BBVA directors (the “Directors’

Remuneration Policy”) which is aligned with the specific regulations applicable to credit institutions and the best practices on the market.

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Directors’ Remuneration Policy

The Directors’ Remuneration Policy for 2017, 2018 and 2019 was approved by the general shareholders’ meeting held on March 17, 2017, by a majority of 96.54%. This policy is available at our website (www.bbva.com).

BBVA has defined its Directors’ Remuneration Policy on the basis of the general principles of the Group’s remuneration policy, taking into consideration compliance with legal requirements applicable to credit institutions and those applicable in the different sectors in which it operates, as well as alignment with best market practices, while including items devised to reduce exposure to excessive risks and to adjust remuneration to the targets, values and long-term interests of the Group.

On the basis of the principles of the Group’s remuneration policy, and pursuant to the statutory requirements established by applicable regulations, BBVA has devised a specific incentives system for staff whose professional activities have a significant impact on the Group’s risk profile (the “Identified Staff”), which includes BBVA executive directors and BBVA Senior Management, that is aligned with the regulations and recommendations applicable to the remuneration schemes of this staff. The result is a remuneration scheme based, inter alia, on the following basic characteristics applicable to executive directors and Senior Management:

· Adequate balance between the fixed and variable components of total remuneration, in line with applicable regulations, designed to provide flexibility with regard to payment and amounts of the variable components, allowing for such components to be reduced, in part or in full, where appropriate. The proportion between the two components is established in accordance with the type of functions carried out by each beneficiary.

· The variable remuneration shall be based on effective risk management and linked to the level of achievement of financial and non-financial targets previously established and defined at the Group, area and individual level, that take into account present and future risks assumed and the Group’s long-term interests.

· The variable remuneration for each financial year will not accrue, or will accrue in a reduced amount, should a certain level of profit and capital ratio not be achieved, and it shall be subject to ex ante adjustments, so that it shall be reduced at the time of the performance assessment in the event of negative performance in the Group’s results or other parameters such as the level of achievement of budgeted targets.

· The annual variable remuneration shall be calculated on the basis of: (i) annual performance indicators (financial and non-financial); (ii) scales of achievement, as per the weightings allocated to each indicator; and (iii) a “target” annual variable remuneration, representing the amount of annual variable remuneration if 100% of the pre-established targets are met. The resulting amount shall constitute the annual variable remuneration of each beneficiary.

· The annual variable remuneration shall be subject to the following specific settlement and payment rules:

· 60% of the annual variable remuneration shall be deferred over a period of five years.

· 60% of the deferred portion of the annual variable remuneration shall be established in BBVA shares, whereas for the upfront portion, the share-based component shall be 50%.

· Shares vested as annual variable remuneration shall be subject to a lock-up for a one-year period after delivery, except for the transfer of those shares required to honor the payment of taxes.

· Additionally, upon vesting of the shares, executive directors will not be allowed to transfer a number of shares equivalent to twice their annual fixed remuneration for at least three years after their delivery. This shall likewise not apply to the transfer of those shares required to honor the payment of taxes.

· The deferred component of annual variable remuneration may be reduced, in part or in full, but never increased, based on the result of multi-year performance indicators aligned with the Group’s core risk

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management and control metrics, related to the solvency, capital, liquidity, funding or profitability, or to the share performance and recurring results of the Group, measured over a period of three years.

· The deferred component of annual variable remuneration, subject to the multi-year performance indicators, shall be delivered, if conditions are met, under the following schedule: 60% after the third year of deferral, 20% after the fourth year of deferral and 20% after the fifth year of deferral.

· Resulting cash portions of the deferred annual variable remuneration to be vested, after assessment of multi-year performance indicators, shall be updated according to the criteria established by the Board of Directors.

· No personal hedging strategies or insurance may be used in connection with remuneration or liability that may undermine the effects of alignment with sound risk management.

· The variable component of remuneration for a financial year shall be limited to a maximum amount of 100% of the fixed component of total remuneration, unless the general shareholders’ meeting resolves to increase this percentage up to a maximum of 200%.

· The entire annual variable remuneration shall be subject to malus and clawback arrangements during the whole deferral and lock-up period, as follows:

Up to 100% of the annual variable remuneration of each Identified Staff member corresponding to each financial year shall be subject to malus and clawback arrangements, both linked to a downturn in financial performance of the Bank as a whole, or of a specific unit or area, or of exposures generated by an Identified Staff member, when such downturn in financial performance arises from any of the following circumstances:

a) misconduct, fraud or serious infringement of the Code of Conduct and other applicable internal rules by an Identified Staff member;

b) regulatory sanctions or judicial convictions due to events that could be attributed to a specific unit or to the staff responsible for such events;

c) significant failure of risk management committed by the Bank or by a business or risk control unit, to which the willful misconduct or gross negligence of an Identified Staff member contributed; or

d) restatement of the Bank’s annual accounts, except where such restatement is due to a change in applicable accounting legislation.

For these purposes, the Bank will compare the performance assessment carried out for the Identified Staff member with the ex post evolution of some of the criteria that contributed to achieve the targets. Both malus and clawback will apply to the annual variable remuneration of the financial year in which the event giving rise to application of the malus and/or clawback arrangements occurred, and they may be applied during the entire period of deferral and lock-up applicable to the annual variable remuneration.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that these scenarios give rise to a dismissal or termination of contract of the Identified Staff member due to serious and guilty breach of duties, malus arrangements may apply to the entire deferred annual variable remuneration pending payment at the date of the dismissal or termination of contract, in light of the extent of the damage caused.

In any case, the variable remuneration is paid or vests only if it is sustainable considering the Group’s situation as a whole, and justified on the basis of the performance of the Bank, the business unit and of the Identified Staff member concerned.

As regards non-executive directors, their remuneration system, in accordance with the Bank’s Bylaws and Directors’ Remuneration Policy, is based on the criteria of responsibility, dedication and incompatibilities inherent to their role, and consists entirely of fixed remuneration.

Remuneration for non-executive directors received in 2017

The remuneration paid to the non-executive members of the Board of Directors during 2017 is indicated below in thousands of euros. The figures are given individually for each non-executive director and itemized. The table

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shows the non-executive members of the Board of Directors as of December 31, 2017. Certain changes were effected in the composition of our Board of Directors following the 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting held on March 16, 2018 (see “—A. Directors and Senior Management—The Board of Directors” for updated information on the composition of our Board and its Committees).

| Board of Directors | Executive Committee | Audit & Compliance Committee | Risks Committee | Remunerations Committee | Appointments Committee | Technology and Cybersecurity Committee | Total
Tomás Alfaro Drake | 129 | - | 71 | - | 25 | 102 | 43 | 370
José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas | 129 | - | 179 | 107 | - | 41 | - | 455
José Antonio Fernández Rivero | 129 | 167 | - | - | 43 | - | 25 | 363
Belén Garijo López | 129 | - | 71 | - | 80 | - | - | 280
Sunir Kumar Kapoor | 129 | - | - | - | - | - | 43 | 172
Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo | 129 | 167 | - | 107 | 25 | - | - | 427
Lourdes Máiz Carro | 129 | - | 71 | - | 25 | 41 | - | 266
José Maldonado Ramos | 129 | 167 | - | 62 | - | 41 | - | 399
Juan Pi Llorens | 129 | - | 71 | 125 | 45 | - | 43 | 412
Susana Rodríguez Vidarte | 129 | 167 | - | 107 | - | 41 | - | 443
Total (1) | 1,287 | 667 | 464 | 508 | 243 | 265 | 154 | 3,587

(1) Includes the amounts received for memberships of the different committees during 2017. The composition of these committees was modified on May 31, 2017. The composition of certain committees was further modified following the 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting held on March 16, 2018 (see “—A. Directors and Senior Management—The Board of Directors” for updated information on the composition of our Board and its Committees).

In addition, José Luis Palao García-Suelto and James Andrew Stott, who ceased as directors on March 17, 2017 and on May 31, 2017, respectively, received a total amount of €70 thousand and €178 thousand, respectively, as members of the Board of Directors and of the different Board committees.

Moreover, during 2017, €126 thousand was paid in healthcare and casualty insurance premiums for non-executive members of the Board of Directors.

Remuneration for executive directors received in 2017

During 2017, the executive directors received the amount of the fixed remuneration corresponding to that year, established in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

Likewise, the executive directors received the annual variable remuneration corresponding to 2016 which payment vested during the first quarter of 2017, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established under the former directors’ remuneration policy, approved by the general shareholders’ meeting held on March 13, 2015. In accordance with that settlement and payment system:

· The upfront payment of the annual variable remuneration for executive directors corresponding to 2016 (corresponding to 50% of the total annual variable remuneration) was made in equal parts in cash and in BBVA shares.

· The remaining 50% of the annual variable remuneration, both in cash and in shares, has been deferred in its entirety for a three-year period, with its accrual and payment subject to compliance with a series of multi-year indicators.

· All the shares delivered pursuant to the indicated rules will be subject to a lock-up for a one-year period from the date of delivery. This lock-up will be applied to the net amount of the shares, after discounting the amount of shares whose sale would be necessary to honor the payment of taxes accruing on the shares received.

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· A prohibition against hedging has been established, both regarding vested shares that have been delivered but are still subject to a lock-up and shares pending delivery.

· The deferred component of the annual variable remuneration will be subject to updating under the terms established by the Board of Directors.

· The variable component of the remuneration of executive directors corresponding to 2016 is limited to a maximum amount of 200% of the fixed component of total remuneration, as agreed by the general shareholders’ meeting.

Furthermore, following approval of the new Directors’ Remuneration Policy by the 2017 general shareholders’ meeting, the annual variable remuneration awarded for 2016 and subsequent years is subject to malus and clawback arrangements during the entire deferral and lock-up period, pursuant to the terms therein.

Likewise, in accordance with the settlement and payment system applicable to the annual variable remuneration for 2014 and 2013, pursuant to the applicable policy for said years, the executive directors have received the deferred component of the annual variable remuneration for those years, delivery of which was due in the first quarter of 2017.

The remuneration paid to the executive directors during 2017 is indicated below in thousands of euros, for cash amounts, and number of shares, for share amounts. The figures are given individually for each executive director and itemized:

| Fixed remuneration in cash | 2016 annual variable remuneration in cash (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in cash from previous years (2) | Total cash 2017 | 2016 annual variable remuneration in BBVA shares (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in BBVA shares from previous years (2) | Total shares 2017
Group Executive Chairman | 2,475 | 734 | 622 | 3,831 | 114,204 | 66,947 | 181,151
Chief Executive Officer | 1,965 | 591 | 182 | 2,738 | 91,915 | 19,703 | 111,618
Head of Global Economics, Regulation & Public Affairs (“Head of GERPA”) | 834 | 89 | 50 | 972 | 13,768 | 5,449 | 19,217
Total | 5,274 | 1,414 | 853 | 7,541 | 219,887 | 92,099 | 311,986

(1) Amounts corresponding to 50% of the 2016 annual variable remuneration.

(2) Amounts corresponding to the sum of the deferred component of the annual variable remuneration from previous years (2014 and 2013), and their corresponding updating in cash, payment or delivery of which was made in 2017, in accordance with the settlement and payment system applicable to the annual variable remuneration for 2014 and 2013, as broken down below:

Annual variable remuneration for 2014— The executive directors received the amount corresponding to the second third of the deferred annual variable remuneration for 2014, both in cash and shares: €321 thousand and 37,392 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €101 thousand and 11,766 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €32 thousand and 3,681 BBVA shares in the case of the Head of GERPA.

Annual variable remuneration for 2013—The executive directors received the amount corresponding to the last third of the deferred annual variable remuneration for 2013, both in cash and shares: €301 thousand and 29,555 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €81 thousand and 7,937 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €18 thousand and 1,768 BBVA shares in the case of the Head of GERPA.

As of December 31, 2017, the last third corresponding to the deferred variable remuneration for 2014 was pending payment, delivery of which has taken place in the first quarter of 2018, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established for that year.

In accordance with the conditions established in the settlement and payment system previously mentioned, 50% of executive directors’ annual variable remuneration corresponding to 2016 and 2015 remains deferred, to be paid in future years, where applicable, according to the aforementioned system.

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In addition, during 2017 executive directors received remuneration in kind, which includes insurance premiums and others, for a total aggregate amount of €217 thousand, of which €16 thousand corresponded to the Group Executive Chairman; €121 thousand to the Chief Executive Officer; and €79 thousand to the Head of GERPA.

Annual variable remuneration for executive directors for 2017

Following year-end 2017, the annual variable remuneration for executive directors corresponding to that year has been determined, applying the conditions established at the beginning of 2017, as set forth in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy, in the following terms:

· 40% of the annual variable remuneration corresponding to 2017 has been paid in the first quarter of 2018, in equal parts in cash and in shares, which amounts to €660 thousand and 90,933 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €562 thousand and 77,493 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €87 thousand and 12,029 BBVA shares in the case of the Head of GERPA.

· The remaining 60% has been deferred for a five-year period, subject to compliance with the multi-year performance indicators, and will vest, 40% in cash and 60% in shares, under the following schedule: 60% of the deferred component after the third year of deferral; 20% after the fourth year of deferral; and 20% after the fifth year of deferral. In accordance with the aforementioned, the maximum amount corresponding to the total deferred component that could be received by executive directors is as follows: €792 thousand and 163,680 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €675 thousand and 139,488 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €105 thousand and 21,654 BBVA shares in the case of the Head of GERPA.

The deferred component of the annual variable remuneration will be subject to compliance with the multi-year performance indicators determined by the Board of Directors at the beginning of the year, calculated over the first three years of deferral. The application of these indicators may lead to a reduction of the deferred component, in part or in full, but may in no event lead to an increase in its amount.

The remaining rules applicable for the settlement and payment of 2017 annual variable remuneration have been detailed under the subheading “—Directors’ Remuneration Policy”.

Remuneration for Senior Management received in 2017

During 2017, members of Senior Management have received the amount of the fixed remuneration corresponding to that year and the annual variable remuneration corresponding to 2016, which payment vested during the first quarter of 2017, according to the settlement and payment system set forth in the remuneration policy applicable to the Senior Management in that year. In accordance with that settlement and payment system:

· The upfront payment of the 2016 annual variable remuneration for members of the Senior Management (corresponding to 50% of the total annual variable remuneration) was made in equal parts in cash and in BBVA shares.

· The remaining 50% of the annual variable remuneration, both in cash and in shares, has been deferred in its entirety for a three-year period, with its accrual and payment subject to compliance with a series of multi-year indicators.

· All the shares delivered pursuant to the indicated rules shall be subject to a lock-up for a one-year period from the date of delivery. This lock-up will be applied to the net amount of the shares, after discounting the amount of shares whose sale would be necessary to honor the payment of taxes accruing on the shares received.

· A prohibition against hedging has been established, both regarding vested shares that have been delivered but are still subject to a lock-up and shares pending delivery.

· The deferred component of the annual variable remuneration will be subject to updating under the terms established by the Board of Directors.

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· The variable component of the remuneration corresponding to 2016 for the Senior Management is limited to a maximum amount of 200% of the fixed component of total remuneration as agreed by the general shareholders’ meeting.

Furthermore, the annual variable remuneration awarded for 2016 and subsequent years is subject to malus and clawback arrangements during the entire deferral and lock-up period.

The remuneration paid to members of the Senior Management as a whole, excluding executive directors, during 2017 is indicated below, in thousands of euros for cash amounts and number of shares for shares amounts.

| Fixed remuneration in cash | 2016 annual variable remuneration in cash (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in cash from previous years (2) | Total cash 2017 |  | 2016 annual variable remuneration in BBVA shares (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in BBVA shares from previous years (2) | Total shares 2017
Total Members of the Senior Management (*) | 15,673 | 2,869 | 1,016 | 19,558 |  | 441,596 | 110,105 | 551,701

(*) This section includes aggregate information regarding those who were members of the Senior Management, excluding executive directors, as of December 31, 2017 (15 members).

(1) Amounts corresponding to 50% of the 2016 annual variable remuneration.

(2) Amounts corresponding to the sum of the deferred component of the annual variable remuneration from previous years (2014 and 2013), and their corresponding updating in cash, payment or delivery of which was made in 2017 to members of the Senior Management who were entitled to them, as broken down below:

Annual variable remuneration for 2014— Members of the Senior Management, excluding executive directors, received the amount corresponding to the second third of the deferred annual variable remuneration for 2014, in an aggregate amount of €555 thousand and 64,873 BBVA shares.

Annual variable remuneration for 2013— Members of the Senior Management, excluding executive directors, received the amount corresponding to the last third of the deferred annual variable remuneration for 2013, in an aggregate amount of €461 thousand and 45,232 BBVA shares.

As of December 31, 2017, the last third corresponding to the deferred variable remuneration for 2014 was pending payment, delivery of which has taken place in the first quarter of 2018, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established for that year.

Likewise, 50% of members of the Senior Management’s annual variable remuneration corresponding to 2016 and 2015 remains deferred, to be paid in future years, where applicable, according to the settlement and payment system established for said years.

Additionally, during 2017, members of the Senior Management as a whole, excluding executive directors, have received remuneration in kind, which includes insurance premiums and others, for a total aggregate amount of €684 thousand.

Remuneration system in shares with deferred delivery for non-executive directors

BBVA has a remuneration system in shares with deferred delivery for its non-executive directors, which was approved by the general shareholders’ meeting held on March 18, 2006 and extended by resolutions of the general shareholders’ meetings held on March 11, 2011 and on March 11, 2016, respectively, for a further five-year period in each case.

This system is based on the annual allocation to non-executive directors of a number of “theoretical shares”, equivalent to 20% of the total remuneration in cash received by each director in the previous year, calculated

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according to the average closing prices of BBVA shares during the sixty trading sessions prior to the annual general shareholders’ meetings approving the corresponding financial statements for each year.

These shares will be vested, where applicable, to each beneficiary on the date they leave directorship for any reason other than serious breach of their duties.

The number of “theoretical shares” allocated in 2017 to each non-executive director beneficiary of the remuneration system in shares with deferred delivery, corresponding to 20% of the total remuneration received in cash by said directors in 2016, was as follows:

| Theoretical shares allocated in 2017 | Theoretical shares accumulated as of December 31, 2017
Tomás Alfaro Drake | 10,630 | 73,082
José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas | 14,002 | 23,810
José Antonio Fernández Rivero | 11,007 | 102,053
Belén Garijo López | 7,313 | 26,776
Sunir Kumar Kapoor | 4,165 | 4,165
Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo | 11,921 | 86,891
Lourdes Máiz Carro | 7,263 | 15,706
José Maldonado Ramos | 10,586 | 67,819
Juan Pi Llorens | 10,235 | 42,609
Susana Rodríguez Vidarte | 13,952 | 92,558
Total (1) | 101,074 | 535,469

(1) In addition, in 2017, 8,752 theoretical shares were allocated to José Luis Palao García-Suelto and 10,226 theoretical shares were allocated to James Andrew Stott, who ceased as directors on March 17, 2017 and on May 31, 2017, respectively.

Pension commitments

The Bank has undertaken pension commitments in favor of the Chief Executive Officer and the Head of GERPA, in accordance with the Bylaws, the Directors’ Remuneration Policy and their respective contracts entered into with the Bank, to cover retirement, disability and death.

As regards the Chief Executive Officer, the Directors’ Remuneration Policy provides for a new benefits framework whereby the previously applicable defined-benefits system has been transformed into a defined-contribution system, according to which he is entitled, provided he does not leave his position as Chief Executive Officer due to serious breach of his duties, to a retirement benefit on reaching the legal retirement age, as a lump sum or as income, which amount shall result from the funds accumulated by the Bank until December 2016 to cover the commitments under the previously applicable defined-benefits system and the sum of the annual contributions made by the Bank as of January 1, 2017, to cover the retirement benefit under the new defined-contribution system, along with the corresponding accumulated yields.

Should the contractual relationship be terminated before he reaches legal retirement age, for reason other than serious breach of his duties, the retirement benefit to which the Chief Executive Officer is entitled, when he reaches the age legally established, shall be calculated on the basis of the contributions made by the Bank up to that date, along with the corresponding accumulated yields, with no additional contributions to be made by the Bank upon his cessation of directorship.

The amount established in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy for the Chief Executive Officer, as an annual contribution to cover the retirement benefit under the new defined-contribution scheme, amounts to €1,642 thousand, amount which shall be updated in the same proportion as the annual fixed remuneration for the Chief Executive Officer, in the terms established in said Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

Likewise, pursuant to the Directors’ Remuneration Policy, 15% of the aforementioned agreed annual contribution shall be based on variable components and be considered “discretionary pension benefits”, thus subject

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to the conditions of delivery in shares, lock-up and clawback established in applicable regulations, as well as to those other conditions of variable remuneration applicable to them pursuant to the Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

On the other hand, the Bank will assume payment of the annual insurance premiums in order to top up the coverage for death and disability of the Chief Executive Officer’s benefits scheme, in the terms established in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

Pursuant to the foregoing, in 2017 an amount of €1,853 thousand was recorded to satisfy the benefits commitments undertaken with the Chief Executive Officer, an amount which includes the contribution to retirement coverage (€1,642 thousand), as well as to death and disability coverage (€211 thousand), with the total accumulated fund to cover retirement commitments amounting to €17,503 thousand as of December 31, 2017.

15% of the agreed annual contribution to retirement (€246 thousand) was recorded in 2017 as “discretionary pension benefits” and, following year-end 2017, said amount has been adjusted according to the criteria established for the determination of the Chief Executive Officer’s annual variable remuneration for 2017. Accordingly, the “discretionary pension benefits” for 2017 have been determined in an amount of €288 thousand, amount which will be included in the accumulated fund for pension commitments in 2018, subject to the same conditions as the deferred component of annual variable remuneration for 2017, as well as the conditions established in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

As regards the Head of GERPA, the pension scheme established in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy establishes an annual contribution of 30% of his fixed remuneration as of January 1, 2017, to cover retirement benefit, as well as payment of the corresponding annual insurance premiums in order to top up the coverage for death and disability.

As in the case of the Chief Executive Officer, 15% of the abovementioned agreed annual contribution, shall be based on variable components and be considered “discretionary pension benefits”, thus subject to the conditions of delivery in shares, lock-up and clawback established in applicable regulations, as well as to the other conditions of variable remuneration applicable to them pursuant to the Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

The Head of GERPA shall be entitled, on reaching legal retirement age, as a lump sum or as income, to the benefits arising from the contributions made by the Bank to cover pension commitments, plus the corresponding accumulated yields up to that date, provided he does not leave his position due to serious breach of his duties. In the event of voluntary termination of his contractual relationship before the legal retirement age, benefits shall be limited to 50% of the contributions made by the Bank to that date, along with the corresponding accumulated yields, with the Bank’s contributions ceasing upon the cessation of his directorship.

Pursuant to the foregoing, in 2017 an amount of €393 thousand was recorded to satisfy the benefits commitments undertaken with the Head of GERPA, an amount which includes the contribution to retirement coverage (€250 thousand), as well as to death and disability coverage (€143 thousand), with the total accumulated fund to cover retirement commitments amounting to €842 thousand as of December 31, 2017.

15% of the agreed annual contribution to retirement (€38 thousand) was registered in 2017 as “discretionary pension benefits” and, following year-end 2017, said amount has been adjusted according to the criteria established for the determination of the Head of GERPA’s annual variable remuneration for 2017. Accordingly, the “discretionary pension benefits” for 2017 have been determined in an amount of €46 thousand, amount which will be included in the accumulated fund in 2018, subject to the same conditions as the deferred component of annual variable remuneration for 2017, as well as the other conditions established in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy.

There are no other pension obligations undertaken in favor of other executive directors.

An amount of €5,630 thousand has been recorded to attend the benefits commitments undertaken with members of the Senior Management, excluding executive directors, an amount which includes the contribution to retirement coverage (€4,910 thousand), as well as to death and disability coverage (€720 thousand), with the total accumulated fund to cover retirement commitments with the Senior Management amounting to €55,689 thousand as of December 31, 2017.

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As in the case of executive directors, 15% of the annual contributions agreed for members of the Senior Management shall be based on variable components and be considered “discretionary pension benefits”, thus subject to the conditions of delivery in shares, lock-up and clawback established in applicable regulations, as well as to the other conditions of variable remuneration applicable to them pursuant to their remuneration policy.

Pursuant to the foregoing, from the annual contribution to cover retirement recorded in 2017, an amount of €585 thousand was recorded in 2017 as “discretionary pension benefits” and, following year-end 2017, said amount has been adjusted according to the criteria established for the determination of the Senior Management’s annual variable remuneration for 2017. Accordingly, the “discretionary pension benefits” for 2017 have been determined in an amount of €589 thousand, amount which will be included in the accumulated fund in 2018, subject to the same conditions as the deferred component of annual variable remuneration for 2017, as well as the other conditions established for these benefits in their remuneration policy.

Extinction of contractual relationship

In accordance with the Directors’ Remuneration Policy, approved by the 2017 general shareholders’ meeting, the Bank has no commitments to pay severance indemnity to executive directors.

The new contractual framework defined in the Directors’ Remuneration Policy for the Chief Executive Officer and the Head of GERPA includes a post-contractual non-compete agreement for a period of two years, after they cease as BBVA executive directors, in accordance with which they shall receive remuneration in an amount equivalent to one annual fixed remuneration for every year of duration of the non-compete arrangement, which shall be paid periodically over the course of the two years, provided that cessation of directorship is not due to retirement, disability or serious breach of duties.

C. Board Practices

Committees

Our corporate governance system is based on the distribution of functions between the Board, the Executive Committee and the other specialized Board Committees, namely: the Audit and Compliance Committee; the Appointments Committee; the Remuneration Committee; the Risk Committee; and the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee.

Additional information on our Board Committees, including their current composition, is provided below. The composition of certain of these Board Committees is expected to change in 2018, once the new directors appointed in the 2018 annual general shareholders’ meeting take up their duties.

Executive Committee

Our Board of Directors is assisted in fulfilling its responsibilities by the Executive Committee (Comisión Delegada Permanente) of the Board of Directors.

As of the date of this Annual Report, BBVA’s Executive Committee is comprised of two executive directors and three non-executive directors. The Chairman of the Committee is Mr. Francisco González Rodríguez, and the remaining members are Mr. Carlos Torres Vila, Mr. Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo, Mr. José Maldonado Ramos and Mrs. Susana Rodríguez Vidarte.

According to our Board Regulations, the Executive Committee will be apprised of such business as the Board of Directors resolves to confer on it, in accordance with prevailing legislation, our Bylaws or our Board Regulations.

The Executive Committee shall meet on the dates indicated in the annual calendar of scheduled meetings and when the chairman or acting chairman so decides. During 2017, the Executive Committee met nineteen (19) times.

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Audit and Compliance Committee

This committee shall perform the duties required under applicable laws, regulations and our Bylaws. Essentially, its mission is to assist the Board in overseeing the financial information and the exercise of the Group control duties.

The Board Regulations establish that the Audit and Compliance Committee shall have a minimum of four members, one of which shall be appointed by the Board taking into account his/her knowledge and background in accounting, auditing or both. In accordance with the Board Regulation, they shall all be independent directors, one of whom shall act as Chairman, also appointed by the Board. See “Item 16.A. Audit Committee Financial Expert”.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the members of the Audit and Compliance Committee are Mrs. Belén Garijo López, Mrs. Lourdes Máiz Carro, Mr. Juan Pi Llorens and Mr. José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas, holding the latter the Chairmanship of the Committee.

Under the Board Regulations and the charter of the Audit and Compliance Committee, the scope of its functions is as follows (for purposes of the below, “entity” refers to BBVA):

· report to the general shareholders’ meeting on questions raised with respect to those matters falling within the Committee’s competence and, in particular, on the result of the audit explaining how it has contributed to the completeness of the financial information and the function performed by the Committee in this process;

· oversee the efficacy of the internal control of the Company, the internal audit and the risk-management systems in the process of drawing up and reporting the regulatory financial information, including tax risks. Also to discuss with the financial auditor any significant weaknesses in the internal control system detected when the audit is conducted without undermining its independence. For such purposes, and where appropriate, the Committee may submit recommendations or proposals to the Board of Directors, and the corresponding period for monitoring;

· oversee the process of drawing up and reporting financial information and submit recommendations or proposals to the Board of Directors aimed at safeguarding its completeness;

· submit to the Board of Directors proposals on the selection, appointment, re-election and replacement of the external auditor, taking responsibility for the selection process in accordance with applicable regulations, as well as their contractual conditions, and regularly collect information from the external auditor regarding the audit plan and its implementation, as well as preserving the auditor’s independence in the performance of their duties;

· establish correct relations with the external auditor in order to receive information on any matters that may jeopardize their independence, for examination by the Committee, and any others relating to the process of the financial auditing; as well as those other communications provided for by law and by the auditing regulations. Each year it must unfailingly receive the external auditors’ declaration of their independence with regard to the Company or entities directly or indirectly related to it, as well as detailed and individualized information on additional services provided of any kind and the corresponding fees received by the external auditor or by persons or entities linked to them as provided for under the legislation on financial auditing;

· each year before the external financial auditor issues their report on the financial statements, to issue a report expressing an opinion on whether the independence of the external financial auditor has been compromised. This report must unfailingly contain the reasoned valuation of the provision of each of the additional services referred to in the previous subsection, considered individually and as a whole, other than the legally-required audit and with respect to the regime of independence or to the standards regulating the audit activity;

· report, prior to the Board of Directors adopting resolutions, on all those matters established by law, by our Bylaws and by the Board Regulations, and in particular on:

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· the financial information that the Company must periodically publish;

· the creation or acquisition of a holding in special-purpose entities or entities domiciled in countries or territories considered tax havens; and

· related-party transactions;

· oversee compliance with applicable domestic and international regulations on matters related to money laundering, conduct on the securities markets, data protection and the scope of Group activities with respect to anti-trust regulations. Also to ensure that any requests for action or information made by official authorities with competence in these matters are dealt with in due time and in due form;

· ensure that the codes of ethics and of internal conduct on the securities market, as they apply to Group personnel, comply with regulatory requirements and are adequate;

· especially to oversee compliance with the provisions applicable to directors contained in the Board Regulations, as well as their compliance with the applicable standards of conduct on the securities markets;

· any other duties that may have been allocated under the Board Regulations or attributed to the Committee by a Board of Directors resolution; and

· the Committee shall also monitor the independence of external auditors. This entails the following two duties:

· preventing any influence over the auditor’s warnings, opinions or recommendations. To this end, ensure that compensation for the auditor’s work does not compromise either its quality or independence, in compliance with current legislation on auditing at all times; and

· stipulating as incompatible the provision of audit and consulting services unless they are works required by supervisors or whose provision by the auditor is allowed by applicable legislation, and there are not available in the market alternatives as regards content, quality or efficiency of equal value to those which the auditor could provide; in this case approval by the Committee shall be required, but this decision can be delegated in advance to its Chairman. The auditor shall be prohibited from providing prohibited services outside the audit, in compliance with what is set out at all times by audit legislation.

The Committee leads the selection process of the external auditor for the Bank and its Group. It must verify that the audit schedule is being carried out under the service agreement and that it satisfies the requirements of the competent authorities and the Bank’s governing bodies. The Committee will also require the auditors, at least once each year, to assess the quality of the Group’s internal oversight procedures.

The Audit and Compliance Committee meets as often as necessary to comply with its functions, although an annual calendar of meetings will be drawn up in accordance with its duties. During 2017, the Audit and Compliance Committee met fourteen (14) times.

Executives heading areas that manage matters within the scope of its competence, especially the Accounting, Internal Audit and Compliance departments, may be called to attend the Audit and Compliance Committee’s meetings and, at the request of these executives, other staff from these departments who have particular knowledge or responsibility in the matters contained in the agenda, when their presence at the meeting is deemed advisable. However, only the Committee members and the secretary will be present when the results and conclusions of the meeting are assessed.

The Committee may engage external advisory services for relevant issues when it considers that these cannot be properly provided by experts or technical staff within the Group on grounds of specialization or independence.

Likewise, the Committee may call on the personal cooperation and reports of any employee or member of the management team when it considers it necessary to comply with its functions in relevant issues.

The Committee has its own specific regulations, approved by the Board of Directors. These are available on our website and, among other things, regulate its operation.

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Appointments Committee

The Appointments Committee is tasked with assisting the Board on issues related to the selection and appointment of Board members and other matters contained in the Board Regulations.

In compliance with the Board Regulations, this Committee shall comprise a minimum of three members who must be non-executive directors appointed by the Board of Directors, which will also appoint its Chairman. The Chairman and the majority of its members must be independent directors.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the members of the Appointments Committee are Mrs. Lourdes Máiz Carro, Mr. José Maldonado Ramos, Mrs. Susana Rodríguez Vidarte and Mr. José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas, holding the latter the Chairmanship of the Committee.

The duties of the Appointments Committee under the Board Regulations are as follows:

· submit proposals to the Board of Directors on the appointment, reelection or separation of independent directors and report on proposals for the appointment, re-election or separation of the other directors.

To such end, the Committee will evaluate the balance of skills, knowledge and expertise on the Board of Directors, as well as the conditions that candidates should display to fill the vacancies arising, assessing the dedication necessary to be able to suitably perform their duties in view of the needs that the Company’s governing bodies may have at any time.

The Committee will ensure that when filling new vacancies, the selection procedures are not marred by implicit biases that may entail any discrimination and in particular discrimination that may hinder the selection of female directors, trying to ensure that women who display the professional profile being sought are included on the shortlists.

Likewise, when drawing up proposals within its scope of competence for the appointment of directors the Committee will take into account in case they may be considered suitable, any applications that may be made by any member of the Board of Directors for potential candidates to fill the vacancies;

· submit proposals to the Board of Directors for policies on the selection and diversity of members of the Board of Directors;

· establish a target for representation of the underrepresented gender in the Board of Directors and draw up guidelines on how to reach that target;

· analyze the structure, size and composition of the Board of Directors, at least once a year when carrying out its operational assessment;

· analyze the suitability of the various members of the Board of Directors;

· perform an annual review of the status of each director, so that this may be reflected in the annual corporate governance report;

· report the proposals for the appointment of the Chairman and the Secretary and, where applicable, the Deputy Chairman and the Deputy Secretary;

· report on the performance of the duties of the Chairman of the Board, for the purposes of the periodic assessment by the Board of Directors, under the terms established in the Board Regulations;

· examine and organize the succession of the Chairman in conjunction with the Lead Director and, as applicable, file proposals with the Board of Directors so that the succession takes place in a planned and orderly manner;

· review the Board of Directors’ policy on the selection and appointment of members of senior management, and file recommendations with the Board when applicable;

· report on proposals for appointment and separation of senior managers; and

· any other duties that may have been allocated under the Board Regulations or attributed to the Committee by a Board of Directors resolution or by applicable legislation.

In the performance of its duties, the Appointments Committee will consult with the Chairman of the Board via the Committee chair, especially with respect to matters related to executive directors and senior managers.

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In accordance with our Board Regulations, the Committee may request the attendance at its sessions of persons with tasks in the Group that are related to the Committee’s duties. It may also obtain such advice as may be necessary to establish an informed opinion on matters related to its business.

The chair of the Appointments Committee will convene it as often as necessary to perform its functions. During 2017, the Appointments Committee met five (5) times.

Remuneration Committee

The Remuneration Committee is the body that assists the Board in matters related to remuneration, as set out in the Board Regulations. It seeks to ensure that the remuneration policy established by the Company is duly observed.

Under the Board Regulations, the Committee will comprise a minimum of three members appointed by the Board. All the members must be non-executive directors, with a majority of independent directors, including the Committee Chair.

At the date of this Annual Report, the members of the Remuneration Committee are Mr. Tomás Alfaro Drake, Mr. Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo, Mrs. Lourdes Máiz Carro and Mrs. Belén Garijo López, holding the latter the Chairmanship of the Committee.

In accordance with the Board Regulations, the scope of the functions of the Remuneration Committee is as follows:

· propose to the Board of Directors, for its submission to the general shareholders’ meeting, the directors’ remuneration policy, with respect to its items, amounts, and parameters for its determination and its vesting. Also to submit the corresponding report, in the terms established by applicable law at any time;

· determine the extent and amount of the individual remunerations, entitlements and other economic compensations and other contractual conditions for the executive directors, so that these can be reflected in their contracts. The Committee’s proposals on such matters will be submitted to the Board of Directors;

· propose the annual report on the remuneration of the Bank’s directors to the Board of Directors each year, which will then be submitted to the annual general shareholders’ meeting, in compliance with the applicable legislation;

· propose the remuneration policy to the Board of Directors for senior managers and employees whose professional activities have a significant impact on the Company’s risk profile;

· propose the basic conditions of the senior management contracts to the Board of Directors, and directly supervise the remuneration of the senior managers in charge of risk management and compliance functions within the Company;

· oversee observance of the remuneration policy established by the Company and periodically review the remuneration policy applied to directors, senior managers and employees whose professional activities have a significant impact on the Company’s risk profile;

· verify the information on directors and senior managers remunerations contained in the different corporate documents, including the annual report on directors’ remuneration; and

· any other duties that may have been allocated under the Board Regulations or attributed to the Committee by a Board of Directors resolution or by applicable legislation.

In the performance of its duties, the Remuneration Committee will consult with the Chairman of the Board via the Committee Chair, especially with respect to matters related to executive directors and senior managers.

Pursuant to our Board Regulations, the Committee may request the attendance at its meetings of persons with tasks in the Group that are related to the Committee’s duties. It may also obtain such advice as may be necessary to establish an informed opinion on matters related to its business.

The Remuneration Committee will meet as often as necessary to perform its duties, convened by its Chair. During 2017, the Remuneration Committee met on five (5) occasions.

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Risk Committee

The Board’s Risk Committee’s essential function is to assist the Board of Directors in the determination and monitoring of the Group risk management and control policy and its strategy within this scope.

The Risk Committee will comprise a minimum of three members, appointed by the Board of Directors, which will also appoint its Chairman. All Committee members must be non-executive directors, of whom at least one third must be independent directors. Its Chairman must also be an independent director.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the members of the Risk Committee are Mr. José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas, Mr. Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo, Mr. José Maldonado Ramos, Mrs. Susana Rodríguez Vidarte and Mr. Juan Pi Llorens, holding the latter the Chairmanship of the Committee.

Under the Board Regulations, it has the following duties:

· analyze and assess proposals related to the Group’s risk management, control and strategy. In particular, these will identify:

· the Group’s risk appetite; and

· establishment of the level of risk considered acceptable according to the risk profile and capital at risk, broken down by the Group’s businesses and areas of activity;

· analyze and assess the control and management policies for the Group’s different risks and information and internal control systems;

· the measures established to mitigate the impact of the risks identified, should they materialize;

· monitor the performance of the Group’s risks and their fit with the strategies and policies defined and the Group’s risk appetite;

· analyze, prior to submitting them to the Board of Directors or the Executive Committee, those risk transactions that must be put to its consideration;

· review whether the prices of assets and liabilities offered to customers take fully into account the Bank’s business model and risk strategy and, if not, present a remedy plan to the Board of Directors;

· participate in the process of establishing the remuneration policy, checking that it is consistent with sound and effective risk management and does not encourage risk-taking that exceeds the level of tolerated risk of the Company;

· check that the Company and its Group has the means, systems, structures and resources in line with best practices that enable it to implement its risk-management strategy, ensuring that the entity’s risk management mechanisms are matched to its strategy; and

· any other duties that may have been allocated under the Board Regulations or attributed to the Committee by a Board of Directors resolution or by applicable legislation.

Pursuant to our Board Regulations, the Committee may request the attendance of the Head of the Global Risk Management Area at its meetings and also of other executives heading different risks areas or the persons who, within the Group organization, have missions related to its functions. It may also obtain such advice as may be necessary to establish an informed opinion on matters related to its business.

The Committee meets as often as necessary to comply with its duties, usually fortnightly. In 2017, it held twenty (20) meetings.

The Committee has its own specific regulations, approved by the Board of Directors. These are available on our website and, among other things, regulate its operation.

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Technology and Cybersecurity Committee

The Technology and Cybersecurity Committee’s essential functions are to assist the Board of Directors in the understanding of the risks associated to technology and information systems related to the Group’s activity and the oversight of its management and control and in the supervision of the infrastructure and technology strategy of the Group.

The Technology and Cybersecurity Committee will have a minimum of three members appointed by the Board among its directors, which will nominate the chairman of this Committee. For this purpose, the Board will take into consideration the knowledge and experience in technology, information systems and cyber-security matters of its members.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the members of the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee are Mr. Tomás Alfaro Drake, Mr. Sunir Kumar Kapoor, Mr. Juan Pi Llorens and Mr. Carlos Torres Vila, holding the latter the Chairmanship of the Committee.

Under its regulations, the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee has the following responsibilities:

- Oversight of technology-related risks and cyber-security management, which include the following:

· Assess the main technology-related risks to which the Bank is exposed, including information security and cyber-security risks, and the steps management has taken to monitor and control its exposure to such risks.

· Review policies and systems in place for the assessment, control and management of the Group’s technology-related risks and its infrastructure, including responses to cyber-attacks and recovery plans.

· Obtain business continuity planning reports on technology and infrastructure matters from management.

· Obtain reports from management, as and when appropriate, on:

· IT-related compliance risks; and

· The steps taken to identify, assess, monitor, manage and mitigate those risks.

· Additionally, the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee will be informed of any relevant event that may occur regarding cyber-security issues. These are deemed to be those which, individually or in the aggregate, may have a material impact on the Group’s equity, results of operation or reputation. In any case, such events shall be informed to the chair of the Committee as soon as possible.

- Keeping abreast about the technology strategy of the Group, which include the following:

· Obtaining reports from management, as and when appropriate, on technology strategy and trends that may affect the Company’s strategic plans, including the monitoring of overall industry trends.

· Obtaining reports from management, as and when appropriate, on the metrics established by the Group for the management and control of IT-related matters, including the progress of the developments and investments carried out by the Group in this field.

· Obtaining reports from management, as and when appropriate, on matters related to new technologies, applications, information systems and best practices that affect the Group’s IT strategy or plans.

· Obtaining reports from management on the core policies, strategic projects and plans defined by the engineering area of the Bank.

· Informing the Board of Directors and, if applicable, the Executive Committee, on any IT-related matters falling within the scope of their functions.

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For a better performance of its functions, channels for an appropriate coordination between the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee and the Audit and Compliance Committee will be established to ensure:

(i) the Technology and Cybersecurity Committee has access to the conclusions of the work performed by the Internal Audit Department in technology and cybersecurity matters; and

(ii) the Audit and Compliance Committee is informed on IT-related systems and processes that are related to or affect the Bank’s internal control systems and other matters falling within the scope of its functions.

The Committee meets as often as necessary to comply with its functions. In 2017 it held seven (7) meetings.

The Committee has its own specific regulations, approved by the Board of Directors. These are available on our website and, among other things, they regulate the Committee’s operation.

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2017, we, through our various affiliates, had 131,856 employees. Approximately 88% of our employees in Spain held technical, managerial and executive positions, while the remainder were clerical and support staff. The table below sets forth the number of BBVA employees by geographic area.

| As of December 31, 2017
Country | BBVA | Bank Subsidiaries | Non-bank Subsidiaries | Total
Spain | 26,048 | - | 4,536 | 30,584
United Kingdom | 125 | - | - | 125
France | 72 | - | - | 72
Italy | 51 | - | 5 | 56
Germany | 44 | - | - | 44
Switzerland | - | 121 | - | 121
Portugal | - | 472 | - | 472
Belgium | 27 | - | - | 27
The Netherlands (Holland) | - | 242 | - | 242
Russia | 3 | - | - | 3
Romania | - | 1,255 | - | 1,255
Ireland | - | 4 | - | 4
Luxembourg | - | - | 3 | 3
Turkey | - | 21,118 | - | 21,118
Finland | - | - | 39 | 39
Total Europe | 26,370 | 23,212 | 4,583 | 54,165
The United States | 131 | 10,797 | - | 10,928
Argentina | - | 6,264 | - | 6,264
Brazil | - | - | 6 | 6
Colombia | - | 6,769 | - | 6,769
Venezuela | - | 4,159 | - | 4,159
Mexico | - | 37,207 | - | 37,207
Uruguay | - | 592 | - | 592
Paraguay | - | 446 | - | 446
Bolivia | - | - | 379 | 379
Chile | - | 4,852 | - | 4,852
Cuba | 1 | - | - | 1
Peru | - | 5,955 | - | 5,955
Total Latin America | 1 | 66,244 | 385 | 66,630
Hong Kong | 85 | - | - | 85
Japan | 3 | - | - | 3
China | 18 | - | 2 | 20
Singapore | 8 | - | - | 8
India | 2 | - | - | 2
South Korea | 2 | - | - | 2
United Arab Emirates | 2 | - | - | 2
Taiwan | 9 | - | - | 9
Indonesia | 2 | - | - | 2
Total Asia | 131 | - | 2 | 133
Total | 26,633 | 100,253 | 4,970 | 131,856

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As of December 31, 2016, we, through our various subsidiaries, had 134,792 employees. Approximately 88% of our employees in Spain held technical, managerial and executive positions, while the remainder were clerical and support staff. The table below sets forth the number of BBVA employees by geographic area.

| As of December 31, 2016
Country | BBVA | Bank Subsidiaries | Non-bank Subsidiaries | Total
Spain | 26,884 | - | 4,567 | 31,451
United Kingdom | 150 | - | - | 150
France | 78 | - | - | 78
Italy | 53 | - | 8 | 61
Germany | 45 | - | - | 45
Switzerland | - | 125 | - | 125
Portugal | - | 490 | - | 490
Belgium | 32 | - | - | 32
The Netherlands (Holland) | - | 248 | - | 248
Russia | 3 | - | - | 3
Romania | - | 1,290 | - | 1,290
Ireland | - | 4 | - | 4
Luxembourg | - | - | 3 | 3
Turkey | - | 22,140 | - | 22,140
Finland | - | - | 39 | 39
Total Europe | 27,245 | 24,297 | 4,617 | 56,159
The United States | 128 | 10,416 | - | 10,544
Argentina | - | 6,439 | - | 6,439
Brazil | 1 | - | 7 | 8
Colombia | - | 7,228 | - | 7,228
Venezuela | - | 4,888 | - | 4,888
Mexico | - | 37,378 | - | 37,378
Uruguay | - | 618 | - | 618
Paraguay | - | 463 | - | 463
Bolivia | - | - | 366 | 366
Chile | - | 4,522 | - | 4,522
Cuba | 1 | - | - | 1
Peru | - | 6,010 | - | 6,010
Total Latin America | 2 | 67,546 | 373 | 67,921
Hong Kong | 89 | - | - | 89
Japan | 10 | - | - | 10
China | 18 | - | 8 | 26
Singapore | 10 | - | - | 10
India | 2 | - | - | 2
South Korea | 17 | - | - | 17
United Arab Emirates | 3 | - | - | 3
Taiwan | 7 | - | - | 7
Indonesia | 2 | - | - | 2
Total Asia | 158 | - | 8 | 166
Australia | 2 | - | - | 2
Total Oceania | 2 | - | - | 2
Total | 27,535 | 102,259 | 4,998 | 134,792

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As of December 31, 2015, we, through our various subsidiaries, had 137,968 employees. Approximately 88% of our employees in Spain held technical, managerial and executive positions, while the remainder were clerical and support staff. The table below sets forth the number of BBVA employees by geographic area.

| As of December 31, 2015
Country | BBVA | Bank Subsidiaries | Non-bank Subsidiaries | Total
Spain | 23,975 | 22 | 8,906 | 32,903
United Kingdom | 161 | - | - | 161
France | 84 | - | - | 84
Italy | 55 | - | 23 | 78
Germany | 46 | - | - | 46
Switzerland | - | 125 | - | 125
Portugal | - | 522 | - | 522
Belgium | 32 | - | - | 32
The Netherlands (Holland) | - | 246 | - | 246
Russia | 3 | 72 | - | 75
Romania | - | 1,187 | - | 1,187
Ireland | - | 4 | - | 4
Luxembourg | - | - | 3 | 3
Turkey | 8 | 22,178 | - | 22,186
Finland | - | - | - | -
Total Europe | 24,364 | 24,356 | 8,932 | 57,652
The United States | 149 | 11,004 | - | 11,153
Argentina | - | 5,974 | - | 5,974
Brazil | 2 | - | 7 | 9
Colombia | - | 7,257 | - | 7,257
Venezuela | - | 5,233 | - | 5,233
Mexico | - | 38,499 | - | 38,499
Uruguay | - | 632 | - | 632
Paraguay | - | 482 | - | 482
Bolivia | - | - | 331 | 331
Chile | - | 4,672 | - | 4,672
Cuba | 1 | - | - | 1
Peru | - | 5,857 | - | 5,857
Total Latin America | 3 | 68,606 | 338 | 68,947
Hong Kong | 128 | - | - | 128
Japan | 10 | - | - | 10
China | 16 | - | 14 | 30
Singapore | 10 | - | - | 10
India | 2 | - | - | 2
South Korea | 22 | - | - | 22
United Arab Emirates | 3 | - | - | 3
Taiwan | 7 | - | - | 7
Indonesia | 2 | - | - | 2
Total Asia | 200 | - | 14 | 214
Australia | 2 | - | - | 2
Total Oceania | 2 | - | - | 2
Total | 24,718 | 103,966 | 9,284 | 137,968

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The terms and basic conditions of employment in private sector banks in Spain are negotiated with trade unions representing sector bank employees. Wage negotiations take place on an industry-wide basis. This process has historically produced collective bargaining agreements binding upon all Spanish banks and their employees. On June 15, 2016, the XXIII collective bargain agreement was signed. This agreement became effective as of January 1, 2015 and is set to expire on December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we had 1,300, 1,598 and 1,507 temporary employees in our Spanish offices, respectively.

E. Share Ownership

As of March 28, 2018, the members of the Board of Directors owned an aggregate of BBVA shares as shown in the table below:

Name | Directly owned shares | Indirectly owned shares | Total shares | % Capital Stock
Francisco González Rodríguez | 2,614,214 | 1,748,522 | 4,362,736 | 0.065%
Carlos Torres Vila | 380,138 | - | 380,138 | 0.006%
Tomás Alfaro Drake | 18,114 | - | 18,114 | 0.000%
José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas | 10,828 | - | 10,828 | 0.000%
Belén Garijo López | - | - | - | -
José Manuel González-Páramo Martínez-Murillo | 88,225 | - | 88,225 | 0.001%
Sunir Kumar Kapoor | - | - | - | -
Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo | 59,390 | - | 59,390 | 0.001%
Lourdes Máiz Carro | - | - | - | -
José Maldonado Ramos | 38,761 | - | 38,761 | 0.001%
Juan Pi Llorens | - | - | - | -
Susana Rodríguez Vidarte | 26,980 | 1,046 | 28,026 | 0.000%
Jan Verplancke | - | - | - | -
TOTAL | 3,236,650 | 1,749,568 | 4,986,218 | 0.075%

BBVA has not granted options on its shares to any members of its administrative, supervisory or management bodies.

As of March 28, 2018 the Senior Management (excluding executive directors) owned an aggregate of BBVA shares as shown in the table below:

Name | Directly owned shares | Indirectly owned shares | Total shares | % Capital Stock
Eduardo Arbizu Lostao | 326,634 | - | 326,634 | 0.005%
Domingo Armengol Calvo | 111,628 | - | 111,628 | 0.002%
Juan Asúa Madariaga | 422,164 | 31,790 | 453,954 | 0.007%
Ricardo Forcano García | 48,724 | - | 48,724 | 0.001%
Ricardo Gómez Barredo | 59,651 | - | 59,651 | 0.001%
Ricardo Enrique Moreno García | 72,472 | - | 72,472 | 0.001%
Eduardo Osuna Osuna | 31,874 | - | 31,874 | 0.000%
Cristina de Parias Halcón | 171,804 | - | 171,804 | 0.003%
David Puente Vicente | 65,218 | - | 65,218 | 0.001%
Francisco Javier Rodríguez Soler | 109,348 | - | 109,348 | 0.001%
Jorge Sáenz-Azcúnaga Carranza | 94,682 | - | 94,682 | 0.001%
Jaime Sáenz de Tejada Pulido | 307,160 | - | 307,160 | 0.005%
Rafael Salinas Martínez de Lecea | 179,718 | 18,873 | 198,591 | 0.003%
José Luis de los Santos Tejero | 209,118 | 23,279 | 232,397 | 0.003%
Derek Jensen White | 47,761 | - | 47,761 | 0.001%
TOTAL | 2,257,956 | 73,942 | 2,331,898 | 0.035%

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As of March 27, 2018 a total of 19,402 employees (excluding the members of the Senior Management and executive directors) owned 55,855,885 shares, which represented 0.84% of our capital stock.

# ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

As of March 27, 2018, no person, corporation or government beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, five percent or more of BBVA’s shares. BBVA’s major shareholders do not have voting rights which are different from those held by the rest of its shareholders. To the extent known to us, BBVA is not controlled, directly or indirectly, by any other corporation, government or any other natural or legal person. As of March 27, 2018, there were 889,597 registered holders of BBVA’s shares, with an aggregate of 6,667,886,580 shares, of which 586 shareholders with registered addresses in the United States held a total of 1,351,088,478 shares (including shares represented by American Depositary Shares evidenced by American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”)). Since certain of such shares and ADRs are held by nominees, the foregoing figures are not representative of the number of beneficial holders.

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B. Related Party Transactions

Loans to Directors, Senior Management and Other Related Parties

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no loans granted by the Group’s entities to the members of the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2015 the amount availed against the loans by the Group’s entities to the members of the Board of Directors was €200 thousand. The amount availed against the loans by the Group’s entities to the members of Senior Management (excluding the executive directors) amounted to €4,049 thousand, €5,573 thousand and €6,641 thousand as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no loans granted to parties related to the members of the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2015, the amount availed against the loans to parties related to the members of the Bank’s Board of Directors was €10,000 thousand. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the amount availed against the loans to parties related to members of the Senior Management amounted to €85 thousand, €98 thousand and €113 thousand, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 no guarantees had been granted to any member of the Board of Directors.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount availed against guarantees arranged with members of the Senior Management totaled €28 thousand. As of December 31, 2015 no guarantees had been granted to any member of the Senior Management.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the amount availed against commercial loans and guarantees arranged with parties related to the members of the Bank’s Board of Directors and the Senior Management totaled €8 thousand, €8 thousand and €1,679 thousand, respectively.

Related Party Transactions in the Ordinary Course of Business

Loans extended to related parties (including guarantees) were made in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons, and did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.

BBVA subsidiaries engage, on a regular and routine basis, in a number of customary transactions with other BBVA subsidiaries, including:

· overnight call deposits;

· time deposits;

· foreign exchange purchases and sales;

· derivative transactions, such as forward purchases and sales;

· money market fund transfers;

· letters of credit for imports and exports;

· financial guarantees;

· service level agreements;

and other similar transactions within the scope of the ordinary course of the banking business, such as loans and other banking services to our shareholders, to employees of all levels, to associates and to family members of all the above and to other BBVA non-banking subsidiaries or affiliates. All these transactions have been made:

· in the ordinary course of business;

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· on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons; and

· did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not Applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Financial Information

See Item 18.

Dividends

The table below sets forth the gross amount of interim, final and total cash dividends paid by BBVA on its shares for the years 2013 to 2017. The rate used to convert euro amounts to U.S. dollars was the noon buying rate at the end of each year.

| Per Share
| First Interim | Second Interim | Third Interim | Final | Total
| € | $ | € | $ | € | $ | € | $ | € | $
2013 | € 0.100 | $ 0.138 | (*) | (*) | - | - | (*) | (*) | € 0.100 | $ 0.138
2014 | € 0.080 | $ 0.097 | (*) | (*) | (*) | (*) | (*) | (*) | € 0.080 | $ 0.097
2015 | € 0.080 | $ 0.087 | (*) | (*) | € 0.080 | $ 0.087 | (*) | (*) | € 0.160 | $ 0.174
2016 | € 0.080 | $ 0.084 | (*) | (*) | € 0.080 | $ 0.084 | (*) | (*) | € 0.160 | $ 0.169
2017 | € 0.090 | $ 0.108 | - | - | - | - | € 0.150 | $ 0.185 | € 0.240 | $ 0.293

(*) In execution of the 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 “Dividend Option” schemes described under “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview —Supervision and Regulation—Dividends” approved by the shareholders in the respective general shareholders’ meetings, BBVA shareholders were given the option to receive their remuneration in newly issued ordinary shares or in cash.

On February 1, 2017 BBVA updated its shareholders’ remuneration policy in order to implement a fully in cash remuneration policy after the execution of the 2017 Dividend Option, which took place during April 2017 (see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends”). This fully in cash shareholders’ remuneration policy is expected to be composed, for each financial year, of an interim dividend and a final dividend, subject to any applicable restrictions and authorizations. On April 10, 2018, the final dividend for 2017 will be paid. The rate used to convert euro amounts to U.S. dollars was 1.232 as of March 30, 2018.

We have paid annual dividends to our shareholders since the date we were founded. The cash dividend for a year is proposed by the Board of Directors to be approved by the annual general shareholders’ meeting following the end of the year to which it relates and includes any interim dividend that may be passed by the Board of Directors during that period. The scrip dividends, if applicable, are proposed for approval of our shareholders in the annual general shareholders’ meeting, for being implemented during a period of one year from their approval. Interim and final dividends are payable to holders of record on the record date for the dividend payment date. Unclaimed cash

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dividends revert to BBVA five years after declaration. For additional information see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends”.

While we expect to declare and pay dividends on our shares in the future, the payment of dividends will depend upon the results of BBVA, market conditions, the regulatory framework, the recommendations or restrictions regarding dividends that may be adopted by domestic or European regulatory bodies or authorities and other factors.

Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement entered into with the Bank of New York Mellon, holders of ADSs are entitled to receive dividends (in cash or scrip, as applicable) attributable to the shares represented by the ADSs evidenced by ADRs to the same extent as if they were holders of such shares.

BBVA may not pay dividends except out of its annual results and its distributable reserves, after taking into account the applicable capital adequacy requirements and any recommendations on payment of dividends, and any other required authorization or restriction, if applicable. Capital adequacy requirements are applied on both a consolidated and individual basis. See “Item 4. Information on the Company— Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Capital Requirements” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital”. Under applicable capital adequacy requirements, we estimate that as of December 31, 2017, BBVA had approximately €15.4 billion of reserves in excess of applicable capital and reserve requirements (based on an 11.25% phased-in total capital minimum requirement).

Legal Proceedings

As mentioned in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Us and Our Business—The Group is party to lawsuits, tax claims and other legal proceedings”, we operate in an increasingly regulated and litigious environment with a potential exposure to liability and other costs, which may not be easy to estimate.

In this environment, the entities of the Group are party to legal proceedings, arising from the ordinary course of business, in a number of jurisdictions (including, among others, Spain, Mexico and the United States). This includes, for example, administrative proceedings such as the proceeding initiated by the Spanish National Commission on Markets and Competition (CNMC) which resulted, on February 13, 2018, in four Spanish financial entities (including the Bank) being sanctioned for allegedly coordinating to fix above-market prices in the contracting of financial derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk in syndicated loans for project financing. While we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, according to the procedural status of these proceedings and our assessment of these matters, BBVA believes that none of such proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, if resolved adversely, would result in a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity. The Group’s management believes that adequate provisions have been made in respect of such legal proceedings, and considers that the possible contingencies that may arise from such ongoing proceedings are not material.

“Floor” Clauses

In its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, BBVA considered the legal proceedings related to “floor” clauses limiting the interest rates in mortgages loans with consumers (commonly referred to as “cláusulas suelo”) to be material. In such year, in light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union of December 2016 and after analyzing the portfolio of mortgage loans to consumers in which there were “floor” clauses, BBVA made a provision of €577 million (with an impact on “Profit attributable to parent company” of approximately €404 million) that was recorded in the income statement of 2016, to cover possible contingencies and claims. This provision has been used for such purpose during 2017. BBVA has made additional provisions during 2017 to cover possible contingencies and claims that may arise in connection with this matter in amounts that BBVA considers not significant.

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B. Significant Changes

No significant change has occurred since the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements other than those mentioned in this Annual Report or our Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

BBVA’s shares are listed on the Spanish stock exchanges in Madrid, Bilbao, Barcelona and Valencia (the “Spanish Stock Exchanges”) and listed on the computerized trading system of the Spanish Stock Exchanges (the “Automated Quotation System”). BBVA’s shares are also listed on the Mexican and London stock exchanges as well as quoted on SEAQ International in London. BBVA’s shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange as American Depositary Shares (ADSs).

ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are also traded on the Lima (Peru) Stock Exchange, by virtue of an exchange agreement entered into between these two exchanges. Each ADS represents the right to receive one share.

Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the euro and the dollar will affect the dollar equivalent of the euro price of BBVA’s shares on the Spanish Stock Exchanges and the price of BBVA’s ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange. Cash dividends are paid by BBVA in euro, and exchange rate fluctuations between the euro and the dollar will affect the dollar amounts received by holders of ADRs on conversion by The Bank of New York Mellon (acting as depositary) of cash dividends on the shares underlying the ADSs evidenced by such ADRs.

As of December 31, 2017, State Street Bank and Trust Co., The Bank of New York Mellon, SA NV and Chase Nominees Ltd in their capacity as international custodian/depositary banks, held 12.53%, 6.48% and 3.80% of BBVA common stock, respectively. Of said positions held by the custodian banks, BBVA is not aware of any individual shareholders with direct or indirect holdings greater than or equal to 3% of BBVA common stock outstanding.

The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales closing prices for the shares of BBVA on the Automated Quotation System:

| Euro per Share
| High | Low
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 |  |
Annual | 9.33 | 6.24
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 |  |
Annual | 9.93 | 7.72
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 |  |
Annual | 9.73 | 6.71
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 |  |
Annual | 6.76 | 4.76
First Quarter | 6.64 | 5.24
Second Quarter | 6.76 | 4.76
Third Quarter | 5.75 | 4.79
Fourth Quarter | 6.61 | 5.29
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 |  |
Annual | 7.93 | 5.97
First Quarter | 7.27 | 5.97
Second Quarter | 7.80 | 6.79
Third Quarter | 7.93 | 7.17
Fourth Quarter | 7.51 | 7.02
Month ended October 31, 2017 | 7.51 | 7.18
Month ended November 30, 2017 | 7.48 | 7.02
Month ended December 31, 2017 | 7.37 | 7.07
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 |  |
Month ended January 31, 2018 | 7.64 | 7.08
Month ended February 28, 2018 | 7.46 | 6.89
Month ended March 31, 2018 (through March 29, 2018) | 6.79 | 6.26

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From January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 the percentage of outstanding shares held by BBVA and its affiliates ranged between 0.004% and 0.278%, calculated on a daily basis. As of March 14, 2018, the percentage of outstanding shares held by BBVA and its affiliates was 0.319 %.

The table below sets forth the reported high and low sales closing prices for the ADSs of BBVA on the New York Stock Exchange for the periods indicated.

| U.S. Dollars per ADR
| High | Low
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 |  |
Annual | 12.78 | 8.22
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 |  |
Annual | 13.54 | 9.39
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 |  |
Annual | 10.65 | 7.33
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 |  |
Annual | 7.63 | 5.30
First Quarter | 7.32 | 5.97
Second Quarter | 7.63 | 5.30
Third Quarter | 6.46 | 5.33
Fourth Quarter | 7.21 | 5.92
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 |  |
Annual | 9.27 | 6.40
First Quarter | 7.87 | 6.40
Second Quarter | 8.70 | 7.29
Third Quarter | 9.27 | 8.52
Fourth Quarter | 8.76 | 8.26
Month ended October 31, 2017 | 8.76 | 8.32
Month ended November 30, 2017 | 8.71 | 8.26
Month ended December 31, 2017 | 8.66 | 8.34
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 |  |
Month ended January 31, 2018 | 9.54 | 8.54
Month ended February 28, 2018 | 9.35 | 8.32
Month ended March 31, 2018 (through March 29, 2018) | 8.26 | 7.65

Securities Trading in Spain

The Spanish securities market for equity securities consists of the Automated Quotation System and the four stock exchanges located in Madrid, Bilbao, Barcelona and Valencia. During 2017, the Automated Quotation System accounted for the majority of the total trading volume of equity securities on the Spanish Stock Exchanges.

Automated Quotation System. The Automated Quotation System (Sistema de Interconexión Bursátil) links the four local exchanges, providing those securities listed on it with a uniform continuous market that eliminates certain of the differences among the local exchanges. The principal feature of the system is the computerized matching of buy and sell orders at the time of entry of the order. Each order is executed as soon as a matching order is entered, but can be modified or canceled until executed. The activity of the market can be continuously monitored by

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investors and brokers. The Automated Quotation System is operated and regulated by Sociedad de Bolsas, S.A. (“Sociedad de Bolsas”), a corporation owned by the companies that manage the local exchanges. All trades on the Automated Quotation System must be placed through a bank, brokerage firm, an official stock broker or a dealer firm member of a Spanish Stock Exchange directly. Since January 1, 2000, Spanish banks have been allowed to place trades on the Automated Quotation System and have been allowed to become members of the Spanish Stock Exchanges. We are currently a member of the four Spanish Stock Exchanges and can trade through the Automated Quotation System.

Sociedad de Bolsas reinstated the Operating Rules of the Spanish Automated Quotation System by means of Sociedad de Bolsas Circular 1/2017, of December 18, which came into effect January 3, 2018. Changes introduced in such Operating Rules include changes to the way trading is technically undertaken (e.g. by introducing new types of orders such as “hidden orders” and “combined blocks”, VWAP trades and midpoint orders), the suppression of the New Market segment and the introduction of a Market Making scheme as per MiFID2 standards . BBVA, as an active market member in the Spanish market has adapted its technical means and procedures to such changes.

In a pre-opening session held from 8:30 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. each trading day, an opening price is established for each security traded on the Automated Quotation System based on orders placed at that time. The regime concerning opening prices was changed by an internal rule issued by the Sociedad de Bolsas. In this new regime all references to maximum changes in share prices are substituted by static and dynamic price ranges for each listed share, calculated on the basis of the most recent historical volatility of each share, and made publicly available and updated on a regular basis by the Sociedad de Bolsas. The computerized trading hours are from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., during which time the trading price of a security is permitted to vary by up to the stated levels. If, during the open session, the quoted price of a share exceeds these static or dynamic price ranges, Volatility Auctions are triggered, resulting in new static or dynamic price ranges being set for the share object of the same. Between 5:30 p.m. and 5:35 p.m. a closing price is established for each security through an auction system similar to the one held for the pre-opening early in the morning.

Trading hours for block trades (i.e., operations involving a large number of shares) are also from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.

Between 5:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., special operations, whether Authorized or Communicated, can take place outside the computerized matching system of the Sociedad de Bolsas if they fulfill certain requirements. In such respect Communicated special operations (those that do not need the prior authorization of the Sociedad de Bolsas) can be traded if all of the following requirements are met: (i) the trade price of the share must be within the range of 5% above the higher of the average price and closing price for the day and 5% below the lower of the average price and closing price for the day; (ii) the market member executing the trade must have previously covered certain positions in securities and cash before executing the trade; and (iii) the size of the trade must involve at least €300,000 and represent at least a 20% of the average daily trading volume of the shares in the Automated Quotation System during the preceding three months. If any of the aforementioned requirements is not met, a special operation may still take place, but it will need to take the form of Authorized special operation (i.e., those needing the prior authorization of the Sociedad de Bolsas). Such authorization will only be upheld if any of the following requirements are met:

· the trade involves more than €1.5 million and more than 40% of the average daily volume of the stock during the preceding three months;

· the transaction derives from a merger or spin-off process or from the reorganization of a group of companies;

· the transaction is executed for the purposes of settling a litigation or completing a complex group of contracts; or

· the Sociedad de Bolsas finds other justifiable cause.

Information with respect to the computerized trades between 9:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. is made public immediately, and information with respect to trades outside the computerized matching system is reported to the Sociedad de Bolsas by the end of the trading day and published in the Boletín de Cotización and in the computer system by the beginning of the next trading day.

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Sociedad de Bolsas is also the manager of the IBEX 35® Index. This index is made up by the 35 most liquid securities traded on the Spanish Market and, technically, it is a price index that is weighted by capitalization and adjusted according to the free float of each company comprised in the index. Apart from its quotation on the four Spanish Exchanges, BBVA is also currently included in the IBEX 35® Index.

Clearing and Settlement System

On April 1, 2003, by virtue of Law 44/2002 and of Order ECO 689/2003 of March 27, 2003 approved by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, the integration of the two main existing book-entry settlement systems existing in Spain at the time (the equity settlement system Servicio de Compensación y Liquidación de Valores (“SCLV”) and the Public Debt settlement system Central de Anotaciones de Deuda del Estado (“CADE”)) took place. As a result of this integration, a single entity, known as Sociedad de Gestión de los Sistemas de Registro Compensación y Liquidación de Valores (“Iberclear”) assumed the functions formerly performed by SCLV and CADE according to the legal regime then stated in article 44 bis of the Spanish Securities Market Act (Law 24/1988).

Notwithstanding the above, rules concerning the book-entry settlement systems enacted before this date by SCLV and the Bank of Spain, as former manager of CADE, continued in force, but any reference to the SCLV or CADE was deemed to be substituted by Iberclear.

In addition, and according to Law 41/1999, Iberclear currently manages the ARCO Securities settlement system (the “ARCO System”) for securities in book-entry form listed on the four Spanish Stock Exchanges, on the Spanish Public Debt Book-Entry Market, on “AIAF Mercado de Renta Fija”, or on other Multilateral Trading Facilities that have appointed Iberclear for such purposes. Cash settlement, from February 18, 2008 for all systems is managed through the TARGET2-Banco de España payment system.

Laws 32/2011 and 11/2015 amended the Spanish Securities Market Act and Royal Decree 878/2015 replaced Royal Decree 116/1992 from February 3, 2016, introducing changes to the Spanish clearing, settlement and book-entry registry procedures applicable to securities transactions so as to allow post-trading Spanish systems to integrate into the TARGET2 Securities System (T2S). The project to reform Spain’s clearing, settlement and registry system and connect it to the T2S (the “Reform”) introduced significant changes that affected all classes of securities and all post-trade activities.

The Reform was implemented in two phases:

The first phase took place from April 27, 2016 and involved setting up a new system for equities including all the changes envisaged in the Reform, encompassing the incorporation of central counterparty clearing (performed by, among others, BME Clearing, S.A.U.) in a post-trading scheme compatible with the T2S (including with respect to messages, account structure, definition of operations, etc.). Accordingly, the SCLV (Servicio de Compensación y Liquidación de Valores) platform was discontinued.

The T+3 settlement cycle for trades executed in trading venues, affecting mainly equities, was reduced to T+2 from October 2016, in line with what is set forth in European Regulation 909/2014, of July 23 on improving securities settlement in the European Union and on Central Securities Depositories (“CSDR”).

The CADE platform continued to operate unchanged until the last quarter of 2017, and cash settlements in the new system continue to be made through the TARGET2-Bank of Spain cash accounts.

The second phase started on September 18, 2017, when Iberclear successfully connected itself to T2S. At this time, fixed-income securities were transferred to the new system (being the CADE discontinued), as well as equity securities, with both types of securities beginning to be also settled in accordance with the procedures, formats and time periods of the T2S and under the ARCO System. This successful migration to T2S meant the culmination of the Reform.

The latest amendments to Iberclear’s Rulebook reflecting the Reform were officially published in the Spanish Official Gazette (May 3 and August 18, 2016 and September 14, 2017) while each Spanish Stock Exchange has approved its respective new rulebook between April 2016 and December 2017.

During the last quarter of 2017, Iberclear filed for authorization as Central Securities Depository pursuant to

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CSDR.

Under Law 41/1999 and Royal Decree 878/2015 (which replaced Royal Decree 116/1992 on February 3, 2016), transactions carried out on the Spanish Stock Exchanges are cleared and settled through Iberclear and its participants (each an entidad participante), through the ARCO System. Only Iberclear participants to this ARCO System are entitled to use it, with participation restricted to credit entities, investment firms authorized to render custody services, certain public bodies, and Central Securities Depositories and Central Counterparties authorized under their respective European Union Regulations. BBVA is currently a participant in Iberclear. Iberclear and its participants are responsible for maintaining records of purchases and sales under the book-entry system. In order to be listed, shares of Spanish companies must be held in book-entry form. Iberclear, maintains a “two-step” book-entry registry reflecting the number of shares held by each of its participants as well as the amount of such shares held on behalf of beneficial owners. Each participant, in turn, maintains a registry of the owners of such shares. Spanish law considers the legal owner of the shares to be:

· the participant appearing in the records of Iberclear as holding the relevant shares in its own name, or

· the investor appearing in the records of the participant as holding the shares.

Obtaining legal title to shares of a company listed on a Spanish Stock Exchange requires the participation of an investment firm, bank or other entity authorized under Spanish law to record the transfer of shares in book-entry form in its capacity as Iberclear participant for the equity securities settlement system. To evidence title to shares, at the owner’s request the relevant participant entity must issue a certificate of ownership. In the event the owner is a participant entity, Iberclear is in charge of the issuance of the certificate with respect to the shares held in the participant entity’s own name.

According to the Securities Market Act brokerage commissions are not regulated. Brokers’ fees, to the extent charged, will apply upon transfer of title of our shares from the depositary to a holder of ADSs, and upon any later sale of such shares by such holder. Transfers of ADSs do not require the participation of a member of a Spanish Stock Exchange. The deposit agreement provides that holders depositing our shares with the depositary in exchange for ADSs or withdrawing our shares in exchange for ADSs will pay the fees of the official stockbroker or other person or entity authorized under Spanish law applicable both to such holder and to the depositary.

Securities Market Legislation

The Securities Markets Act was enacted in 1988 with the purpose of reforming the organization and supervision of the Spanish securities markets. This legislation and the regulation implementing it:

· established an independent regulatory authority, the CNMV, to supervise the securities markets;

· established a framework for the regulation of trading practices, tender offers and insider trading;

· required stock exchange members to be corporate entities;

· required companies listed on a Spanish Stock Exchange to file annual audited financial statements and to make public quarterly financial information;

· established the legal framework for the Automated Quotation System;

· exempted the sale of securities from transfer and value added taxes;

· deregulated brokerage commissions; and

· provided for transfer of shares by book-entry or by delivery of evidence of title.

On February 14, 1992, Royal Decree No. 116/92 established the clearance and settlement system and the book-entry system, and required that all companies listed on a Spanish Stock Exchange adopt the book-entry system. On February 3, 2016 Royal Decree 878/2015 came into force and replaced Royal Decree 116/1992 (Royal Decree 827/2017, of September 1, amended Royal Decree 878/2015 by reflecting certain aspects of the Reform).

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On April 12, 2007, the Spanish Congress approved Law 6/2007, which amends the Securities Markets Act in order to adapt it to Directive 2004/25/EC on takeover bids, and Directive 2004/109/EC on the harmonization of transparency requirements in relation to information about issuers whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market (amending Directive 2001/34/EC). Regarding the transparency of listed companies, Law 6/2007 amended the reporting requirements and the disclosure regime, and established changes in the supervision system. On the takeover bids side, Law 6/2007 has established the cases in which a company must launch a takeover bid and the ownership thresholds at which a takeover bid must be launched. It also regulates conduct rules for the board of directors of target companies and the squeeze-out and sell-out when a 90% of the share capital is held after a takeover bid. Additionally, Law 6/2007 was further developed by Royal Decree 1362/2007, on transparency requirements for issuers of listed securities, which was subsequently amended (see “—Trading by the Bank and its Affiliates in the Shares”).

On December 19, 2007, the Spanish Congress approved Law 47/2007, which amends the Securities Markets Act in order to adapt it to Directive 2004/37/EC on markets in financial instruments (MiFID), Directive 2006/49/EC on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions, and Directive 2006/73/EC implementing Directive 2004/39/EC with respect to organizational requirements and operating conditions for investment firms and defined terms for the purposes of that Directive. Further MiFID implementation was introduced by Royal Decree 217/2008.

The Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on short selling and certain aspects of credit default swaps (EU) No 236/2012 (Regulation) has been in force since March 25, 2012 and became directly effective in EU countries from November 1, 2012. This Regulation introduced a pan-European regulatory framework for dealing with short selling and requires persons to disclose short positions in relation to shares of EU listed companies and EU sovereign debt. For significant net short positions in shares of EU listed companies, these regulations create a two-tier reporting model: (i) when a net short position reaches 0.20% of an issuer’s share capital (and at every 0.1% thereafter), such position must be privately reported to the relevant regulator; and (ii) when such position reaches 0.50% (and at every 0.1% thereafter) of an issuer’s share capital, apart from being disclosed to the regulators, such position must be publicly reported to the market.

Law 9/2012 and Royal Decree 1698/2012 implemented European Directive 2010/73/EU (which amended Directive 2003/71/EC, on the prospectus to be published when securities are offered to the public or admitted to trading and Directive 2004/109/EC, on the harmonization of transparency requirements in relation to information about issuers whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market). The main changes to requirements applicable to prospectuses introduced by Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of October 14, will come into effect on July 21, 2019.

Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 15, 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (MIFID II), and Regulation (EU) 600/2014 of the European Parliament and Council of May 15, 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (MiFIR), were published on June 12, 2014 and, when fully implemented and in force, will affect the Spanish securities market legislation, markets and infrastructures. This could translate into higher compliance costs for financial institutions. As of December 31, 2017, the only implementation of MiFID II into Spanish Law was that introduced by Royal Decree-Law 21/2017, of December 29, which dealt only with certain matters related to Spanish regulated markets, multilateral trading facilities, and organized trading facilities.

Royal Legislative Decree 4/2015, of October 23, approved the reinstated text of the Securities Markets Act.

Trading by the Bank and its Affiliates in the Shares

Trading by subsidiaries in their parent companies shares is restricted by the Corporate Enterprises Act.

Neither BBVA nor its affiliates may purchase BBVA’s shares unless the making of such purchases is authorized at a meeting of BBVA’s shareholders by means of a resolution establishing, among other matters, the maximum number of shares to be acquired and the authorization term, which cannot exceed five years. Restricted reserves equal to the purchase price of any shares that are purchased by BBVA or its subsidiaries must be made by the purchasing entity. The total number of shares held by BBVA and its subsidiaries may not exceed ten percent of BBVA’s total capital, as per the treasury stock limits set forth in the Corporate Enterprises Act (Royal Legislative

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Decree 1/2010). It is the practice of Spanish banking groups, including ours, to establish subsidiaries to trade in their parent company’s shares in order to meet imbalances of supply and demand, to provide liquidity (especially for trades by their customers) and to modulate swings in the market price of their parent company’s shares.

Reporting Requirements

Royal Decree 1362/2007 requires that any person or entity which acquires or transfers shares and as a consequence the number of voting rights held exceeds, reaches or is below the thresholds of 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80% and 90% of the capital stock of a company listed on a Spanish Stock Exchange must, within four stock exchange business days after that acquisition or transfer, report it to such company, and to the CNMV. This duty to report the holding of a significant stake is applicable not only to the acquisitions and transfers in the terms described above, but also to those cases in which in the absence of an acquisition or transfer of shares, the ratio of an individual’s voting rights exceeds, reaches or is below the thresholds that trigger the duty to report, as a consequence of an alteration in the total number of voting rights of an issuer.

In addition, any company listed on a Spanish Stock Exchange must report on a non-public basis to the CNMV, within four Stock Exchange business days, any acquisition by such company (or an affiliate) of the company’s own shares if such acquisition, together with any previous one from the date of the last communication, exceeds 1% of its capital stock, regardless of the balance retained. Members of the board of directors must report the ratio of voting rights held at the time of their appointment as members of the board, when they are ceased as members, and each time they transfer or acquire share capital of a company listed on the Spanish Stock Exchanges, regardless of the size of the transaction. Additionally, since we are a credit entity, any individual or company who intends to acquire a significant participation in BBVA’s share capital must obtain prior approval from the Bank of Spain in order to carry out the transaction. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Exchange Controls—Restrictions on Acquisitions of Shares”.

Royal Decree 1362/2007 also establishes reporting requirements in connection with any entity acting from a tax haven or a country where no securities regulatory commission exists, in which case the threshold of three percent is reduced to one percent.

Royal Decree 1362/2007 was amended in 2015 in order to, among other matters, include some changes to the reporting requirements applicable to major shareholdings. In particular, cash settled instruments creating long positions on underlying listed shares shall be disclosed if the specified shareholding threshold is reached or exceeded; cash holdings and holdings as a result of financial instruments shall be aggregated for disclosure purposes and a disclosure exemption for shareholding positions held by financial entities in their trading books is available.

Regulation (EU) No 596/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 16, 2014 on market abuse and its implementing regulations entered into force on July 3, 2016, involving a number of changes for BBVA as a listed issuer, including in relation to areas such as disclosure of inside information to the market, maintenance of insider lists and disclosure of restrictions on dealings by directors and persons discharging managerial responsibilities.

Each Spanish bank is required to provide to the Bank of Spain a list dated the last day of each quarter of all the bank’s shareholders that are financial institutions and other non-financial institution shareholders owning at least 0.25% of a bank’s total share capital. Furthermore, the banks are required to inform the Bank of Spain, as soon as they become aware, and in any case not later than in 15 days, of each acquisition by a person or a group of at least one percent of such bank’s total share capital.

Ministerial Order EHA/1421/2009 developed the requirements set forth in the Securities Market Act on the publication of significant information. In this respect, the principles to be followed and conditions to be met by entities when they publish and report significant information are set forth, along with the content requirements, including when significant information is connected with accounting, financial or operational projections, forecasts or estimates. The reporting entity must designate at least one interlocutor whom the CNMV may consult or from whom it may request information relating to dissemination of the significant information. Lastly, some of the circumstances in which it is considered that an entity is failing to comply with the duty to publish and report significant information are described. These include, among others, cases in which significant information is disseminated at meetings with investors or shareholders or at presentations to analysts or to media professionals, but is not communicated, at the same time, to the CNMV.

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Ministerial Order EHA/1421/2009 was modified by ministerial Order ECC/461/2013 which imposed on securities issuers the duty of publishing notices of significant information through their websites.

Circular 4/2009 of the CNMV further develops Ministerial Order EHA1421/2009. In this respect, the Circular sets forth a precise proceeding for the actual report of the significant information and draws up an illustrative list of the events that may be deemed to constitute significant information. This list includes, among others, events connected with strategic agreements and mergers and acquisitions, information relating to the reporting entity’s financial statements or those of its consolidated group, information on notices of call and official matters and information on significant changes in factors connected with the activities of the reporting entity and its group.

Tax Requirements

According to Law 10/2014, an issuer’s parent company (credit entity or listed company) is required, on an annual basis, to provide the Spanish tax authorities with the following: (i) disclosure of information regarding those investors with Spanish Tax residency obtaining income from securities and (ii) the amount of income obtained by them in each period.

B. Plan of distribution

Not Applicable.

C. Markets

See “Item 9. The Offer and Listing”.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not Applicable.

E. Dilution

Not Applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not Applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not Applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

Spanish law and BBVA’s Bylaws are the main sources of regulation affecting the Company. All rights and obligations of BBVA’s shareholders are contained in BBVA’s Bylaws and in Spanish law. Pursuant to Royal Decree 84/2015 of February 13, implementing Law 10/2014, amendments of the Bylaws of a bank are subject to notice or prior authorization of the Bank of Spain.

Registry and Company’s Objects and Purposes

BBVA is registered with the Commercial Registry of Vizcaya (Spain). Its registration number at the Commercial Registry of Vizcaya is volume 2,083, Company section folio 1, sheet BI-17-1, 1st entry. Its corporate purpose is to engage in all kinds of activities, operations, acts, contracts and services within the banking business or directly or indirectly related to it that are permitted or not prohibited by prevailing provisions and ancillary

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activities. Its corporate purpose also includes the acquisition, holding, utilization and divestment of securities, public offerings to buy and sell securities, and any kind of holdings in any company or enterprise. BBVA’s corporate purpose is contained in Article 3 of BBVA’s Bylaws.

Certain Powers of the Board of Directors

In general, provisions regarding directors are contained in our Bylaws. Also, our Board Regulations govern the internal procedures and the operation of the Board of Directors and its Committees and directors’ rights and duties as described in their charter. The referred Board Regulations limit a director’s right to vote on a proposal, arrangement or contract in which the director is materially interested and require retirement of directors at a certain age. Directors are not required to hold shares of BBVA in order to be appointed as such. As regards compensation in shares for executive directors, please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation”.

Lastly, the Board Regulations contain a series of ethical standards. For more information please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees”.

Certain Provisions Regarding Privileged Shares

Our Bylaws authorize us to issue ordinary, non-voting, redeemable and privileged shares. As of the date of the filing of this Annual Report, we have no non-voting, redeemable or privileged shares outstanding.

The Company may issue shares that confer some privilege over ordinary shares under the legally established terms and conditions, complying with the formalities prescribed for amending our Bylaws.

Redemption of shares may only occur according to the terms set forth when they are issued. Redeemable shares must be fully paid-up at the time of their subscription. If the redemption right was attributed exclusively to the issuer, it may not be enforced until three years have elapsed since the issue. Redemption of redeemable shares must be charged to earnings or to free reserves or be made with the proceeds of a new share issue made under a resolution from the general shareholders’ meeting or, as the case may be, from the Board of Directors, for the purpose of financing the redemption transaction. If the redemption of these shares is charged to earnings or to free reserves, the Company must set up a reserve for the amount of the nominal value of the shares redeemed. If the redemption is not charged to earnings or free reserves or made with the proceeds of the issuance of new shares, it may only be carried out under the requirements established for the reduction of share capital by refunding contributions.

Holders of non-voting shares, if issued, are entitled to receive a minimum fixed or variable annual dividend, as resolved by the general shareholders’ meeting and/or the Board of Directors at the time of deciding to issue the shares. The right of non-voting shares to accumulate unpaid dividends whenever funds to pay dividends are not available, any preemptive subscription rights associated with non-voting shares, and the ability of holders of non-voting shares to recover voting rights also must be established at the time of deciding to issue the shares. Once the minimum dividend has been agreed upon, holders of non-voting shares will be entitled to the same dividend as holders of ordinary shares.

Certain Provisions Regarding Shareholders Rights

As of the date of the filing of this Annual Report, our capital is comprised of one class of ordinary shares, all of which have the same rights.

Once the allocation requirements established by law and in our Bylaws have been covered, dividends may be paid out to shareholders and charged to the year’s profit or to unrestricted reserves, in proportion to the capital they may have paid up, provided the value of the total net assets is not, or as a result of such distribution would not be, less than the share capital. Shareholders will participate in the distribution of earnings in proportion to their capital paid-up. The right to collect a dividend lapses after five years as of the date in which it was first available to the shareholders. Shareholders also have the right to participate in proportion to their capital paid-up in any distribution of net assets resulting from our liquidation. For more information regarding dividends see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends”.

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Each voting share will confer the right to one vote on the holder present or represented at the general shareholders’ meeting. However, unpaid shares with respect to which a shareholder is in default of the resolutions of the Board of Directors relating to their payment will not be entitled to vote. Our Bylaws contain no provisions regarding cumulative voting.

Our Bylaws do not contain any provisions relating to sinking funds or potential liability of shareholders to further capital calls by us.

Our Bylaws do not establish that special quorums are required to change the rights of shareholders. Under Spanish law, the rights of shareholders may only be changed by an amendment to the Bylaws that complies with the requirements explained below under “—Shareholders’ Meetings”, plus the affirmative vote of the majority of the shares of the class that will be affected by the amendment.

Shareholders’ Meetings

The annual general shareholders’ meeting has its own set of regulations on issues such as how it operates and what rights shareholders enjoy regarding general meetings. These establish the possibility of exercising or delegating votes over remote communication media.

General shareholders’ meetings may be annual or extraordinary. The annual general shareholders’ meeting is held within the first six months of each year. It will give approval, among other things and where applicable, to the corporate management of the Company and the financial statements for the previous year and resolve as to the allocation of profits or losses. Extraordinary general shareholders’ meetings are those meetings that are not ordinary. In any case, the requirements mentioned below for constitution and adoption of resolutions are applicable to both categories of general shareholders’ meetings.

General shareholders’ meetings will be called at the initiative of and according to the agenda determined by the Board of Directors, whenever it deems necessary or advisable for the Company’s interests, and in any case on the dates or in the periods determined by law and the Company Bylaws, or upon the request of one or several shareholders representing at least three percent of our share capital.

Our general shareholders’ meeting Regulations establish that annual and extraordinary general shareholders’ meetings must be called within the notice period required by law. This will be done by means of an announcement published by the Board of Directors or its proxy in the Official Gazette of the Companies Registry (“BORME”) or one of the most widely disseminated daily newspapers in Spain within the notice period required by law, as well as being disseminated on the CNMV (the Spanish Securities Market Commission) website and the Company website, except when legal provisions establish other media for disseminating the notice.

The Company’s general shareholders’ meetings may be attended by anyone owning the minimum number of shares established in our Bylaws (500), provided that their holding is registered in the corresponding accounting records five days before the meeting is scheduled and that they keep at least that same number of shares until the meeting is held. Holders of fewer shares may group together until they make up at least that number, appointing a representative.

General shareholders’ meetings will be validly constituted at first summons with the presence of at least 25% of our voting capital, either in person or by proxy. No minimum quorum is required to hold a general shareholders’ meeting at second summons. In either case, resolutions will be agreed by the majority of the votes. However, a general shareholders’ meeting will only be validly held with the presence of 50% of our voting capital at first summons or of 25% of the voting capital at second summons, in the case of resolutions concerning the following matters:

· debt issuances;

· share capital increases or decreases;

· the exclusion or limitation of the pre-emptive subscription rights over new shares;

· transformation, merger of BBVA or spin-off and global assignment of assets and liabilities;

· the off-shoring of domicile, and

· any other amendment to the Bylaws.

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In these cases, resolutions may only be approved with the vote of the absolute majority of the shares if at least 50% of the voting capital is present or represented at the general shareholders’ meeting. If the voting capital present or represented at the meeting at second summons is less than 50% (but over 25%), then resolutions may only be adopted by two-thirds of the shares present or represented.

Additionally, our Bylaws state that, in order to adopt resolutions approving the replacement of the corporate purpose, the transformation, total spin-off, the winding up of BBVA and amending that paragraph of the relevant article of our Bylaws, two-thirds of the subscribed voting capital must attend the general shareholders’ meeting at first summons, or 60% of that capital at second summons.

Restrictions on the Ownership of Shares

Our Bylaws do not provide for any restrictions on the ownership of our ordinary shares. Spanish law, however, provides for certain restrictions which are described below under “—Exchange Controls—Restrictions on Acquisitions of Shares”.

Restrictions on Foreign Investments

The Spanish Stock Exchanges are open to foreign investors. Investments in shares of Spanish companies by foreign entities or individuals may be freely executed but require the notification to the Spanish Foreign Investment Authorities for administrative statistical and economical purposes. See “—Exchange Controls”. In addition, they are subject to certain restrictions and requirements which are also applicable to investments by domestic entities or individuals.

Current Spanish regulations provide that foreign investors may freely transfer out of Spain any amounts of invested capital, capital gains and dividends subject to applicable taxes. See “—Exchange Controls”.

C. Material Contracts

Shareholders’ Agreement in Connection with Garanti

On November 1, 2010, in connection with the acquisition of our initial stake in Garanti, we entered into a shareholders’ agreement with Doğuş, which was subsequently amended and restated on November 19, 2014. The amended and restated shareholders’ agreement ceased to be in effect upon the closing, on March 22, 2017, of our acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti.

While the amended and restated shareholders’ agreement allowed BBVA to appoint the Chairman of Garanti’s board of directors, the majority of its members and Garanti’s CEO, it also provided for a list of reserved matters which had to be implemented or approved (either at a meeting of the shareholders or of the board) with each party’s consent. For example, Doğuş’ consent was necessary to approve any decisions in connection with the disposal or discontinuance of, or material changes to, any line of business or business entity within the Garanti group that had a value in excess of 25% of the Garanti group’s total net assets, in one financial year. In addition, the amended and restated shareholders’ agreement provided for certain rights of first offer, tag-along rights and a lock-up period in respect of Garanti shares owned by Doğuş. Moreover, the parties agreed to seek to maintain Garanti’s listing on the Istanbul Exchange and to distribute at least 25% of Garanti’s distributable profits as long as they held a certain stake in Garanti.

Joint Venture Agreement with Cerberus

On November 28, 2017 BBVA and various BBVA Group companies entered into a Joint Venture agreement with Promontoria Marina, S.L.U. (hereinafter, "Promontoria"), a company managed by Cerberus, in connection with the contribution of the Spun-off Business (hereinafter, the "Joint Venture Agreement").

The Joint Venture Agreement provides for:

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(i) The contribution by BBVA of the assets that comprise the Spun-off Business to Newco by means of (a) a contribution through a capital increase of those assets of the Spun-off Business that are not subject to any Particular Condition Precedent (hereinafter, the "Capital Increase") and (b) a contribution, without a capital increase, pursuant to section 118 of General Accounting Plan, of such assets of the Spun-off Business that are subject to any Particular Condition Precedent, as defined below (hereinafter, the "Contribution to Account 118"). The Contribution to Account 118 of a given asset will be subject to any Particular Condition Precedent applicable to such asset being satisfied, which may take place after the Closing date and up to, with certain exceptions, December 31, 2018. The Capital Increase and the Contribution to Account 118 are jointly referred to as the "Business Contribution".

(ii) The subsequent sale of 80% of the shares of Newco by BBVA to Promontoria, once the Capital Increase is recorded with the Mercantile Registry (hereinafter, the "Closing").

The Joint Venture Agreement is binding on the parties and closing of the transaction is subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions, some of them concerning the transaction as a whole (hereinafter, the "General Conditions Precedent"), and others applying only to certain REOs (hereinafter, the "Particular Conditions Precedent").

The General Conditions Precedent to which the Transaction as a whole is subject are the following:

(i) The granting of express or tacit authorization by the European Commission in accordance with the Regulation (CE) no. 139/2004 or, in case referral is made by virtue of such regulation, by the Spanish National Commission of Markets and Competition (Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia).

(ii) The granting of express authorization by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competition (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competencia de España).

The General Conditions Precedent must be fulfilled within an initial term of six months as from November 28, 2017, with the possibility of extending such initial term for an additional six-month period under certain circumstances.

The Particular Conditions Precedent to which the contribution of certain REOs to Newco is subject, as the case may be, are the following:

(i) Failure by the Public Administration to exercise the preferential acquisition right over the REOs located in Catalonia.

(ii) Approval by the relevant third party to compensate BBVA for the economic loss in relation to certain REOs which were subject to an asset protection scheme.

(iii) Authorization, if applicable, by the Public Administration of the transfer of the REOs subject to a special public protection scheme (viviendas de protección pública).

(iv) Approval by the relevant managers of the transfer of the REOs owned by securitization funds (the "Securitized REOs").

Additionally, the parties agreed that, as a general rule, and unless otherwise agreed, REOs will be contributed to Newco only if they are recorded in the Land Registry in favor of BBVA. For these purposes, the parties have agreed on a procedure to review the registration status of the REOs.

In case that, with respect to a REO, any of the Particular Conditions Precedent to which it may be subject to are not fulfilled by the time of the Capital Increase, such REO will be contributed to Newco at the time that the Contribution to Account 118 takes place, provided that the relevant Particular Condition Precedent is fulfilled by December 31, 2018, except for the Securitized REOs, whose deadline for compliance with the condition will be the Closing date.

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In addition, as a general rule REOs that are not recorded in the Land Registry in favor of BBVA may be contributed to Newco only if they are registered within 18 months as from the Closing date.

BBVA must continue managing the Spun-off Business until the Closing (and regarding the REOs contributed to account 118 until the fulfilment of the Particular Conditions Precedent) in the ordinary course of business consistent with the practices carried out during the last 12 months. The parties have also agreed on a notarial review procedure to be carried out prior to the Capital Increase with the aim of setting out the final perimeter of the Spun-off Business which will be subject to contribution.

The parties agreed to calculate the price for the shares representing 80% of Newco taking into consideration a valuation for the Spun-off Business of €4,963,539,086.12 as of June 26, 2017. Assuming that all REOs on June 26, 2017 will be contributed to Newco, the sale price for 80% of the shares to Promontoria would amount to approximately €4,000 million without taking into account other adjustments.

The purchase price of the shares representing 80% of Newco (hereinafter, the "Purchase Price") is subject to certain adjustments foreseen under the Joint Venture Agreement (including, among others, adjustments related to sales of REOs carried out since June 26, 2017, any failure to contribute REOs resulting from the failure to fulfill a Particular Condition Precedent and the net business income since November 30, 2017 of the actually contributed Spun-off Business).

The Joint Venture Agreement governs the granting by BBVA of certain representation and warranties in favor of Promontoria in relation to the Joint Venture Agreement, its assets and the REOs.

Finally, the Joint Venture Agreement provides for the execution on the Closing date of the following agreements (among others):

(i) A loan agreement by virtue of which BBVA will grant a loan to Promontoria Holding 208 B.V., a Dutch entity and the sole shareholder of Promontoria, for the payment of 20% of the Purchase Price. The loan will not accrue interest, is configured as a bullet loan, and will be due two years as from the Closing date. The loan will be guaranteed on a joint and several basis by two investment funds managed by Cerberus.

(ii) A shareholders’ agreement for Newco to be entered into between BBVA and Promontoria, as the shareholders of the same, in which the rights and obligations of the parties are regulated. The shareholders’ agreement will provide, in particular, for the following:

a. Newco will be primarily managed by Promontoria and BBVA will have no representation in the board of directors.

b. BBVA will have certain veto rights at the general shareholders’ meeting over material decisions.

c. A lock-up period of two years will be established for Promontoria and BBVA, as well as the prohibition to sell shares in Newco to competitors of BBVA. In addition, drag-along, first refusal and the tag-along rights will be granted (the first two in favor of Promontoria and the third one in favor of BBVA).

d. Promontoria will grant to BBVA an option to require Promontoria to acquire BBVA’s stake in the share capital of Newco, which may be exercised within 12 months from the third anniversary of the Closing date.

e. BBVA will have certain additional protections and rights under the shareholders’ agreement in case of breach by the borrower of the loan agreement discussed above and/or in case of breach by Promontoria of its payment obligations if the above put option is exercised.

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(iii) A services agreement to be entered into between BBVA and Haya Real Estate, S.L.U. (“Haya”), a company managed by Cerberus, by virtue of which Haya will provide exclusive management services for most of the real estate portfolio held by BBVA in Spain not contributed to Newco (and for real estate assets in Spain that come into BBVA’s possession after June 26, 2017) for a term of 10 years as from the Closing date.

(iv) A transition services agreement to be entered into between BBVA and Newco by virtue of which BBVA will provide support services for a transitional term which varies depending on the particular service.

A share sale and purchase agreement by virtue of which BBVA will sell to Promontoria 80% of the share capital of the Joint Venture.

D. Exchange Controls

In 1991, Spain adopted the EU Standards for free movement of capital and services. As a result, foreign investors may transfer invested capital, capital gains and dividends out of Spain without limitation as to amount, subject to applicable taxes. See “—Taxation”.

Pursuant to Spanish Law 18/1992 on Foreign Investments and Royal Decree 664/1999 on the Applicable rules to Foreign Investments, foreign investors may freely invest in shares of Spanish companies except in the case of certain strategic industries.

Notwithstanding this, Royal Decree 664/1999 and Law 19/2003, on exchange controls and foreign transactions, require notification of all foreign investments in Spain and liquidations of such investments upon completion of such investments to the Investments Registry of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for administrative statistical and economical purposes. Shares in listed Spanish companies acquired or held by foreign investors must be reported to the Spanish Registry of Foreign Investments by the depositary bank or relevant Iberclear member. When a foreign investor acquires shares that are subject to the reporting requirements of the CNMV regarding significant stakes, notice must be given directly by the foreign investor to the relevant authorities.

Moreover, investments by foreigners domiciled in enumerated tax haven jurisdictions, under Royal Decree 1080/1991, are subject to special reporting requirements.

In certain circumstances and following a specific procedure, the Council of Ministers may agree to suspend the application of Royal Decree 664/1999, if the investments, due to their nature, form or condition, affect or may potentially affect activities relating to the exercise of public powers, national security or public health. Law 19/2003 authorizes the Spanish Government to take measures to impose specific limits or prohibitions, related to third countries, when such measures have been previously approved by the European Union or by an international organization to which Spain is member. Should such regimes be suspended, the affected investor shall obtain prior administrative authorization.

Restrictions on Acquisitions of Shares

Pursuant to Spanish Law 10/2014, any individual or corporation, acting alone or in concert with others, intending to directly or indirectly acquire a significant holding in a Spanish financial institution (as defined in article 16 of the aforementioned Law 10/2014) or to directly or indirectly increase its holding in one in such a way that either the percentage of voting rights or of capital owned were equal to or exceed 20%, 30% or 50%, or by virtue of the acquisition, might take control over the financial institution, must first notify the Bank of Spain.

For the purpose of this Law, a significant participation is considered 10% of the outstanding share capital of a financial institution or a lower percentage if such holding allows for the exercise of a significant influence.

The Bank of Spain will be responsible for evaluating the proposed transaction, in accordance with the terms established by Royal Decree 84/2015, of February 13 (as stated in Article 25.1 of said Royal Decree 84/2015) in order to guarantee the sound and prudent operation on the target financial institution. The Bank of Spain will submit a proposition before the European Central Bank, which will be in charge of deciding upon the proposed transaction in the term of 60 working days after the date on which the notification was received.

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Any acquisition without such prior notification, or before the period established in the Royal Decree 84/2015 has elapsed or against the objection of the Bank of Spain, will produce the following results:

- the acquired shares will have no voting rights;

- if considered appropriate, the target bank may be taken over or its directors replaced; and

- the sanctions established in Title IV of Law 10/2014.

Regarding the transparency of listed companies, such matter is mainly regulated in Spain in Royal Decree 4/2015, of October 23, approving the restated text of the Securities Market Act. The transparency requirements set out in such Act are further developed by Royal Decree 1362/2007 developing the Securities Market Act on transparency requirement for issuers of listed securities, which stipulates among other matters a communication threshold of 3% for significant stakes and extends the disclosure obligations to the acquisition or transfer of financial instruments that grant rights to acquire shares with voting rights. For more information see “Item 9. The Offer and Listing—Offer and Listing Details — Reporting Requirements”.

Tender Offers

The Spanish legal regime concerning takeover bids, which reflects the related EU regulation (mainly Directive 2004/25/EC), is set forth in Royal Decree 4/2015, of October 23, approving the restated text of the Securities Market Act, and Royal Decree 1066/2007, of July 29, on takeover bids.

E. Taxation

Spanish Tax Considerations

The following is a summary of the material Spanish tax consequences to U.S. Residents (as defined below) of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of BBVA’s ADSs or ordinary shares as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report. This summary does not address all tax considerations that may be relevant to all categories of potential purchasers, some of whom (such as life insurance companies, tax-exempt entities, dealers in securities or financial institutions) may be subject to special rules. In particular, the summary deals only with the U.S. Holders (as defined below) that will hold ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets and who do not at any time own individually, and are not treated as owning, 25% or more of BBVA’s shares, including ADSs.

As used in this particular section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of BBVA’s ADSs or ordinary shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

· a citizen or an individual resident of the United States,

· a corporation or other entity treated as a corporation, created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia, or

· an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax without regard to its source.

(2) “Treaty” means the Convention between the United States and the Kingdom of Spain for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related Protocol.

(3) “U.S. Resident” means a U.S. Holder that is a resident of the United States for the purposes of the Treaty and entitled to the benefits of the Treaty, whose holding is not effectively connected with (1) a permanent establishment in Spain through which such holder carries on or has carried on business, or (2) a fixed base in Spain from which such holder performs or has performed independent personal services.

Holders of ADSs or ordinary shares should consult their tax advisors, particularly as to the applicability of any tax treaty. The statements regarding Spanish tax laws set out below are based on interpretations of those laws in force as of the date of this Annual Report. Such statements also assume that each obligation in the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be performed in full accordance with the terms of those agreements.

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Taxation of Dividends

Under Spanish law, cash dividends paid by BBVA to a holder of ordinary shares or ADSs who is not resident in Spain for tax purposes and does not operate through a permanent establishment in Spain, are subject to Spanish Non-Resident Income Tax, withheld at source at a 19% tax rate. For these purposes, upon distribution of the dividend, BBVA or its paying agent will withhold an amount equal to the tax due according to the rules set forth above (applying a withholding tax rate of 19%), transferring the resulting net amount to the depositary.

However, under the Treaty, if you are a U.S. Resident, you are entitled to a reduced withholding tax rate of 15%. To benefit from the Treaty-reduced rate of 15%, if you are a U.S. Resident, you must provide to BBVA through our paying agent depositary, before the tenth day following the end of the month in which the dividends were payable, a certificate from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) stating that, to the best knowledge of the IRS, you are a resident of the United States within the meaning of the Treaty and entitled to its benefits.

If the paying agent depositary provides timely evidence (i.e., by means of the IRS certificate) of your right to apply the Treaty-reduced rate it will immediately receive the surplus amount withheld, which will be credited to you. The IRS certificate is valid for a period of one year from issuance.

To help shareholders obtain such certificates, BBVA has set up an online procedure to make this as easy as possible.

If the certificate referred to in the above paragraph is not provided to us through our paying agent depositary within said term, you may afterwards obtain a refund of the amount withheld in excess of the rate provided for in the Treaty.

Spanish Refund Procedure

According to Spanish Regulations on Non-Resident Income Tax, approved by Royal Decree 1776/2004 dated July 30, 2004, as amended, a refund for the amount withheld in excess of the Treaty-reduced rate can be obtained from the relevant Spanish tax authorities. To pursue the refund claim, if you are a U.S. Resident, you are required to file:

• the corresponding Spanish tax form,

• the certificate referred to in the preceding section, and

• evidence of the Spanish Non-Resident Income Tax that was withheld with respect to you.

The refund claim must be filed within four years from the date in which the withheld tax was collected by the Spanish tax authorities, but not before February 1, of the following year.

U.S. Residents are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding refund procedures and any U.S. tax implications thereof.

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of, and the procedures to be followed in connection with, this exemption.

Taxation of Rights

Distribution of preemptive rights to subscribe for new shares made with respect to your shares in BBVA will not be treated as income under Spanish law and, therefore, will not be subject to Spanish Non-Resident Income Tax. The exercise of such preemptive rights is not considered a taxable event under Spanish law and thus is not subject to Spanish tax. Capital gains derived from the disposition of preemptive rights received by U.S. Residents are generally

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not taxed in Spain provided that certain conditions are met (see “—Taxation of Capital Gains” below).

Taxation of Capital Gains

Under Spanish law, any capital gains derived from securities issued by persons residing in Spain for tax purposes are considered to be Spanish-source income and, therefore, are taxable in Spain. For Spanish tax purposes, gain recognized by you, if you are a U.S. Resident, from the sale of BBVA’s ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as capital gains. Spanish Non-Resident Income Tax is currently levied at a 19% tax rate, on capital gains recognized by persons who are not residents of Spain for tax purposes, who are not entitled to the benefit of any applicable treaty for the avoidance of double taxation and who do not operate through a fixed base or a permanent establishment in Spain.

Notwithstanding the discussion above, capital gains derived from the transfer of shares on an official Spanish secondary stock market by any holder who is resident in a country that has entered into a treaty for the avoidance of double taxation with an “exchange of information” clause (the Treaty contains such a clause) will be exempt from taxation in Spain. Additionally, capital gains realized by non-residents of Spain who are entitled to the benefit of an applicable treaty for the avoidance of double taxation will, in the majority of cases, not be taxed in Spain (since most tax treaties provide for taxation only in the taxpayer’s country of residence). If you are a U.S. Resident, under the Treaty, capital gains arising from the disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs will not be taxed in Spain. You will be required to establish that you are entitled to this exemption by providing to the relevant Spanish tax authorities a certificate of residence in the United States from the IRS (discussed above in “—Taxation of Dividends”), together with the corresponding Spanish tax form.

Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes

Transfers of BBVA’s shares or ADSs upon death or by gift to individuals are subject to Spanish inheritance and gift taxes (Spanish Law 29/1987), if the transferee is a resident in Spain for tax purposes, or if BBVA’s shares or ADSs are located in Spain, regardless of the residence of the transferee. In this regard, the Spanish tax authorities may argue that all shares of a Spanish corporation and all ADSs representing such shares are located in Spain for Spanish tax purposes. The applicable tax rate for individuals, after applying all relevant factors, ranges between approximately 7.65% and 81.6% under Spanish Law 29/1987. After determining the tax rate, some multipliers, that range from 1.0 to 2.4, are applied in order to assess the tax due. Those multipliers take into account the preexisting wealth of the inheritor / donee, and the kinship with the deceased / donor.

Corporations that are non-residents of Spain that receive BBVA’s shares or ADSs as a gift are subject to Spanish Non-Resident Income Tax at a 19% tax rate on the fair market value of such ordinary shares or ADSs as a capital gain tax. If the donee is a U.S. resident corporation, the exclusions available under the Treaty described in “—Taxation of Capital Gains” above will be applicable.

Spanish Transfer Tax

Transfers of BBVA’s ordinary shares or ADSs will be exempt from Transfer Tax (Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales) or Value-Added Tax. Additionally, no stamp duty will be levied on such transfers.

U.S. Tax Considerations

The following summary describes material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to hold the securities. The summary applies only to U.S. Holders that are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty (in each case, as defined under “Spanish Tax Considerations” above) and that hold ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets for tax purposes and does not address all of the tax consequences, including the potential application of the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), known as the Medicare contribution tax, and tax consequences that may be relevant to holders subject to special rules, such as:

• certain financial institutions;

• dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of accounting;

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• persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares;

• persons whose “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

• persons liable for the alternative minimum tax;

• tax-exempt entities;

• partnerships or other entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

• persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States;

• persons who acquired our ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or

• persons who own or are deemed to own 10% or more of our stock, by vote or value.

If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding ADSs or ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisors as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the ADSs or ordinary shares.

The summary is based upon the tax laws of the United States, including the Code, the Treaty, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof. These laws are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. In addition, the summary is based in part on representations by the depositary and assumes that each obligation provided for in or otherwise contemplated by BBVA’s deposit agreement and any other related document will be performed in accordance with its terms. Prospective purchasers of the ADSs or ordinary shares are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the U.S., Spanish or other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in their particular circumstances, including the effect of any U.S. state or local tax laws.

In general, for United States federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder who owns ADSs will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if a U.S. Holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs.

The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom American depositary shares are released before shares are delivered to the depositary, or intermediaries in the chain of ownership between holders and the issuer of the security underlying the American depositary shares, may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits by U.S. holders of American depositary shares. Such actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, as described below. Accordingly, the analysis of the creditability of Spanish taxes and the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, each described below, could be affected by future actions that may be taken by such parties.

This discussion assumes that BBVA is not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) (as discussed below).

Taxation of Distributions

Distributions, before reduction for any Spanish income tax withheld by BBVA or its paying agent, made with respect to ADSs or ordinary shares (other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for ordinary shares of BBVA’s capital stock) will be includible in the income of a U.S. Holder as ordinary income, to the extent paid out of BBVA’s current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. Because we do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions generally will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. The amount of such dividends will generally be treated as foreign-source dividend income and will not be eligible for the “dividends-received deduction” generally allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code. Subject to applicable limitations and the discussion above regarding concerns expressed by the U.S. Treasury, dividends paid

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to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders of ADSs will be taxable as “qualified dividend income” and therefore will be taxable at favorable rates applicable to long-term capital gains. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors to determine the availability of these favorable rates in their particular circumstances.

The amount of dividend income will equal the U.S. dollar value of the euro received, calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt (which, for U.S. Holders of ADSs, will be the date such distribution is received by the depositary), whether or not the depositary or U.S. Holder in fact converts any euro received into U.S. dollars at that time. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.

A scrip dividend (such as a dividend distributed in the form of either cash or ordinary shares at the election of the U.S. Holder under the “Dividend Option” program, described in “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends—Scrip Dividend”) will be taxed in the same manner as a distribution of cash, regardless of whether a U.S. Holder elects to receive the dividend in shares rather than cash. If the U.S. Holder elects to receive the dividend in shares, the U.S. Holder will be treated as having received a distribution equal to the U.S. dollar fair market value of the shares on the date of distribution. The U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such shares received will be equal to the U.S. dollar fair market value of the shares on the date of distribution and the holding period for such shares will begin on the day following the distribution.

Subject to applicable limitations that vary depending upon a U.S. Holder’s circumstances and subject to the discussion above regarding concerns expressed by the U.S. Treasury, a U.S. Holder will be entitled to a credit against its U.S. federal income tax liability for Spanish income taxes withheld by BBVA or its paying agent at a rate not exceeding the rate the U.S. Holder is entitled to under the Treaty. Spanish taxes withheld in excess of the rate applicable under the Treaty will not be eligible for credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. See “Spanish Tax Considerations–Taxation of Dividends” for a discussion of how to obtain the Treaty rate. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and, therefore, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in their particular circumstances. Instead of claiming a credit, the U.S. Holder may, at its election, deduct such Spanish taxes in computing its U.S. federal taxable income. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits must apply to all taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year to foreign countries and possessions of the United States.

Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Shares

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares will be capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. Such gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held the ordinary shares or ADSs for more than one year at the time of disposition. Gain or loss, if any, will generally be U.S. source for foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

Based upon certain proposed Treasury regulations which are proposed to be effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1994 (“Proposed Regulations”), we believe that we were not a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our 2017 taxable year. However, since our PFIC status depends upon the composition of our income and assets and the market value of our assets (including, among others, less than 25% owned equity investments) from time to time and since there is no guarantee that the Proposed Regulations will be adopted in their current form and because the manner of the application of the Proposed Regulations is not entirely clear, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year.

If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held ADSs or ordinary shares, gain recognized by such U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of an ADS or an ordinary share would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADS or the ordinary share. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other exchange and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount of tax allocated to such taxable year. The same treatment would apply to any distribution

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received by a U.S. Holder on its ordinary shares or ADSs to the extent that such distribution exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the ordinary shares or ADSs received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter. In addition, if we were a PFIC or, with respect to a particular U.S. Holder, were treated as a PFIC for the taxable year in which we paid a dividend or the prior taxable year, the favorable tax rates discussed above with respect to dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders would not apply. Certain elections may be available (including a mark-to-market election) that may provide alternative tax treatments. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding whether we are or were a PFIC, the potential application of the PFIC rules to their ownership and disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs, whether any of these elections for alternative treatment would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances. If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owned our shares, the U.S. Holder would generally be required to file IRS Form 8621 with their annual U.S. federal income tax returns, subject to certain exceptions.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Information returns may be filed with the IRS in connection with payments of dividends on, and the proceeds from a sale or other disposition of, ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder may be subject to U.S. backup withholding on these payments if the U.S. Holder fails to provide its taxpayer identification number to the paying agent and comply with certain certification procedures or otherwise establish an exemption from backup withholding. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle the U.S. Holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals or specified entities may be required to report information relating to securities of non-U.S. companies, or non-U.S. accounts through which they are held. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of these rules on their ownership or disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not Applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not Applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, except that as a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the proxy rules or the short-swing profit disclosure rules of the Exchange Act. In accordance with these statutory requirements, we file or furnish reports and other information with the SEC. Reports and other information filed or furnished by BBVA with the SEC may be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of such material may also be inspected at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, 11 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, on which BBVA’s ADSs are listed. In addition, the SEC maintains a web site that contains information filed or furnished electronically with the SEC, which can be accessed over the internet at http://www.sec.gov.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not Applicable.

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ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Trading Portfolio Activities

Market risk originates as a result of movements in the market variables that impact the valuation of traded financial products and assets. The main risks can be classified as follows:

· Interest rate risk: This arises as a result of exposure to movements in the different interest-rate curves involved in trading. Although the typical products that generate sensitivity to the movements in interest rates are money-market products (deposits, interest-rate futures, call money swaps, etc.) and traditional interest-rate derivatives (swaps and interest-rate options such as caps, floors, swaptions, etc.), practically all the financial products are exposed to interest-rate movements due to the effect that such movements have on the valuation of the financial discount.

· Equity risk: This arises as a result of movements in share prices. This risk is generated in spot positions in shares or any derivative products whose underlying asset is a share or an equity index. Dividend risk is a sub-risk of equity risk, arising as an input for any equity option. Its variation may affect the valuation of positions and it is therefore a factor that generates risk on the books.

· Exchange rate risk: This is caused by movements in the exchange rates of the different currencies in which a position is held. As in the case of equity risk, this risk is generated in spot currency positions, and in any derivative product whose underlying asset is an exchange rate. In addition, the quanto effect (operations where the underlying asset and the instrument itself are denominated in different currencies) means that in certain transactions in which the underlying asset is not a currency, an exchange-rate risk is generated that has to be measured and monitored.

· Credit-spread risk: Credit spread is an indicator of an issuer’s credit quality. Spread risk occurs due to variations in the levels of spread of both corporate and government issues, and affects positions in bonds and credit derivatives.

· Volatility risk: This occurs as a result of changes in the levels of implied price volatility of the different market instruments on which derivatives are traded. This risk, unlike the others, is exclusively a component of trading in derivatives and is defined as a first-order convexity risk that is generated in all possible underlying assets in which there are products with options that require a volatility input for their valuation.

We believe the metrics developed to control and monitor market risk in the BBVA Group are aligned with best practices in the market, and they are implemented consistently across all the local market risk units.

Measurement procedures are established in terms of the possible impact of negative market conditions on the trading portfolio of the Group’s Global Markets units, both under ordinary circumstances and in situations of heightened risk factors.

The standard metric used to measure market risk is Value at Risk (“VaR”), which indicates the maximum loss that may occur in the portfolios at a given confidence level (99%) and time horizon (one day). This statistic value is widely used in the market and has the advantage of summing up in a single metric the risks inherent to trading activity, taking into account how they are related and providing a prediction of the loss that the trading book could sustain as a result of fluctuations in equity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices. The market risk analysis considers various risks, such as credit spread, basis risk, volatility and correlation risk.

Headings of the balance sheet subject to VaR measurement

Most of the headings on the Group’s consolidated balance sheet subject to market risk are positions whose main metric for measuring their market risk is VaR. This table shows the amount of accounting lines of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 in which there is a market risk in trading activity subject to a VaR measurement:

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|  | Main market risk metrics
|  | VaR | Other metrics (*)
|  | (In Millions of Euros)
Assets subject to market risk |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading |  | 59,008 | 441
Available for sale financial assets |  | 5,661 | 24,083
Of which: Equity instruments |  | - | 2,404
Hedging derivatives |  | 829 | 1,397
Liabilities subject to market risk |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading |  | 42,468 | 2,526
Hedging derivatives |  | 1,157 | 638

(*) Includes mainly assets and liabilities managed by ALCO.

Although the table above provides information on the financial positions subject to market risk, such information is provided for information purposes only and does not reflect how market risk in trading activity is managed.

With respect to the risk measurement models used by the BBVA Group, the Bank of Spain has authorized the use of the internal model to determine bank capital requirements deriving from risk positions on the Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria S.A. and BBVA Bancomer trading book, which jointly accounted for around 70% and 66% of the Group’s trading-book market risk as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For the rest of the geographical areas (mainly South America subsidiaries, Garanti and BBVA Compass), bank capital for the risk positions in the trading book is calculated using the standard model.

The current management structure includes the monitoring of market-risk limits, consisting of a scheme of limits based on VaR, economic capital (based on VaR measurements) and VaR sub-limits, as well as stop-loss limits for each of the Group’s business units.

The model used estimates VaR in accordance with the “historical simulation” methodology, which involves estimating losses and gains that would have taken place in the current portfolio if the changes in market conditions that took place over a specific period of time in the past were repeated. Based on this information, it infers the maximum expected loss of the current portfolio within a given confidence level. This model has the advantage of reflecting precisely the historical distribution of the market variables and not assuming any specific distribution of probability. The historical period used in this model is two years. The historical simulation method is used in Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A., BBVA Bancomer, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Chile, BBVA Colombia, S.A., Compass and Garanti.

VaR figures are estimated following two methodologies:

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· VaR without smoothing, which awards equal weight to the daily information for the previous two years. This is currently the official methodology for measuring market risks for the purpose of monitoring compliance with risk limits.

· VaR with smoothing, which gives a greater weight to more recent market information. This metric supplements the previous one.

In the case of South America subsidiaries (except BBVA Chile and BBVA Colombia where historical VaR sensitivity is used), a parametric methodology is used to measure risk in terms of VaR.

At the same time, and following the guidelines established by the Spanish and European authorities, BBVA incorporates metrics in addition to VaR with the aim of meeting the Bank of Spain’s regulatory requirements with respect to the calculation of bank capital for the trading book. Specifically, the new measures incorporated in the Group since December 2011 (stipulated by Basel 2.5) are:

· VaR: In regulatory terms, the stressed VaR charge is added to the VaR charge, and the sum of these two (VaR and stressed VaR) is calculated. This quantifies the losses associated with the movements of the risk factors inherent to market operations (including interest rates, exchange rates, equity risk and credit spread). Both VaR and stressed VaR are rescaled by a regulatory multiplier set at three and by the square root of ten to calculate the capital charge.

· Specific Risk: Incremental Risk Capital (“IRC”) Quantification of the risks of default and downgrading of the credit ratings of the bond and credit derivative positions in the portfolio. The IRC charge is exclusively applied in entities in respect of which the internal market risk model is used (i.e., Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and BBVA Bancomer). The IRC charge is determined based on the associated losses (calculated at 99.9% confidence level over a one year horizon under the hypothesis of constant risk) due to the rating change and/or default of the issuer with respect to an asset. In addition, the price risk is included in sovereign positions for the specified items.

· Specific Risk: Securitization and correlation portfolios. Capital charges for securitizations and correlation portfolios are assessed based on the potential losses associated with the rating level of a specific credit structure. They are calculated by the standard method. The scope of the correlation portfolios refers to the First To Default (FTD)-type market operation and/or tranches of market CDOs and only for positions with an active market and hedging capacity.

Validity tests are performed regularly on the risk measurement models used by the Group. They estimate the maximum loss that could have been incurred in the assessed positions with a certain level of probability (backtesting), as well as measurements of the impact of extreme market events on risk positions (stress testing). As an additional control measure, backtesting is conducted at trading desk level in order to enable more specific monitoring of the validity of the measurement models.

Market risk in 2017

The Group’s market risk remains at low levels compared with the risk aggregates managed by BBVA, particularly in terms of credit risk. This is due to the nature of the business. During the year ended December 31, 2017 the average VaR was €27 million, below the average figure of 2016, with a high on January 11, 2017 of €34 million. The evolution in the BBVA Group’s market risk during 2017, measured as VaR without smoothing with a 99% confidence level and a one-day horizon (shown in millions of euros) was as follows:

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By type of market risk assumed by the Group’s trading portfolio, the main risk factor for the Group continued to be that linked to interest rates, with a weight of 48% of the total at December 31, 2017 (this figure includes the spread risk). The relative weight has decreased compared with the close of 2016 (58%). Exchange-rate risk accounted for 14%, increasing its proportion with respect to December 31, 2016 (13%), Equity, volatility and correlation risk also increased, with a weight of 38% at the close of 2017 (compared to 29% at the close of 2016).

The VaR average in 2017, 2016 and 2015 was €27 million, €29 million and €24 million, respectively. The total VaR figures for 2017, 2016 and 2015 can be broken down as follows:

Risk | December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
| (In Millions of Euros)
At December 31 |  |  |
Interest/Spread risk | 23 | 29 | 21
Currency risk | 7 | 7 | 9
Stock-market risk | 4 | 2 | 3
Vega/Correlation risk | 14 | 12 | 11
Diversification effect(*) | (26) | (24) | (20)
For period | 22 | 26 | 24
VaR average in the period | 27 | 29 | 24
VaR max in the period | 34 | 38 | 30
VaR min in the period | 22 | 23 | 21

(*) The diversification effect is the difference between the sum of the average individual risk factors and the total VaR figure that includes the implied correlation between all the variables and scenarios used in the measurement.

Validation of the internal market risk model

The internal market risk model is validated on a regular basis by backtesting in both Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and BBVA Bancomer. The aim of backtesting is to validate the quality and precision of the internal market risk model used by the BBVA Group to estimate the maximum daily loss of a portfolio, at a 99% level of confidence and a 250-day time horizon, by comparing the Group’s results and the risk measurements generated by

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the internal market risk model. These tests showed that the internal market risk model of both Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and BBVA Bancomer is adequate and precise.

Two types of backtesting have been carried out during 2017, 2016 and 2015:

“Hypothetical” backtesting: the daily VaR is compared with the results obtained, not taking into account the intraday results or the changes in the portfolio positions. This validates the appropriateness of the market risk metrics for the end-of-day position.

“Real” backtesting: the daily VaR is compared with the total results, including intraday transactions, but discounting the possible minimum charges or fees involved. This type of backtesting includes the intraday risk in portfolios.

In addition, each of these two types of backtesting was carried out at a risk factor or business type level, thus making a deeper comparison of the results with respect to risk measurements.

In 2017, we carried out the backtesting of the internal VaR calculation model, comparing the daily results obtained with the risk level estimated by the internal VaR calculation model. At the end of the year the comparison showed the internal VaR calculation model was working correctly, within the “green” zone (0-4 exceptions), thus validating the internal VaR calculation model, as has occurred each year since the internal market risk model was approved for the Group.

Stress test analysis

A number of stress tests are carried out on the BBVA Group’s trading portfolios. First, global and local historical scenarios are used that replicate the behavior of an extreme past event, such as for example the collapse of Lehman Brothers or the “Tequilazo” crisis. These stress tests are complemented with simulated scenarios, where the aim is to generate scenarios that have a significant impact on the different portfolios, but without being anchored to any specific historical scenario. Finally, for some portfolios or positions, fixed stress tests are also carried out that have a significant impact on the market variables affecting these positions.

Historical scenarios

The historical benchmark stress scenario for the BBVA Group is Lehman Brothers, whose sudden collapse in September 2008 led to a significant impact on the behavior of financial markets at a global level. The following are the most relevant effects of this historical scenario:

· Credit shock: reflected mainly in the increase of credit spreads and downgrades in credit ratings.

· Increased volatility in most of the financial markets (giving rise to a great deal of variation in the prices of different assets (currency, equity, debt).

· Liquidity shock in the financial systems, reflected by a major movement in interbank curves, particularly in the shortest sections of the euro and dollar curves.

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Simulated scenarios

Unlike the historical scenarios, which are fixed and therefore not suited to the composition of the risk portfolio at all times, the scenario used for the exercises of economic stress is based on a resampling methodology. This methodology is based on the use of dynamic scenarios that are recalculated periodically depending on the main risks affecting the trading portfolios. On a data window wide enough to collect different periods of stress (data are taken from January 1, 2008 until the date of the assessment), a simulation is performed by resampling of historic observations, generating a distribution of losses and gains that serve to analyze the most extreme of births in the selected historical window. The advantage of this resampling methodology is that the period of stress is not predetermined, but depends on the portfolio maintained at each time, and making a large number of simulations (10,000 simulations) allows a greater richness of information for the analysis of expected shortfall than what is available in the scenarios included in the calculation of VaR.

The main features of this approach are: a) the generated simulations respect the correlation structure of the data, b) there is flexibility in the inclusion of new risk factors and c) it allows the introduction of a lot of variability in the simulations (desirable for considering extreme events).

Structural Risk — Non-Trading Activities

Structural interest-rate risk

The structural interest-rate risk (“SIRR”) is related to the potential impact that variations in market interest rates have on an entity’s net interest income and equity. In order to measure SIRR, BBVA takes into account the main sources that generate this risk: repricing risk, yield curve risk, option risk and basis risk, which are analyzed from two complementary points of view: net interest income (short term) and economic value (long term).

ALCO monitors the interest-rate risk metrics and the Finance department carries out the management proposals for the structural balance sheet. The management objective is to ensure the stability of net interest income and book value in the face of changes in market interest rates, while respecting the internal solvency and other limits in the different balance sheets and for BBVA Group as a whole, and complying with current and future regulatory requirements.

BBVA’s structural interest-rate risk management control and monitoring is based on a set of metrics and tools aimed at enabling the entity’s risk profile to be monitored correctly. A wide range of scenarios are measured on a regular basis, including sensitivities to parallel movements in the event of different shocks, changes in slope and curve, as well as delayed movements. Other probabilistic metrics based on statistical scenario-simulating methods are also assessed, such as earnings at risk (“EaR”) and economic capital (“EC”), which are defined as the maximum adverse deviations in net interest income and economic value, respectively, for a given confidence level and time horizon. Impact thresholds are established on these management metrics both in terms of deviations in net interest income and in terms of the impact on economic value. The process is carried out separately for each currency to which the Group is exposed, and the diversification effect between currencies and business units is considered after this.

In order to evaluate its effectiveness, the model is subjected to regular internal validation, which includes backtesting. In addition, the banking book’s interest-rate risk exposures are subjected to different stress tests in order to reveal balance sheet vulnerabilities under extreme scenarios. This testing includes an analysis of adverse macroeconomic scenarios designed specifically by BBVA Research, together with a wide range of potential scenarios that aim to identify interest-rate environments that are particularly damaging for the entity. This is done by generating extreme scenarios of a breakthrough in interest rate levels and historical correlations, giving rise to sudden changes in the slopes and even to inverted curves.

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The model is necessarily underpinned by an elaborate set of hypotheses that aim to reproduce the behavior of the balance sheet as closely as possible to reality. Especially relevant among these assumptions are those related to the behavior of “accounts with no explicit maturity”, for which stability and remuneration assumptions are established, consistent with an adequate segmentation by type of product and customer, and prepayment estimates (implicit optionality). The hypotheses are reviewed and adapted, at least on an annual basis, to signs of changes in behavior, kept properly documented and reviewed on a regular basis in the internal validation processes.

The impacts on the metrics are assessed both from a point of view of economic value (gone concern) and from the perspective of net interest income, for which a dynamic model (going concern) consistent with the corporate assumptions of earnings forecasts is used.

The table below shows the estimated impact on net interest income and economic value as of December 31, 2017, for the next succeeding year, of the main entities in the BBVA Group in 2017 of 100 basis points increases/decreases in interest rates (certain information within this table is provisional. Its distribution should not be significantly affected):

| Impact on Net Interest Income (*) | Impact on Economic Value(**)
| 100 Basis-Point Increase | 100 Basis-Point Decrease | 100 Basis-Point Increase | 100 Basis-Point Decrease
Europe (***) | + (10% - 15%) | - (5% - 10%) | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%)
USA | + (5% - 10%) | - (5% - 10%) | - (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%)
Mexico | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%)
Turkey | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%)
South America | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%)
BBVA Group | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%)

(*) Percentual impact of “1 year” net interest income forecast for each unit.

(**) Percentual impact of core capital for each unit.

(***) In Europe downward movement allowed until more negative level than current rates.

In 2017 in Europe monetary policy has remained expansionary, maintaining rates at 0%. In the United States the rising rate cycle initiated by the Federal Reserve in 2015 has been intensified. In Mexico and Turkey, the upward cycle has continued supported by the weak currencies and inflation prospects. In South America, monetary policy has been expansive, with rate declines in most of the economies where the Group operates, with the exception of Argentina, where rates increased during 2017.

The BBVA Group maintains, overall in its Balance Sheet Management Units (“BSMUs”), a positive sensitivity in its net interest income to an increase in interest rates. Higher relative net interest income sensitivities are observed in mature markets, particularly Europe, where however, the negative sensitivity in its net interest income to a decrease in interest rates is limited by the limited scope of a downward path in interest rates. The Group maintains a moderate risk profile, according to its target risk, through effective management of its balance sheet structural risk.

Structural exchange-rate risk

In the BBVA Group, structural exchange-rate risk arises from the consolidation of holdings in subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the euro. Its management is centralized in order to optimize the joint handling of permanent foreign currency exposures, taking into account the diversification.

The corporate Assets and Liabilities Management unit, through ALCO, designs and executes hedging strategies with the main purpose of controlling the potential negative effect of exchange-rate fluctuations on capital ratios and on the equivalent value in euros of the foreign-currency earnings of the Group’s subsidiaries, considering transactions according to market expectations and their cost.

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The risk monitoring metrics included in the framework of limits are integrated into management and supplemented with additional assessment indicators. At corporate level they are based on probabilistic metrics that measure the maximum deviation in the Group’s capital, CET1 ratio, and net attributable profit. The probabilistic metrics make it possible to estimate the joint impact of exposure to different currencies taking into account the different variability in exchange rates and their correlations.

The suitability of these risk assessment metrics is reviewed on a regular basis through backtesting exercises. The final element of structural exchange-rate risk control is the analysis of scenarios and stress with the aim of identifying in advance possible threats to future compliance with the risk appetite levels set, so that any necessary preventive management actions can be taken. The scenarios are based both on historical situations simulated by the risk model and on the risk scenarios provided by BBVA Research.

2017 has been characterized by the depreciation against the euro of the main currencies of the geographies where the Group operates. Based on the period-end exchange rates, the U.S. dollar depreciated by 12.1%, the Mexican peso by 8.0% and the Turkish lira by 18.5% year-on-year.

The Group’s structural exchange-rate risk exposure level has remained fairly stable since the end of 2016. The hedging policy intends to keep low levels of sensitivity to movements in the exchange rates of emerging currencies against the euro and focuses on the Mexican peso and the Turkish lira. The risk mitigation level in the Bank’s capital ratio due to the book value of BBVA Group’s holdings in foreign emerging market currencies stood at around 70% and, as of the end of 2017, CET1 ratio sensitivity to the appreciation of 1% in the euro exchange rate for each currency was as follows: U.S. dollar +1.2 bps; Mexican peso -0.1 bps; Turkish lira -0.1 bps; other currencies -0.3 bps. Hedging of emerging-currency denominated earnings in 2017 increased to 61%, concentrated in the Mexican peso and the Turkish lira.

Structural equity risk

The BBVA Group’s exposure to structural equity risk stems mainly from investments in industrial and financial companies with medium- and long-term investment horizons. This exposure is mitigated through net short positions held in derivatives of their underlying assets, used to limit portfolio sensitivity to potential falls in prices.

Structural management of equity portfolios is the responsibility of the Group’s units specializing in this area. Their activity is subject to the corporate risk management policies for equity positions in the equity portfolio. The aim is to ensure that they are handled consistently with BBVA’s business model and appropriately to its risk tolerance level, thus enabling long-term business sustainability.

The Group’s risk management systems also make it possible to anticipate possible negative impacts and take appropriate measures to prevent damage being caused to the entity. The risk control and limitation mechanisms are focused on the exposure, annual operating performance and economic capital estimated for each portfolio. Economic capital is estimated in accordance with a corporate model based on Monte Carlo simulations, taking into account the statistical performance of asset prices and the diversification existing among the different exposures.

Stress tests and analyses of sensitivity to different simulated scenarios are carried out periodically to analyze the risk profile in more depth. They are based on both past crisis situations and forecasts made by BBVA Research. This aims to check that the risks are limited and that the tolerance levels set by the Group are not at risk.

Backtesting is carried out on a regular basis on the risk measurement model used.

With regards to the equity markets, world indexes closed 2017 with significant increases supported by a positive macro environment. However, the European indexes, and especially the Spanish index, have lagged despite their positive performance. In the case of the IBEX (+7% in the year), the index have been partly penalized in the second half of the year by the political tensions in Catalonia.

Structural equity risk, measured in terms of economic capital, has decreased in the period mainly due to the sale of stakes in CNCB and other companies. The aggregate sensitivity of the BBVA Group’s consolidated equity to a 1% fall in the price of shares of the companies making up the equity portfolio remained at around -€32 million as of December 31, 2017 (-€38 million as of December 31, 2016). This estimate takes into account the exposure in shares valued at market prices, or if not applicable, at fair value (excluding the positions in the Treasury Area portfolios) and the net delta-equivalent positions in derivatives on the same underlyings.

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See Note 7 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on risks faced by BBVA.

# ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not Applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not Applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not Applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BBVA”. The Bank of New York Mellon is the depositary (the “Depositary”) issuing ADSs pursuant to an amended and restated deposit agreement dated June 29, 2007 among BBVA, the Depositary and the holders from time to time of ADSs (the “Deposit Agreement”). Each ADS represents the right to receive one share. The table below sets forth the fees payable, either directly or indirectly, by a holder of ADSs as of the date of this Annual Report.

Category | Depositary Actions | Associated Fee / By Whom Paid
(a) Depositing or substituting the underlying shares | Issuance of ADSs | Up to $5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the new ADSs delivered (charged to person depositing the shares or receiving the ADSs)
(b) Receiving or distributing dividends | Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions; distribution of share dividends or other free share distributions; distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs | Not applicable
(c) Selling or exercising rights | Distribution or sale of securities | Not applicable
(d) Withdrawing an underlying security | Acceptance of ADSs surrendered for withdrawal of deposited securities | Up to $5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the ADSs surrendered (charged to person surrendering or to person to whom withdrawn securities are being delivered)
(e) Transferring, splitting or grouping receipts | Transfers, combining or grouping of depositary receipts | Not applicable
(f) General depositary services, particularly those charged on an annual basis | Other services performed by the Depositary in administering the ADSs | Not applicable
(g) Expenses of the Depositary | Expenses incurred on behalf of holders in connection with · stock transfer or other taxes (including Spanish income taxes) and other governmental charges; · cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at request of holder of ADS or person depositing shares for the issuance of ADSs; · transfer, brokerage or registration fees for the registration of shares or other deposited securities on the share register and applicable to transfers of shares or other deposited securities to or from the name of the custodian; · reasonable and customary expenses of the depositary in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars | Expenses payable by holders of ADSs or persons depositing shares for the issuance of ADSs; expenses payable in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars are payable out of such foreign currency

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The Depositary may remit to us all or a portion of the Depositary fees charged for the reimbursement of certain of the expenses we incur in respect of the ADS program established pursuant to the Deposit Agreement upon such terms and conditions as we may agree from time to time. In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Depositary reimbursed us $549.96 thousand with respect to certain fees and expenses. The table below sets forth the types of expenses that the Depositary has agreed to reimburse and the amounts reimbursed in 2017.

Category of Expenses | Amount Reimbursed in the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (In Thousands of Dollars)
NYSE Listing Fees…………………………………………………………………...... | 225.18
Investor Relations Marketing………………………………………………………...... | 132.56
Professional Services…………………………………………………………………... | 24.50
Annual General Shareholders’ Meeting Expenses…………………………………...... | 139.56
Other…………………………………………………………………………………… | 28.16

PART II

# ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not Applicable.

# ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of December 31, 2017, BBVA, under the supervision and with the participation of BBVA’s management, including our Group Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Head of Accounting & Supervisors, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any control system, including disclosure controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

Based upon their evaluation, BBVA’s Group Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Head of Accounting & Supervisors concluded that BBVA’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective at a reasonable assurance level in ensuring that information relating to BBVA, including its consolidated subsidiaries, required to be disclosed in reports that it files under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (2) accumulated and

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communicated to the management, including principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of BBVA is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. BBVA’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

· pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of BBVA;

· provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of BBVA’s management and directors; and

· provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of BBVA’s management, including our Group Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Head of Accounting & Supervisors, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2017, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in BBVA’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by KPMG Auditores S.L., an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which follows below.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and subsidiaries (“BBVA Group”) as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, BBVA Group maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of BBVA Group as of December 31, 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, recognized income and expenses, changes in equity, and cash flows for the year

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then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated April 5, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

BBVA Group’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on BBVA Group’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to BBVA Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG Auditores, S.L.

Madrid, Spain

April 5, 2018

ITEM 16. [RESERVED]

# ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

The charter for our Audit and Compliance Committee provides that the members of the Audit and Compliance Committee, and particularly its Chairman, shall be appointed with regard to their knowledge and background in accounting, auditing and risk management, and we have determined that Mr. José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas, the Chairman of the Audit and Compliance Committee has such experience and knowledge and is an “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined by the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission issued

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pursuant to Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Andrés is independent within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange listing standards.

In addition, we believe that the remaining members of the Audit and Compliance Committee have an understanding of applicable generally accepted accounting principles, experience analyzing and evaluating financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity of accounting issues that are generally comparable to the breadth and complexity of issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by our Consolidated Financial Statements, an understanding of internal controls over financial reporting, and an understanding of audit committee functions. Our Audit and Compliance Committee has experience overseeing and assessing the performance of BBVA and its consolidated subsidiaries and our external auditors with respect to the preparation, auditing and evaluation of our Consolidated Financial Statements.

# ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

The BBVA Group Code of Conduct, which was updated by the Board of Directors on May 28, 2015, applies to all companies and persons which form part of the BBVA Group. This Code sets out the standards of behavior that should be adhered to so that the Group’s conduct towards its customers, colleagues and the society be consistent with BBVA’s values. The BBVA Group Code of Conduct can be found on BBVA’s website at www.bbva.com.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table provides information on the aggregate fees paid and payable by our principal accountants (KPMG Auditores S.L. with respect to 2017 and Deloitte, S.L. with respect to 2016) and its worldwide affiliates, by type of service rendered for the periods indicated.

| Year ended December 31,
Services Rendered | 2017 | 2016
| (In Millions of Euros)
Audit Fees(1)…………………………………………………………………………………... | 23.3 | 26.5
Audit-Related Fees(2)……………………………………………………………………………………... | 6.1 | 3.4
Tax Fees(3)……………………………………………………………………………………. | - | 0.3
All Other Fees(4)……………………………………………………………………………… | 0.2 | 1.0
Total…………………………………………………………………………………… | 29.6 | 31.2

(1) Aggregate fees paid and payable for each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered by our principal accountants and its worldwide affiliates for the audit of BBVA’s annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by our principal accountants and its worldwide affiliates in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years.

(2) Aggregate fees paid and payable in each of the last two fiscal years for assurance and related services by our principal accountants and its worldwide affiliates that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of BBVA’s financial statements and are not reported under (1) above.

(3) Aggregate fees paid and payable in each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered by our principal accountants and its worldwide affiliates for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning.

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(4) Aggregate fees paid and payable in each of the last two fiscal years for products and services provided by our principal accountants and its worldwide affiliates other than the services reported in (1), (2) and (3) above. Services in this category consisted primarily of consultancy and implementation of new regulation.

The Audit and Compliance Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

In order to assist in ensuring the independence of our external auditor, the regulations of our Audit and Compliance Committee provides that our external auditor is generally prohibited from providing us with non-audit services, other than under the specific circumstance described below. For this reason, our Audit and Compliance Committee has developed a pre-approval policy regarding the contracting of BBVA’s external auditor, or any affiliate of the external auditor, for professional services. The professional services covered by such policy include audit and non-audit services provided to BBVA or any of its subsidiaries reflected in agreements dated on or after May 6, 2003.

The pre-approval policy is as follows:

1. The hiring of BBVA’s external auditor or any of its affiliates is prohibited, unless there is no other firm available to provide the needed services at a comparable cost and that could deliver a similar level of quality.

2. In the event that there is no other firm available to provide needed services at a comparable cost and delivering a similar level of quality, the external auditor (or any of its affiliates) may be hired to perform such services, but only with the pre-approval of the Audit and Compliance Committee.

3. The Chairman of the Audit and Compliance Committee has been delegated the authority to approve the hiring of BBVA’s external auditor (or any of its affiliates). In such an event, however, the Chairman would be required to inform the Audit and Compliance Committee of such decision at the Committee’s next meeting.

4. The hiring of the external auditor for any of BBVA’s subsidiaries must also be pre-approved by the Audit and Compliance Committee.

# ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not Applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

2017 | Total Number of Ordinary Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) in Euros | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
January 1 to January 31 | 23,141,360 | 6.33 | — | — |
February 1 to February 28 | 35,876,048 | 6.17 | — | — |
March 1 to March 31 | 29,555,745 | 7.09 | — | — |
April 1 to April 30 | 20,845,217 | 7.23 | — | — |
May 1 to May 31 | 24,170,342 | 7.34 | — | — |
June 1 to June 30 | 18,070,349 | 7.32 | — | — |
July 1 to July 31 | 17,449,403 | 7.58 | — | — |
August 1 to August 31 | 12,145,400 | 7.50 | — | — |
September 1 to September 30 | 10,262,907 | 7.33 | — | — |
October 1 to October 31 | 25,395,239 | 7.30 | — | — |
November 1 to November 30 | 12,535,907 | 7.21 | — | — |
December 1 to December 31 | 8,617,380 | 7.24 | — | — |
Total | 238,065,297 | 7.03 | — | — |

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During 2017, we sold a total of 231,956,502 shares for an average price of €6.99 per share.

# ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

# ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Compliance with NYSE Listing Standards on Corporate Governance

On November 4, 2003, the SEC approved rules proposed by the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) intended to strengthen corporate governance standards for listed companies. In compliance therewith, the following is a summary of the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those applicable to domestic issuers under the NYSE listing standards.

Independence of the Directors on the Board of Directors and Board Committees

Under the NYSE corporate governance rules, (i) a majority of a U.S. company’s board of directors must be composed of independent directors, (ii) all members of the audit committee must be independent and (iii) all U.S. companies listed on the NYSE must have a compensation committee and a nominations committee and all members of such committees must be independent. In each case, the independence of directors must be established pursuant to highly detailed rules promulgated by the NYSE and, in the case of the audit committee, the NYSE and the SEC.

Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act sets out a definition of what constitutes independence for the purpose of board or committee membership. Such definition is in line with the definition provided by our Board Regulations.

In addition, pursuant to the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act, listed companies shall have, at least, an audit committee and an appointments and remuneration committee. This Law also establishes that such committees (i) shall be composed exclusively by non-executive directors, (ii) shall have a majority of independent directors (in the case of the audit committee) or at least two of their members shall be independent directors (in the case of the appointments and remuneration committee) and (iii) they shall be chaired by an independent director.

Likewise, Law 10/2014, which completes the transposition of CRD IV into Spanish legislation, includes rules on corporate governance, among others, as regards board committees and their membership, establishing that the remuneration committee, the appointments committee and risk committee shall be composed of non-executive directors and at least one third of their members shall be independent and, in any event, the Chairman of these committees shall also be an independent director.

Moreover, pursuant to the Good Governance Code for Listed Companies of the CNMV, which includes non-binding recommendations applicable to listed companies in Spain, under the comply or explain principle: (i) independent directors must represent, at least, half of the total board members; (ii) the majority of the members of the audit committee and the appointments and remuneration committee must be independent; and (iii) companies

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with high market capitalization must have two separate committees, an appointments committee and a remuneration committee.

Pursuant to article 1 of our Board Regulations, BBVA considers that independent directors are non-executive directors appointed for their personal and professional background who can perform their duties without being constrained by their relations with the Company or its Group, its significant shareholders or its executives. Directors cannot be deemed independent if they:

a) have been employees or executive directors in Group companies, unless three or five years have elapsed, respectively since they ceased as employees or executive directors, as the case may be;

b) receive from the Company or its Group entities, any amount or benefit for an item other than remuneration for their directorship, except where the sum is insignificant and expect further for dividends or pension supplements that a director may receive due to a former professional or employment relationship, provided these are unconditional and, consequently, the company paying them may not at its own discretion, suspend, amend or revoke their accrual unless there has been a breach of duty;

c) are partners of the external auditor or in charge of the audit report or have been so in the last three years, whether the audit in question was carried out on the Company or any other Group entity;

d) are executive directors or senior managers of another company in which a Company’s executive director or senior manager is an external director;

e) maintain any significant business relationship with the Company or with any Group company or have done so over the last year, either in their own name or as a significant shareholder, director or senior manager of a company that maintains or has maintained such a relationship. Business relationship here means any relationship as supplier of goods or services, including financial goods or services, and as advisor or consultant;

f) are significant shareholders, executive directors or senior managers of any entity that receives, or has received over the last three years, donations from the Company or its Group. Those persons who are merely trustees in a foundation receiving donations shall not be deemed to be included under this letter;

g) are spouses, or spousal equivalents or related up to second degree of kinship to an executive director or senior manager of the Company;

h) have not been proposed by the Appointments Committee for appointment or renewal;

i) have held a directorship for a continuous period of more than 12 years; or

j) are related to any significant shareholder or shareholder represented on the Board of Directors under any of the circumstances described under letters (a), (e), (f) or (g) above. In the event of kinship relationships mentioned in letter (g), the limitation will apply not only with respect to the shareholder, but also with respect to their proprietary directors in the company in which the shareholder holds an interest.

Directors who hold shares in the Bank may be considered independent provided they comply with the above conditions and their shareholding is not legally considered to be significant.

As of the date of this Annual Report, our Board of Directors has a large number of non-executive directors and eight (subject to what is indicated in Item 6.A above) out of the 15 members of our Board, as established by our annual general shareholders’ meeting, are independent under the definition of independence described above, which is in line with the definition provided by the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act.

In addition, our Audit and Compliance Committee is composed exclusively of independent directors, who are not members of the Bank’s Executive Committee and the Committee chairman has experience in accounting, auditing and risk management, in accordance with the specific regulations of the Audit and Compliance Committee.

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Our Risk Committee is composed exclusively of non-executive directors, and also, in accordance with the Corporate Enterprises Act and with corporate governance non-binding recommendations, our Board of Directors has two separate committees: an Appointments Committee and a Remuneration Committee, which are composed exclusively of non-executive directors.

Separate Meetings for Independent Directors

In accordance with the NYSE corporate governance rules, independent directors must meet periodically outside of the presence of the executive directors. Under Spanish law, this requirement is not contemplated as such. We note, however, that our non-executive directors meet periodically outside the presence of our executive directors every time a Committee with oversight functions meets, since these Committees are comprised solely of non- executive directors. Furthermore, the Board of Directors has appointed a Lead Director with powers to coordinate and meet with the non-executive directors, among other faculties conferred by the law and in Article 5 ter of our Board of Directors Regulations. In addition, our independent directors meet outside the presence of our executive directors as often as they deem fit, and usually prior to meetings of the Board of Directors or its Committees.

Code of Ethics

The NYSE listing standards require U.S. companies to adopt a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. For information with respect to BBVA’s code of business conduct and ethics see “Item 16 B. Code of Ethics”.

# ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this Item.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Please see pages F-1 through F-269.

ITEM 19 EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number | Description
1.1 | Amended and Restated Bylaws (Estatutos) of the Registrant (English translation).
8.1 | Consolidated Companies Composing Registrant (see Appendix I to IX to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein).
10.1 | Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement entered into between the Company Do ğ u ş Holding A.Ş., Do ğ u ş Nakliyat ve Ticaret, A.Ş. and Do ğ u ş Ara ş t ı rma Geli ş tirme ve M üş avirlik Hizmetleri A.Ş. on November 19, 2014.(*)
10.2 | Information on Compensation Plans (**)
12.1 | Section 302 Group Executive Chairman Certification.
12.2 | Section 302 Chief Executive Officer Certification.
12.3 | Section 302 Head of Global Accounting and Information Management Certification.
13.1 | Section 906 Certification.
15.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
15.2 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
101 | Interactive Data File
(*) Incorporated by reference to BBVA’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2014. Confidential treatment was requested with respect to certain portions of this agreement. Confidential portions were redacted and separately submitted to the SEC. (**) Incorporated by reference to BBVA’s report on Form 6-K submitted on February 15, 2018 (SEC Accession No. 0001193125-18-047126). We will furnish to the Commission, upon request, copies of any unfiled instruments that define the rights of holders of our long-term debt.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and had duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.
By: | /s/ RICARDO GOMEZ BARREDO
Name: | RICARDO GOMEZ BARREDO
Title: | Global Head of Accounting and Supervisors

Date: April 5, 2018

223

Consolidated financial statements and auditor’s report for the year 2017

Contents

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated balance sheets | F-3
Consolidated income statements | F-6
Consolidated statements of recognized income and expenses | F-7
Consolidated statements of changes in equity | F-8
Consolidated statements of cash flows | F-11

NOTES TO THE ACCOMPANYING CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. | Introduction, basis for the presentation of the consolidated financial statements, internal control of financial information and other information. | F-12
2. | Principles of consolidation, accounting policies and measurement bases applied and recent IFRS pronouncements | F-15
3. | BBVA Group | F-47
4. | Shareholder remuneration system | F-51
5. | Earnings per share | F-53
6. | Operating segment reporting | F-54
7. | Risk management | F-57
8. | Fair value | F-111
9. | Cash and cash balances at central banks and other demands deposits and Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost | F-125
10. | Financial assets and liabilities held for trading | F-126
11. | Financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | F-129
12. | Available-for-sale financial assets | F-129
13. | Loans and receivables | F-136
14. | Held-to-maturity investments | F-139
15. | Hedging derivatives and fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk | F-141
16. | Investments in joint ventures and associates | F-145
17. | Tangible assets | F-146
18. | Intangible assets | F-150
19. | Tax assets and liabilities | F-155
20. | Other assets and liabilities | F-159
21. | Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale | F-161
22. | Financial liabilities at amortized cost | F-163
23. | Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts | F-168
24. | Provisions | F-170
25. | Post-employment and other employee benefit commitments | F-172
26. | Common stock | F-180
27. | Share premium | F-183
28. | Retained earnings, revaluation reserves and other reserves | F-184
29. | Treasury shares | F-186
30. | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | F-187
31. | Non-controlling interests | F-187
32. | Capital base and capital management | F-188
33. | Commitments and guarantees given | F-191
34. | Other contingent assets and liabilities | F-192
35. | Purchase and sale commitments and future payment obligations | F-192
36. | Transactions on behalf of third parties | F-193
37. | Interest income and expense | F-194
38. | Dividend income | F-197
39. | Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method | F-197
40. | Fee and commission income and expenses | F-197
41. | Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities (net) and Exchange Differences | F-198
42. | Other operating income and expenses | F-199
43. | Income and expense from insurance and reinsurance contracts | F-199
44. | Administration costs | F-200
45. | Depreciation and amortization | F-204
46. | Provisions or reversal of provisions | F-204
47. | Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss | F-205
48. | Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets | F-205
49. | Gains (losses) on derecognition of non financial assets and subsidiaries, net | F-205
50. | Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations | F-206
51. | Consolidated statements of cash flows | F-206
52. | Accountant fees and services | F-207
53. | Related-party transactions | F-208
54. | Remuneration and other benefits received by the Board of Directors and members of the Bank’s Senior Management | F-210
55. | Other information | F-217
56. | Subsequent events | F-218
| APPENDICES APPENDIX I Additional information on consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities composing the BBVA Group | F-220
| APPENDIX II Additional information on investments in joint ventures and associates in the BBVA Group | F-229
| APPENDIX III Changes and notification of participations in the BBVA Group in 2017 | F-230
| APPENDIX IV Fully consolidated subsidiaries with more than 10% owned by non-Group shareholders as of December 31, 2017 | F-235
| APPENDIX V BBVA Group’s structured entities. Securitization funds | F-236
| APPENDIX VI Details of the outstanding subordinated debt and preferred securities issued by the Bank or entities in the Group consolidated as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. | F-237
| APPENDIX VII Consolidated balance sheets held in foreign currency as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. | F-241
| APPENDIX VIII Quantitative information on refinancing and restructuring operations and other requirement under Bank of Spain Circular 6/2012 | F-242
| APPENDIX IX Additional information on Risk Concentration | F-258

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and subsidiaries (“BBVA Group”) as of December 31, 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, recognized income and expenses, changes in equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of BBVA Group as of December 31, 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), BBVA Group’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated April 5, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of BBVA Group’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of BBVA Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to BBVA Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG Auditores, S.L.

We have served as BBVA Group’s auditor since 2017.

Madrid, Spain

April 5, 2018

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders

Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries composing the BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA Group (the “Group” - Note 3) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated income statements, statements of recognized income and expenses, statements of changes in equity and statements of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s Directors. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. and subsidiaries composing the BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA Group as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS – IASB”).

/s/ DELOITTE, S.L.

Madrid, Spain

March 31, 2017

F-2

Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

ASSETS (Millions of Euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
CASH, CASH BALANCES AT CENTRAL BANKS AND OTHER DEMAND DEPOSITS | 9 | 42,680 | 40,039 | 29,282
FINANCIAL ASSETS HELD FOR TRADING | 10 | 64,695 | 74,950 | 78,326
Derivatives |  | 35,265 | 42,955 | 40,902
Equity instruments |  | 6,801 | 4,675 | 4,534
Debt securities |  | 22,573 | 27,166 | 32,825
Loans and advances to central banks |  | - | - | -
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | - | - | -
Loans and advances to customers |  | 56 | 154 | 65
FINANCIAL ASSETS DESIGNATED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS | 11 | 2,709 | 2,062 | 2,311
Equity instruments |  | 1,888 | 1,920 | 2,075
Debt securities |  | 174 | 142 | 173
Loans and advances to central banks |  | - | - | -
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | - | - | 62
Loans and advances to customers |  | 648 | - | -
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE FINANCIAL ASSETS | 12 | 69,476 | 79,221 | 113,426
Equity instruments |  | 3,224 | 4,641 | 5,116
Debt securities |  | 66,251 | 74,580 | 108,310
LOANS AND RECEIVABLES | 13 | 431,521 | 465,977 | 471,828
Debt securities |  | 10,339 | 11,209 | 10,516
Loans and advances to central banks |  | 7,300 | 8,894 | 17,830
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | 26,261 | 31,373 | 29,317
Loans and advances to customers |  | 387,621 | 414,500 | 414,165
HELD-TO-MATURITY INVESTMENTS | 14 | 13,754 | 17,696 | -
HEDGING DERIVATIVES | 15 | 2,485 | 2,833 | 3,538
FAIR VALUE CHANGES OF THE HEDGED ITEMS IN PORTFOLIO HEDGES OF INTEREST RATE RISK | 15 | (25) | 17 | 45
JOINT VENTURES, ASSOCIATES AND UNCONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES | 16 | 1,588 | 765 | 879
Joint ventures |  | 256 | 229 | 243
Associates |  | 1,332 | 536 | 636
INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE ASSETS | 23 | 421 | 447 | 511
TANGIBLE ASSETS | 17 | 7,191 | 8,941 | 9,944
Property, plants and equipment |  | 6,996 | 8,250 | 8,477
For own use |  | 6,581 | 7,519 | 8,021
Other assets leased out under an operating lease |  | 415 | 732 | 456
Investment properties |  | 195 | 691 | 1,467
INTANGIBLE ASSETS | 18 | 8,464 | 9,786 | 10,052
Goodwill |  | 6,062 | 6,937 | 6,915
Other intangible assets |  | 2,402 | 2,849 | 3,137
TAX ASSETS | 19 | 16,888 | 18,245 | 17,779
Current |  | 2,163 | 1,853 | 1,901
Deferred |  | 14,725 | 16,391 | 15,878
OTHER ASSETS | 20 | 4,359 | 7,274 | 8,565
Insurance contracts linked to pensions |  | - | - | -
Inventories |  | 229 | 3,298 | 4,303
Other |  | 4,130 | 3,976 | 4,263
NON-CURRENT ASSETS AND DISPOSAL GROUPS HELD FOR SALE | 21 | 23,853 | 3,603 | 3,369
TOTAL ASSETS |  | 690,059 | 731,856 | 749,855

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-3

Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY (Millions of Euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES HELD FOR TRADING | 10 | 46,182 | 54,675 | 55,202
Trading derivatives |  | 36,169 | 43,118 | 42,149
Short positions |  | 10,013 | 11,556 | 13,053
Deposits from central banks |  | - | - | -
Deposits from credit institutions |  | - | - | -
Customer deposits |  | - | - | -
Debt certificates |  | - | - | -
Other financial liabilities |  | - | - | -
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES DESIGNATED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS | 11 | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,649
Deposits from central banks |  | - | - | -
Deposits from credit institutions |  | - | - | -
Customer deposits |  | - | - | -
Debt certificates |  | - | - | -
Other financial liabilities |  | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,649
Of which: Subordinated liabilities |  | - | - | -
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES AT AMORTIZED COST | 22 | 543,713 | 589,210 | 606,113
Deposits from central banks |  | 37,054 | 34,740 | 40,087
Deposits from credit institutions |  | 54,516 | 63,501 | 68,543
Customer Deposits |  | 376,379 | 401,465 | 403,362
Debt certificates |  | 63,915 | 76,375 | 81,980
Other financial liabilities |  | 11,850 | 13,129 | 12,141
Of which: Subordinated liabilities |  | 17,316 | 17,230 | 16,109
HEDGING DERIVATIVES | 15 | 2,880 | 2,347 | 2,726
FAIR VALUE CHANGES OF THE HEDGED ITEMS IN PORTFOLIO HEDGES OF INTEREST RATE RISK | 15 | (7) | - | 358
LIABILITIES UNDER INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE CONTRACTS | 23 | 9,223 | 9,139 | 9,407
PROVISIONS | 24 | 7,477 | 9,071 | 8,852
Provisions for pensions and similar obligations | 25 | 5,407 | 6,025 | 6,299
Other long term employee benefits |  | 67 | 69 | 68
Provisions for taxes and other legal contingencies |  | 756 | 418 | 616
Provisions for contingent risks and commitments |  | 578 | 950 | 714
Other provisions |  | 669 | 1,609 | 1,155
TAX LIABILITIES | 19 | 3,298 | 4,668 | 4,656
Current |  | 1,114 | 1,276 | 1,238
Deferred |  | 2,184 | 3,392 | 3,418
OTHER LIABILITIES | 20 | 4,550 | 4,979 | 4,610
LIABILITIES INCLUDED IN DISPOSAL GROUPS CLASSIFIED AS HELD FOR SALE |  | 17,197 | - | -
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  | 636,736 | 676,428 | 694,573

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY (Continued) (Millions of Euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
SHAREHOLDERS’ FUNDS |  | 55,136 | 52,821 | 50,639
Capital | 26 | 3,267 | 3,218 | 3,120
Paid up capital |  | 3,267 | 3,218 | 3,120
Unpaid capital which has been called up |  | - | - | -
Share premium | 27 | 23,992 | 23,992 | 23,992
Equity instruments issued other than capital |  | - | - | -
Other equity instruments |  | 54 | 54 | 35
Retained earnings | 28 | 25,474 | 23,688 | 22,588
Revaluation reserves | 28 | 12 | 20 | 22
Other reserves | 28 | (44) | (67) | (98)
Reserves or accumulated losses of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates |  | (44) | (67) | (98)
Other |  | - | - | -
Less: Treasury shares | 29 | (96) | (48) | (309)
Profit or loss attributable to owners of the parent |  | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,642
Less: Interim dividends | 4 | (1,043) | (1,510) | (1,352)
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) | 30 | (8,792) | (5,458) | (3,349)
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss |  | (1,183) | (1,095) | (859)
Actuarial gains or (-) losses on defined benefit pension plans |  | (1,183) | (1,095) | (859)
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale |  | - | - | -
Share of other recognized income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates |  | - | - | -
Other adjustments |  | - | - | -
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss |  | (7,609) | (4,363) | (2,490)
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations [effective portion] |  | 1 | (118) | (274)
Foreign currency translation |  | (9,159) | (5,185) | (3,905)
Cash flow hedges [effective portion] |  | (34) | 16 | (49)
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 1,641 | 947 | 1,674
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale |  | (26) | - | -
Share of other recognized income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates |  | (31) | (23) | 64
MINORITY INTERESTS (NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST) | 31 | 6,979 | 8,064 | 7,992
Valuation adjustments |  | (3,378) | (2,246) | (1,333)
Other |  | 10,358 | 10,310 | 9,325
TOTAL EQUITY |  | 53,323 | 55,428 | 55,282
TOTAL EQUITY AND TOTAL LIABILITIES |  | 690,059 | 731,856 | 749,855
MEMORANDUM ITEM (OFF-BALANCE SHEET EXPOSURES) (Millions of Euros) |  |  |  |
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Guarantees given | 33 | 47,671 | 50,540 | 49,876
Contingent commitments | 33 | 108,881 | 117,573 | 135,733

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

Consolidated income statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (Millions of Euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Interest income | 37.1 | 29,296 | 27,708 | 24,783
Interest expense | 37.2 | (11,537) | (10,648) | (8,761)
NET INTEREST INCOME | 6 | 17,758 | 17,059 | 16,022
Dividend income | 38 | 334 | 467 | 415
Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method | 39 | 4 | 25 | 174
Fee and commission income | 40 | 7,150 | 6,804 | 6,340
Fee and commission expense | 40 | (2,229) | (2,086) | (1,729)
Gains (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net | 41 | 985 | 1,375 | 1,055
Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net | 41 | 218 | 248 | (409)
Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net | 41 | (56) | 114 | 126
Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net | 41 | (209) | (76) | 93
Exchange differences, net | 41 | 1,030 | 472 | 1,165
Other operating income | 42 | 1,439 | 1,272 | 1,315
Other operating expense | 42 | (2,223) | (2,128) | (2,285)
Income from insurance and reinsurance contracts | 43 | 3,342 | 3,652 | 3,678
Expense from insurance and reinsurance contracts | 43 | (2,272) | (2,545) | (2,599)
GROSS INCOME | 6 | 25,270 | 24,653 | 23,362
Administration costs | 44 | (11,112) | (11,366) | (10,836)
Personnel expenses | 44.1 | (6,571) | (6,722) | (6,273)
Other administrative expenses | 44.2 | (4,541) | (4,644) | (4,563)
Depreciation and amortization | 45 | (1,387) | (1,426) | (1,272)
Provisions or reversal of provisions | 46 | (745) | (1,186) | (731)
Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss | 47 | (4,803) | (3,801) | (4,272)
Financial assets measured at cost |  | - | - | -
Available- for-sale financial assets |  | (1,127) | (202) | (23)
Loans and receivables |  | (3,677) | (3,597) | (4,248)
Held to maturity investments |  | 1 | (1) | -
NET OPERATING INCOME |  | 7,222 | 6,874 | 6,251
Impairment or reversal of impairment of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates |  | - | - | -
Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets | 48 | (364) | (521) | (273)
Tangible assets |  | (42) | (143) | (60)
Intangible assets |  | (16) | (3) | (4)
Other assets |  | (306) | (375) | (209)
Gains (losses) on derecognition of non financial assets and subsidiaries, net | 49 | 47 | 70 | (2,135)
Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss | 18 | - | - | 26
Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations | 50 | 26 | (31) | 734
OPERATING PROFIT BEFORE TAX | 6 | 6,931 | 6,392 | 4,603
Tax expense or income related to profit or loss from continuing operations | 19 | (2,169) | (1,699) | (1,274)
PROFIT FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS |  | 4,762 | 4,693 | 3,328
Profit from discontinued operations, net |  | - | - | -
PROFIT |  | 4,762 | 4,693 | 3,328
Attributable to minority interest [non-controlling interest] | 31 | 1,243 | 1,218 | 686
Attributable to owners of the parent | 6 | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,642
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
EARNINGS PER SHARE (Euros) | 5 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37
Basic earnings per share from continued operations |  | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37
Diluted earnings per share from continued operations |  | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations |  | - | - | -
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations |  | - | - | -

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

Consolidated statements of recognized income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF RECOGNIZED INCOME AND EXPENSES (MILLIONS OF EUROS)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
PROFIT RECOGNIZED IN INCOME STATEMENT |  | 4,762 | 4,693 | 3,328
OTHER RECOGNIZED INCOME (EXPENSES) |  | (4,467) | (3,022) | (4,280)
ITEMS NOT SUBJECT TO RECLASSIFICATION TO INCOME STATEMENT |  | (91) | (240) | (74)
Actuarial gains and losses from defined benefit pension plans |  | (96) | (303) | (135)
Non-current assets available for sale |  | - | - | -
Entities under the equity method of accounting |  | - | - | 8
Income tax related to items not subject to reclassification to income statement |  | 5 | 63 | 53
ITEMS SUBJECT TO RECLASSIFICATION TO INCOME STATEMENT |  | (4,376) | (2,782) | (4,206)
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations [effective portion] |  | 80 | 166 | 88
Valuation gains or (losses) taken to equity |  | 112 | 166 | 88
Transferred to profit or loss |  | - | - | -
Other reclassifications |  | (32) | - | -
Foreign currency translation |  | (5,110) | (2,167) | (2,911)
Valuation gains or (losses) taken to equity |  | (5,119) | (2,120) | (3,154)
Transferred to profit or loss |  | (22) | (47) | 243
Other reclassifications |  | 31 | - | -
Cash flow hedges [effective portion] |  | (67) | 80 | 4
Valuation gains or (losses) taken to equity |  | (122) | 134 | 47
Transferred to profit or loss |  | 55 | (54) | (43)
Transferred to initial carrying amount of hedged items |  | - | - | -
Other reclassifications |  | - | - | -
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 719 | (694) | (3,196)
Valuation gains or (losses) taken to equity |  | 384 | 438 | (1,341)
Transferred to profit or loss |  | 347 | (1,248) | (1,855)
Other reclassifications |  | (12) | 116 | -
Non-current assets held for sale |  | (20) | - | -
Valuation gains or (losses) taken to equity |  | - | - | -
Transferred to profit or loss |  | - | - | -
Other reclassifications |  | (20) | - | -
Entities accounted for using the equity method |  | (13) | (89) | 861
Income tax |  | 35 | (78) | 948
TOTAL RECOGNIZED INCOME/EXPENSES |  | 295 | 1,671 | (952)
Attributable to minority interest [non-controlling interests] |  | 110 | 305 | (594)
Attributable to the parent company |  | 185 | 1,366 | (358)

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-7

Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (MILLIONS OF EUROS)
| Capital (Note 26) | Share Premium (Note 27) | Equity instruments issued other than capital | Other Equity | Retained earnings (Note 28) | Revaluation reserves (Note 28) | Other reserves (Note 28) | (-) Treasury shares (Note 29) | Profit or loss attributable to owners of the parent | Interim dividends (Note 4) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (Note 30) | Non-controlling interest | Total
2017 | Valuation adjustments (Note 31) | Other (Note 31)
Balances as of January 1, 2017 | 3,218 | 23,992 | - | 54 | 23,688 | 20 | (67) | (48) | 3,475 | (1,510) | (5,458) | (2,246) | 10,310 | 55,428
Total income/expense recognized | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3,519 | - | (3,334) | (1,133) | 1,243 | 295
Other changes in equity | 50 | - | - | - | 1,786 | (8) | 24 | (48) | (3,475) | 467 | - | - | (1,195) | (2,400)
Issuances of common shares | 50 | - | - | - | (50) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Issuances of preferred shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Issuance of other equity instruments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Settlement or maturity of other equity instruments issued | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Conversion of debt on equity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Common stock reduction | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Dividend distribution | - | - | - | - | 9 | - | (9) | - | - | (900) | - | - | (290) | (1,189)
Purchase of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (1,674) | - | - | - | - | - | (1,674)
Sale or cancellation of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1,626 | - | - | - | - | - | 1,627
Reclassification of financial liabilities to other equity instruments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Reclassification of other equity instruments to financial liabilities | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Transfers within total equity | - | - | - | - | 1,932 | (8) | 41 | - | (3,475) | 1,510 | - | - | - | -
Increase/Reduction of equity due to business combinations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Share based payments | - | - | - | (22) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (22)
Other increases or decreases in equity | - | - | - | 22 | (107) | - | (7) | - | - | (144) | - | - | (905) | (1,141)
Balances as of December 31, 2017 | 3,267 | 23,992 | - | 54 | 25,474 | 12 | (44) | (96) | 3,519 | (1,043) | (8,792) | (3,378) | 10,358 | 53,323

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-8

Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (MILLIONS OF EUROS)
| Capital (Note 26) | Share Premium (Note 27) | Equity instruments issued other than capital | Other Equity | Retained earnings (Note 28) | Revaluation reserves (Note 28) | Other reserves (Note 28) | (-) Treasury shares (Note 29) | Profit or loss attributable to owners of the parent | Interim dividends (Note 4) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (Note 30) | Non-controlling interest | Total
2016 | Valuation adjustments (Note 31) | Other (Note 31)
Balances as of January 1, 2016 | 3,120 | 23,992 | - | 35 | 22,588 | 22 | (98) | (309) | 2,642 | (1,352) | (3,349) | (1,333) | 9,325 | 55,281
Total income/expense recognized | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3,475 | - | (2,109) | (913) | 1,218 | 1,671
Other changes in equity | 98 | - | - | 19 | 1,100 | (2) | 31 | 260 | (2,642) | (158) | - | - | (233) | (1,526)
Issuances of common shares | 98 | - | - | - | (98) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Issuances of preferred shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Issuance of other equity instruments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Settlement or maturity of other equity instruments issued | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Conversion of debt on equity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Common stock reduction | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Dividend distribution | - | - | - | - | 93 | - | (93) | - | - | (1,301) | - | - | (234) | (1,535)
Purchase of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (2,004) | - | - | - | - | - | (2,004)
Sale or cancellation of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | (30) | - | - | 2,264 | - | - | - | - | - | 2,234
Reclassification of financial liabilities to other equity instruments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Reclassification of other equity instruments to financial liabilities | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Transfers within total equity | - | - | - | - | 1,166 | (2) | 126 | - | (2,642) | 1,352 | - | - | - | -
Increase/Reduction of equity due to business combinations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Share based payments | - | - | - | (16) | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (12)
Other increases or decreases in equity | - | - | - | 35 | (34) | - | (2) | - | - | (210) | - | - | 2 | (209)
Balances as of December 31, 2016 | 3,218 | 23,992 | - | 54 | 23,688 | 20 | (67) | (48) | 3,475 | (1,510) | (5,458) | (2,246) | 10,310 | 55,428

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-9

Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (MILLIONS OF EUROS)
| Capital (Note 26) | Share Premium (Note 27) | Equity instruments issued other than capital | Other Equity | Retained earnings (Note 28) | Revaluation reserves (Note 28) | Other reserves (Note 28) | (-) Treasury shares (Note 29) | Profit or loss attributable to owners of the parent | Interim dividends (Note 4) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (Note 30) | Non-controlling interest | Total
2015 | Valuation adjustments (Note 31) | Other (Note 31)
Balances as of January 1, 2015 | 3,024 | 23,992 | - | 66 | 20,281 | 23 | 633 | (350) | 2,618 | (841) | (348) | (53) | 2,563 | 51,609
Total income/expense recognized | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2,642 | - | (3,000) | (1,280) | 686 | (953)
Other changes in equity | 96 | - | - | (32) | 2,308 | (1) | (731) | 41 | (2,618) | (512) | - | - | 6,075 | 4,626
Issuances of common shares | 96 | - | - | - | (96) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Issuances of preferred shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Issuance of other equity instruments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Settlement or maturity of other equity instruments issued | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Conversion of debt on equity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Common stock reduction | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Dividend distribution | - | - | - | - | 86 | - | (86) | - | - | (1,222) | - | - | (146) | (1,368)
Purchase of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (3,278) | - | - | - | - | - | (3,278)
Sale or cancellation of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | 3,319 | - | - | - | - | - | 3,325
Reclassification of financial liabilities to other equity instruments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Reclassification of other equity instruments to financial liabilities | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Transfers within total equity | - | - | - | - | 2,423 | (1) | (645) | - | (2,618) | 841 | - | - | - | -
Increase/Reduction of equity due to business combinations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Share based payments | - | - | - | (48) | 14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (34)
Other increases or decreases in equity | - | - | - | 16 | (126) | - | - | - | - | (131) | - | - | 6,221 | 5,980
Balances as of December 31, 2015 | 3,120 | 23,992 | - | 35 | 22,588 | 22 | (98) | (309) | 2,642 | (1,352) | (3,349) | (1,333) | 9,325 | 55,281

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-10

Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (MILLIONS OF EUROS)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
A) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) | 51 | 2,055 | 6,623 | 23,101
1. Profit for the year |  | 4,762 | 4,693 | 3,328
2. Adjustments to obtain the cash flow from operating activities: |  | 8,526 | 6,784 | 18,327
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,387 | 1,426 | 1,272
Other adjustments |  | 7,139 | 5,358 | 17,055
3. Net increase/decrease in operating assets |  | (4,894) | (4,428) | (12,954)
Financial assets held for trading |  | 5,662 | 1,289 | 4,691
Other financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss |  | (783) | (2) | 337
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 5,032 | 14,445 | 3,360
Loans and receivables |  | (14,503) | (21,075) | (20,498)
Other operating assets |  | (302) | 915 | (844)
4. Net increase/decrease in operating liabilities |  | (3,916) | 1,273 | 15,674
Financial liabilities held for trading |  | (6,057) | 361 | (2,475)
Other financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss |  | 19 | (53) | 120
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | 2,111 | (7) | 21,422
Other operating liabilities |  | 11 | 972 | (3,393)
5. Collection/Payments for income tax |  | (2,423) | (1,699) | (1,274)
B) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES (1 + 2) | 51 | 2,902 | (560) | (4,411)
1. Investment |  | (2,339) | (3,978) | (6,416)
Tangible assets |  | (777) | (1,312) | (2,171)
Intangible assets |  | (564) | (645) | (571)
Investments in joint ventures and associates |  | (101) | (76) | (41)
Subsidiaries and other business units |  | (897) | (95) | (3,633)
Non-current assets held for sale and associated liabilities |  | - | - | -
Held-to-maturity investments |  | - | (1,850) | -
Other settlements related to investing activities |  | - | - | -
2. Divestments |  | 5,241 | 3,418 | 2,005
Tangible assets |  | 518 | 795 | 224
Intangible assets |  | 47 | 20 | 2
Investments in joint ventures and associates |  | 18 | 322 | 1
Subsidiaries and other business units |  | 936 | 73 | 9
Non-current assets held for sale and associated liabilities |  | 1,002 | 900 | 1,683
Held-to-maturity investments |  | 2,711 | 1,215 | -
Other collections related to investing activities |  | 9 | 93 | 86
C) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES (1 + 2) | 51 | (98) | (1,113) | 127
1. Payments |  | (5,763) | (4,335) | (5,717)
Dividends |  | (1,698) | (1,599) | (879)
Subordinated liabilities |  | (2,098) | (502) | (1,419)
Treasury stock amortization |  | - | - | -
Treasury stock acquisition |  | (1,674) | (2,004) | (3,273)
Other items relating to financing activities |  | (293) | (230) | (146)
2. Collections |  | 5,665 | 3,222 | 5,844
Subordinated liabilities |  | 4,038 | 1,000 | 2,523
Treasury shares increase |  | - | - | -
Treasury shares disposal |  | 1,627 | 2,222 | 3,321
Other items relating to financing activities |  | - | - | -
D) EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES |  | (4,266) | (3,463) | (6,781)
E) NET INCREASE/DECREASE IN CASH OR CASH EQUIVALENTS (A+B+C+D) |  | 594 | 1,489 | 12,036
F) CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF THE YEAR |  | 44,955 | 43,466 | 31,430
G) CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF THE YEAR (E+F) | 51 | 45,549 | 44,955 | 43,466
COMPONENTS OF CASH AND EQUIVALENT AT END OF THE YEAR (Millions of Euros) |  |  |  |
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Cash |  | 6,416 | 7,413 | 7,192
Balance of cash equivalent in central banks (*) |  | 39,132 | 37,542 | 36,275
Other financial assets |  | - | - | -
Less: Bank overdraft refundable on demand |  | - | - | -
TOTAL CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF THE PERIOD | 51 | 45,549 | 44,955 | 43,466

(*) “Balance of cash equivalent in central banks” includes short term deposits in central banks in the heading “Loans and receivables” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements (see Note 13)

The accompanying Notes 1 to 56 are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Introduction, basis for the presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements, internal control of financial information and other informatio n

1.1 Introduction

Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (hereinafter “the Bank” or “BBVA") is a private-law entity subject to the laws and regulations governing banking entities operating in Spain. It carries out its activity through branches and agencies across the country and abroad.

The Bylaws and other public information are available for inspection at the Bank’s registered address (Plaza San Nicolás, 4 Bilbao) as noted on its web site (www.bbva.com).

In addition to the activities it carries out directly, the Bank heads a group of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates which perform a wide range of activities and which together with the Bank constitute the Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Group (hereinafter, “the Group” or “the BBVA Group”). In addition to its own separate financial statements, the Bank is required to prepare Consolidated Financial Statements comprising all consolidated subsidiaries of the Group.

As of December 31, 2017, the BBVA Group had 331 consolidated entities and 76 entities accounted for using the equity method (see Notes 3 and 16 and Appendix I to V).

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the BBVA Group for the year ended December 31, 2017, have been authorized for issue on April 5, 2018.

1.2 Basis for the presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements

The BBVA Group’s Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in compliance with IFRS-IASB (International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board) and in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards endorsed by the European Union (hereinafter, “EU-IFRS”) applicable as of December 31, 2017, considering the Bank of Spain Circular 4/2004, of December, 22 (and as amended thereafter), and with any other legislation governing financial reporting applicable to the Group in Spain.

The BBVA Group’s accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were prepared by the Group’s Directors (through the Board of Directors held on February 12, 2018) by applying the principles of consolidation, accounting policies and valuation criteria described in Note 2, so that they present fairly the Group’s total consolidated equity and financial position as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 together with the consolidated results of its operations and cash flows generated during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

These Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared on the basis of the accounting records kept by the Bank and each of the other entities in the Group. Moreover, they include the adjustments and reclassifications required to harmonize the accounting policies and valuation criteria used by the Group (see Note 2.2).

All effective accounting standards and valuation criteria with a significant effect in the Consolidated Financial Statements were applied in their preparation.

The amounts reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in millions of euros, unless it is more appropriate to use smaller units. Some items that appear without a balance in these Consolidated Financial

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Statements are due to how the units are expressed. Also, in presenting amounts in millions of euros, the accounting balances have been rounded up or down. It is therefore possible that the totals appearing in some tables are not the exact arithmetical sum of their component figures.

The percentage changes in amounts have been calculated using figures expressed in thousands of euros.

1.3 Comparative information

During 2017, there were no significant changes to the existing structure of the BBVA Group’s operating segments in comparison to 2016 (Note 6). Certain prior year balances have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

1.4 Seasonal nature of income and expenses

The nature of the most significant activities carried out by the BBVA Group’s entities is mainly related to typical activities carried out by financial institutions, which are not significantly affected by seasonal factors within the same year.

1.5 Responsibility for the information and for the estimates made

The information contained in the BBVA Group’s Consolidated Financial Statements is the responsibility of the Group’s Directors.

Estimates have to be made at times when preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements in order to calculate the recorded or disclosed amount of some assets, liabilities, income, expenses and commitments. These estimates relate mainly to the following:

· Impairment on certain financial assets (see Notes 7, 12, 13, 14 and 16).

· The assumptions used to quantify certain provisions (see Note 24) and for the actuarial calculation of post-employment benefit liabilities and commitments (see Note 25).

· The useful life and impairment losses of tangible and intangible assets (see Notes 17, 18, 20 and 21).

· The valuation of goodwill and price allocation of business combinations (see Note 18).

· The fair value of certain unlisted financial assets and liabilities (see Notes 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12).

· The recoverability of deferred tax assets (See Note 19).

· The exchange rate and the inflation rate of Venezuela (see Notes 2.2.16 and 2.2.20).

Although these estimates were made on the basis of the best information available as of the end of the reporting period, future events may make it necessary to modify them (either up or down) over the coming years. This would be done prospectively in accordance with applicable standards, recognizing the effects of changes in the estimates in the corresponding consolidated income statement.

1.6 BBVA Group’s Internal Control over Financial Reporting

BBVA Group’s Financial Statements is prepared under an Internal Control over Financial Reporting Model (hereinafter “ICFR"). It provides reasonable assurance with respect to the reliability and the integrity of the consolidated financial statements. It is also aimed to ensure that the transactions are processed in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations.

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The ICFR is in accordance with the control framework established in 2013 by the “Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission” (hereinafter, "COSO"). The COSO 2013 framework sets five components that constitute the basis of the effectiveness and efficiency of the internal control systems:

· The establishment of an appropriate control environment.

· The assessment of the risks that could arise during the preparation of the financial information.

· The design of the necessary controls activities to mitigate the identified risks.

· The establishment of an appropriate system of information and communication to detect and report system weaknesses.

· The monitoring activities over the controls to ensure they perform correctly and are effective over time.

The ICFR is a dynamic model that evolves continuously over time to reflect the reality of the BBVA Group’s businesses and processes, as well as the risks and controls designed to mitigate them. It is subject to a continuous evaluation by the internal control units located in the different entities of BBVA Group.

These internal control units are integrated within the BBVA internal control model which is based in two pillars:

1) A control system organized into three lines of defense:

· The first line is located within the business and support units, which are responsible for identifying risks associated with their processes and to execute the controls established to mitigate them.

· The second line comprises the specialized control units (Compliance, Internal Financial Control, Internal Risk Control, Engineering Risk, Fraud & Security, and Operations Control among others). This second line defines the models and controls under their areas of responsibility and monitors the design, correct implementation and effectiveness of the controls

· The third line is the Internal Audit unit, which conducts an independent review of the model, verifying the compliance and effectiveness of the model.

2) A set of committees called Corporate Assurance that helps to escalate the internal control issues to the management at a Group level and also in each of the countries where the Group operates.

The internal control units comply with a common and standard methodology established at Group level, as set out in the following diagram:

The ICFR Model is subject to annual evaluations by the Group’s Internal Audit Unit. It is also supervised by the Audit and Compliance Committee of the Bank’s Board of Directors.

The BBVA Group also complies with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (hereafter “SOX”) for consolidated financial statements as a listed company with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The main senior executives of the Group are involved in the design, compliance and implementation of the internal control model to make it effective and to ensure the quality and accuracy of the financial information.

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2. Principles of consolidation, accounting policies and measurement bases applied and recent IFRS pronouncements

The Glossary includes the definition of some of the financial and economic terms used in Note 2 and subsequent Notes.

2.1 Principles of consolidation

In terms of its consolidation, in accordance with the criteria established by IFRS, the BBVA Group is made up of four types of entities: subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates and structured entities, defined as follows:

1) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Group (for definition of the criterion for control, see Glossary).The financial statements of the subsidiaries are fully consolidated with those of the Bank. The share of non-controlling interests from subsidiaries in the Group’s consolidated total equity is presented under the heading “Non-controlling interests” in the consolidated balance sheet. Their share in the profit or loss for the period or year is presented under the heading “Attributable to minority interest” in the accompanying consolidated income statement (see Note 31).

Note 3 includes information related to the main subsidiaries in the Group as of December 31, 2017. Appendix I includes other significant information on these entities.

2) Joint ventures

Joint ventures are those entities over which there is a joint arrangement to joint control with third parties other than the Group (for definitions of joint arrangement, joint control and joint venture, refer to Glossary).

The investments in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method (see Note 16). Appendix II shows the main figures for joint ventures accounted for using the equity method.

3) Associates

Associates are entities in which the Group is able to exercise significant influence (for definition of significant influence, see Glossary). Significant influence is deemed to exist when the Group owns 20% or more of the voting rights of an investee directly or indirectly, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case.

However, certain entities in which the Group owns 20% or more of the voting rights are not included as Group associates, since the Group does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over these entities. Investments in these entities, which do not represent material amounts for the Group, are classified as “Available-for-sale financial assets”.

In contrast, some investments in entities in which the Group holds less than 20% of the voting rights are accounted for as Group associates, as the Group is considered to have the ability to exercise significant influence over these entities. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, these entities are not significant in the Group.

Appendix II shows the most significant information related to the associates (see Note 16), which are accounted for using the equity method.

4) Structured Entities

A structured entity is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when the voting rights relate to administrative matters only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements (see Glossary).

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In those cases where the Group sets up entities or has a holding in such entities, in order to allow its customers access to certain investments, to transfer risks or for other purposes, in accordance with internal criteria and procedures and with applicable regulations, the Group determines whether control over the entity in question actually exists and therefore whether it should be subject to consolidation.

Such methods and procedures determine whether there is control by the Group, considering how the decisions are made about the relevant activities, assesses whether the Group has all power over the relevant elements, exposure, or rights, to variable returns from involvement with the investee and the ability to use power over the investee to affect the amount of the investor’s returns.

5) Structured entities subject to consolidation

To determine if a structured entity is controlled by the Group, and therefore should be consolidated into the Group, the existing contractual rights (different from the voting rights) are analyzed. For this reason, an analysis of the structure and purpose of each investee is performed and, among others, the following factors will be considered:

· Evidence of the current ability to manage the relevant activities of the investee according to the specific business needs (including any decisions that may arise only in particular circumstances).

· Potential existence of a special relationship with the investee.

· Implicit or explicit Group commitments to support the investee.

· The ability to use the Group´s power over the investee to affect the amount of the Group’s returns.

There are cases where the Group has a high exposure to variable returns and retains decision-making power over the investee, either directly or through an agent.

The main structured entities of the Group are the asset securitization funds, to which the BBVA Group transfers loans and receivables portfolios, and other vehicles, which allow the Group’s customers to gain access to certain investments or to allow for the transfer of risks or for other purposes (for additional information, see Appendices I and V). The BBVA Group maintains the decision-making power over the relevant activities of these vehicles and financial support through securitized market standard contracts. The most common ones are: investment positions in equity note tranches, funding through subordinated debt, credit enhancements through derivative instruments or liquidity lines, management rights of defaulted securitized assets, “clean-up” call derivatives, and asset repurchase clauses by the grantor.

For these reasons, the loans and receivable portfolios related to the vast majority of the securitizations carried out by the Bank or Group subsidiaries are not derecognized in the books of said entity and the issuances of the related debt securities are registered as liabilities within the Group’s consolidated balance sheet.

6) Non-consolidated structured entities

The Group owns other vehicles also for the purpose of allowing customers access to certain investments, to transfer risks, and for other purposes, but without the Group having control of the vehicles, which are not consolidated in accordance with “IFRS 10 - Consolidated Financial Statements”. The balance of assets and liabilities of these vehicles is not material in relation to the Group’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

As of December 31, 2017, there was no material financial support from the Bank or its subsidiaries to unconsolidated structured entities.

The Group does not consolidate any of the mutual funds it manages since the necessary control conditions are not met (see definition of control in the Glossary). Particularly, the BBVA Group does not act as arranger but as agent since it operates the mutual funds on behalf and for the benefit of investors or parties (arranger or arrangers) and, for this reason it does not control the mutual funds when exercising its authority for decision making.

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The mutual funds managed by the Group are not considered structured entities (generally, retail funds without corporate identity over which investors have participations which gives them ownership of said managed equity). These funds are not dependent on a capital structure that could prevent them from carry out activities without additional financial support, being in any case insufficient as far as the activities themselves are concerned. Additionally, the risk of the investment is absorbed by the fund participants, and the Group is only exposed when it becomes a participant, and as such, there is no other risk for the Group.

In all cases, the operating results of equity method investees acquired by the BBVA Group in a particular period only include the period from the date of acquisition to the financial statements date. Similarly, the results of entities disposed of during any only include year the period from the start of the year to the date of disposal.

The consolidated financial statements of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group have the same date of presentation as the Consolidated Financial Statements. If financial statements at those same dates are not available, the most recent will be used, as long as these are not older than three months, and adjusted to take into account the most significant transactions. As of December 31, 2017, except for the case of the consolidated financial statements of a subsidiary and five associates and joint-ventures deemed non-significant for which financial statements as of November 30, 2017 were used, the December 31, 2017 financial statements for of all Group entities were utilized.

BBVA banking subsidiaries, associates and joint venture worldwide, are subject to supervision and regulation from a variety of regulatory bodies in relation to, among other aspects, the satisfaction of minimum capital requirements. The obligation to satisfy such capital requirements may affect the ability of such entities to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. In addition, under the laws of the various jurisdictions where such entities are incorporated, dividends may only be paid out through funds legally available for such purpose. Even when the minimum capital requirements are met and funds are legally available, the relevant regulators or other public administrations could discourage or delay the transfer of funds to the Group in the form of cash, dividends, loans or advances for prudential reasons.

2.2 Accounting policies and valuation criteria applied

The accounting standards and policies and the valuation criteria applied in preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements may differ from those used by some of the entities within the BBVA Group. For this reason, necessary adjustments and reclassifications have been made in the consolidation process to standardize these principles and criteria and comply with the IFRS-IASB.

The accounting standards and policies and valuation criteria used in preparing the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are as follows:

2.2.1 Financial instruments

Measurement of financial instruments and recognition of changes in subsequent fair value

All financial instruments are initially accounted for at fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability, unless there is evidence to the contrary, the best evidence of the fair value of a financial instrument at initial recognition shall be the transaction price.

Excluding all trading derivatives not considered as economic hedges, all the changes in the fair value of the financial instruments arising from the accrual of interest and similar items are recognized under the headings “Interest income” or “Interest expenses”, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement in which period the change occurred (see Note 37). The dividends received from other entities, other than associated entities and joint venture entities, are recognized under the heading “Dividend income” in the accompanying consolidated income statement in the period in which the right to receive them arises (see Note 38).

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The changes in fair value after the initial recognition, for reasons other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are treated as described below, according to the categories of financial assets and liabilities.

“Financial assets and liabilities held for trading” and “Financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss”

The assets and liabilities recognized under these headings of the consolidated balance sheets are measured upon acquisition at fair value and changes in the fair value (gains or losses) are recognized as their net value under the heading “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net” in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 41). Interests from derivatives designated as economic hedges on interest rate are recognized in interest income or expense (Note 37), depending on the result of the hedging instrument. However, changes in fair value resulting from variations in foreign exchange rates are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the accompanying consolidated income statements (Note 41).

“Available-for-sale financial assets”

Assets recognized under this heading in the consolidated balance sheets are measured at their fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value (gains or losses) are recognized temporarily net of tax effect, under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 30).

The amounts recognized under the headings “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets” and “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Exchange differences” continue to form part of the Group's consolidated equity until the corresponding asset is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet or until an impairment loss is recognized on the corresponding financial instrument. If these assets are sold, these amounts are derecognized and included under the headings “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net” or “Exchange differences, net", as appropriate, in the consolidated income statement for the year in which they are derecognized (see Note 41).

The net impairment losses in “Available-for-sale financial assets” over the year are recognized under the heading “Impairment losses on financial assets, net – Other financial instruments not at fair value through profit or loss” (see Note 47) in the consolidated income statements for that period.

Changes in the value of non-monetary items resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates are recognized temporarily under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Exchange differences” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Changes in foreign exchange rates resulting from monetary items are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 41).

“Loans and receivables”, “Held-to-maturity investments” and “Financial liabilities at amortized cost”

Assets and liabilities recognized under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are subsequently measured at “amortized cost” using the “effective interest rate” method. This is because the consolidated entities generally intend to hold such financial instruments to maturity.

Net impairment losses of assets recognized under these headings arising in each period are recognized under the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss – loans and receivables”, “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss - held to maturity investments” or “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss – financial assets measured at cost” (see Note 47) in the consolidated income statement for that period.

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“Derivatives-Hedge Accounting” and “Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest-rate risk”

Assets and liabilities recognized under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are measured at fair value.

Changes occurring subsequent to the designation of the hedging relationship in the measurement of financial instruments designated as hedged items as well as financial instruments designated as hedge accounting instruments are recognized as follows:

· In fair value hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized under the heading “Gains or losses from hedge accounting, net” in the consolidated income statement, with a corresponding offset under the headings where hedging items ("Hedging derivatives") and the hedged items are recognized, as applicable. Almost all of the hedges used by the Group are for interest-rate risks. Therefore, the valuation changes are recognized under the headings “Interest income” or “Interest expenses”, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement (see Note 37).

· In fair value hedges of interest rate risk of a portfolio of financial instruments (portfolio-hedges), the gains or losses that arise in the measurement of the hedging instrument are recognized in the consolidated income statement, and the gains or losses that arise from the change in the fair value of the hedged item (attributable to the hedged risk) are also recognized in the consolidated income statement (in both cases under the heading “Gains or losses from hedge accounting, net”, using, as a balancing item, the headings "Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk" in the consolidated balance sheets, as applicable.

· In cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the hedging instruments relating to the effective portion are recognized temporarily under the heading ”Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Hedging derivatives. Cash flow hedges” in the consolidated balance sheets, with a balancing entry under the heading “Hedging derivatives” of the Assets or Liabilities of the consolidated balance sheets as applicable. These differences are recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statement at the time when the gain or loss in the hedged instrument affects profit or loss, when the forecast transaction is executed or at the maturity date of the hedged item (see Note 37).

· Differences in the measurement of the hedging items corresponding to the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are recognized directly in the heading “Gains or losses from hedge accounting, net” in the consolidated income statement (see Note 41).

· In the hedges of net investments in foreign operations, the differences attributable to the effective portions of hedging items are recognized temporarily under the heading "Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Hedging of net investments in foreign transactions" in the consolidated balance sheets with a balancing entry under the heading “Hedging derivatives” of the Assets or Liabilities of the consolidated balance sheets as applicable. These differences in valuation are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the consolidated income statement when the investment in a foreign operation is disposed of or derecognized (see Note 41).

Other financial instruments

The following exceptions are applicable with respect to the above general criteria:

· Equity instruments whose fair value cannot be determined in a sufficiently objective manner and financial derivatives that have those instruments as their underlying asset and are settled by delivery of those instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at acquisition cost; this may be adjusted, where appropriate, for any impairment loss (see Note 8).

· Accumulated other comprehensive income arising from financial instruments classified at the consolidated balance sheet date as “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” are recognized with the corresponding entry under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (see note 30).

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Impairment losses on financial assets

Definition of impaired financial assets carried at amortized cost

A financial asset is considered impaired – and therefore its carrying amount is adjusted to reflect the effect of impairment when there is objective evidence that events have occurred, which:

· In the case of debt instruments (loans and advances and debt securities), reduce the future cash flows that were estimated at the time the instruments were acquired. So they are considered impaired when there are reasonable doubts that the carrying amounts will be recovered in full and/or the related interest will be collected for the amounts and on the dates initially agreed.

· In the case of equity instruments, it means that their carrying amount may not be fully recovered.

As a general rule, the carrying amount of impaired financial assets is adjusted with a charge to the consolidated income statement for the period in which the impairment becomes known. The recoveries of previously recognized impairment losses are reflected, if appropriate, in the consolidated income statement for the year in which the impairment is reversed or reduced, with an exception: any recovery of previously recognized impairment losses for an investment in an equity instrument classified as financial assets available for sale is not recognized in the consolidated income statement, but under the heading " Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets" in the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 30).

In general, amounts collected on impaired loans and receivables are used to recognize the related accrued interest and any excess amount is used to reduce the unpaid principal.

When the recovery of any recognized amount is considered remote, such amount is written-off on the consolidated balance sheet, without prejudice to any actions that may be taken in order to collect the amount until the rights extinguish in full either because it is time-barred debt, the debt is forgiven, or other reasons.

Impairment on financial assets

The impairment on financial assets is determined by type of instrument and other circumstances that could affect it, taking into account the guarantees received to assure (in part or in full) the performance of the financial assets. The BBVA Group recognizes impairment charges directly against the impaired financial asset when the likelihood of recovery is deemed remote, and uses an offsetting or allowance account when it recognizes non-performing loan provisions for the estimated losses.

Impairment of debt instruments measured at amortized cost

With regard to impairment losses arising from insolvency risk of the obligors (credit risk), a debt instrument, mainly Loans and receivables, is impaired due to insolvency when a deterioration in the ability to pay by the obligor is evidenced, either due to past due status or for other reasons.

The BBVA Group has developed policies, methods and procedures to estimate incurred losses on outstanding credit risk. These policies, methods and procedures are applied in the due diligence, approval and execution of debt instruments and Commitments and guarantees given; as well as in identifying the impairment and, where appropriate, in calculating the amounts necessary to cover estimated losses.

The amount of impairment losses on debt instruments measured at amortized cost is calculated based on whether the impairment losses are determined individually or collectively. First it is determined whether there is objective evidence of impairment individually for individually significant debt instrument, and collectively for debt instrument that are not individually significant. If the Group determines that there is no objective evidence of impairment, the assets are classified in groups of debt instrument based on similar risk characteristics and impairment is assessed collectively.

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In determining whether there is objective evidence of impairment the Group uses observable data in the following aspects:

· Significant financial difficulties of the obligors.

· Ongoing delays in the payment of interest or principal.

· Refinancing of credit due to financial difficulties by the counterparty.

· Bankruptcy or reorganization / liquidation are considered likely.

· Disappearance of the active market for a financial asset because of financial difficulties.

· Observable data indicating a reduction in future cash flows from the initial recognition such as adverse changes in the payment status of the counterparty (delays in payments, reaching credit cards limits, etc.).

· National or local economic conditions that are linked to "defaults" in the financial assets (unemployment rate, falling property prices, etc.).

Impairment losses on financial assets individually evaluated for impairment

The amount of the impairment losses incurred on financial assets represents the excess of their respective carrying amounts over the present values of their expected future cash flows. These cash flows are discounted using the original effective interest rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective rate determined under the contract.

As an exception to the rule described above, the market value of listed debt instruments is deemed to be a fair estimate of the present value of their expected future cash flows.

The following is to be taken into consideration when estimating the future cash flows of debt instruments:

· All amounts that are expected to be recovered over the remaining life of the debt instrument; including, where appropriate, those which may result from the collateral and other credit enhancements provided for the debt instrument (after deducting the costs required for foreclosure and subsequent sale). Impairment losses include an estimate for the possibility of collecting accrued, past-due and uncollected interest.

· The various types of risk to which each debt instrument is subject.

· The circumstances in which collections will foreseeably be made.

Impairment losses on financial assets collectively evaluated for impairment

With regard to the collective impairment analysis, financial assets are grouped by risk type considering the debtor's capacity to pay based on the contractual terms. As part of this analysis, the BBVA Group estimates the impairment loan losses that are not individually significant, distinguishing between those that show objective evidence of impairment, and those that do not show objective evidence of impairment, as well as the impairment of significant loans that the BBVA Group has deemed as not showing an objective evidence of impairment.

With respect to financial assets that have no objective evidence of impairment, the Group applies statistical methods using historical experience and other specific information to estimate the losses that the Group has incurred as a result of events that have occurred as of the date of preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements but have not been known and will be apparent, individually after the date of submission of the information. This calculation is an intermediate step until these losses are identified on an individual level, at which time these financial instruments will be segregated from the portfolio of financial assets without objective evidence of impairment.

The incurred loss is calculated taking into account three key factors: exposure at default, probability of default and loss given default.

· Exposure at default (EAD) is the amount of risk exposure at the date of default by the counterparty.

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· Probability of default (PD) is the probability of the counterparty failing to meet its principal and/or interest payment obligations. The PD is associated with the rating/scoring of each counterparty/transaction.

· Loss given default (LGD) is the estimate of the loss arising in the event of default. It depends mainly on the characteristics of the counterparty, and the valuation of the guarantees or collateral associated with the asset.

In order to calculate the LGD at each balance sheet date, the Group evaluates the whole amount expected to be obtained over the remaining life of the financial asset. The recoverable amount from executable secured collateral is estimated based on the property valuation, discounting the necessary adjustments to adequately account for the potential fall in value until its execution and sale, as well as execution costs, maintenance costs and sale costs.

In addition, to identify the possible incurred but not reported losses (IBNR) in the unimpaired portfolio, an additional parameter called "LIP" (loss identification period) has to be introduced. The LIP parameter is the period between the time at which the event that generates a given loss occurs and the time when the loss is identified at an individual level.

When the property right is contractually acquired at the end of the foreclosure process or when the assets of distressed borrowers are purchased, the asset is recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 2.2.4).

Impairment of other debt instruments classified as financial assets available for sale

The impairment losses on other debt instruments included in the “Available-for-sale financial asset” portfolio are equal to the excess of their acquisition cost (net of any principal repayment), after deducting any impairment loss previously recognized in the consolidated income statement over their fair value.

When there is objective evidence that the negative differences arising on measurement of these debt instruments are due to impairment, they are no longer considered as “Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets” and are recognized in the consolidated income statement.

If all, or part of the impairment losses are subsequently recovered, the amount is recognized in the consolidated income statement for the year in which the recovery occurred, up to the amount previously recognized in the income statement.

Impairment of equity instruments

The amount of the impairment in the equity instruments is determined by the category where they are recognized:

· Equity instruments classified as available for sale: When there is objective evidence that the negative differences arising on measurement of these equity instruments are due to impairment, they are no longer registered as “Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets” and are recognized in the consolidated income statement. In general, the Group considers that there is objective evidence of impairment on equity instruments classified as available-for-sale when significant unrealized losses have existed over a sustained period of time due to a price reduction of at least 40% or over a period of more than 18 months, different thresholds may exist for certain equity instruments or specific sectors.

· Any recovery of previously recognized impairment losses for an investment in an equity instrument classified as available for sale is not recognized in the consolidated income statement, but under the heading " Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets" in the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 30).

· Equity instruments measured at cost: The impairment losses on equity instruments measured at acquisition cost are equal to the excess of their carrying amount over the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the market rate of return for similar equity instruments. In order to determine these impairment losses, unless there is better evidence, an assessment of the equity of the investee is carried out (excluding Accumulated other comprehensive income due to cash flow hedges) based on the last approved (consolidated) balance sheet, adjusted by the unrealized gains at measurement date.

Impairment losses are recognized in the consolidated income statement in the year in which they arise as a direct reduction of the cost of the instrument. These impairment losses may only be recovered subsequently in the event of the sale of these assets.

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2.2.2 Transfers and derecognition of financial assets and liabilities

The accounting treatment of transfers of financial assets is determined by the form in which risks and benefits associated with the financial assets involved are transferred to third parties. Thus the financial assets are only derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet when the cash flows that they generate are extinguished, when their implicit risks and benefits have been substantially transferred to third parties or when the control of financial asset is transferred even in case of no physical transfer or substantial retention of such assets. In the latter case, the financial asset transferred is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet, and any right or obligation retained or created as a result of the transfer is simultaneously recognized.

Similarly, financial liabilities are derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet only if their obligations are extinguished or acquired (with a view to subsequent cancellation or renewed placement).

The Group is considered to have transferred substantially all the risks and benefits if such risks and benefits account for the majority of the risks and benefits involved in ownership of the transferred financial assets. If substantially all the risks and benefits associated with the transferred financial asset are retained:

· The transferred financial asset is not derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet and continues to be measured using the same criteria as those used before the transfer.

· A financial liability is recognized at the amount equal to the amount received, which is subsequently measured at amortized cost or fair value with changes in the income statement, whichever the case.

· Both the income generated on the transferred (but not derecognized) financial asset and the expenses of the new financial liability continue to be recognized.

2.2.3 Financial guarantees

Financial guarantees are considered to be those contracts that require their issuer to make specific payments to reimburse the holder of the financial guarantee for a loss incurred when a specific borrower breaches its payment obligations on the terms – whether original or subsequently modified – of a debt instrument, irrespective of the legal form it may take. Financial guarantees may take the form of a deposit, bank guarantee, insurance contract or credit derivative, among others.

In their initial recognition, financial guarantees are recognized as liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, which is generally the present value of the fees, commissions and interest receivable from these contracts over the term thereof, and the Group simultaneously recognize a corresponding asset in the consolidated balance sheet for the amount of the fees and commissions received at the inception of the transactions and the amounts receivable at the present value of the fees, commissions and interest outstanding.

Financial guarantees, irrespective of the guarantor, instrumentation or other circumstances, are reviewed periodically so as to determine the credit risk to which they are exposed and, if appropriate, to consider whether a provision is required for them. The credit risk is determined by application of criteria similar to those established for quantifying impairment losses on debt instruments measured at amortized cost (see Note 2.2.1).

The provisions recognized for financial guarantees considered impaired are recognized under the heading “Provisions - Provisions for contingent risks and commitments” on the liability side in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 24). These provisions are recognized and reversed with a charge or credit, respectively; to “Provisions or reversal of provision” in the consolidated income statements (see Note 46).

Income from financial guarantees is recorded under the heading “Fee and commission income” in the consolidated income statement and is calculated by applying the rate established in the related contract to the nominal amount of the guarantee (see Note 40).

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2.2.4 Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale and liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale

The headings “Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale” and “liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale” in the consolidated balance sheets includes the carrying amount of assets that are not part of the BBVA Group’s operating activities. The recovery of this carrying amount is expected to take place through the price obtained on its disposal (see Note 21).

These headings include individual items and groups of items (“disposal groups”) and disposal groups that form part of a major operating segment and are being held for sale as part of a disposal plan (“discontinued operations”). The individual items include the assets received by the subsidiaries from their debtors, in full or partial settlement of the debtors’ payment obligations (assets foreclosed or received in payment of debt and recovery of lease finance transactions), unless the Group has decided to make continued use of these assets. The BBVA Group has units that specialize in real estate management and the sale of this type of asset.

Symmetrically, the heading “Liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale” in the consolidated balance sheets reflects the balances payable arising from disposal groups and discontinued operations.

Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale are generally measured, at the acquisition date and at any later date deemed necessary, at either their carrying amount or the fair value of the property (less costs to sell), whichever is lower.

In the case of real estate assets foreclosed or received in payment of debts, they are initially recognized at the lower of: the restated carrying amount of the financial asset and the fair value at the time of the foreclosure or receipt of the asset less estimated sales costs. The carrying amount of the financial asset is updated at the time of the foreclosure, treating the real property received as a secured collateral and taking into account the credit risk coverage that would correspond to it according to its classification prior to the delivery. For these purposes, the collateral will be valued at its current fair value (less sale costs) at the time of foreclosure. This carrying amount will be compared with the previous carrying amount and the difference will be recognized as a provision increase, if applicable. On the other hand, the fair value of the foreclosed asset is obtained by appraisal, evaluating the need to apply a discount on the asset derived from the specific conditions of the asset or the market situation for these assets, and in any case, deducting the company’s estimated sale costs.

At the time of the initial recognition, these real estate assets foreclosed or received in payment of debts, classified as “Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale” and “liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale” are valued at the lower of: their restated fair value less estimated sale costs and their carrying amount; a deterioration or impairment reversal can be recognized for the difference if applicable.

Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale groups classified as held for sale are not depreciated while included under the heading “Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale”.

Fair value of non-current assets held for sale from foreclosures or recoveries is based, mainly, in appraisals or valuations made by independent experts on an annual basis or more frequently, should there be indicators of impairment.

Gains and losses generated on the disposal of assets and liabilities classified as non-current held for sale, and liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale as well as impairment losses and, where pertinent, the related recoveries, are recognized in “Profit or loss from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations” in the consolidated income statement (see Note 50). The remaining income and expense items associated with these assets and liabilities are classified within the relevant consolidated income statement headings.

Income and expenses for discontinued operations, whatever their nature, generated during the year, even if they have occurred before their classification as discontinued operations, are presented net of the tax effect as a single amount under the heading “Profit from discontinued operations” in the consolidated income statement, whether the business remains on the consolidated balance sheet or is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet. As long as an asset remains in this category, it will not be amortized. This heading includes the earnings from their sale or other disposal.

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2.2.5 Tangible assets

Property, plant and equipment for own use

This heading includes the assets under ownership or acquired under lease finance, intended for future or current use by the BBVA Group and that it expects to hold for more than one year. It also includes tangible assets received by the consolidated entities in full or partial settlement of financial assets representing receivables from third parties and those assets expected to be held for continuing use.

Property, plant and equipment for own use are presented in the consolidated balance sheets at acquisition cost, less any accumulated depreciation and, where appropriate, any estimated impairment losses resulting from comparing this net carrying amount of each item with its corresponding recoverable amount.

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method, on the basis of the acquisition cost of the assets less their residual value; the land is considered to have an indefinite life and is therefore not depreciated.

The tangible asset depreciation charges are recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statements under the heading "Depreciation and Amortization" (see Note 45) and are based on the application of the following depreciation rates (determined on the basis of the average years of estimated useful life of the various assets):

Depreciation Rates for Tangible Assets
Type of Assets | Annual Percentage
Buildings for own use | 1% - 4%
Furniture | 8% - 10%
Fixtures | 6% - 12%
Office supplies and hardware | 8% - 25%

The BBVA Group’s criteria for determining the recoverable amount of these assets, in particular buildings for own use, is based on independent appraisals that are no more than 3-5 years old at most, unless there are indications of impairment.

At each reporting date, the Group entities analyze whether there are internal or external indicators that a tangible asset may be impaired. When there is evidence of impairment, the Group analyzes whether this impairment actually exists by comparing the asset’s net carrying amount with its recoverable amount (as the higher between its recoverable amount less disposal costs and its value in use). When the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, the carrying amount is written down to the recoverable amount and depreciation charges going forward are adjusted to reflect the asset’s remaining useful life.

Similarly, if there is any indication that the value of a tangible asset is now recoverable, the consolidated entities will estimate the recoverable amounts of the asset and recognize it in the consolidated income statement, recording the reversal of the impairment loss registered in previous years and thus adjusting future depreciation charges. Under no circumstances may the reversal of an impairment loss on an asset raise its carrying amount above that which it would have if no impairment losses had been recognized in prior years.

Running and maintenance expenses relating to tangible assets held for own use are recognized as an expense in the year they are incurred and recognized in the consolidated income statements under the heading "Administration costs - Other administrative expenses - Property, fixtures and equipment" (see Note 44.2).

Other assets leased out under an operating lease

The criteria used to recognize the acquisition cost of assets leased out under operating leases, to calculate their depreciation and their respective estimated useful lives and to recognize the impairment losses on them, are the same as those described in relation to tangible assets for own use.

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Investment properties

The heading “Tangible assets - Investment properties” in the consolidated balance sheets reflects the net values (purchase cost minus the corresponding accumulated depreciation and, if appropriate, estimated impairment losses) of the land, buildings and other structures that are held either to earn rentals or for capital appreciation through sale and that are neither expected to be sold off in the ordinary course of business nor are destined for own use (see Note 17).

The criteria used to recognize the acquisition cost of investment properties, calculate their depreciation and their respective estimated useful lives and recognize the impairment losses on them, are the same as those described in relation to tangible assets held for own use.

The BBVA Group’s criteria for determining the recoverable amount of these assets is based on independent appraisals that are no more than one year old at most, unless there are indications of impairment.

2.2.6 Inventories

The balance under the heading “Other assets - Inventories” in the consolidated balance sheets mainly includes the land and other properties that the BBVA Group’s real estate entities hold for development and sale as part of their real estate development activities (see Note 20).

The cost of inventories includes those costs incurred in their acquisition and development, as well as other direct and indirect costs incurred in getting them to their current condition and location.

In the case of the cost of real-estate assets accounted for as inventories, the cost is comprised of: the acquisition cost of the land, the cost of urban planning and construction, non-recoverable taxes and costs corresponding to construction supervision, coordination and management. Financing cost incurred during the year form part of cost, provided that the inventories require more than a year to be in a condition to be sold.

Properties purchased from customers in distress, which the Group manages for sale, are measured at the acquisition date and any subsequent time, at either their related carrying amount or the fair value of the property (less costs to sell), whichever is lower. The carrying amount at acquisition date of these properties is defined as the balance pending collection on those assets that originated said purchases (net of provisions).

Impairment

The amount of any subsequent adjustment due to inventory valuation for reasons such as damage, obsolescence, reduction in sale price to its net realizable value, as well as losses for other reasons and, if appropriate, subsequent recoveries of value up to the limit of the initial cost value, are registered under the heading "Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets” in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 48) for the year in which they are incurred.

In the case of the above mentioned real-estate assets, if the fair value less costs to sell is lower than the carrying amount of the loan recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, a loss is recognized under the heading "Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets" in the consolidated income statement for the period. In the case of real-estate assets accounted for as inventories, the BBVA Group’s criterion for determining their net realizable value is mainly based on independent appraisals no more than one year old, or less if there are indications of impairment.

Inventory sales

In sale transactions, the carrying amount of inventories is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet and recognized as an expense under the income statement heading "Other operating expenses – Changes in inventories” in the year in which the income from its sale is recognized. This income is recognized under the heading “Other operating income – Financial income from non-financial services” in the consolidated income statements (see Note 42).

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2.2.7 Business combinations

A business combination is a transaction, or any other deal, by which the Group obtains control of one or more businesses. It is accounted for by applying the acquisition method.

According to this method, the acquirer has to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed, including those that the acquired entity had not recognized in the accounts. The method involves the measurement of the consideration received for the business combination and its allocation to the assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities measured according to their fair value, at the purchase date, as well as the recognition of any non-controlling participation (minority interests) that may arise from the transaction.

In a business combination achieved in stages, the acquirer shall remeasure its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss under the heading “Gains (losses) on derecognized of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net” of the consolidated income statements. In prior reporting periods, the acquirer may have recognized changes in the value of its equity interest in the acquiree in other comprehensive income. If so, the amount that was recognized in other comprehensive income shall be recognized on the same basis as would be required if the acquirer had disposed directly of the previously held equity interest.

In addition, the acquirer shall recognize an asset in the consolidated balance sheet under the heading “Intangible asset - Goodwill” if on the acquisition date there is a positive difference between:

· the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of all the non-controlling interests and the fair value of stock previously held in the acquired business; and

· the net fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

If this difference is negative, it shall be recognized directly in the income statement under the heading “Gain on Bargain Purchase in business combinations”.

Non-controlling interests in the acquired entity may be measured in two ways: either at their fair value; or at the proportional percentage of net assets identified in the acquired entity. The method of valuing non-controlling interest may be elected in each business combination. BBVA Group has always elected for the second method.

2.2.8 Intangible assets

Goodwill

Goodwill represents a portion of consideration transferred in advance by the acquiring entity for the future economic benefits from assets that cannot be individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is never amortized. It is subject periodically to an impairment analysis, and is written off if there has been impairment.

Goodwill is assigned to one or more cash-generating units that expect to be the beneficiaries of the synergies derived from the business combinations. The cash-generating units represent the Group’s smallest identifiable asset groups that generate cash flows for the Group and that are largely independent of the flows generated from the Group’s other assets or groups of assets. Each unit or units to which goodwill is allocated:

· Is the lowest level at which the entity manages goodwill internally.

· Is not larger than an operating segment.

The cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment (including the allocated goodwill in their carrying amount). This analysis is performed at least annually or more frequently if there is any indication of impairment.

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For the purpose of determining the impairment of a cash-generating unit to which a part of goodwill has been allocated, the carrying amount of that cash-generating unit, adjusted by the theoretical amount of the goodwill attributable to the non-controlling interests, in the event they are not valued at fair value, is compared with its recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit is equal to the fair value less sale costs or its value in use, whichever is greater. Value in use is calculated as the discounted value of the cash flow projections that the unit’s management estimates and is based on the latest budgets approved for the coming years. The main assumptions used in its calculation are: a sustainable growth rate to extrapolate the cash flows indefinitely, and the discount rate used to discount the cash flows, which is equal to the cost of the capital assigned to each cash-generating unit, and equivalent to the sum of the risk-free rate plus a risk premium inherent to the cash-generating unit being evaluated for impairment.

If the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit exceeds the related recoverable amount, the Group recognizes an impairment loss; the resulting loss is apportioned by reducing, first, the carrying amount of the goodwill allocated to that unit and, second, if there are still impairment losses remaining to be recognized, the carrying amount of the remainder of the assets. This is done by allocating the remaining loss in proportion to the carrying amount of each of the assets in the unit. In the event the non-controlling interests are measured at fair value, the deterioration of goodwill attributable to non-controlling interests will be recognized. In any case, an impairment loss recognized for goodwill shall not be reversed in a subsequent period.

Goodwill impairment losses are recognized under the heading "Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets – Intangible assets” in the consolidated income statements (see Note 48).

Other intangible assets

These assets may have an indefinite useful life if, based on an analysis of all relevant factors, it is concluded that there is no foreseeable limit to the period over which the asset is expected to generate net cash flows for the consolidated entities. In all other cases they have a finite useful life.

Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized according to the duration of this useful life, using methods similar to those used to depreciate tangible assets. The defined useful life intangible asset is made up mainly of IT applications acquisition costs which have a useful life of 3 to 5 years. The depreciation charge of these assets is recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statements under the heading "Depreciation" (see Note 45).

The consolidated entities recognize any impairment loss on the carrying amount of these assets with charge to the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on non - financial assets- Intangible assets” in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 48). The criteria used to recognize the impairment losses on these assets and, where applicable, the recovery of impairment losses recognized in prior years, are similar to those used for tangible assets.

2.2.9 Insurance and reinsurance contracts

The assets of the BBVA Group’s insurance subsidiaries are recognized according to their nature under the corresponding headings of the consolidated balance sheets and the initial recognition and valuation is carried out according to the criteria set out in IFRS 4.

The heading “Insurance and reinsurance assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the amounts that the consolidated insurance subsidiaries are entitled to receive under the reinsurance contracts entered into by them with third parties and, more specifically, the share of the reinsurer in the technical provisions recognized by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries.

The heading “Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the technical provisions for direct insurance and inward reinsurance recognized by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries to cover claims arising from insurance contracts in force at period-end (see Note 23).

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The income or expenses reported by the BBVA Group’s consolidated insurance subsidiaries on their insurance activities is recognized, in accordance with their nature, in the corresponding items of the consolidated income statements.

The consolidated insurance entities of the BBVA Group recognize the amounts of the premiums written to the income statement and a charge for the estimated cost of the claims that will be incurred at their final settlement to their consolidated income statements. At the close of each year the amounts collected and unpaid, as well as the costs incurred and unpaid, are accrued.

The most significant provisions registered by consolidated insurance entities with respect to insurance policies issued by them are set out by their nature in Note 23.

According to the type of product, the provisions may be as follows:

1) Life insurance provisions:

Represents the value of the net obligations undertaken with the life insurance policyholder. These provisions include:

· Provisions for unearned premiums. These are intended for the accrual, at the date of calculation, of the premiums written. Their balance reflects the portion of the premiums received until the closing date that has to be allocated to the period from the closing date to the end of the insurance policy period.

· Mathematical reserves: Represents the value of the life insurance obligations of the insurance entities at year-end, net of the policyholder’s obligations, arising from life insurance contracted.

2) Non-life insurance provisions:

· Provisions for unearned premiums. These provisions are intended for the accrual, at the date of calculation, of the premiums written. Their balance reflects the portion of the premiums received until year-end that has to be allocated to the period between the year-end and the end of the policy period.

· Provisions for unexpired risks: The provision for unexpired risks supplements the provision for unearned premiums by the amount by which that provision is not sufficient to reflect the assessed risks and expenses to be covered by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries in the policy period not elapsed at year-end.

3) Provision for claims:

This reflects the total amount of the outstanding obligations arising from claims incurred prior to year-end. Insurance subsidiaries calculate this provision as the difference between the total estimated or certain cost of the claims not yet reported, settled or paid, and the total amounts already paid in relation to these claims.

4) Provision for bonuses and rebates:

This provision includes the amount of the bonuses accruing to policyholders, insurees or beneficiaries and the premiums to be returned to policyholders or insurees, as the case may be, based on the behavior of the risk insured, to the extent that such amounts have not been individually assigned to each of them.

5) Technical provisions for reinsurance ceded:

Calculated by applying the criteria indicated above for direct insurance, taking account of the assignment conditions established in the reinsurance contracts in force.

6) Other technical provisions:

Insurance entities have recognized provisions to cover the probable mismatches in the market reinvestment interest rates with respect to those used in the valuation of the technical provisions.

The BBVA Group controls and monitors the exposure of the insurance subsidiaries to financial risk and, to this end, uses internal methods and tools that enable it to measure credit risk and market risk and to establish the limits for these risks.

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2.2.10 Tax assets and liabilities

Expenses on corporate income tax applicable to the BBVA Group’s Spanish entities and on similar income taxes applicable to consolidated foreign entities are recognized in the consolidated income statement, except when they result from transactions on which the profits or losses are recognized directly in equity, in which case the related tax effect is also recognized in equity.

The total corporate income tax expense is calculated by aggregating the current tax arising from the application of the corresponding tax rate to the tax for the year (after deducting the tax credits or discounts allowable for tax purposes) and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized in the consolidated income statement.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities include temporary differences, defined as the amounts to be payable or recoverable in future years arising from the differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax bases (the “tax value”), and tax loss and tax credit or discount carry forwards (see Note 19).

The "Tax Assets" line item in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the amount of all the assets of a tax nature, and distinguishes between: "Current” (amounts recoverable by tax in the next twelve months) and "Deferred" (which includes the amount of tax to be recovered in future years, including those arising from tax losses or credits for deductions or rebates that can be compensated). The "Tax Liabilities" line item in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the amount of all the liabilities of a tax nature, except for provisions for taxes, broken down into: "Current” (income tax payable on taxable profit for the year and other taxes payable in the next twelve months) and "Deferred" (the amount of corporate tax payable in subsequent years).

Deferred tax liabilities attributable to taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates or joint venture entities are recognized as such, except where the Group can control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is unlikely that it will reverse in the future. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is considered probable that the consolidated entities will have sufficient taxable profits in the future against which the deferred tax assets can be utilized and are not from the initial recognition (except in the case of a business combination) of other assets or liabilities in a transaction that does not affect the fiscal outcome or the accounting result.

The deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized are reassessed by the consolidated entities at each balance sheet date in order to ascertain whether they still qualify as deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the appropriate adjustments are made on the basis of the findings of the analyses performed. In those circumstances in which it is unclear how a specific requirement of the tax law applies to a particular transaction or circumstance, and the acceptability of the definitive tax treatment depends on the decisions taken by the relevant taxation authority in future, the entity recognizes current and deferred tax liabilities and assets considering whether it is probable or not that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. Thus, if the entity concludes that it is not probable that the taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment, the entity uses the amount expected to be paid to (recovered from) the taxation authorities.

The income and expenses directly recognized in consolidated equity that do not increase or decrease taxable income are accounted for as temporary differences.

2.2.11 Provisions, contingent assets and contingent liabilities

The heading “Provisions” in the consolidated balance sheets includes amounts recognized to cover the BBVA Group’s current obligations arising as a result of past events. These are certain in terms of nature but uncertain in terms of amount and/or settlement date. The settlement of these obligations is deemed likely to entail an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits (see Note 24). The obligations may arise in connection with legal or contractual provisions, valid expectations formed by Group entities relative to third parties in relation to the assumption of certain responsibilities or through virtually certain developments of particular aspects of the regulations applicable to the operation of the entities; and, specifically, future legislation to which the Group will certainly be subject. The provisions are recognized in the consolidated balance sheets when each and every one of the following requirements is met:

· They represent a current obligation that has arisen from a past event. At the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements, there is more probability that the obligation will have to be met than that it will not.

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· It is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation.

· The amount of the obligation can be reasonably estimated.

Among other items, these provisions include the commitments made to employees by some of the Group entities (mentioned in Note 2.2.12), as well as provisions for tax and legal litigation.

Contingent assets are possible assets that arise from past events and whose existence is conditional on, and will be confirmed only by, the occurrence or non-occurrence of events beyond the control of the Group. Contingent assets are not recognized in the consolidated balance sheet or in the consolidated income statement; however, they will be disclosed, should they exist, in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, provided that it is probable will give rise to an increase in resources embodying economic benefits.

Contingent liabilities are possible obligations of the Group that arise from past events and whose existence is conditional on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future events beyond the control of the Group. They also include the existing obligations of the Group when it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle them; or when, in extremely rare cases, their amount cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.

Contingent liabilities are not recognized in the consolidated balance sheet or the income statement (excluding contingent liabilities from business combination) but are disclosed in the Consolidated Financial Statements, unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote.

2.2.12 Pensions and other post-employment commitments

Below we provide a description of the most significant accounting policies relating to post-employment and other employee benefit commitments assumed by BBVA Group entities (see Note 25).

Short-term employee benefits

Benefits for current active employees which are accrued and settled during the year and for which a provision is not required in the entity´s accounts. These include wages and salaries, social security charges and other personnel expenses.

Costs are charged and recognized under the heading “Administration costs – Personnel expenses – Other personnel expenses” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 44.1).

Post-employment benefits – Defined-contribution plans

The Group sponsors defined-contribution plans for the majority of its active employees. The amount of these benefits is established as a percentage of remuneration and/or as a fixed amount.

The contributions made to these plans in each period by BBVA Group entities are charged and recognized under the heading “Administration costs – Personnel expenses – Defined-contribution plan expense” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 44.1).

Post-employment benefits – Defined-benefit plans

Some Group entities maintain pension commitments with employees who have already retired or taken early retirement, certain closed groups of active employees still accruing defined benefit pensions, and in-service death and disability benefits provided to most active employees. These commitments are covered by insurance contracts, pension funds and internal provisions.

In addition, some of the Spanish entities have offered certain employees the option to retire before their normal retirement age, recognizing the necessary provisions to cover the costs of the associated benefit commitments, which include both the liability for the benefit payments due as well as the contributions payable to external pension funds during the early retirement period.

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Furthermore, certain Group entities provide welfare and medical benefits which extend beyond the date of retirement of the employees entitled to the benefits.

All of these commitments are quantified based on actuarial valuations, with the amounts recorded under the heading “Provisions – Provisions for pensions and similar obligations” in the consolidated balance sheet and determined as the difference between the value of the defined-benefit commitments and the fair value of plan assets at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements (see Note 25).

Current service cost are charged and recognized under the heading “Administration costs – Personnel expenses – Defined-benefit plan expense” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 44.1).

Interest credits/charges relating to these commitments are charged and recognized under the headings “Interest income” and “Interest expense” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 37).

Past service costs arising from benefit plan changes as well as early retirements granted during the period are recognized under the heading “Provisions or reversals of provisions” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 46).

Other long-term employee benefits

In addition to the above commitments, certain Group entities provide long-term service awards to their employees, consisting of monetary amounts or periods of vacation granted upon completion of a number of years of qualifying service.

These commitments are quantified based on actuarial valuations and the amounts recorded under the heading “Provisions – Other long-term employee benefits” of the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 24).

Valuation of commitments: actuarial assumptions and recognition of gains/losses

The present value of these commitments is determined based on individual member data. Active employee costs are determined using the “projected unit credit” method, which treats each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of benefit and values each unit separately.

In establishing the actuarial assumptions we take into account that:

· They should be unbiased, i.e. neither unduly optimistic nor excessively conservative.

· Each assumption does not contradict the others and adequately reflect the existing relationship between economic variables such as price inflation, expected wage increases, discount rates and the expected return on plan assets, etc. Future wage and benefit levels should be based on market expectations, at the balance sheet date, for the period over which the obligations are to be settled.

· The interest rate used to discount benefit commitments is determined by reference to market yields, at the balance sheet date, on high quality bonds.

The BBVA Group recognizes actuarial gains/losses relating to early retirement benefits, long service awards and other similar items under the heading “Provisions or reversal of provisions” of the consolidated income statement for the period in which they arise (see Note 46). Actuarial gains/losses relating to pension and medical benefits are directly charged and recognized under the heading "Accumulated other comprehensive income – Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss – Actuarial gains or losses on defined benefit pension plans" of equity in the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 30).

2.2.13 Equity-settled share-based payment transactions

Provided they constitute the delivery of such equity instruments following the completion of a specific period of services, equity-settled share-based payment transactions are recognized as an expense for services being provided by employees, by way of a balancing entry under the heading “Shareholders’ funds – Other equity instruments” in the consolidated

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balance sheet (Note 44.1.1). These services are measured at fair value for the employees services received, unless such fair value cannot be calculated reliably. In such case, they are measured by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments granted, taking into account the date on which the commitments were granted and the terms and other conditions included in the commitments.

When the initial compensation agreement includes what may be considered market conditions among its terms, any changes in these conditions will not be reflected in the consolidated income statement, as these have already been accounted for in calculating the initial fair value of the equity instruments. Non-market vesting conditions are not taken into account when estimating the initial fair value of equity instruments, but they are taken into account when determining the number of equity instruments to be issued. This will be recognized on the consolidated income statement with the corresponding increase in total consolidated equity.

2.2.14 Termination benefits

Termination benefits are recognized in the financial statements when the BBVA Group agrees to terminate employment contracts with its employees and has established a detailed plan.

2.2.15 Treasury shares

The value of common stock issued by the BBVA Group’s entities and held by them - basically, shares and derivatives on the Bank’s shares held by some consolidated entities that comply with the requirements to be recognized as equity instruments - are recognized as a decrease to net equity, under the heading "Shareholders’ funds - Treasury stock" in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 29).

These financial assets are recognized at acquisition cost, and the gains or losses arising on their disposal are credited or debited, as appropriate, to the heading “Shareholders’ funds - Retained earnings” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 28).

2.2.16 Foreign-currency transactions and exchange differences

The BBVA Group’s functional currency, and thus the currency in which the Consolidated Financial Statements are presented, is the euro. As such, all balances and transactions denominated in currencies other than the euro are deemed to be denominated in “foreign currency”.

Conversion to euros of the balances held in foreign currency is performed in two consecutive stages:

· Conversion of the foreign currency to the entity’s functional currency (currency of the main economic environment in which the entity operates); and

· Conversion to euros of the balances held in the functional currencies of the entities whose functional currency is not the euro.

Conversion of the foreign currency to the entity’s functional currency

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies carried out by the consolidated entities (or accounted for using the equity method) are initially accounted for in their respective currencies. Subsequently, the monetary balances in foreign currencies are converted to their respective functional currencies using the exchange rate at the close of the financial year. In addition,

· Non-monetary items valued at their historical cost are converted to the functional currency at the exchange rate applicable on the purchase date.

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· Non-monetary items valued at their fair value are converted at the exchange rate in force on the date on which such fair value was determined.

· Income and expenses are converted at the period’s average exchange rates for all the operations carried out during the period. When applying this criterion the BBVA Group considers whether significant variations have taken place in exchange rates during the year which, owing to their impact on the statements as a whole, may require the application of exchange rates as of the date of the transaction instead of such average exchange rates.

The exchange differences produced when converting the balances in foreign currency to the functional currency of the consolidated entities are generally recognized under the heading "Exchange differences, net" in the consolidated income statements (see Note 41). However, the exchange differences in non-monetary items, measured at fair value, are recognized temporarily in consolidated equity under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Exchange differences” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 30).

Conversion of functional currencies to euros

The balances in the financial statements of consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the euro are converted to euros as follows:

· Assets and liabilities: at the closing spot exchange rates as of the date of each of the consolidated balance sheets.

· Income and expenses and cash flows are converted by applying the exchange rate applicable on the date of the transaction, and the average exchange rate for the financial year may be used, unless it has undergone significant variations.

· Equity items: at the historical exchange rates.

The exchange differences arising from the conversion to euros of balances in the functional currencies of the consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the euro are recognized under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Exchange differences” in the consolidated balance sheets (Notes 30 and 31 respectively). Meanwhile, the differences arising from the conversion to euros of the financial statements of entities accounted for by the equity method are recognized under the heading " Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Entities accounted for using the equity method" (Note 30) until the item to which they relate is derecognized, at which time they are recognized in the income statement.

The breakdown of the main consolidated balances in foreign currencies, with reference to the most significant foreign currencies, is set forth in Appendix VII.

Venezuela

Local financial statements of the Group subsidiaries in Venezuela are expressed in Venezuelan Bolivar, and converted into euros for the consolidated financial statements, as indicated below, since Venezuela is a country with strong exchange restrictions and has different rates officially published:

· Since December 31, 2015, the Board of Directors considers that the use of the Venezuelan official exchanges rates for converting bolivars into euros in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements does not reflect the true picture of the financial statements of the Group and the financial position of the Group subsidiaries in Venezuela.

· Consequently, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Group has used foreign exchange rates of 18,181, 1,893 and 469 Venezuelan bolivars per euro, respectively in the conversion of the financial statements. These exchanges rates have been calculated taking into account the estimated evolution of inflation in Venezuela, in the absence of published official data (800%, 300%, and 170%, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively) (see Note 2.2.20). These inflation rates have been calculated based on the best estimate of the Group, taking into consideration the available information that includes sectorial aspects that affect the Group's subsidiaries in Venezuela.

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The summarized balance sheet and income statements of the Group subsidiaries in Venezuela as of December 31, 2017, whose local financial statements are expressed in Venezuelan bolivars comparing their conversion to euros with the estimated exchange rate with the balances that would have result by applying the last published exchange rate, are as follows:

Balance sheet. December 31, 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Estimated exchange rate | Official Exchange rate | Variation
Cash and balances with central banks | 597 | 2,287 | 1,690
Securities portfolio | 42 | 148 | 107
Loans and receivables | 364 | 1,650 | 1,285
Tangible assets | 60 | 272 | 212
Other | 28 | 131 | 103
TOTAL ASSETS | 1,091 | 4,487 | 3,397
Deposits from central bank and credit institutions | - | 1 | 1
Customer deposits | 839 | 3,772 | 2,933
Provisions | 5 | 24 | 18
Other | 127 | 465 | 338
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 971 | 4,262 | 3,291

Income statements December 31, 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Estimated exchange rate | Official Exchange rate | Variation
NET INTEREST ICOME | 90 | 410 | 319
GROSS INCOME | 70 | 319 | 249
Administration costs | 55 | 249 | 194
NET OPERATING INCOME | 15 | 70 | 54
OPERATING PROFIT BEFORE TAX | 12 | 53 | 41
Tax expense or (-) income related to profit or loss from continuing operation | 20 | 90 | 70
PROFIT | (8) | (38) | (29)
Attributable to minority interest [non-controlling interests] | (4) | (16) | (13)
Attributable to owners of the parent | (5) | (21) | (17)

2.2.17 Recognition of income and expenses

The most significant policies a used by the BBVA Group to recognize its income and expenses are as follows.

1) Interest income and expenses and similar items:

As a general rule, interest income and expenses and similar items are recognized on the basis of their period of accrual using the effective interest rate method. The financial fees and commissions that arise on the arrangement of loans and advances (basically origination and analysis fees) are deferred and recognized in the income statement over the expected life of the loan. From that amount, the transaction costs identified as directly attributable to the arrangement of the loans and advances will be deducted. These fees are part of the effective interest rate for the loans and advances. Also dividends received from other entities are recognized as income when the consolidated entities’ right to receive them arises.

Once a debt instrument has been impaired, interest income is recognized applying the effective interest rate used to discount the estimated recoverable cash flows on the carrying amount of the asset.

2) Commissions, fees and similar items:

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Income and expenses relating to commissions and similar fees are recognized in the consolidated income statement using criteria that vary according to the nature of such items. The most significant items in this connection are:

· Those relating to financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, which are recognized when collected/paid.

· Those arising from transactions or services that are provided over a period of time, which are recognized over the life of these transactions or services.

· Those relating to a singular transaction, which are recognized when this singular transaction is carried out.

3) Non-financial income and expenses:

These are recognized for accounting purposes on an accrual basis.

4) Deferred collections and payments:

These are recognized for accounting purposes at the amount resulting from discounting the expected cash flows at market rates.

2.2.18 Sales of assets and income from the provision of non-financial services

The heading “Other operating income” in the consolidated income statements includes the proceeds of the sales of assets and income from the services provided by the Group entities that are not financial institutions. In the case of the Group, these entities are mainly real estate and service entities (see Note 42).

2.2.19 Leases

Lease contracts are classified as finance leases from the inception of the transaction if they substantially transfer all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the asset forming the subject-matter of the contract. Leases other than finance leases are classified as operating leases.

When the consolidated entities act as the lessor of an asset under finance leases, the aggregate present values of the lease payments receivable from the lessee plus the guaranteed residual value (normally the exercise price of the lessee’s purchase option on expiration of the lease agreement) are recognized as financing provided to third parties and, therefore, are included under the heading “Loans and receivables” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (see Note 13).

When the consolidated entities act as lessors of an asset in operating leases, the acquisition cost of the leased assets is recognized under "Tangible assets – Property, plant and equipment – Other assets leased out under an operating lease" in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 17). These assets are depreciated in line with the criteria adopted for items of tangible assets for own use, while the income arising from the lease arrangements is recognized in the consolidated income statements on a straight-line basis within "Other operating expenses" (see Note 42).

If a fair value sale and leaseback results in an operating lease, the profit or loss generated from the sale is recognized in the consolidated income statement at the time of sale. If such a transaction gives rise to a finance lease, the corresponding gains or losses are accrued over the lease period.

The assets leased out under operating lease contracts to other entities in the Group are treated in the Consolidated Financial Statements as for own use, and thus rental expense and income is eliminated in consolidation and the corresponding depreciation is recognized.

2.2.20 Entities and branches located in countries with hyperinflationary economies

In order to assess whether an economy is under hyperinflation, the country’s economic environment is evaluated, analyzing whether certain circumstances exist, such as:

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· The country’s population prefers to keep its wealth or savings in non-monetary assets or in a relatively stable foreign currency;

· Prices may be quoted in a relatively stable foreign currency;

· Interest rates, wages and prices are linked to a price index;

· The cumulative inflation rate over three years is approaching, or exceeds, 100%.

The fact that any of these circumstances is present will not be a decisive factor in considering an economy hyperinflationary, but it does provide some reasons to consider it as such.

Since 2009, the economy of Venezuela can be considered hyperinflationary under the above criteria. As a result, the financial statements of the BBVA Group’s entities located in Venezuela have therefore been adjusted to correct for the effects of inflation in accordance with IAS 29 “ Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies“.

The breakdown of the General Price Index (“GPI”) and the inflation index used as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 for the inflation restatement of the financial statements of the Group companies located in Venezuela is as follows:

General Price Index
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
GPI | 84,886.50 | 9,431.60 | 2,357.90
Average GPI | 27,714.47 | 5,847.74 | 1,460.50
Inflation of the period (*) | 800.0% | 300.0% | 170.0%

(*) At the date of preparation of consolidated financial statements of each year, the Venezuelan government had not released the official inflation figures at the end of the year. Therefore, the Group estimates the inflation rate applicable to the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements for each year, based on the best estimate of BBVA Research of the Group, considering other estimates made by various international organizations.

The impact on the consolidated financial statements that would result from applying the latest official inflation data published against the Group's estimate of the inflation index would not be significant due to its correlation with the estimated exchange rate (see Note 2.2.16).

The losses recognized under the heading “Profit attributable to the parent company” in the accompanying consolidated income statement as a result of the adjustment for inflation on net monetary position of the Group entities in Venezuela amounted to €13 and €28 million in 2017 and 2016 respectively.

2.3 Recent IFRS pronouncements

Changes introduced in 2017

The following amendments to the IFRS standards or their interpretations (hereinafter “IFRIC”) became effective after January 1, 2017. They have not had a significant impact on the BBVA Group’s Consolidated Financial Statements corresponding to the year ended December 31, 2017.

IAS 12 – “Income Taxes. Recognition of Deferred Tax Assets for Unrealized Losses”

The amendments made to IAS 12 clarify the requirements on recognition of deferred tax assets for unrealized losses. The following aspects are clarified:

· An unrealized loss on a debt instrument measured at fair value gives rise to a deductible temporary difference regardless of whether the holder expects to recover its carrying amount by holding the debt instrument until maturity or by selling the debt instrument.

· An entity assesses the utilization of deductible temporary differences in combination with other deductible temporary differences. In circumstances in which tax laws restricts the utilization of tax losses, an entity would assess a deferred tax asset in combination with other deferred tax assets of the appropriate type.

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· An entity’s estimate of future taxable profit can include the recovery of its assets for amounts more than their carrying amounts if there is sufficient evidence to conclude that it is probable that the entity will achieve this.

· An entity’s estimate of future taxable profit excludes tax deductions resulting from the reversal of deductible temporary difference.

IAS 7 – “Statement of Cash Flows. Disclosure Initiative”

The amendments to IAS 7 introduce the following new disclosure requirements related to changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, to enable users of financial statements to evaluate changes in those liabilities: changes from financing cash flows; changes arising from obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses; the effect of changes in foreign exchange rates; changes in fair values; and other changes.

Liabilities arising from financing activities are liabilities for which cash flows were, or future cash flows will be, classified in the statement of cash flows as cash flows arising from financing activities. Additionally, the disclosure requirements also apply to changes in financial assets if cash flows from those financial assets were, or future cash flows will be, included in cash flows from financing activities.

Annual improvements cycle to IFRSs 2014-2016 – Minor amendments to IFRS 12

The annual improvements cycle to IFRSs 2014-2016 includes minor changes and clarifications to IFRS 12 – Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities.

Standards and interpretations issued but not yet effective as of December 31, 2017

New International Financial Reporting Standards together with their interpretations had been published at the date of preparation of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, but are not obligatory as of June 30, 2017. Although in some cases the IASB permits early adoption before they come into force, the BBVA Group has not done such application in advance. The most relevant are the following:

IFRS 9 - “Financial instruments”

· As of July, 24, 2014, IASB issued IFRS 9 which replaces IAS 39 on financial statements from January 2018 onwards and includes new classification and measurement requirements of financial assets and liabilities, impairment requirements of financial assets and hedge accounting policy (See Note 56).

· Since the initial drafts of the standards were published, the Group has been analyzing their implications once in effect in 2018, both in terms of classification of the portfolios and the valuation models for financial instruments and, in particular, the models for calculating impairment of financial assets using expected loss models.

· In the fiscal years 2016 and 2017, the Group implemented a project for applying IFRS 9 with the participation of all the areas affected: finance, risks, technology, business areas, etc., with the involvement of the Group's senior management.

· The Project sets the definition of accounting policies and processes on the implementation of the Standard, which has implications both on the financial statements and on the Group´s daily operations (initial and subsequent risk assessment, changes in systems, management metrics, etc.), and also on the models used for the presentation of financial statements.

· The main requirements of IFRS 9 are:

Classification and measurement of financial instruments

Financial assets

IFRS 9 has a new approach to classification and measurement of financial assets which is a mirror of the business model used for asset management purposes and its cash flow characteristics.

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IFRS 9 contains three main categories for financial assets classification: valued at amortized cost, valued at fair value with changes in other accumulated comprehensive income, and valued at fair value through profit or loss. The standard eliminates the existing IAS 39 categories of held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables, and available-for-sale financial assets.

The classification of financial instruments as measured at amortized cost or fair value must be carried out on the basis of: the entity's business model and the assessment of the contractual cash flow, commonly known as the "solely payments of principle and interest" criterion (hereinafter, the SPPI). The purpose of the SPPI test is to determine whether in accordance with the contractual characteristics of the instrument its cash flows only represent the return of the principal and interest, basically understood as consideration for the time value of money and the debtor's credit risk.

A financial instrument will be classified in the amortized cost portfolio when it is managed with a business model whose purpose is to maintain the financial assets to receive contractual cash flows, and passes the SPPI test. They will be classified in the portfolio of financial assets at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income if they are managed with a business model whose purpose combines collection of the contractual cash flows and sale of the assets, and meets the SPPI test. They will be classified at fair value with changes in profit and loss provided that the entity's business model for their management or the contractual characteristics of its cash flows do not require classification into one of the portfolios described above.

During 2017, the Group reviewed the existing business models in the geographic areas where it operates to establish their classification in accordance with IFRS 9, taking into account the special characteristics of the local structures and organizations, as well as the type of products.

The Group has defined criteria to determine the acceptable frequency and reasons for sales so that the instrument can remain in the category of held to collect contractual cash flows.

Regardless of the frequency and importance of the sales, some types of sales are not incompatible with the category of held to collect contractual flows: sales due to reduction in credit quality; sales close to the maturity of transactions so that variations in market prices will not have a significant effect on the cash flows of the financial asset; sales in response to a change in regulations or in taxation; sales in response to an internal restructuring or significant business combination; sales derived from the execution of a liquidity crisis plan when the crisis event is not reasonably foreseeable.

The Group has segmented the portfolio of instruments for carrying out the SPPI test by differentiating products with standard contracts (all the instruments have identical contractual characteristics and are broadly used), for which the Group has carried out the SPPI test by reviewing the standard framework contract. Those products with similar characteristics, but not identical, compliance has been assessed through a sampling exercise of contracts. Finally, all the financial instruments with specific contractual characteristics have been analyzed individually.

As a result of the analyses carried out on both the business model and the contractual characteristics, certain accounting reclassifications are expected affecting both financial assets and, as the case may be, financial liabilities related to those assets. In general, there will be a greater volume of assets valued at fair value with changes in the income statement and the valuation method of some instruments will also be changed according to the one that best reflects the business model to which they belong. Changes in the valuation model in order not to exceed the criterion of payment of principal and interest are not significant

As of December 31, 2017, the Group had certain investments in asset instruments classified as available-for-sale which, in accordance with IFRS 9, starting in 2018 the Group will designate these investments as financial assets at fair value through changes in accumulated other comprehensive income. As a result, all the gains and losses at fair value of these instruments will be reported in other cumulative comprehensive income. Impairment losses will not be recognized to profit and loss, and gains or losses will not be reclassified to the income statement in the case of divestment. The remaining investments held by the Group as of December 31, 2017 in equity instruments classified as available-for-sale will be accounted at fair value through changes in profit or loss.

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Financial liabilities

IFRS 9 largely maintains the requirements under IAS 39 for classifying financial liabilities. Thus, save for the above mentioned changes derived from the business model allocation of assets associated to them, the classification of financial liabilities in accordance with IAS 39 will not be changed. However, a new aspect introduced by IFRS 9 is the recognition of changes in the fair value of the financial liabilities to which the fair value option is applied. In this case, the changes in the fair value attributable the credit risk itself should be recognized as other comprehensive income, while the rest of the variation will be recognized in the income statement. In any case, the variation of credit risk itself may be recognized in the income statement if the treatment described above generates some accounting asymmetry.

Financial assets impairments

IFRS 9 replaces the "incurred loss" model in IAS 39 with one of "expected credit loss". The new impairment model will be applied to financial assets valued at amortized cost; to financial assets valued at fair value with changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, except for investments in equity instruments; and contracts for financial guarantees and loan commitments.

The new standard classifies financial instruments into three categories, which depend on the evolution of their credit risk from the moment of initial recognition. The first category includes the operations when they are initially recognized; the second comprises the operations for which a significant increase in credit risk has been identified since its initial recognition and the third one, the impaired operations.

The calculation of the hedges for credit risk in each of these three categories must be done differently. In this way, the expected loss to 12 months for the operations classified in the first of the aforementioned categories must be recorded, while the losses estimated for the remaining expected life of the operations classified in the other two categories must be recorded. Thus, IFRS 9 differentiates between the following concepts of expected loss:

· Expected loss at 12 months: expected credit loss that arises from possible default events within the 12 months following the presentation date of the financial statements; and

· Expected loss during the life of the transaction: this is the expected credit loss that arises from all the possible default events over the expected life of the financial instrument.

All this will require considerable judgment, both in the modeling for the estimation of the expected losses and in the forecasts, on how the economic factors affect such losses, which must be carried out on a weighted probability basis.

For the purposes of the implementation of IFRS 9 project, the BBVA Group has applied the following definitions:

1) Default

BBVA has applied a definition of default for financial instruments that is consistent with that used in internal credit risk management, as well as the indicators under applicable regulation at the date of entry into force of IFRS 9. Both qualitative and quantitative indicators have been considered.

The Group has considered there is a default when one of the following situations occurs:

· payment past-due for more than 90 days; or

· there are reasonable doubts regarding the full reimbursement of the instrument.

The 90-day past-due stipulation may be waived in cases where the entity considers it appropriate, based on reasonable and documented information that it is appropriate to use a longer term.

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2) Credit impaired asset

An asset is credit-impaired according to IFRS 9 if one or more events have occurred and they have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the asset. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following events:

· Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower.

· A breach of contract (e.g. a default or past due event).

· A lender having granted a concession to the borrower – for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty – that the lender would not otherwise consider.

· It becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization.

· The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

· The purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that reflects the incurred credit losses.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event. Instead, the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.

The definition of impaired financial assets in the Group is aligned with the definition of default explained in the above paragraphs.

3) Significant increase in credit risk

The objective of the impairment requirements is to recognize lifetime expected credit losses for financial instruments for which there has been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition considering all reasonable and supportable information, including that which is forward-looking.

The model developed by the Group for assessing the significant increase in credit risk has a twin approach that is applied globally, although the specific characteristics of each geographic area are respected:

· Quantitative criterion: the Group uses a quantitative analysis based on comparing the current expected probability of default over the life of the transaction with the original adjusted expected probability of default, so that both values are comparable in terms of expected default probability for their residual life. The thresholds used for considering a significant increase in risk take into account special cases according to geographic areas and portfolios. Depending on how old current operations are, at the time of entry into force of the standard, some simplification will be made to compare the probabilities of default between the current and the original moment, based on the best information available at that moment.

· Qualitative criterion: most indicators for detecting significant risk increase are included in the Group's systems through rating/scoring systems or macroeconomic scenarios, so quantitative analysis covers the majority of circumstances. The Group plans to use additional qualitative criteria when it considers it necessary to include circumstances that are not reflected in the rating/score systems or macroeconomic scenarios used.

Additionally, the instruments in which one of the following circumstances occurs are considered Stage 2:

· More than 30 days past due. Default of more than 30 days is a presumption that can be refuted in those cases in which the entity considers, based on reasonable and documented information, that such non-payment does not represent a significant increase in risk

· They are subject to special watch by the Risks units because they show negative signs in their credit quality, even though there may be no objective evidence of impairment

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· Refinance or restructuring that does not show evidence of impairment

Although the standard introduces a series of operational simplifications or practical solutions for analyzing the increase in significant risk, the Group does not expect to use them as a general rule. However, for high-quality assets, mainly related to certain government institutions and bodies, the standard allows for considering directly that their credit risk has not increased significantly because they have a low credit risk at the presentation date.

Thus the classification of financial instruments subject to impairment under the new IFRS 9 will be as follows:

· Stage 1– without significant increase in credit risk

Financial assets which are not considered to have significantly increased in credit risk have loss allowances measured at an amount equal to 12 months expected credit losses.

· Stage 2– significantly increased in credit risk

When the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since the initial recognition, the value correction for losses of that financial instrument will be calculated as the expected credit loss during the entire life of the asset.

· Stage 3 - Impaired

When there is objective evidence that the loan is credit impaired, the financial asset is transferred to this category in which value correction for losses of that financial instrument will be calculated as the expected credit loss during the entire life of the asset.

Based on the impairment methodology described below, the Group has estimated that the application of the impairment requirements under IFRS 9 as of January 1, 2018 will give rise to additional impairment losses.

Method for calculating expected loss

In accordance with IFRS 9, the measurement of expected losses must reflect:

· A considered and unbiased amount, determined by evaluating a range of possible results.

· The time value of money.

· Reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort and that reflects current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

The Group plans to measure the expected loss both individually and collectively. The purpose of the Group's individual measurement is to estimate expected losses for significant impaired risks, or risks classified in Stage 2. In these cases, the amount of credit losses is calculated as the difference between expected discounted cash flows at the effective interest rate of the transaction and the carrying amount of the instrument.

For the collective measurement of expected losses the instruments are grouped into groups of assets based on their risk characteristics. Exposure within each group is segmented according to the common credit risk characteristics, similar characteristics of the credit risk, indicative of the payment capacity of the borrower in accordance with their contractual conditions. These risk characteristics will have to be relevant in estimating the future flows of each group. The characteristics of credit risk may consider, among others, the following factors:

· Type of operation.

· Rating or scoring tools.

· Credit risk score or rating.

· Type of collateral.

· Amount of time at default for stage 3.

· Segment.

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· Qualitative criteria which can have a significant increase in risk.

· Collateral value if it has an impact on the probability of a default event.

The estimated losses are derived from the following parameters:

· PD: estimate of the probability of default in each period

· EAD: estimate of the exposure in case of default at each future period, taking into account the changes in exposure after the presentation date of the financial statements.

· LGD: estimate of the loss in case of default, calculated as the difference between the contractual cash flows and receivables, including guarantees.

In the case of debt securities, the Group supervises the changes in credit risk through monitoring the external published credit ratings.

To determine whether there is a significant increase in credit risk as of January 1, 2018 that is not reflected in the published ratings, the Group has also revised the changes in bond yields, and when they are available, the prices of CDS, together with the news and regulatory information available on the issuers.

Use of present, past and future information

IFRS 9 requires incorporation of present, past and future information to detect any significant increase in risk and measure expected loss.

The standard does not require identification of all possible scenarios for measuring expected loss. However, the probability of a loss event occurring and the probability it will not occur will also have to be considered, even though the possibility of a loss may be very small. Also, when there is no linear relation between the different future economic scenarios and their associated expected losses, more than one future economic scenario must be used for the measurement.

The approach used by the Group consists of using first the most probable scenario (baseline scenario) consistent with that used in the Group's internal management processes, and then applying an additional adjustment, calculated by considering the weighted average of expected losses in other economic scenarios (one more positive and the other more negative).

Hedge accounting

IFRS 9 will also affect hedge accounting, because the focus of the Standard is different from that of the current IAS 39, as it tries to align the accounting requirements with economic risk management. IFRS 9 will also permit to apply hedge accounting to a wider range of risks and hedging instruments. The Standard does not address the accounting for macro hedging strategies. To avoid any conflict between the current macro hedge accounting and the new general hedge accounting requirements, IFRS 9 includes an accounting policy choice to continue applying hedge accounting according to IAS 39.

Macro-hedges accounting is being developed as a separate project. The companies have the option to continue applying the hedge accounting as established by IAS39 until the project is completed. According to the analysis carried out, the Group will continue applying IAS 39 to its hedge accounting to the implementation date of IFRS 9.

Estimated impact of adopting IFRS 9

The Group has assessed the estimated impact on its consolidated financial statements of the initial application of IFRS 9. The estimated impact of adopting this standard on the Group's capital as of January 1, 2018 is based on the assessments made to date. It is summed up below. The final impacts of adopting the standards as of January 1, 2018 may change because:

· the Group has not concluded the tests or the evaluation of the controls of its new IT systems; and

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· the new accounting policies,methodologies and parameters may be subject to changes until the Group presents its financial statements that include the final impact as of the date of initial application.

As of the date of preparing these Annual Accounts, the estimated impact on the CET1 fully-loaded ratio would be a reduction of approximately 31 basis points and the average estimated impact on the volume of provisions would be an increase of approximately 10% on the current level of provisions. This increase in provisions is mainly due to non-impaired risks that would be classified within Stage 2, which are the risks most affected by the change in the calculation methodology of provisions. By geographies, the increase in provisions is centered in Spain and Mexico. Finally, based on the analysis carried out to date, the impact on consolidated equity as a result of changes in classification and valuation of financial instruments is not expected to be significant.

However, the European Parliament and Commission have established a mechanism for applying IFRS 9 on capital ratios, transitional and of voluntary application by the entities. It is the intention of the Group to adhere to that provision.

Amended IFRS 7 - “Financial instruments: Disclosures”

The IASB modified IFRS 7 in December 2011 to include new disclosures on financial instruments that entities will have to provide as soon as they apply IFRS 9 for the first time.

IFRS 15 - “Revenue from contracts with customers”

IFRS 15 contains the principles that an entity shall apply to account for revenue and cash flows arising from a contract with a customer.

The core principle of IFRS 15 is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, in accordance with contractual agreements. It is considered that the good or service is transferred when the customer obtains control over it.

The new Standard replaces IAS 18 - Revenue IAS 11 - Construction Contracts, IFRIC 13 - Customer Loyalty Programmes, IFRIC 15 - Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate, IFRIC 18 - Transfers of Assets from Customers and SIC 31 – Revenue-Transactions Involving Advertising Services.

This Standard will be applied to the accounting years starting on or after January 1, 2018, although early adoption is permitted. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

IFRS 15 – “Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers”

The amendments to the Revenue Standard clarify how some of the underlying principles of the new Standard should be applied. Specifically, they clarify how to:

· Identify a performance obligation (the promise to transfer a good or a service to a customer) in a contract.

· Determine whether a company is a principal (the provider of a good or service) or an agent (responsible for arranging for the good or service to be provided) and

· Determine whether the revenue from granting a license should be recognized at a point in time or over time.

In addition to the clarifications, the amendments include two additional reliefs to reduce cost and complexity for a company when it first applies the new Standard.

The amendments will be applied at the same time as the IFRS 15, i.e. to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, although early application is permitted. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Amended IFRS 10 – “Consolidated Financial Statements” and Amended IAS 28 - “Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures”

The amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 establish that when an entity sells or transfers assets are considered a business (including its consolidated subsidiaries) to an associate or joint venture of the entity, the latter will have to recognize any gains or losses derived from such transaction in its entirety. Notwithstanding, if the assets sold or transferred are not considered a business, the entity will have to recognize the gains or losses derived only to the extent of the interests in the associate or joint venture with unrelated investors.

These changes will be applicable to accounting periods beginning on the effective date, still to be determined, although early adoption is allowed.

IFRS 16 – “Leases”

On January 13, 2016 the IASB issued the IFRS 16 which will replace IAS 17. The new standard introduces a single lessee accounting model and will require a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. A lessee will be required to recognize a right-of–use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments.

With regard to lessor accounting, IFRS 16 substantially carries forward the lessor accounting requirements in IAS 17. Accordingly, a lessor will continue to classify its leases as operating leases or finance leases, and account for those two types of leases differently.

The standard will be applied to the accounting years starting on or after January 1, 2019, although early application is permitted if IFRS 15 is also applied.

IFRS 2 – “Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions”

The amendments made to IFRS 2 provide requirements on three different aspects:

· When measuring the fair value of a cash-settled share-based payment vesting conditions, other than market conditions, the conditions for the irrevocability shall be taken into account by adjusting the number of awards included in the measurement of the liability arising from the transaction.

· A transaction in which an entity settles a share-base payment arrangement net by withholding a specified portion of the equity instruments to meet a statutory tax withholding obligation will be classified as equity settled in its entirety if, without the net settlement feature, the entire share-based payment would otherwise be classified as equity-settled.

· In case of modification of a share-based payment from cash-settled to equity-settled, the modification will be accounted for derecognizing the original liability and recognizing in equity the fair value of the equity instruments granted to the extent that services have been rendered up to the modification date; any difference will be recognized immediately in profit or loss.

These amendments will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, although early application is permitted. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Amended IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”

The amendments made to IFRS 4 address the temporary accounting consequences of the different effective dates of IFRS 9 and the forthcoming insurance contracts Standard, by introducing two optional solutions:

· The deferral approach or temporary exemption, that gives entities whose predominant activities are connected with insurance the option to defer the application of IFRS 9 and continue applying IAS 39 until 2021.

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· The overlay approach, that gives all issuers of insurance contracts the option to recognize in other comprehensive income, rather than profit or loss, the additional accounting volatility that may arise from applying IFRS 9 compared to applying IAS 39 before applying the forthcoming insurance contracts Standard.

These modifications will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, although early application is permitted. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Annual improvements cycle to IFRSs 2014-2016 – Minor amendments to IFRS 1 and IAS 28

The annual improvements cycle to IFRSs 2014-2016 includes minor changes and clarifications to IFRS 1- Frist-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and IAS 28 – Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, which will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, although early application is permitted to amendments to IAS 28. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

IFRIC 22- Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration

The Interpretation addresses how to determine the date of the transaction, and thus, the exchange rate to use to translate the related asset, expense or income on initial recognition, in circumstances in which a non-monetary prepayment asset or a non-monetary deferred income liability arising from the payment or receipt of advance consideration is recognized in advance of the related asset, income or expense. It requires that the date of the transaction will be the date on which an entity initially recognizes the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability.

If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, the entity shall determine a date of the transaction for each payment or receipt of advance consideration.

The interpretation will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, although early application is permitted. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Amended IAS 40 – Investment Property

The amendment states that an entity shall transfer a property to, or from, investment property when, and only when, there is evidence of a change in use. A change in use occurs when the property meets, or ceases to meet, the definition of investment property.

The amendments will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, although early adoption is allowed. It does not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

IFRS 17 – Insurance Contracts

IFRS 17 establishes the principles for the accounting for insurance contracts and supersedes IFRS 4. The new standard introduces a single accounting model for all insurance contracts and requires the entities to use updated assumptions.

An entity shall divide the contracts into groups and recognize and measure groups of insurance contracts at the total of:

· the fulfilment cash flows, that comprises the estimate of future cash flows, an adjustment to reflect the time value of money and the financial risk associated with the future cash flows and a risk adjustment for non-financial risk; and

· the contractual service margin that represents the unearned profit.

The amounts recognized in the consolidate income statement shall be disaggregated into insurance revenue, insurance service expenses and insurance finance income or expenses. Insurance revenue and insurance service expenses shall exclude any investment components. Insurance revenue shall be recognized over the period the entity provides insurance coverage and in proportion to the value of the provision of coverage that the insurer provides in the period.

The new Standard will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021, although early adoption is allowed.

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IFRIC 23– Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

IFRIC 23 provides guidance on how to apply the recognition and measurement requirements in IAS 12 when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments.

If the entity considers that it is probable that the taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment, the Interpretation requires the entity to determine taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits or tax rates consistently with the tax treatment used or planned to be used in its income tax filings.

If the entity considers that it is not probable that the taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment, the Interpretation requires the entity to use the most likely amount or the expected value (sum of the probability. weighted amounts in a range of possible outcomes) in determining taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates. The method used should be the method that the entity expects to provide the better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty.

The interpretation will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, although early application is permitted.

Amended IFRS 9 – Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation

The amendments to IFRS 9 allow companies to measure particular prepayable financial assets with negative compensation at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income if a specified condition is met, instead of at fair value through profit or loss. The condition is that the financial asset would otherwise meet the criteria of having contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest but do not meet that condition only as a result of that prepayment feature.

The amendments will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, although early application is permitted.

Amended IAS 28 – Long-term Interests in Associates and Joint Ventures

The amendments to IAS 28 clarify that an entity is required to apply IFRS 9 to long term interests in an associate or joint venture that, in substance, form part of the net investment in the associate or joint venture but to which the equity method is not applied.

The amendments will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, although early application is permitted.

Annual improvements cycle to IFRSs 2015-2017

The annual improvements cycle to IFRSs 2015-2017 includes minor changes and clarifications to IFRS 3- Business Combinations, IFRS 11 – Joint Arrangements, IAS 12 – Income Taxes and IAS 23 – Borrowing Costs, which will be applied to the accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, although early application is permitted.

3. BBVA Group

The BBVA Group is an international diversified financial group with a significant presence in retail banking, wholesale banking, asset management and private banking. The Group also operates in other sectors such as insurance, real estate, operational leasing, etc.

Appendices I and II provide relevant information as of December 31, 2017 on the Group’s subsidiaries, consolidated structured entities, and investments in associate entities and joint venture entities. Appendix III shows the main changes in investments for the year ended December 31, 2017, and Appendix IV gives details of the consolidated subsidiaries which, are more than 10% owned by non-Group shareholders as of December 31, 2017.

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The following table sets forth information related to the Group’s total assets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, broken down by the Group’s entities according to their activity:

Contribution to Consolidated Group Total Assets. Entities by Main Activities (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Banks and other financial services |  | 659,414 | 699,592 | 717,981
Insurance and pension fund managing companies |  | 26,134 | 26,831 | 25,741
Other non-financial services |  | 4,511 | 5,433 | 6,133
Total |  | 690,059 | 731,856 | 749,855

The total assets and results of operations broken down by the geographical areas, in which the BBVA Group operates, are included in Note 6.

The BBVA Group’s activities are mainly located in Spain, Mexico, South America, the United States and Turkey, with active presence in other countries, as shown below:

· Spain

The Group’s activity in Spain is mainly through Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A., which is the parent company of the BBVA Group. The Group also has other entities that operate in Spain’s banking sector, insurance sector, real estate sector, services and as operational leasing entities.

· Mexico

The BBVA Group operates in Mexico, not only in the banking sector, but also in the insurance sector through Grupo Financiero Bancomer.

· South America

The BBVA Group’s activities in South America are mainly focused on the banking and insurance sectors, in the following countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela. It has a representative office in Sao Paulo (Brazil).

The Group owns more than 50% of most of the entities based in these countries. Appendix I shows a list of the entities which, although less than 50% owned by the BBVA Group as of December 31, 2017, are consolidated (see Note 2.1).

· The United States

The Group’s activity in the United States is mainly carried out through a group of entities with BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc. at their head, as well as, the New York BBVA branch and a representative office in Silicon Valley (California).

· Turkey

The Group’s activity in Turkey is mainly carried out through the Garanti Group.

· Rest of Europe

The Group’s activity in Europe is carried out through banks and financial institutions in Ireland, Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, Romania and Portugal, branches in Germany, Belgium, France, Italy and the United Kingdom, and a representative office in Moscow.

· Asia-Pacific

The Group’s activity in this region is carried out through branches (in Taipei, Tokyo, Hong Kong Singapore and Shanghai) and representative offices (in Beijing, Seoul, Mumbai, Abu Dhabi and Jakarta).

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Main transactions in the Group in 2017

Investments

On February 21, 2017, BBVA Group entered into an agreement for the acquisition from Dogus Holding A.S. and Dogus Arastirma Gelistirme ve Musavirlik Hizmetleri A.S of 41,790,000,000 shares of Turkiye Garanti Bankasi, A.S. (“Garanti Bank”), amounting to 9.95% of the total issued share capital of Garanti Bank. On March 22, 2017, the sale and purchase agreement was completed, and therefore BBVA´s total stake in Garanti Bank as of December 31, 2017 amounts to 49.85% (See Note 31).

Ongoing divestitures

Offer for the acquisition of BBVA’s stake in BBVA Chile

On November 28, 2017, BBVA received a binding offer from The Bank of Nova Scotia group (“Scotiabank”) for the acquisition, at a price of approximately USD 2,200 million of BBVA’s stake in Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Chile (“BBVA Chile”) as well as in other companies of the Group in Chile which operations are complementary to the banking business (amongst them, BBVA Seguros Vida, S.A.). BBVA owns, directly and indirectly, approximately 68.19% of BBVA Chile share capital. On December 5, 2017, BBVA accepted the Offer and entered into a sale and purchase agreement.

The Offer received does not include BBVA’s stake in the automobile financing companies of Forum group and in other Chilean entities from BBVA’s Group which are engaged in corporate activities of BBVA Group.

Completion of the transaction is subject to obtaining the relevant regulatory approvals.

Agreement for the creation of a “joint-venture” and transfer of the real estate business in Spain

On November 29, 2017, BBVA reached an agreement with a subsidiary of Cerberus Capital Management, L.P. (“Cerberus”) for the creation of a “joint venture” to which an important part of the real estate business of BBVA in Spain will be transferred (the “Business”). BBVA will contribute the Business to a single company (the “Company”) and will sell 80% of the shares of such Company to Cerberus at the closing date of the transaction.

The Business comprises: (i) foreclosed real estate assets (the “REOs”), with a gross book value of approximately €13,000 million, taking as starting point the situation of the REOs on June 26, 2017; and (ii) the necessary assets and employees to manage the Business in an autonomous manner. For the purpose of the agreement with Cerberus, the whole Business was valued at approximately €5,000 million.

Considering the valuation of the whole Business previously mentioned and assuming that all the Business’ REOs on June 26, 2017 will be contributed to the Company, the sale price for 80% of the shares would amount to approximately €4,000 million. The price finally paid will be determined by the volume of REOs effectively contributed that may vary depending on, among other matters, the sales carried out from the date of reference 26 June 2017 until the date of closing of the transaction and the fulfilment of the usual conditions in this kind of transactions.

The transaction as a whole is subject to obtaining the relevant authorizations from the competent authorities and it is not expected to have significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements when completed.

Main transaction in the Group in 2016

Mergers

The BBVA Group, at its Board of Directors meeting held on March 31, 2016, adopted a resolution to begin a merger process of BBVA S.A. (absorbing company), Catalunya Banc, S.A., Banco Depositario BBVA, S.A. y Unoe Bank, S.A.

This transaction was part of the corporate reorganization of its banking subsidiaries in Spain, was successfully completed throughout 2016 and has no impact in the Consolidated Financial Statements both from the accounting and the solvency stand points.

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Main transactions in the Group in 2015

During 2015, the Group consolidated Garanti from the date of effective control (third quarter) and recorded the acquisition of Catalunya Banc (second quarter). These effects impact on the period-on-period comparison of all the income statements was affected with the previous first semester results.

Investments

Acquisition of an additional 14.89% of Garanti

On November 19, 2014, the Group signed a new agreement with Dogus Holding AS, Ferit Faik Sahenk, Dianne Sahenk and Defne Sahenk (hereinafter "Dogus") to, among other terms, the acquisition of 62,538,000,000 additional shares of Garanti (equivalent to 14.89% of the capital of this entity) for a maximum total consideration of 8.90 Turkish lira per batch (Garanti traded in batches of 100 shares each).

In the same agreement it stated that if the payment of dividends for the year 2014 was executed by Dogus before the closing of the acquisition, that amount would be deducted from the amount payable by BBVA. On April 27, 2015, Dogus received the amount of the dividend paid to shareholders of Garanti, which amounted to Turkish Liras 0.135 per batch.

On July 27, 2015, after obtaining all the required regulatory approvals, the Group materialized said participation increase after the acquisition of the new shares. As of December 31, 2015, the Group's interest in Garanti was 39.9%.

The total price effectively paid by BBVA amounts to 8,765 TL per batch (amounting to approximately TL 5,481 million and €1,857 million applying a 2.9571 TL/EUR exchange rate).

In accordance with the IFRS-IASB accounting rules, and as a consequence of the agreements reached, the BBVA Group shall, at the date of effective control, measure at fair value its previously acquired stake of 25.01% in Garanti (classified as a joint venture accounted for using the equity method) and shall consolidate Garanti in the consolidated financial statements of the BBVA Group, beginning on the above-mentioned effective control date.

Measuring the above-mentioned stake in Garanti Bank at fair value resulted in a negative impact in “Gains or (-) losses on derecognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net” in the consolidated income statement of the BBVA Group for the second semester of 2015, which resulted in a net negative impact in the Profit attributable to owners of the parent of the BBVA Group in 2015 amounting to €1,840 million. Such accounting impact does not translate into any additional cash outflow from BBVA. Most of this impact was generated by the exchange rate differences due to the depreciation of the TL against Euro since the initial acquisition by BBVA of the 25.01% stake in Garanti Bank up to the date of effective control. As of December 31, 2015, these exchange rate differences were already recorded as Other Comprehensive Income reducing the stock shareholder’s equity of the BBVA Group.

The agreements with the Dogus group included an agreement for the management of the bank and the appointment by the BBVA Group of the majority of the members of its Board of Directors (7 of 10). Garanti was consolidated in the BBVA Group, because of these management agreements.

The Group estimated according to the acquisition method, the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed from Garanti, along with the identified intangible assets, and cash payment made by the BBVA Group in consideration of the transaction was recorded under the heading "Intangible assets - Goodwill" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 (see Note 18.1).

Acquisition of Catalunya Banc

On July 21, 2014, the Management Commission of the Banking Restructuring Fund (known as “FROB”) accepted BBVA´s bid in the competitive auction for the acquisition of Catalunya Banc, S.A. (“Catalunya Banc”).

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On April 24, 2015, once the necessary authorizations had been obtained and all the agreed conditions precedent have been fulfilled, BBVA announced that it acquired 1,947,166,809 shares of Catalunya Banc, S.A. (approximately 98.4% of its share capital) for a price of approximately €1,165 million.

According to the purchase method, the comparison between the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed from Catalunya Banc, and the cash payment made to the FROB in consideration of the transaction generated a difference of €26 million, which was recorded under the heading “Negative goodwill recognized in profit or loss” in the accompanying consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2015. According to the IFRS 3, there is a period, up to a year, to complete the necessary adjustments to the calculation of initial acquisition (see Note 18.1). After the deadline, there has not been any significant adjustment that involves amending the calculation recorded in the year 2015.

Divestitures

Partial sale of China CITIC Bank Corporation Limited (CNCB)

On January 23, 2015 the BBVA Group signed an agreement to sell 4.9% in China CITIC Bank Corporation Limited (CNCB) to UBS AG, London Branch (UBS), who entered into transactions pursuant to which such CNCB shares will be transferred to a third party and the ultimate economic benefit of ownership of such CNCB shares will be transferred to Xinhu Zhongbao Co., Ltd (Xinhu) (the Relevant Transactions). On March 12, 2015, after having obtained the necessary approvals, BBVA completed the sale.

The selling price to UBS is HK$ 5.73 per share, amounting to a total of HK$ 13,136 million, equivalent to approximately €1,555 million (with an exchange rate of EUR/HK$=8.45 as of the date of the closing).

In addition to the above mentioned 4.9%, during the first semester of 2015 various sales were made in the market to total a 6.34% participation sale. The impact of these sales on the consolidated financial statements of the BBVA Group was a gain net of taxes of approximately €705 million. This gain gross of taxes was recognized under "Profit or loss from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations” in 2015 consolidated financial statements.

Sale of the participation in Citic International Financial Holding (CIFH)

On December 23, 2014, the BBVA Group signed an agreement to sell its participation of 29.68% in Citic International Financial Holdings Limited (hereinafter “CIFH”), to China CITIC Bank Corporation Limited (hereinafter “CNCB”). CIFH is a non-listed subsidiary of CNCB domiciled in Hong Kong. The selling price is HK$8,162 million.

On August 27, 2015, BBVA completed the sale of this participation. The impact on the consolidated financial statements of the BBVA Group was not significant.

4. Shareholder remuneration system

In accordance with BBVA’s shareholder remuneration policy communicated in October 2013, which established the distribution of an annual pay-out of between 35% and 40% of the profits earned in each year and the progressive reduction of the remuneration via “Dividend Options”, so that the shareholders’ remuneration would ultimately be fully in cash, on February 1, 2017 BBVA announced that it was expected to be proposed for the consideration of the competent governing bodies the approval of a capital increase to be charged to voluntary reserves for the instrumentation of one “Dividend Option” in 2017, being the subsequent shareholders’ remunerations that could be approved fully in cash.

This fully in cash shareholders’ remuneration policy would be composed, for each year, of a distribution on account of the dividend of such year (which is expected to be paid in October) and a final dividend (which would be paid once the

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year has ended and the profit allocation has been approved, which is expected for April), subject to the applicable authorizations by the competent governing bodies.

Shareholder remuneration scheme “Dividend Option”

During 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, the Group implemented a shareholder remuneration system referred to as “Dividend Option”.

Under such remuneration scheme, BBVA offered its shareholders the possibility to receive all or part of their remuneration in the form of newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares, whilst maintaining the possibility for BBVA shareholders to receive their entire remuneration in cash by selling the rights of free allocation assigned either to BBVA (in execution of the commitment assumed by BBVA to acquire the rights of free allocation at a guaranteed fixed price) or by selling the rights of free allocation on the market at the prevailing market price at that time. However, the execution of the commitment assumed by BBVA was only available to whoever had been originally assigned such rights of free allocation and only in connection with the rights of free allocation initially allocated at such time.

On March 29, 2017, BBVA’s Board of Directors resolved to execute the capital increase to be charged to voluntary reserves approved by the Annual General Meeting (“AGM”) held on March 17, 2017, under agenda item three, to implement a “Dividend Option” this year. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s share capital increased by €49,622,955.62 through the issuance of 101,271,338 newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares at 0.49 euros par value, given that 83.28% of owners of the rights of free allocation opted to receive newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares. The remaining 16.72% of the owners of the rights of free allocation exercised the commitment assumed by BBVA, and as a result, BBVA acquired 1,097,962,903 rights (at a gross price of €0.131 each) for a total amount of €143,833,140.29. This amount is recorded in “Total Equity-Dividends and Remuneration” of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 (see Note 26).

On September, 28 2016, BBVA’s Board of Directors resolved to execute the second of the share capital increases to be charged to voluntary reserves, as agreed by the AGM held on March 11, 2016. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s share capital increased by €42,266,085.33 through the issuance of 86,257,317 newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares at 0.49 euros par value, given that 87.85% of owners of the rights of free allocation opted to receive newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares. The remaining 12.15% of the owners of the rights of free allocation exercised the commitment assumed by BBVA, and as a result, BBVA acquired 787,374,942 rights (at a gross price of €0.08 each) for a total amount of €62,989,995.36. This amount is recorded in “Total Equity-Dividends and Remuneration” of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 (see Note 26).

On March 31, 2016, BBVA’s Board of Directors resolved to execute the first of the share capital increases to be charged to voluntary reserves, as agreed by the AGM held on March 11, 2016 for the implementation of the shareholder remuneration system called the “Dividend Option”. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s share capital increased by €55,702,125.43 through the issuance of 113,677,807 newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares at a €0.49 par value, given that 82.13% of owners of the rights of free allocation opted to receive newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares. The remaining 17.87% of the owners of the rights of free allocation exercised the commitment assumed by BBVA, and as a result, BBVA acquired 1,137,500,965 rights (at a gross price of €0.129 each) for a total amount of €146,737,624.49. This amount is recorded in “Total Equity-Dividends and Remuneration” of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 (see Note 26).

Cash Dividends

Throughout 2016 and 2017, BBVA’s Board of Directors approved the payment of the following interim dividends, recorded in “Total Equity- Interim Dividends” of the consolidated balance sheet of the relevant year:

· The Board of Directors, at its meeting held on June 22, 2016, approved the payment in cash of €0.08 (€0.0648 net of withholding tax) per BBVA share as the first gross interim dividend against 2016 results. The total amount paid to shareholders on July 11, 2016, after deducting treasury shares held by the Group's companies, amounted to €517 million and is recognized under the headings “Total Equity- Interim Dividends” of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.

· The Board of Directors, at its meeting held on December 21, 2016, approved the payment in cash of €0.08 (€0.0648 withholding tax) per BBVA share, as the second gross interim dividend against 2016 results. The total amount paid to shareholders on January 12, 2017, after deducting treasury shares held by the Group’s Companies,

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amounted to €525 million and is recognized under the heading “Total Equity- Interim Dividends” of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.

· The Board of Directors, at its meeting held on September 27, 2017, approved the payment in cash of €0.09 (€0.0729 net of withholding tax) per BBVA share, as the first gross interim dividend against 2017 results. The total amount paid to shareholders on October 10, 2017, after deducting treasury shares held by the Group's companies, amounted to €599 million and is recognized under the heading “Total Equity- Interim Dividends” of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017.

The interim accounting statements prepared in accordance with legal requirements evidencing the existence of sufficient liquidity for the distribution of said amounts are as follows:

Available Amount for Interim Dividend Payments (Millions of euros)
| August 31, 2017
Profit of BBVA, S.A. at each of the dates indicated, after the provision for income tax | 1,832
Less |
Estimated provision for Legal Reserve | 10
Acquisition by the bank of the free allotment rights in 2017 capital increase | 144
Additional Tier I capital instruments remuneration | 224
Interim dividends for 2017 already paid | -
Maximum amount distributable | 1,454
Amount of proposed interim dividend | 600
BBVA cash balance available to the date | 5,095

Proposal on allocation of earnings for 2017

The allocation of earnings for 2017 subject to the approval of the Board of Directors at the Annual Shareholders Meeting is presented below:

Allocation of Earnings (Millions of euros)
| 2017
Profit for year (*) | 2,083
Distribution: |
Interim dividends | 600
Final dividend | 1,000
Acquisition by the bank of the free allotment rights (**) | 144
Additional Tier 1 securities | 301
Legal reserve | 10
Voluntary reserves | 28

(*) Net Income of BBVA, S.A.

(**) Concerning to the remuneration to shareholders who choose to be paid in cash through the “Dividend Option”.

5. Earnings per share

Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated in accordance with the criteria established by IAS 33. For more information see Glossary of terms.

The Bank issued additional share capital in 2017, 2016 and 2015 (see Note 26). In accordance with IAS 33, when there is a capital increase, earnings per share, basic and diluted, should be recalculated for previous periods applying a corrective factor to the denominator (the weighted average number of shares outstanding) This corrective factor is the result of

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dividing the fair value per share immediately before the exercise of rights by the theoretical ex-rights fair value per share. The basic and diluted earnings per share for 2016 were recalculated on this basis.

The calculation of earnings per share is as follows:

Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share
| 2017 | 2016 (*) | 2015 (*)
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share (millions of euros) |  |  |
Profit attributable to parent company | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,642
Adjustment: Additional Tier 1 securities (1) | (301) | (260) | (212)
Profit adjusted (millions of euros) (A) | 3,218 | 3,215 | 2,430
Profit from discontinued operations (net of non-controlling interest) (B) | - | - | -
Denominator for basic earnings per share (number of shares outstanding) | - | - | -
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (2) | 6,642 | 6,468 | 6,290
Weighted average number of shares outstanding x corrective factor (3) | 6,642 | 6,592 | 6,647
Adjusted number of shares - Basic earning per share (C) | 6,642 | 6,592 | 6,647
Adjusted number of shares - diluted earning per share (D) | 6,642 | 6,592 | 6,647
Earnings per share | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37
Basic earnings per share from continued operations (Euros per share)A-B/C | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37
Diluted earnings per share from continued operations (Euros per share)A-B/D | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.37
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations (Euros per share)B/C | - | - | -
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations (Euros per share)B/D | - | - | -

(1) Remuneration in the period related to contingent convertible securities, recognized in equity (see Note 22.3).

(2) Weighted average number of shares outstanding (millions of euros), excluding weighted average of treasury shares during the period.

(3) Corrective factor, due to the capital increase with pre-emptive subscription right, applied for the previous years.

(*) Data recalculated due to the mentioned corrective factor (see Notes 26 and 29).

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no other financial instruments or share option commitments to employees that could potentially affect the calculation of the diluted earnings per share for the years presented. For this reason, basic and diluted earnings per share are the same for both dates.

6. Operating segment reporting

The information about operating segments is presented in accordance with IFRS 8. Operating segment reporting represents a basic tool in the oversight and management of the BBVA Group’s various activities. The BBVA Group compiles reporting information on disaggregated business activities. These business activities are then aggregated in accordance with the organizational structure determined by the BBVA Group and, ultimately, into the reportable operating segments themselves.

During 2017, there have not been significant changes in the reporting structure of the operating segments of the BBVA Group compared to the structure existing at the end of 2016. The structure of the operating segment is as follows:

· Banking activity in Spain

As in previous years, includes the Retail Network in Spain, Corporate and Business Banking (CBB), Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB), BBVA Seguros and Asset Management units in Spain. It also includes the portfolios, finance and structural interest-rate positions of the euro balance sheet.

· Non Core Real Estate

Includes specialist management in Spain of loans to developers in difficulties and real-estate assets mainly comprised foreclosed assets, originated from both residential mortgages and loans to developers. New loan production to developers or loans to those that are not in difficulties are managed by Banking activity in Spain.

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· The United States

Includes the Group’s business activity in the country through the BBVA Compass group and the BBVA New York branch.

· Mexico

Includes all the banking and insurance businesses in the country.

· Turkey

Includes the activity of the Garanti Group.

· South America

Includes BBVA’s banking and insurance businesses in the region.

· Rest of Eurasia

Includes business activity in the rest of Europe and Asia, i.e. the Group´s retail and wholesale businesses in the area.

Lastly, the Corporate Center is comprised of the rest of the assets and liabilities that have not been allocated to the operating segments. It includes: the costs of the head offices that have a corporate function; management of structural exchange-rate positions; specific issues of capital instruments to ensure adequate management of the Group’s global solvency; portfolios and their corresponding results, whose management is not linked to customer relations, such as industrial holdings; certain tax assets and liabilities; funds due to commitments with employees; goodwill and other intangibles.

The breakdown of the BBVA Group’s total assets by operating segments as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is as follows:

Total Assets by Operating Segments (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 (1) | 2015 (1)
Banking Activity in Spain |  | 319,417 | 335,847 | 343,793
Non Core Real Estate |  | 9,714 | 13,713 | 17,122
United States |  | 80,493 | 88,902 | 86,454
Mexico |  | 89,344 | 93,318 | 99,591
Turkey |  | 78,694 | 84,866 | 89,003
South America |  | 74,636 | 77,918 | 70,657
Rest of Eurasia |  | 17,265 | 19,106 | 19,579
Subtotal Assets by Operating Segments |  | 669,563 | 713,670 | 726,199
Corporate Center |  | 20,496 | 18,186 | 23,656
Total Assets BBVA Group |  | 690,059 | 731,856 | 749,855

(1) The figures corresponding to 2016 and 2015 have been restated in order to allow homogenous comparisons due to changes in the scope of operating segments.

The attributable profit and main earning figures in the consolidated income statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 by operating segments are as follows:

Main Margins and Profits by Operating Segments (Millions of euros)
|  |  | Operating Segments |  |
|  | BBVA Group | Spain | Non Core Real Estate | United States | Mexico | Turkey | South America | Rest of Eurasia | Corporate Center | Adjustments (2)
2017 | Notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | 17,758 | 3,738 | 71 | 2,158 | 5,437 | 3,331 | 3,200 | 180 | (357) | -
Gross income |  | 25,270 | 6,180 | (17) | 2,919 | 7,080 | 4,115 | 4,451 | 468 | 73 | -
Operating profit /(loss) before tax |  | 6,931 | 1,866 | (673) | 784 | 2,948 | 2,147 | 1,691 | 177 | (2,009) | -
Profit | 55.2 | 3,519 | 1,381 | (501) | 511 | 2,162 | 826 | 861 | 125 | (1,844) | -
2016 (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | 17,059 | 3,877 | 60 | 1,953 | 5,126 | 3,404 | 2,930 | 166 | (455) | -
Gross income |  | 24,653 | 6,416 | (6) | 2,706 | 6,766 | 4,257 | 4,054 | 491 | (31) | -
Operating profit /(loss) before tax |  | 6,392 | 1,268 | (743) | 612 | 2,678 | 1,906 | 1,552 | 203 | (1,084) | -
Profit | 55.2 | 3,475 | 905 | (595) | 459 | 1,980 | 599 | 771 | 151 | (794) | -
2015 (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | 16,022 | 4,015 | 71 | 1,811 | 5,387 | 2,194 | 3,202 | 176 | (432) | (404)
Gross income |  | 23,362 | 6,803 | (28) | 2,631 | 7,081 | 2,434 | 4,477 | 465 | (183) | (318)
Operating profit /(loss) before tax |  | 4,603 | 1,540 | (716) | 685 | 2,772 | 853 | 1,814 | 103 | (1,172) | (1,276)
Profit | 55.2 | 2,642 | 1,080 | (496) | 517 | 2,094 | 371 | 905 | 70 | (1,899) | -

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(1) The figures corresponding to 2016 and 2015 have been restated (see Note 1.3).

(2) Since the third quarter of 2015, BBVA has consolidated Garanti (39.9% owned as of December 31, 2015). In prior periods, Garanti's revenues and costs are reflected in the segment information only in the proportion of BBVA´s ownership (25.01%). This column includes adjustments resulting from the accounting of the investment in Garanti group using the equity method (versus reflecting the revenues and costs of Garanti only in proportion of BBVA´s ownership Garanti as stated in the management information). This column also includes inter-segment adjustments (see Note 2).

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7. Risk management

|  | PAGE
7.1 | General risk management and control model | F-58
7.1.1 | Governance and organization | F-58
7.1.2 | Risk Appetite Framework | F-61
7.1.3 | Decisions and processes | F-64
7.1.4 | Assessment, monitoring and reporting | F-65
7.1.5 | Infrastructure | F-66
7.1.6 | Risk culture | F-66
7.2 | Risk factors | F-67
7.3 | Credit risk | F-68
7.3.1 | Credit risk exposure | F-70
7.3.2 | Mitigation of credit risk, collateralized credit risk and other credit enhancements | F-74
7.3.3 | Credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired | F-74
7.3.4 | Past due but not impaired and impaired secured loans risks | F-77
7.3.5 | Impairment losses | F-84
7.3.6 | Refinancing and restructuring operations | F-88
7.4 | Market risk | F-89
7.4.1 | Market risk trading portfolios | F-89
7.4.2 | Structural risk | F-94
7.4.3 | Financial Instruments offset | F-97
7.5 | Liquidity risk | F-100
7.5.1 | Liquidity risk management | F-100
7.5.2 | Asset encumbrance | F-106
7.6 | Operational Risk | F-109
7.7 | Risk concentration | F-110

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7.1 General risk management and control model

The BBVA Group has an overall risk management and control model (hereinafter 'the model') tailored to its business model, its organization and the geographies in which it operates, This model allows BBVA Group to develop its activity in accordance with the risk strategy and risk controls and management policies defined by the governing bodies of the Bank and to adapt to a changing economic and regulatory environment, tackling risk management globally and adapted to the circumstances at all times. The model establishes a system of appropriate risk management regarding risk profile and strategy of the Group.

This model is applied comprehensively in the Group and consists of the basic elements listed below:

· Governance and organization.

· Risk Appetite Framework.

· Decisions and processes.

· Assessment, monitoring and reporting.

· Infrastructure.

The Group promotes the development of a risk culture that ensures consistent application of the risk management and control model in the Group, and that guarantees that the risk function is understood and assimilated at all levels of the organization.

7.1.1 Governance and organization

BBVA Group´s risk governance model is characterized by a special involvement of its corporate bodies, both in setting the risk strategy and in the ongoing monitoring and supervision of its implementation.

Thus, as developed below, the corporate bodies are the ones that approve this risk strategy and corporate policies for the different types of risk. The risk function is responsible at management level for their implementation and development, and reporting to the governing bodies.

The responsibility for the daily management of the risks lies on the businesses which abide in the development of their activity to meet the policies, rules, procedures, infrastructures and controls, which are defined by the function risk on the basis of the framework set by the governing bodies.

To perform this task properly, the risk function in the BBVA Group is configured as a single, global function with an independent role from commercial areas.

Corporate bodies

BBVA Board of Directors (hereinafter also referred to as "the Board") approves the risk strategy and oversees the internal management and control systems. Specifically, in relation to the risk strategy, the Board approves the Group's risk appetite statement, the core metrics and the main metrics by type of risk, as well as the general risk management and control model.

The Board of Directors is also responsible for approving and monitoring the strategic and business plan, the annual budget and management goals, as well as the investment and funding policy, in a consistent way and in line with the approved Risk Appetite Framework. For this reason, the processes for defining the Risk Appetite Framework proposals and the strategic and budgetary planning at Group level are coordinated by the executive areas for submission to the Board.

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With the aim of ensuring the integration of the Risk Appetite Framework into management, on the basis established by the Board of Directors, the Executive Committee approves the remaining metrics by type of risk (in 2017 those in relation to concentration, profitability and reputational risk) and the Group's basic structure of limits by geographical area, risk type, asset type and portfolio level. This committee also approves specific corporate policies for each type of risk.

Lastly, the Board has set up a Board committee specialized in risks, the Risk Committee, that assists the Board and the Executive Committee in determining the Group's risk strategy and the risk limits and policies, respectively, analyzing and assessing beforehand the proposals submitted to those bodies. The Board of Directors has the exclusive authority to amend the Group’s risk strategy and its elements, including the Risk Appetite Framework metrics within its scope of decision, while the Executive Committee is responsible for amending the metrics by type of risk within its scope of decision and the Group's basic structure of limits (core limits), when applicable. In both cases, the amendments follow the same decision-making process described above, so the proposals for amendment are submitted by the executive area (Chief Risk Officer, “CRO”) and analyzed by the Risk Committee, for later submission to the Board of Directors or to the Executive Committee, as appropriate.

Moreover, the Risk Committee, the Executive Committee and the Board itself conduct proper monitoring of the risk strategy implementation and of the Group's risk profile. The risk function regularly reports on the development of the Group's Risk Appetite Framework metrics to the Board and to the Executive Committee, after the analysis by the Risk Committee, whose role in this monitoring and control work is particularly relevant.

Risk Function: CRO. Organizational structure and committees

The head of the risk function at executive level is the Group’s CRO, who carries out his functions independently and with the necessary authority, rank, experience, knowledge and resources. He is appointed by the Board as a member of its senior management and has direct access to its corporate bodies (Board, Executive Standing Committee and Risk Committee), to whom he reports regularly on the status of risks in the Group.

The CRO, for a better performance of its functions, is supported in the performance of its functions by a structure consisting of cross-sectional risk units in the corporate area and the specific risk units in the geographical and/or business areas of the Group. Each of the latter units is headed by a Chief Risk Officer for the geographical and/or business area who, within his/her area of responsibility, carries out risk management and control functions and is responsible for applying the corporate policies and rules approved at Group level in a consistent manner, adapting them if necessary to local requirements and reporting to the local corporate bodies.

The Chief Risk Officers of the geographical and/or business areas report both to the Group's CRO and to the head of their geographical and/or business area. This dual reporting system aims to ensure that the local risk management function is independent from the operating functions and enable its alignment with the Group's corporate risk policies and goals.

As explained above, the risk management function consists of risk units from the corporate area, which carry out cross-sectional functions, and risk units from the geographical and/or business areas.

1) The corporate area's risk units develop and submit to the Group CRO the proposal for the Group's Risk Appetite Framework, the corporate policies, rules and global procedures and infrastructures within the framework approved by the corporate bodies; they ensure their application and report either directly or through the CRO to the Bank's corporate bodies. Their functions include:

· Management of the different types of risks at Group level in accordance with the strategy defined by the corporate bodies.

· Risk planning aligned with the risk appetite framework principles defined by the Group.

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· Monitoring and control of the Group's risk profile in relation to the risk appetite framework approved by the Bank's corporate bodies, providing accurate and reliable information with the required frequency and in the necessary format.

· Prospective analyses to enable an evaluation of compliance with the risk appetite framework in stress scenarios and the analysis of risk mitigation mechanisms.

· Management of the technological and methodological developments required for implementing the Model in the Group.

· Design of the Group's Internal Control model and definition of the methodology, corporate criteria and procedures for identifying and prioritizing the risk inherent in each unit's activities and processes.

· Validation of the models used and the results obtained by them in order to verify their adaptation to the different uses to which they are applied.

2) The risk units in the business units develop and present to the Chief Risk Officer of the geographical and/or business area the risk appetite framework proposal applicable in each geographical and/or business area, independently and always within the Group's strategy/Risk Appetite Framework. They also ensure that the corporate policies and rules approved and applied consistently at a Group level, adapting them if necessary to local requirements; that they are provided with appropriate infrastructures for management and control of their risks, within the global risk infrastructure framework defined by the corporate areas; and that they report to their corporate bodies and/or to senior management, as appropriate.

The local risk units thus work with the corporate area risk units in order to adapt to the risk strategy at Group level and share all the information necessary for monitoring the development of their risks.

The risk function has a decision-making process to perform its functions, underpinned by a structure of committees, where the Global Risk Management Committee (GRMC) acts as the top-level committee within the risk function. It proposes, examines and, where applicable, approves, among others, the internal risk regulatory framework and the procedures and infrastructures needed to identify, assess, measure and manage the material risks faced by the Group in carrying out its business, and the determination of risk limits by portfolio. The members of this Committee are the Group's CRO and the heads of the risk units of the corporate area and of the most representative geographical and/or business areas.

The GRMC carries out its functions assisted by various support committees which include:

· Global Credit Risk Management Committee: It is responsible for analyzing and decision-making related to wholesale credit risk admission.

· Wholesale Credit Risk Management Committee: its purpose is the analysis and decision-making regarding the admission of wholesale credit risk of certain customer segments of the BBVA Group.

· Work Out Committee: its purpose is to be informed about decisions taken under the delegation framework regarding risk proposals concerning clients on Watch List levels 1 and 2 and clients classified as NPL of certain customer segments of the BBVA Group, as well the sanction of proposals regarding entries, exits and changes of the Special Monitoring list.

· Monitoring, Assessment & Reporting Committee: It guarantees and ensures the appropriate development of aspects related to risk identification, assessment, monitoring and reporting, with an integrated and cross-cutting vision.

· Asset Allocation Committee: The executive authority responsible for analyzing and deciding on credit risk issues related to processes aimed at achieving a portfolios combination and composition that, under the restrictions imposed by the Risk Appetite framework, allows to maximize the risk adjusted profit subject to an appropriate risk-adjusted return on equity.

· Technology & Analytics Committee: It ensures an appropriate decision-making process regarding the development, implementation and use of the tools and models required to achieve an appropriate management of those risks to which the BBVA Group is exposed.

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· Global Markets Risk Unit Global Committee: It is responsible for formalizing, supervising and communicating the monitoring of trading desk risk in all the Global Markets business units, as well as coordinating and approving GMRU key decisions activity, and developing and proposing to GRMC the corporate regulation of the unit.

· Corporate Operational and Outsourcing Risk Admission Committee: It identifies and assesses the operational risks of new businesses, new products and services, and outsourcing initiatives.

· Retail Risk Committee: It ensures the alignment of the practices and processes of the retail credit risk cycle with the approved risk tolerance and with the business growth and development objectives established in the corporate strategy of the Group.

· Asset Management Global Risk Steering Committee: its purpose is to develop and coordinate the strategies, policies, procedures, and infrastructure necessary to identify, assess, measure and manage the material risks facing the bank in the operation of businesses linked to BBVA Asset Management.

· Global Insurance Risk Committee: its purpose is to guarantee the alignment and the communication between all the Insurance Risk Units in the BBVA Group. It will do this by promoting the application of standardized principles, policies, tools and risk metrics in the different regions with the aim of maintaining proper integration of insurance risk management in the Group.

· COPOR: its purpose is to analyze and make decision in relation to the operations of the various geographies in which Global Markets is present.

Each geographical and/or business area has its own risk management committee (or committees), with objectives and contents similar to those of the corporate area, which perform their duties consistently and in line with corporate risk policies and rules, whose decisions are reflected in the corresponding minutes.

Under this organizational scheme, the risk management function ensures the risk strategy, the regulatory framework, and standardized risk infrastructures and controls are integrated and applied across the entire Group. It also benefits from the knowledge and proximity to customers in each geographical and/or business area, and transmits the corporate risk culture to the Group's different levels. Moreover, this organization enables the risks function to conduct and report to the corporate bodies integrated monitoring and control of the entire Group's risks.

Internal Risk Control and Internal Validation

The Group has a specific Internal Risk Control unit. Its main function is to ensure there is an adequate internal regulatory framework, a process and measures defined for each type of risk identified in the Group (and for those other types of risk that may potentially affect the Group). It controls their application and operation, as well as ensuring the integration of the risk strategy into the Group's management. In this regard, the Internal Risk Control unit verifies the performance of their duties by the units that develop the risk models, manage the processes and execute the controls. Its scope of action is global, from the geographical point of view and the type of risks.

The Group's Head of Internal Risk Control is responsible for the function and reports on its activities and informs of its work plans to the CRO and to the Board's Risk Committee, assisting it in any matters where requested. For these purposes the Internal Risk Control department has a Technical Secretary's Office, which offers the Committee the technical support it needs to better perform its duties.

In addition, the Group has an Internal Validation unit, which reviews the performance of its duties by the units that develop the risk models and of those that use them in management. Its functions include review and independent validation at internal level of the models used for management and control of risks in the Group.

7.1.2 Risk Appetite Framework

The Group's Risk Appetite Framework, approved by the corporate bodies, determines the risks (and their level) that the Group is willing to assume to achieve its business objectives considering an organic evolution of its business. These are expressed in terms of solvency, profitability, liquidity and funding, or other metrics, which are reviewed periodically as

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well as in case of material changes to the entity’s business or relevant corporate transactions. The definition of the risk appetite has the following goals:

· To express the maximum levels of risk it is willing to assume, at both Group and geographical and/or business area level.

· To establish a set of guidelines for action and a management framework for the medium and long term that prevent actions from being taken (at both Group and geographical and/or business area level) that could compromise the future viability of the Group.

· To establish a framework for relations with the geographical and/or business areas that, while preserving their decision-making autonomy, ensures they act consistently, avoiding uneven behavior.

· To establish a common language throughout the organization and develop a compliance-oriented risk culture.

· Alignment with the new regulatory requirements, facilitating communication with regulators, investors and other stakeholders, thanks to an integrated and stable risk management framework.

Risk appetite framework is expressed through the following elements:

Risk Appetite Statement

It sets out the general principles of the Group's risk strategy and the target risk profile. The 2017 Group’s Risk appetite statement is:

BBVA Group’s risk policy is designed to achieve a moderate risk profile for the entity, through: prudent management and a responsible universal banking business model targeted to value creation, risk-adjusted return and recurrence of results; diversified by geography, asset class, portfolio and clients; and with presence in emerging and developed countries, maintaining a medium/low risk profile in every country, and focusing on a long term relationship with the client.

Core metrics

Based on the risk appetite statement, statements are established to set down the general risk management principles in terms of solvency, liquidity and funding, profitability and income recurrence.

· Solvency: a sound capital position, maintaining resilient capital buffer from regulatory and internal requirements that supports the regular development of banking activity even under stress situations. As a result, BBVA proactively manages its capital position, which is tested under different stress scenarios from a regular basis.

· Liquidity and funding: A sound balance-sheet structure to sustain the business model. Maintenance of an adequate volume of stable resources, a diversified wholesale funding structure, which limits the weight of short term funding and ensures the access to the different funding markets, optimizing the costs and preserving a cushion of liquid assets to overcome a liquidity survival period under stress scenarios.

· Profitability and income recurrence: A sound margin-generation capacity supported by a recurrent business model based on the diversification of assets, a stable funding and a customer focus; combined with a moderate risk profile that limits the credit losses even under stress situations; all focused on allowing income stability and maximizing the risk-adjusted profitability.

The core metrics define, in quantitative terms, the principles and the target risk profile set out in the risk appetite statement and are in line with the strategy of the Group. Each metric has three thresholds (traffic-light approach) ranging from a standard business management to higher deterioration levels: Management reference, Maximum appetite and Maximum capacity. The 2017 Group’s Core metrics are:

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By type of risk metrics

Based on the core metrics, statements are established for each type of risk reflecting the main principles governing the management of that risk and several metrics are calibrated, compliance with which enables compliance with the core metrics and the risk appetite statement of the Group. By type of risk metrics have a maximum appetite threshold.

Basic limits structure (core limits)

The purpose of the basic limits structure or core limits is to shape the Risk Appetite Framework at geographical area risk type, asset type and portfolio level, ensuring that the management of risks on an ongoing basis is within the thresholds set forth for "by type of risk".

In addition to this framework, there’s a level of management limits level that is defined and managed by the risk function developing the core limits, in order to ensure that the anticipatory management of risks by subcategories or by subportfolios complies with that core limits and, in general, with the Risk Appetite Framework.

The following graphic summarizes the structure of BBVA’s Risk Appetite Framework:

The corporate risk area works with the various geographical and/or business areas to define their risk appetite framework, which will be coordinated with and integrated into the Group's risk appetite to ensure that its profile fits as defined.

The Group Risk Appetite Framework expresses the levels and types of risk that the Bank is willing to assume to be able to implement its strategic plan with no relevant deviations, even in situations of stress. The Risk Appetite Framework is integrated into the management and the processes for defining the Risk Appetite Framework proposals and strategic and budgetary planning at Group level are coordinates.

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As explained above, the core metrics of BBVA Risk Appetite Framework measure Groups performance in terms of solvency, liquidity and funding, profitability and income recurrence; most of the core metrics are accounting related or regulatory metrics which are published regularly to the market in the BBVA Group annual report and in the quarterly financial reports. During 2017, the Group risk profile evolved in line with the Risk Appetite metrics.

7.1.3 Decisions and processes

The transfer of risk appetite framework to ordinary management is supported by three basic aspects:

· A standardized set of regulations.

· Risk planning.

· Comprehensive management of risks over their life cycle.

Standardized regulatory framework

The corporate risk area is responsible for the definition and proposal of the corporate policies, specific rules, procedures and schemes of delegation based on which risk decisions should be taken within the Group.

This process aims for the following objectives:

· Hierarchy and structure: well-structured information through a clear and simple hierarchy creating relations between documents that depend on each other.

· Simplicity: an appropriate and sufficient number of documents.

· Standardization: a standardized name and content of document.

· Accessibility: ability to search for, and easy access to, documentation through the corporate risk management library.

The approval of corporate policies for all types of risks corresponds to the corporate bodies of the Bank, while the corporate risk area endorses the remaining regulations.

Risk units of geographical and / or business areas comply with this set of regulations and, where necessary, adapt it to local requirements for the purpose of having a decision process that is appropriate at local level and aligned with the Group policies. If such adaptation is necessary, the local risk area must inform the corporate area of GRM, who must ensure the consistency of the regulatory body at the Group level and, therefore, if necessary, give prior approval to the modifications proposed by the local risk areas.

Risk planning

Risk planning ensures that the risk appetite framework is integrated into management through a cascade process for establishing limits and profitability adjusted to the risk profile, in which the function of the corporate area risk units and the geographical and/or business areas is to guarantee the alignment of this process with the Group's Risk Appetite Framework in terms of solvency, liquidity and funding, profitability and income recurrence.

There are tools in place that allow the Risk Appetite Framework defined at aggregate level to be assigned and monitored by business areas, legal entities, types of risk, concentrations and any other level considered necessary.

The risk planning process is aligned and taken into consideration within the rest of the Group's planning framework so as to ensure consistency.

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Comprehensive management

All risks must be managed comprehensively during their life cycle, and be treated differently depending on the type.

The risk management cycle is composed of five elements:

· Planning: with the aim of ensuring that the Group's activities are consistent with the target risk profile and guaranteeing solvency in the development of the strategy.

· Assessment: a process focused on identifying all the risks inherent to the activities carried out by the Group.

· Formalization: includes the risk origination, approval and formalization stages.

· Monitoring and reporting: continuous and structured monitoring of risks and preparation of reports for internal and/or external (market, investors, etc.) consumption.

· Active portfolio management: focused on identifying business opportunities in existing portfolios and new markets, businesses and products.

7.1.4 Assessment, monitoring and reporting

Assessment, monitoring and reporting is a cross-cutting element that ensure the Model has a dynamic and proactive vision to enable compliance with the risk appetite framework approved by the corporate bodies, even in adverse scenarios. The materialization of this process has the following objectives:

· Assess compliance with the risk appetite framework at the present time, through monitoring of the core metrics, metrics by type of risk and the basic structure of limits.

· Assess compliance with the risk appetite framework in the future, through the projection of the risk appetite framework variables, in both a baseline scenario determined by the budget and a risk scenario determined by the stress tests.

· Identify and assess the risk factors and scenarios that could compromise compliance with the risk appetite framework, through the development of a risk repository and an analysis of the impact of those risks.

· Act to mitigate the impact in the Group of the identified risk factors and scenarios, ensuring this impact remains within the target risk profile.

· Supervise the key variables that are not a direct part of the risk appetite framework, but that condition its compliance. These can be either external or internal.

This process is integrated in the activity of the risk units, both of the corporate area and in the business units, and it is carried out during the following phases:

· Identification of the risk factors that can compromise the performance of the Group or of the geographical and/or business areas in relation to the defined risk thresholds.

· Assessment of the impact of the materialization of the risk factors on the metrics that define the Risk Appetite Framework based on different scenarios, including stress scenarios.

· Response to unwanted situations and proposals for readjustment to enable a dynamic management of the situation, even before it takes place.

· Monitoring of the Group's risk profile and of the identified risk factors, through internal, competitor and market indicators, among others, to anticipate their future development.

· Reporting: Complete and reliable information on the development of risks for the corporate bodies and senior management, with the frequency and completeness appropriate to the nature, significance and complexity of the reported risks. The principle of transparency governs al reporting of risk information.

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7.1.5 Infrastructure

The infrastructure is an element that must ensure that the Group has the human and technological resources needed for effective management and supervision of risks in order to carry out the functions set out in the Group's risk Model and the achievement of their objectives.

With respect to human resources, the Group risk function has an adequate workforce, in terms of number, skills, knowledge and experience.

With regards to technology, the Group risk function ensures the integrity of management information systems and the provision of the infrastructure needed for supporting risk management, including tools appropriate to the needs arising from the different types of risks for their admission, management, assessment and monitoring.

The principles that govern the Group risk technology are:

· Standardization: the criteria are consistent across the Group, thus ensuring that risk handling is standardized at geographical and/or business area level.

· Integration in management: the tools incorporate the corporate risk policies and are applied in the Group's day-to-day management.

· Automation of the main processes making up the risk management cycle.

· Appropriateness: provision of adequate information at the right time.

Through the “Risk Analytics” function, the Group has a corporate framework in place for developing the measurement techniques and models. It covers all the types of risks and the different purposes and uses a standard language for all the activities and geographical/business areas and decentralized execution to make the most of the Group's global reach. The aim is to continually evolve the existing risk models and generate others that cover the new areas of the businesses that develop them, so as to reinforce the anticipation and proactiveness that characterize the Group's risk function.

Also the risk units of geographical and / or business areas have sufficient means from the point of view of resources, structures and tools to develop a risk management in line with the corporate model.

7.1.6 Risk culture

The Group promotes the development of a risk culture that ensure consistent application of the risk management and control model in the Group, and that guarantees that the risk function is understood and internalized at all levels of the organization.

The culture transfers the implications that are involved in the Group's activities and businesses to all the levels of the organization. The risk culture is organized through a number of levers, including the following:

· Communication: promotes the dissemination of the Model, and in particular the principles that must govern risk management in the Group, in a consistent and integrated manner across the organization, through the most appropriate channels. GRM has a number of communication channels to facilitate the transmission of information and knowledge among the various teams in the function and the Group, adapting the frequency, formats and recipients based on the proposed goal, in order to strengthen the basic principles of the risk function. The risk culture and the management model thus emanate from the Group's corporate bodies and senior management and are transmitted throughout the organization.

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· Training: its main aim is to disseminate and establish the model of risk management across the organization, ensuring standards in the skills and knowledge of the different persons involved in the risk management processes.

· Well defined and implemented training ensures continuous improvement of the skills and knowledge of the Group's professionals, and in particular of the GRM area, and is based on four aspects that aim to develop each of the needs of the GRM group by increasing its knowledge and skills in different fields such as: finance and risks, tools and technology, management and skills, and languages.

· Motivation: the aim in this area is for the incentives of the risk function teams to support the strategy for managing those teams and the function's values and culture at all levels. Includes compensation and all those elements related to motivation – working environment, etc. which contribute to the achievement Model objectives.

7.2 Risk factors

As mentioned earlier, BBVA has processes in place for identifying risks and analyzing scenarios that enable the Group to manage risks in a dynamic and proactive way.

The risk identification processes are forward looking to ensure the identification of emerging risks and take into account the concerns of both the business areas, which are close to the reality of the different geographical areas, and the corporate areas and senior management.

Risks are captured and measured consistently using the methodologies deemed appropriate in each case. Their measurement includes the design and application of scenario analyses and stress testing and considers the controls to which the risks are subjected.

As part of this process, a forward projection of the risk appetite framework variables in stress scenarios is conducted in order to identify possible deviations from the established thresholds. If any such deviations are detected, appropriate measures are taken to keep the variables within the target risk profile.

To this extent, there are a number of emerging risks that could affect the Group’s business trends. These risks are described in the following main blocks:

1) Macroeconomic and geopolitical risks

Global growth has improved during 2017, and is more synchronized across developed and emerging markets, which makes the recovery more sustainable. Healthy global trade growth and calm financial markets, which rely on the support from central banks and the lack of inflation pressure, also contribute to the more upbeat outlook. The performance of the most advanced economies is solid, especially the Eurozone, where global demand adds to domestic factors and reduced political uncertainty. Growth momentum in The United States will be supported in the short term by the recently approved tax reform, although its long-term impact is unlikely to be large. As regards emerging economies, China's growth moderation continues, with a mix of policies oriented to diminish financial imbalances, while economic activity in Latin America recovers against a background of higher commodity prices and favorable global funding conditions.

The uncertainty around these positive economic perspectives has a downward bias but continues to be elevated. First, following a long period of exceptionally loose monetary policies, the main central banks are tapering their support, with uncertainty on their impact on markets and economies given the background of high leverage and signs of overvaluation in some financial assets. A second source of uncertainty is related with the political support to the multilateral global governance of trade. Third, both global geopolitics and domestic politics in some countries are relevant for the economic perspectives within the BBVA's footprint.

In this regard, the Group's geographical diversification remains a key element in achieving a high level of revenue recurrence, despite the background conditions and economic cycles of the economies in which it operates.

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2) Regulatory and reputational risks

· Financial institutions are exposed to a complex and ever-changing regulatory environment defined by governments and regulators. This can affect their ability to grow and the capacity of certain businesses to develop, and result in stricter liquidity and capital requirements with lower profitability ratios. The Group constantly monitors changes in the regulatory framework (such as IFRS9, Basel IV, etc.) that allow for anticipation and adaptation to them in a timely manner, adopt industry practices and more efficient and rigorous criteria in its implementation.

· The financial sector is under ever closer scrutiny by regulators, governments and society itself. Negative news or inappropriate behavior can significantly damage the Group's reputation and affect its ability to develop a sustainable business. The attitudes and behaviors of the group and its members are governed by the principles of integrity, honesty, long-term vision and industry practices through, inter alia, internal control Model, the Code of Conduct, tax strategy and Responsible Business Strategy of the Group.

3) Business, operational and legal risks

· New technologies and forms of customer relationships: Developments in the digital world and in information technologies pose significant challenges for financial institutions, entailing threats (new competitors, disintermediation…) but also opportunities (new framework of relations with customers, greater ability to adapt to their needs, new products and distribution channels...). Digital transformation is a priority for the Group as it aims to lead digital banking of the future as one of its objectives.

· Technological risks and security breaches: The Group is exposed to new threats such as cyber-attacks, theft of internal and customer databases, fraud in payment systems, etc. that require major investments in security from both the technological and human point of view. The Group gives great importance to the active operational and technological risk management and control. One example was the early adoption of advanced models for management of these risks (AMA - Advanced Measurement Approach).

· The financial sector is exposed to increasing litigation, so the financial institutions face a large number of proceedings which economic consequences are difficult to determine. The Group manages and monitors these proceedings to defend its interests, where necessary allocating the corresponding provisions to cover them, following the expert criteria of internal lawyers and external attorneys responsible for the legal handling of the procedures, in accordance with applicable legislation.

7.3 Credit risk

Credit risk arises from the probability that one party to a financial instrument will fail to meet its contractual obligations for reasons of insolvency or inability to pay and cause a financial loss for the other party.

It is the most important risk for the Group and includes counterparty risk, issuer risk, settlement risk and country risk management.

The principles underpinning credit risk management in BBVA are as follows:

· Availability of basic information for the study and proposal of risk, and supporting documentation for approval, which sets out the conditions required by the internal relevant body.

· Sufficient generation of funds and asset solvency of the customer to assume principal and interest repayments of loans owed.

· Establishment of adequate and sufficient guarantees that allow effective recovery of the operation, this being considered a secondary and exceptional method of recovery when the first has failed.

Credit risk management in the Group has an integrated structure for all its functions, allowing decisions to be taken objectively and independently throughout the life cycle of the risk.

· At Group level: frameworks for action and standard rules of conduct are defined for handling risk, specifically, the circuits, procedures, structure and supervision.

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· At the business area level: they are responsible for adapting the Group's criteria to the local realities of each geographical area and for direct management of risk according to the decision-making circuit:

Retail risks: in general, the decisions are formalized according to the scoring tools, within the general framework for action of each business area with regard to risks. The changes in weighting and variables of these tools must be validated by the corporate GRM area.

Wholesale risks: in general, the decisions are formalized by each business area within its general framework for action with regard to risks, which incorporates the delegation rule and the Group's corporate policies.

7.3.1 Credit risk exposure

In accordance with IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures”, the BBVA Group’s maximum credit risk exposure (see definition below) by headings in the balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is provided below. It does not consider the availability of collateral or other credit enhancements to guarantee compliance with payment obligations. The details are broken down by financial instruments and counterparties.

Maximum Credit Risk Exposure (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Financial assets held for trading |  | 29,430 | 31,995 | 37,424
Debt securities | 10.1 | 22,573 | 27,166 | 32,825
Government |  | 20,716 | 24,165 | 29,454
Credit institutions |  | 816 | 1,652 | 1,765
Other sectors |  | 1,041 | 1,349 | 1,606
Equity instruments | 10.1 | 6,801 | 4,675 | 4,534
Loans and advances to customers |  | 56 | 154 | 65
Other financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 2,709 | 2,062 | 2,311
Loans and advances to customers |  | 648 | - | 62
Debt securities |  | 174 | 142 | 173
Government |  | 93 | 84 | 132
Credit institutions |  | 63 | 47 | 29
Other sectors |  | 18 | 11 | 11
Equity instruments |  | 1,888 | 1,920 | 2,075
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 70,761 | 79,553 | 113,710
Debt securities | 12.1 | 66,273 | 74,739 | 108,448
Government |  | 53,378 | 55,047 | 81,579
Credit institutions |  | 3,902 | 5,011 | 8,069
Other sectors |  | 8,993 | 14,682 | 18,800
Equity instruments | 12.1 | 4,488 | 4,814 | 5,262
Loans and receivables |  | 444,320 | 482,011 | 490,580
Loans and advances to central banks | 13.1 | 7,300 | 8,894 | 17,830
Loans and advances to credit institutions | 13.2 | 26,297 | 31,416 | 29,368
Loans and advances to customers | 13.3 | 400,369 | 430,474 | 432,856
Government |  | 32,525 | 34,873 | 38,611
Agriculture |  | 3,876 | 4,312 | 4,315
Industry |  | 52,026 | 57,072 | 56,913
Real estate and construction |  | 29,671 | 37,002 | 38,964
Trade and finance |  | 47,951 | 47,045 | 43,576
Loans to individuals |  | 172,868 | 192,281 | 194,288
Other |  | 61,452 | 57,889 | 56,188
Debt securities | 13.4 | 10,354 | 11,226 | 10,526
Government |  | 4,412 | 4,709 | 3,275
Credit institutions |  | 31 | 37 | 125
Other sectors |  | 5,911 | 6,481 | 7,126
Held-to-maturity investments |  | 13,765 | 17,710 | -
Government |  | 12,620 | 16,049 | -
Credit institutions |  | 1,056 | 1,515 | -
Other sectors |  | 89 | 146 | -
Derivatives (trading and hedging) | 10.4 - 15 | 45,628 | 54,122 | 49,350
TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS RISK |  | 606,613 | 667,454 | 693,375
Loan commitments given | 33 | 94,268 | 107,254 | 123,620
Financial guarantees given | 33 | 16,545 | 18,267 | 19,176
Other Commitments given | 33 | 45,738 | 42,592 | 42,813
Total Maximum Credit Exposure |  | 763,165 | 835,567 | 878,984

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The maximum credit exposure presented in the table above is determined by type of financial asset as explained below:

· In the case of financial assets recognized in the consolidated balance sheets, exposure to credit risk is considered equal to its carrying amount (not including impairment losses), with the sole exception of derivatives and hedging derivatives.

· The maximum credit risk exposure on financial guarantees granted is the maximum that the Group would be liable for if these guarantees were called in, and that is their carrying amount.

· The calculation of risk exposure for derivatives is based on the sum of two factors: the derivatives fair value and their potential risk (or "add-on").

The first factor, fair value, reflects the difference between original commitments and fair values on the reporting date (mark-to-market). As indicated in Note 2.2.1, derivatives are accounted for as of each reporting date at fair value in accordance with IAS 39.

The second factor, potential risk (‘add-on’), is an estimate of the maximum increase to be expected on risk exposure over a derivative fair value (at a given statistical confidence level) as a result of future changes in the fair value over the remaining term of the derivatives.

The consideration of the potential risk ("add-on") relates the risk exposure to the exposure level at the time of a customer’s default. The exposure level will depend on the customer’s credit quality and the type of transaction with such customer. Given the fact that default is an uncertain event which might occur any time during the life of a contract, the BBVA Group has to consider not only the credit exposure of the derivatives on the reporting date, but also the potential changes in exposure during the life of the contract. This is especially important for derivatives, whose valuation changes substantially throughout their terms, depending on the fluctuation of market prices.

The breakdown by counterparty and product of loans and advances, net of impairment losses, classified in the different headings of the assets, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is shown below:

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December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Central banks | General governments | Credit institutions | Other financial corporations | Non-financial corporations | Households | Total
On demand and short notice | - | 222 | - | 270 | 7,663 | 2,405 | 10,560
Credit card debt | - | 6 | - | 3 | 1,862 | 13,964 | 15,835
Trade receivables |  | 1,624 | - | 497 | 20,385 | 198 | 22,705
Finance leases | - | 205 | - | 36 | 8,040 | 361 | 8,642
Reverse repurchase loans | 305 | 1,290 | 13,793 | 10,912 | - | - | 26,300
Other term loans | 6,993 | 26,983 | 4,463 | 5,763 | 125,228 | 155,418 | 324,848
Advances that are not loans | 2 | 1,964 | 8,005 | 1,044 | 1,459 | 522 | 12,995
Loans and advances | 7,301 | 32,294 | 26,261 | 18,525 | 164,637 | 172,868 | 421,886
of which: mortgage loans [Loans collateralized by immovable property] |  | 998 | - | 308 | 37,353 | 116,938 | 155,597
of which: other collateralized loans |  | 7,167 | 13,501 | 12,907 | 24,100 | 9,092 | 66,767
of which: credit for consumption |  |  |  |  |  | 40,705 | 40,705
of which: lending for house purchase |  |  |  |  |  | 114,709 | 114,709
of which: project finance loans |  |  |  |  | 16,412 |  | 16,412

December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Central banks | General governments | Credit institutions | Other financial corporations | Non-financial corporations | Households | Total
On demand and short notice | - | 373 | - | 246 | 8,125 | 2,507 | 11,251
Credit card debt | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1,875 | 14,719 | 16,596
Trade receivables |  | 2,091 | - | 998 | 20,246 | 418 | 23,753
Finance leases | - | 261 | - | 57 | 8,647 | 477 | 9,442
Reverse repurchase loans | 81 | 544 | 15,597 | 6,746 | - | - | 22,968
Other term loans | 8,814 | 29,140 | 7,694 | 6,878 | 136,105 | 167,892 | 356,524
Advances that are not loans | - | 2,410 | 8,083 | 2,082 | 1,194 | 620 | 14,389
Loans and advances | 8,894 | 34,820 | 31,373 | 17,009 | 176,192 | 186,633 | 454,921
of which: mortgage loans [Loans collateralized by immovable property] |  | 4,722 | 112 | 690 | 44,406 | 132,398 | 182,328
of which: other collateralized loans |  | 3,700 | 15,191 | 8,164 | 21,863 | 6,061 | 54,979
of which: credit for consumption |  |  |  |  |  | 44,504 | 44,504
of which: lending for house purchase |  |  |  |  |  | 127,606 | 127,606
of which: project finance loans |  |  |  |  | 19,269 |  | 19,269

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December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Central banks | General governments | Credit institutions | Other financial corporations | Non-financial corporations | Households | Total
On demand and short notice | - | 783 | - | 38 | 8,356 | 2,050 | 11,228
Credit card debt | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1,892 | 15,057 | 16,952
Trade receivables |  | 3,055 | - | 800 | 19,605 | 411 | 23,871
Finance leases | - | 301 | - | 420 | 7,534 | 1,103 | 9,357
Reverse repurchase loans | 149 | 326 | 11,676 | 4,717 | 9 | - | 16,877
Other term loans | 10,017 | 31,971 | 8,990 | 5,968 | 134,952 | 168,729 | 360,626
Advances that are not loans | 7,664 | 2,108 | 8,713 | 2,261 | 919 | 863 | 22,528
Loans and advances | 17,830 | 38,544 | 29,379 | 14,206 | 173,267 | 188,213 | 461,438
of which: mortgage loans [Loans collateralized by immovable property] |  | 4,483 | 264 | 656 | 43,961 | 135,102 | 184,466
of which: other collateralized loans |  | 3,868 | 12,434 | 6,085 | 22,928 | 6,131 | 51,446
of which: credit for consumption |  |  |  |  |  | 40,906 | 40,906
of which: lending for house purchase |  |  |  |  |  | 126,591 | 126,591
of which: project finance loans |  |  |  |  | 21,141 |  | 21,141

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7.3.2 Mitigation of credit risk, collateralized credit risk and other credit enhancements

In most cases, maximum credit risk exposure is reduced by collateral, credit enhancements and other actions which mitigate the Group’s exposure. The BBVA Group applies a credit risk hedging and mitigation policy deriving from a banking approach focused on relationship banking. The existence of guarantees could be a necessary but not sufficient instrument for accepting risks, as the assumption of risks by the Group requires prior evaluation of the debtor’s capacity for repayment, or that the debtor can generate sufficient resources to allow the amortization of the risk incurred under the agreed terms.

The policy of accepting risks is therefore organized into three different levels in the BBVA Group:

· Analysis of the financial risk of the operation, based on the debtor’s capacity for repayment or generation of funds.

· The constitution of guarantees that are adequate, or at any rate generally accepted, for the risk assumed, in any of the generally accepted forms: monetary, secured, personal or hedge guarantees; and finally.

· Assessment of the repayment risk (asset liquidity) of the guarantees received.

The procedures for the management and valuation of collateral are set out in the Corporate Policies (retail and wholesale), which establish the basic principles for credit risk management, including the management of collaterals assigned in transactions with customers.

The methods used to value the collateral are in line with the best market practices and imply the use of appraisal of real-estate collateral, the market price in market securities, the trading price of shares in mutual funds, etc. All the collaterals assigned must be properly drawn up and entered in the corresponding register. They must also have the approval of the Group’s legal units.

The following is a description of the main types of collateral for each financial instrument class:

1) Financial instruments held for trading: The guarantees or credit enhancements obtained directly from the issuer or counterparty are implicit in the clauses of the instrument.

2) Derivatives and hedging derivatives: In derivatives, credit risk is minimized through contractual netting agreements, where positive- and negative-value derivatives with the same counterparty are offset for their net balance. There may likewise be other kinds of guarantees, depending on counterparty solvency and the nature of the transaction.

3) Other financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss and Available-for-sale financial assets: The guarantees or credit enhancements obtained directly from the issuer or counterparty are inherent to the structure of the instrument.

4) Loans and receivables:

· Loans and advances to credit institutions: These usually only have the counterparty’s personal guarantee.

· Loans and advances to customers: Most of these loans and advances are backed by personal guarantees extended by the own customer. There may also be collateral to secure loans and advances to customers (such as mortgages, cash collaterals, pledged securities and other collateral), or to obtain other credit enhancements (bonds, hedging, etc.).

· Debt securities: The guarantees or credit enhancements obtained directly from the issuer or counterparty are inherent to the structure of the instrument.

Collateralized loans granted by the Group as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 excluding balances deemed impaired, is broken down in Note 13.2.

5) Financial guarantees, other contingent risks and drawable by third parties: These have the counterparty’s personal guarantee.

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7.3.3 Credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired

The BBVA Group has tools (“scoring” and “rating”) that enable it to rank the credit quality of its operations and customers based on an assessment and its correspondence with the probability of default (“PD”) scales. To analyze the performance of PD, the Group has a series of tracking tools and historical databases that collect the pertinent internally generated information, which can basically be grouped together into scoring and rating models.

Scoring

Scoring is a decision-making model that contributes to both the arrangement and management of retail loans: consumer loans, mortgages, credit cards for individuals, etc. Scoring is the tool used to decide to originate a loan, what amount should be originated and what strategies can help establish the price, because it is an algorithm that sorts transactions by their credit quality. This algorithm enables the BBVA Group to assign a score to each transaction requested by a customer, on the basis of a series of objective characteristics that have statistically been shown to discriminate between the quality and risk of this type of transactions. The advantage of scoring lies in its simplicity and homogeneity: all that is needed is a series of objective data for each customer, and this data is analyzed automatically using an algorithm.

There are three types of scoring, based on the information used and on its purpose:

· Reactive scoring: measures the risk of a transaction requested by an individual using variables relating to the requested transaction and to the customer’s socio-economic data available at the time of the request. The new transaction is approved or rejected depending on the score.

· Behavioral scoring: scores transactions for a given product in an outstanding risk portfolio of the entity, enabling the credit rating to be tracked and the customer’s needs to be anticipated. It uses transaction and customer variables available internally. Specifically, variables that refer to the behavior of both the product and the customer.

· Proactive scoring: gives a score at customer level using variables related to the individual’s general behavior with the entity, and to his/her payment behavior in all the contracted products. The purpose is to track the customer’s credit quality and it is used to pre-approved new transactions.

Rating

Rating tools, as opposed to scoring tools, do not assess transactions but focus on the rating of customers instead: companies, corporations, SMEs, general governments, etc. A rating tool is an instrument that, based on a detailed financial study, helps determine a customer’s ability to meet his/her financial obligations. The final rating is usually a combination of various factors: on one hand, quantitative factors, and on the other hand, qualitative factors. It is a middle road between an individual analysis and a statistical analysis.

The main difference between ratings and scorings is that the latter are used to assess retail products, while ratings use a wholesale banking customer approach. Moreover, scorings only include objective variables, while ratings add qualitative information. And although both are based on statistical studies, adding a business view, rating tools give more weight to the business criterion compared to scoring tools.

For portfolios where the number of defaults is low (sovereign risk, corporates, financial entities, etc.) the internal information is supplemented by “benchmarking” of the external rating agencies (Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch). To this end, each year the PDs compiled by the rating agencies at each level of risk rating are compared, and the measurements compiled by the various agencies are mapped against those of the BBVA master rating scale.

Once the probability of default of a transaction or customer has been calculated, a "business cycle adjustment" is carried out. This is a means of establishing a measure of risk that goes beyond the time of its calculation. The aim is to capture representative information of the behavior of portfolios over a complete economic cycle. This probability is linked to the Master Rating Scale prepared by the BBVA Group to enable uniform classification of the Group’s various asset risk portfolios.

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The table below shows the abridged scale used to classify the BBVA Group’s outstanding risk as of December 31, 2017:

External rating | Internal rating | Probability of default (basic points)
Standard&Poor's List | Reduced List (22 groups) | Average | Minimum from >= | Maximum
AAA | AAA | 1 | - | 2
AA+ | AA+ | 2 | 2 | 3
AA | AA | 3 | 3 | 4
AA- | AA- | 4 | 4 | 5
A+ | A+ | 5 | 5 | 6
A | A | 8 | 6 | 9
A- | A- | 10 | 9 | 11
BBB+ | BBB+ | 14 | 11 | 17
BBB | BBB | 20 | 17 | 24
BBB- | BBB- | 31 | 24 | 39
BB+ | BB+ | 51 | 39 | 67
BB | BB | 88 | 67 | 116
BB- | BB- | 150 | 116 | 194
B+ | B+ | 255 | 194 | 335
B | B | 441 | 335 | 581
B- | B- | 785 | 581 | 1,061
CCC+ | CCC+ | 1,191 | 1,061 | 1,336
CCC | CCC | 1,500 | 1,336 | 1,684
CCC- | CCC- | 1,890 | 1,684 | 2,121
CC+ | CC+ | 2,381 | 2,121 | 2,673
CC | CC | 3,000 | 2,673 | 3,367
CC- | CC- | 3,780 | 3,367 | 4,243

These different levels and their probability of default were calculated by using as a reference the rating scales and default rates provided by the external agencies Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. These calculations establish the levels of probability of default for the BBVA Group’s Master Rating Scale. Although this scale is common to the entire Group, the calibrations (mapping scores to PD sections/Master Rating Scale levels) are carried out at tool level for each country in which the Group has tools available.

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The table below outlines the distribution of exposure, including derivatives, by internal ratings, to corporates, financial entities and institutions (excluding sovereign risk), of BBVA, S.A., Bancomer, Garanti Bank, Compass and subsidiaries in Spain as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Credit Risk Distribution by Internal Rating | Amount (Millions of Euros) | % | Amount (Millions of Euros) | % | Amount (Millions of Euros) | %
AAA/AA+/AA/AA- | 38,124 | 12.04% | 35,430 | 11.84% | 27,913 | 9.17%
A+/A/A- | 68,638 | 21.68% | 58,702 | 19.62% | 62,798 | 20.64%
BBB+ | 40,626 | 12.83% | 43,962 | 14.69% | 43,432 | 14.27%
BBB | 28,194 | 8.90% | 27,388 | 9.15% | 28,612 | 9.40%
BBB- | 51,845 | 16.37% | 41,713 | 13.94% | 40,821 | 13.41%
BB+ | 29,088 | 9.19% | 32,694 | 10.92% | 28,355 | 9.32%
BB | 17,009 | 5.37% | 19,653 | 6.57% | 23,008 | 7.56%
BB- | 15,656 | 4.94% | 13,664 | 4.57% | 12,548 | 4.12%
B+ | 11,180 | 3.53% | 10,366 | 3.46% | 8,597 | 2.83%
B | 9,101 | 2.87% | 4,857 | 1.62% | 5,731 | 1.88%
B- | 2,962 | 0.94% | 3,687 | 1.23% | 3,998 | 1.31%
CCC/CC | 4,223 | 1.33% | 7,149 | 2.39% | 18,488 | 6.08%
Total | 316,649 | 100.00% | 299,264 | 100.00% | 304,300 | 100.00%

7.3.4 Past due but not impaired and impaired secured loans risks

The table below provides details by counterpart and by product of past due risks but not considered to be impaired, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, listed by their first past-due date; as well as the breakdown of the debt securities and loans and advances individually and collectively estimated, and the specific allowances for individually estimated and for collectively estimated (see Note 2.2.1):

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December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Past due but not impaired | Impaired assets | Carrying amount of the impaired assets | Specific allowances for financial assets, individually and collectively estimated | Collective allowances for incurred but not reported losses | Accumulated write-offs
| ≤ 30 days | > 30 days ≤ 60 days | > 60 days ≤ 90 days
Debt securities | - | - | - | 66 | 38 | (28) | (21) | -
Loans and advances | 3,432 | 759 | 503 | 19,401 | 10,726 | (8,675) | (4,109) | (29,938)
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | 75 | 3 | 13 | 171 | 129 | (42) | (69) | (27)
Credit institutions | - | - | - | 11 | 5 | (6) | (30) | (5)
Other financial corporations | 2 | - | - | 12 | 6 | (7) | (19) | (5)
Non-financial corporations | 843 | 153 | 170 | 10,791 | 5,192 | (5,599) | (1,939) | (18,988)
Households | 2,512 | 603 | 319 | 8,417 | 5,395 | (3,022) | (2,052) | (10,913)
TOTAL | 3,432 | 759 | 503 | 19,467 | 10,764 | (8,703) | (4,130) | (29,938)
Loans and advances by product, by collateral and by subordination |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
On demand (call) and short notice (current account) | 77 | 12 | 11 | 389 | 151 | (238) |  |
Credit card debt | 397 | 66 | 118 | 629 | 190 | (439) |  |
Trade receivables | 115 | 8 | 9 | 515 | 179 | (336) |  |
Finance leases | 138 | 66 | 47 | 431 | 155 | (276) |  |
Reverse repurchase loans | - | - | - | - | - | - |  |
Other term loans | 2,705 | 606 | 317 | 17,417 | 10,047 | (7,370) |  |
Advances that are not loans | 1 | - | 1 | 20 | 3 | (16) |  |
of which: mortgage loans (Loans collateralized by immovable property) | 1,345 | 360 | 164 | 11,388 | 7,630 | (3,757) |  |
of which: other collateralized loans | 592 | 137 | 43 | 803 | 493 | (310) |  |
of which: credit for consumption | 1,260 | 248 | 207 | 1,551 | 457 | (1,093) |  |
of which: lending for house purchase | 1,034 | 307 | 107 | 5,730 | 4,444 | (1,286) |  |
of which: project finance loans | 13 | - | 25 | 1,165 | 895 | (271) |  |

(*) Corresponding to €2,763 million of specific allowances for financial assets, individually estimated and €5,940 million of specific allowances for financial assets collectively estimated.

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December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Past due but not impaired | Impaired assets | Carrying amount of the impaired assets | Specific allowances for financial assets, individually and collectively estimated | Collective allowances for incurred but not reported losses | Accumulated write-offs
| ≤ 30 days | > 30 days ≤ 60 days | > 60 days ≤ 90 days
Debt securities | - | - | - | 272 | 128 | (144) | (46) | (1)
Loans and advances | 3,384 | 696 | 735 | 22,925 | 12,133 | (10,793) | (5,224) | (29,346)
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | 66 | - | 2 | 295 | 256 | (39) | (13) | (13)
Credit institutions | 3 | - | 82 | 10 | 3 | (7) | (36) | (5)
Other financial corporations | 4 | 7 | 21 | 34 | 8 | (25) | (57) | (6)
Non-financial corporations | 968 | 209 | 204 | 13,786 | 6,383 | (7,402) | (2,789) | (18,020)
Households | 2,343 | 479 | 426 | 8,801 | 5,483 | (3,319) | (2,329) | (11,303)
TOTAL | 3,384 | 696 | 735 | 23,197 | 12,261 | (10,937) | (5,270) | (29,347)
Loans and advances by product, by collateral and by subordination |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
On demand (call) and short notice (current account) | 79 | 15 | 29 | 562 | 249 | (313) |  |
Credit card debt | 377 | 88 | 124 | 643 | 114 | (529) |  |
Trade receivables | 51 | 15 | 13 | 424 | 87 | (337) |  |
Finance leases | 188 | 107 | 59 | 516 | 252 | (264) |  |
Reverse repurchase loans | - | - | 82 | 1 | - | (1) |  |
Other term loans | 2,685 | 469 | 407 | 20,765 | 11,429 | (9,336) |  |
Advances that are not loans | 5 | - | 21 | 14 | 2 | (12) |  |
of which: mortgage loans (Loans collateralized by immovable property) | 1,202 | 265 | 254 | 16,526 | 9,008 | (5,850) |  |
of which: other collateralized loans | 593 | 124 | 47 | 1,129 | 656 | (275) |  |
of which: credit for consumption | 1,186 | 227 | 269 | 1,622 | 455 | (1,168) |  |
of which: lending for house purchase | 883 | 194 | 105 | 6,094 | 4,546 | (1,548) |  |
of which: project finance loans | 138 | - | - | 253 | 105 | (147) |  |

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December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Past due but not impaired | Impaired assets | Carrying amount of the impaired assets | Specific allowances for financial assets, individually and collectively estimated | Collective allowances for incurred but not reported losses | Accumulated write-offs
| ≤ 30 days | > 30 days ≤ 60 days | > 60 days ≤ 90 days
Debt securities | - | - | - | 81 | 46 | (35) | (113) | -
Loans and advances | 3,445 | 825 | 404 | 25,358 | 12,527 | (12,831) | (5,911) | (26,143)
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | 154 | 278 | 2 | 194 | 157 | (37) | (30) | (19)
Credit institutions | - | - | - | 25 | 9 | (17) | (34) | (5)
Other financial corporations | 7 | 1 | 14 | 67 | 29 | (38) | (124) | (5)
Non-financial corporations | 838 | 148 | 48 | 16,254 | 7,029 | (9,225) | (3,096) | (15,372)
Households | 2,446 | 399 | 340 | 8,817 | 5,303 | (3,514) | (2,626) | (10,743)
TOTAL | 3,445 | 825 | 404 | 25,439 | 12,573 | (12,866) | (6,024) | (26,143)
Loans and advances by product, by collateral and by subordination |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
On demand (call) and short notice (current account) | 134 | 13 | 7 | 634 | 204 | (430) |  |
Credit card debt | 389 | 74 | 126 | 689 | 161 | (528) |  |
Trade receivables | 98 | 26 | 22 | 628 | 179 | (449) |  |
Finance leases | 136 | 29 | 21 | 529 | 222 | (307) |  |
Reverse repurchase loans | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | (1) |  |
Other term loans | 2,685 | 682 | 227 | 22,764 | 11,747 | (11,017) |  |
Advances that are not loans | 2 | - | - | 113 | 13 | (99) |  |
of which: mortgage loans (Loans collateralized by immovable property) | 1,342 | 266 | 106 | 16,526 | 9,767 | (6,877) |  |
of which: other collateralized loans | 589 | 102 | 27 | 1,129 | 809 | (339) |  |
of which: credit for consumption | 957 | 164 | 220 | 1,543 | 404 | (1,139) |  |
of which: lending for house purchase | 616 | 174 | 110 | 5,918 | 4,303 | (1,615) |  |
of which: project finance loans | 3 | - | 1 | 276 | 66 | (211) |  |

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The breakdown of loans and advances of loans and receivables, impaired and accumulated impairment by sectors as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Non-performing | Accumulated impairment or Accumulated changes in fair value due to credit risk | Non-performing loans and advances as a % of the total
General governments | 171 | (111) | 0.5%
Credit institutions | 11 | (36) | -
Other financial corporations | 12 | (26) | 0.1%
Non-financial corporations | 10,791 | (7,538) | 6.3%
Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 166 | (123) | 4.3%
Mining and quarrying | 177 | (123) | 3.7%
Manufacturing | 1,239 | (955) | 3.6%
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 213 | (289) | 1.8%
Water supply | 29 | (11) | 4.5%
Construction | 2,993 | (1,708) | 20.1%
Wholesale and retail trade | 1,706 | (1,230) | 5.9%
Transport and storage | 441 | (353) | 4.2%
Accommodation and food service activities | 362 | (222) | 4.3%
Information and communication | 984 | (256) | 17.0%
Real estate activities | 1,171 | (1,100) | 7.9%
Professional, scientific and technical activities | 252 | (183) | 3.8%
Administrative and support service activities | 188 | (130) | 6.3%
Public administration and defense, compulsory social security | 4 | (6) | 1.9%
Education | 31 | (25) | 3.4%
Human health services and social work activities | 75 | (68) | 1.7%
Arts, entertainment and recreation | 69 | (38) | 4.6%
Other services | 690 | (716) | 4.3%
Households | 8,417 | (5,073) | 4.7%
LOANS AND ADVANCES | 19,401 | (12,784) | 4.5%

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December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Non-performing | Accumulated impairment or Accumulated changes in fair value due to credit risk | Non-performing loans and advances as a % of the total
General governments | 295 | (52) | 0.8%
Credit institutions | 10 | (42) | -
Other financial corporations | 34 | (82) | 0.2%
Non-financial corporations | 13,786 | (10,192) | 7.4%
Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 221 | (188) | 5.1%
Mining and quarrying | 126 | (83) | 3.3%
Manufacturing | 1,569 | (1,201) | 4.5%
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 569 | (402) | 3.2%
Water supply | 29 | (10) | 3.5%
Construction | 5,358 | (3,162) | 26.3%
Wholesale and retail trade | 1,857 | (1,418) | 6.2%
Transport and storage | 442 | (501) | 4.5%
Accommodation and food service activities | 499 | (273) | 5.9%
Information and communication | 112 | (110) | 2.2%
Real estate activities | 1,441 | (1,074) | 8.7%
Professional, scientific and technical activities | 442 | (380) | 6.0%
Administrative and support service activities | 182 | (107) | 7.3%
Public administration and defense, compulsory social security | 18 | (25) | 3.0%
Education | 58 | (31) | 5.4%
Human health services and social work activities | 89 | (88) | 1.8%
Arts, entertainment and recreation | 84 | (51) | 5.1%
Other services | 691 | (1,088) | 4.2%
Households | 8,801 | (5,648) | 4.6%
LOANS AND ADVANCES | 22,925 | (16,016) | 5.0%

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December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Non-performing | Accumulated impairment or Accumulated changes in fair value due to credit risk | Non-performing loans and advances as a % of the total
General governments | 194 | (67) | 0.5%
Credit institutions | 25 | (51) | 0.1%
Other financial corporations | 67 | (162) | 0.5%
Non-financial corporations | 16,254 | (12,321) | 8.8%
Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 231 | (180) | 5.4%
Mining and quarrying | 192 | (114) | 4.7%
Manufacturing | 1,947 | (1,729) | 5.8%
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 250 | (395) | 1.4%
Water supply | 44 | (23) | 5.2%
Construction | 6,585 | (4,469) | 30.1%
Wholesale and retail trade | 1,829 | (1,386) | 6.3%
Transport and storage | 616 | (607) | 6.4%
Accommodation and food service activities | 567 | (347) | 7.0%
Information and communication | 110 | (100) | 2.3%
Real estate activities | 1,547 | (1,194) | 9.1%
Professional, scientific and technical activities | 944 | (454) | 12.8%
Administrative and support service activities | 224 | (148) | 6.9%
Public administration and defense, compulsory social security | 18 | (25) | 2.8%
Education | 26 | (19) | 2.6%
Human health services and social work activities | 82 | (91) | 1.8%
Arts, entertainment and recreation | 100 | (63) | 6.6%
Other services | 942 | (977) | 6.1%
Households | 8,817 | (6,140) | 4.5%
LOANS AND ADVANCES | 25,358 | (18,742) | 5.5%

The changes during the years 2017, 2016 and 2015 of impaired financial assets and contingent risks are as follow:

Changes in Impaired Financial Assets and Contingent Risks (Millions of euros)
| 2017(**) | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning | 23,877 | 26,103 | 23,234
Additions | 10,856 | 11,133 | 14,872
Decreases (*) | (7,771) | (7,633) | (6,720)
Net additions | 3,085 | 3,500 | 8,152
Amounts written-off | (5,758) | (5,592) | (4,989)
Exchange differences and other | (615) | (134) | (295)
Balance at the end | 20,590 | 23,877 | 26,103

(*) Reflects the total amount of impaired loans derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet throughout the period as a result of mortgage foreclosures and real estate assets received in lieu of payment as well as monetary recoveries (see Notes 20 and 21 to the consolidated financial statement for additional information).

(**) Includes impaired loans of Chile

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The changes during the years 2017, 2016 and 2015 in financial assets derecognized from the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as their recovery is considered unlikely (hereinafter "write-offs"), is shown below:

Changes in Impaired Financial Assets Written-Off from the Balance Sheet (Millions of Euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning |  | 29,347 | 26,143 | 23,583
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | 1,362
Increase: |  | 5,986 | 5,699 | 6,172
Decrease: |  | (4,442) | (2,384) | (4,830)
Re-financing or restructuring |  | (9) | (32) | (28)
Cash recovery | 47 | (558) | (541) | (490)
Foreclosed assets |  | (149) | (210) | (159)
Sales of written-off |  | (2,284) | (45) | (54)
Debt forgiveness |  | (1,121) | (864) | (3,119)
Time-barred debt and other causes |  | (321) | (692) | (980)
Net exchange differences |  | (752) | (111) | (144)
Balance at the end |  | 30,139 | 29,347 | 26,143

As indicated in Note 2.2.1, although they have been derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet, the BBVA Group continues to attempt to collect on these written-off financial assets, until the rights to receive them are fully extinguished, either because it is time-barred financial asset, the financial asset is condoned, or other reasons.

7.3.5 Impairment losses

Below are the changes in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, in the provisions recognized on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets to cover estimated impairment losses in loans and advances and debt securities, according to the different headings under which they are classified in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet:

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December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Opening balance | Increases due to amounts set aside for estimated loan losses during the period | Decreases due to amounts reversed for estimated loan losses during the period | Decreases due to amounts taken against allowances | Transfers between allowances | Other adjustments | Closing balance | Recoveries recorded directly to the statement of profit or loss
Equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specific allowances for financial assets, individually and collectively estimated | (10,937) | (7,484) | 2,878 | 4,503 | 1,810 | 526 | (8,703) | 558
Debt securities | (144) | (26) | 6 | - | 123 | 13 | (28) | -
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Credit institutions | (15) | (5) | 4 | - | 16 | - | - | -
Other financial corporations | (26) | (4) | 2 | - | - | 13 | (16) | -
Non-financial corporations | (103) | (17) | - | - | 107 | - | (12) | -
Loans and advances | (10,793) | (7,458) | 2,872 | 4,503 | 1,687 | 513 | (8,675) | 558
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | (39) | (70) | 37 | 14 | 1 | 15 | (42) | 1
Credit institutions | (7) | (2) | 2 | - | - | 1 | (6) | -
Other financial corporations | (25) | (287) | 3 | 38 | 227 | 38 | (7) | -
Non-financial corporations | (7,402) | (3,627) | 1,993 | 3,029 | (228) | 636 | (5,599) | 345
Households | (3,319) | (3,472) | 837 | 1,422 | 1,687 | (177) | (3,022) | 212
Collective allowances for incurred but not reported losses on financial assets | (5,270) | (1,783) | 2,159 | 1,537 | (1,328) | 557 | (4,130) | -
Debt securities | (46) | (8) | 30 | 1 | - | 3 | (21) | -
Loans and advances | (5,224) | (1,776) | 2,128 | 1,536 | (1,328) | 554 | (4,109) | -
Total | (16,206) | (9,267) | 5,037 | 6,038 | 482 | 1,083 | (12,833) | 558

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December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Opening balance | Increases due to amounts set aside for estimated loan losses during the period | Decreases due to amounts reversed for estimated loan losses during the period | Decreases due to amounts taken against allowances | Transfers between allowances | Other adjustments | Closing balance | Recoveries recorded directly to the statement of profit or loss
Equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specific allowances for financial assets, individually and collectively estimated | (12,866) | (6,912) | 2,708 | 5,673 | (123) | 583 | (10,937) | 540
Debt securities | (35) | (167) | 6 | 64 | (10) | (2) | (144) | -
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Credit institutions | (20) | - | - | 5 | - | - | (15) | -
Other financial corporations | (15) | (29) | 3 | 26 | (10) | (1) | (26) | -
Non-financial corporations | - | (138) | 3 | 33 | - | (1) | (103) | -
Loans and advances | (12,831) | (6,745) | 2,702 | 5,610 | (113) | 585 | (10,793) | 540
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | (37) | (2) | 20 | 6 | (27) | 2 | (39) | 1
Credit institutions | (17) | (2) | 3 | - | 10 | (3) | (7) | -
Other financial corporations | (38) | (34) | 9 | 22 | 10 | 6 | (25) | -
Non-financial corporations | (9,225) | (3,705) | 2,158 | 3,257 | (278) | 391 | (7,402) | 335
Households | (3,514) | (3,002) | 511 | 2,325 | 172 | 189 | (3,319) | 205
Collective allowances for incurred but not reported losses on financial assets | (6,024) | (1,558) | 1,463 | 88 | 775 | (15) | (5,270) | 1
Debt securities | (113) | (11) | 15 | 1 | 64 | - | (46) | -
Loans and advances | (5,911) | (1,546) | 1,449 | 87 | 711 | (15) | (5,224) | -
Total | (18,890) | (8,470) | 4,172 | 5,762 | 652 | 568 | (16,206) | 541

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December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Opening balance | Increases due to amounts set aside for estimated loan losses during the period | Decreases due to amounts reversed for estimated loan losses during the period | Decreases due to amounts taken against allowances | Transfers between allowances | Other adjustments | Closing balance | Recoveries recorded directly to the statement of profit or loss
Equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specific allowances for financial assets, individually and collectively estimated | (10,519) | (6,172) | 1,435 | 5,162 | 388 | (3,160) | (12,866) | 490
Debt securities | (33) | (6) | 8 | - | - | (3) | (35) | -
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Credit institutions | (17) | (2) | 1 | - | (1) | - | (20) | -
Other financial corporations | (16) | (4) | 7 | - | 1 | (3) | (15) | -
Non-financial corporations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Loans and advances | (10,487) | (6,166) | 1,427 | 5,162 | 388 | (3,156) | (12,831) | 490
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General governments | (24) | (16) | 17 | 3 | (12) | (6) | (37) | -
Credit institutions | (18) | (11) | 5 | - | 9 | (2) | (17) | 1
Other financial corporations | (21) | (276) | 2 | 23 | 231 | 3 | (38) | -
Non-financial corporations | (7,610) | (3,229) | 1,169 | 2,580 | (298) | (1,837) | (9,225) | 301
Households | (2,814) | (2,635) | 234 | 2,555 | 459 | (1,313) | (3,514) | 187
Collective allowances for incurred but not reported losses on financial assets | (3,829) | (578) | 576 | 110 | (486) | (1,817) | (6,024) | -
Debt securities | (42) | (9) | 6 | - | (67) | (1) | (113) | -
Loans and advances | (3,787) | (569) | 570 | 110 | (420) | (1,816) | (5,911) | -
Total | (14,348) | (6,750) | 2,011 | 5,272 | (98) | (4,977) | (18,890) | 490

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7.3.6 Refinancing and restructuring operations

Group policies and principles with respect to refinancing and restructuring operations

Refinancing and restructuring operations (see definition in the Glossary) are carried out with customers who have requested such an operation in order to meet their current loan payments if they are expected, or may be expected, to experience financial difficulty in making the payments in the future.

The basic aim of a refinancing and restructuring operation is to provide the customer with a situation of financial viability over time by adapting repayment of the loan incurred with the Group to the customer’s new situation of fund generation. The use of refinancing and restructuring for other purposes, such as to delay loss recognition, is contrary to BBVA Group policies.

The BBVA Group’s refinancing and restructuring policies are based on the following general principles:

· Refinancing and restructuring is authorized according to the capacity of customers to pay the new installments. This is done by first identifying the origin of the payment difficulties and then carrying out an analysis of the customers’ viability, including an updated analysis of their economic and financial situation and capacity to pay and generate funds. If the customer is a company, the analysis also covers the situation of the industry in which it operates.

· With the aim of increasing the solvency of the operation, new guarantees and/or guarantors of demonstrable solvency are obtained where possible. An essential part of this process is an analysis of the effectiveness of both the new and original guarantees.

· This analysis is carried out from the overall customer or group perspective.

· Refinancing and restructuring operations do not in general increase the amount of the customer’s loan, except for the expenses inherent to the operation itself.

· The capacity to refinance and restructure loan is not delegated to the branches, but decided on by the risk units.

· The decisions made are reviewed from time to time with the aim of evaluating full compliance with refinancing and restructuring policies.

These general principles are adapted in each case according to the conditions and circumstances of each geographical area in which the Group operates, and to the different types of customers involved.

In the case of retail customers (private individuals), the main aim of the BBVA Group’s policy on refinancing and restructuring loan is to avoid default arising from a customer’s temporary liquidity problems by implementing structural solutions that do not increase the balance of customer’s loan. The solution required is adapted to each case and the loan repayment is made easier, in accordance with the following principles:

· Analysis of the viability of operations based on the customer’s willingness and ability to pay, which may be reduced, but should nevertheless be present. The customer must therefore repay at least the interest on the operation in all cases. No arrangements may be concluded that involve a grace period for both principal and interest.

· Refinancing and restructuring of operations is only allowed on those loans in which the BBVA Group originally entered into.

· Customers subject to refinancing and restructuring operations are excluded from marketing campaigns of any kind.

In the case of non-retail customers (mainly companies, enterprises and corporates), refinancing/restructuring is authorized according to an economic and financial viability plan based on:

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· Forecasted future income, margins and cash flows to allow entities to implement cost adjustment measures (industrial restructuring) and a business development plan that can help reduce the level of leverage to sustainable levels (capacity to access the financial markets).

· Where appropriate, the existence of a divestment plan for assets and/or operating segments that can generate cash to assist the deleveraging process.

· The capacity of shareholders to contribute capital and/or guarantees that can support the viability of the plan.

In accordance with the Group’s policy, the conclusion of a loan refinancing and restructuring operation does not meet the loan is reclassified from "impaired" or "standard under special monitoring" to outstanding risk. The reclassification to the "standard under special monitoring" or normal risk categories must be based on the analysis mentioned earlier of the viability, upon completion of the probationary periods described below.

The Group maintains the policy of including risks related to refinanced and restructured loans as either:

· "Impaired assets", as although the customer is up to date with payments, they are classified as impaired for reasons other than their default when there are significant doubts that the terms of their refinancing may not be met; or

· "Normal-risk assets under special monitoring" until the conditions established for their consideration as normal risk are met).

The conditions established for assets classified as “standard under special monitoring” to be reclassified out of this category are as follows:

· The customer must have paid past-due amounts (principal and interest) since the date of the renegotiation or restructuring of the loan or other objective criteria, demonstrating the borrower´s ability to pay, have been verified; and

· At least two years must have elapsed since completion of the renegotiation or restructuring of the loan;

· It is unlikely that the customer will have financial difficulties and, therefore, it is expected that the customer will be able to meet its loan payment obligations (principal and interest) in a timely manner.

The BBVA Group’s refinancing and restructuring policy provides for the possibility of two modifications in a 24 month period for loans that are not in compliance with the payment schedule.

The internal models used to determine allowances for loan losses consider the restructuring and renegotiation of a loan, as well as re-defaults on such a loan, by assigning a lower internal rating to restructured and renegotiated loans than the average internal rating assigned to non-restructured/renegotiated loans. This downgrade results in an increase in the probability of default (PD) assigned to restructured/renegotiated loans (with the resulting PD being higher than the average PD of the non- renegotiated loans in the same portfolios).

For quantitative information on refinancing and restructuring operations see Appendix VIII.

7.4 Market risk

7.4.1 Market risk trading portfolios

Market risk originates as a result of movements in the market variables that impact the valuation of traded financial products and assets. The main risks generated can be classified as follows:

· Interest-rate risk: This arises as a result of exposure to movements in the different interest-rate curves involved in trading. Although the typical products that generate sensitivity to the movements in interest rates are money-market products (deposits, interest-rate futures, call money swaps, etc.) and traditional interest-rate derivatives (swaps and interest-rate options such as caps, floors, swaptions, etc.), practically all the financial products are

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exposed to interest-rate movements due to the effect that such movements have on the valuation of the financial discount.

· Equity risk: This arises as a result of movements in share prices. This risk is generated in spot positions in shares or any derivative products whose underlying asset is a share or an equity index. Dividend risk is a sub-risk of equity risk, arising as an input for any equity option. Its variation may affect the valuation of positions and it is therefore a factor that generates risk on the books.

· Exchange-rate risk: This is caused by movements in the exchange rates of the different currencies in which a position is held. As in the case of equity risk, this risk is generated in spot currency positions, and in any derivative product whose underlying asset is an exchange rate. In addition, the quanto effect (operations where the underlying asset and the instrument itself are denominated in different currencies) means that in certain transactions in which the underlying asset is not a currency, an exchange-rate risk is generated that has to be measured and monitored.

· Credit-spread risk: Credit spread is an indicator of an issuer's credit quality. Spread risk occurs due to variations in the levels of spread of both corporate and government issues, and affects positions in bonds and credit derivatives.

· Volatility risk: This occurs as a result of changes in the levels of implied price volatility of the different market instruments on which derivatives are traded. This risk, unlike the others, is exclusively a component of trading in derivatives and is defined as a first-order convexity risk that is generated in all possible underlying assets in which there are products with options that require a volatility input for their valuation.

The metrics developed to control and monitor market risk in BBVA Group are aligned with market practices and are implemented consistently across all the local market risk units.

Measurement procedures are established in terms of the possible impact of negative market conditions on the trading portfolio of the Group's Global Markets units, both under ordinary circumstances and in situations of heightened risk factors.

The standard metric used to measure market risk is Value at Risk (“VaR”), which indicates the maximum loss that may occur in the portfolios at a given confidence level (99%) and time horizon (one day). This statistic value is widely used in the market and has the advantage of summing up in a single metric the risks inherent to trading activity, taking into account how they are related and providing a prediction of the loss that the trading book could sustain as a result of fluctuations in equity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and credit spreads. The market risk analysis considers risks, such as credit spread, basis risk, volatility and correlation risk.

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Most of the headings on the Group's balance sheet subject to market risk are positions whose main metric for measuring their market risk is VaR. This table shows the accounting lines of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 in which there is a market risk in trading activity subject to this measurement:

Headings of the balance sheet under market risk (Millions of euros)
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
| Main market risk metrics - VaR | Main market risk metrics - Others (*) | Main market risk metrics - VaR | Main market risk metrics - Others (*) | Main market risk metrics - VaR | Main market risk metrics - Others (*)
Assets subject to market risk |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 59,008 | 441 | 64,623 | 1,480 | 64,370 | 4,712
Available for sale financial assets | 5,661 | 24,083 | 7,119 | 28,771 | 8,234 | 50,088
Of which: Equity instruments | - | 2,404 | - | 3,559 | - | 4,067
Derivatives - Hedging accounting | 829 | 1,397 | 1,041 | 1,415 | 528 | 1,888
Liabilities subject to market risk |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 42,468 | 2,526 | 47,491 | 2,223 | 42,550 | 6,277
Derivatives - Hedging accounting | 1,157 | 638 | 1,305 | 689 | 1,128 | 806

(*) Includes mainly assets and liabilities managed by ALCO.

Although the prior table shows details the financial positions subject to market risk, it should be noted that the data are for information purposes only and do not reflect how the risk is managed in trading activity, where it is not classified into assets and liabilities.

With respect to the risk measurement models used in BBVA Group, the Bank of Spain has authorized the use of the internal model to determine bank capital requirements deriving from risk positions on the BBVA S.A. and BBVA Bancomer trading book, which jointly account for around 70% and 66% of the Group’s trading-book market risk as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. For the rest of the geographical areas (mainly South America, Garanti and BBVA Compass), bank capital for the risk positions in the trading book is calculated using the standard model.

The current management structure includes the monitoring of market-risk limits, consisting of a scheme of limits based on VaR, economic capital (based on VaR measurements) and VaR sub-limits, as well as stop-loss limits for each of the Group’s business units.

The model used estimates VaR in accordance with the "historical simulation" methodology, which involves estimating losses and gains that would have taken place in the current portfolio if the changes in market conditions that took place over a specific period of time in the past were repeated. Based on this information, it infers the maximum expected loss of the current portfolio within a given confidence level. This model has the advantage of reflecting precisely the historical distribution of the market variables and not assuming any specific distribution of probability. The historical period used in this model is two years. The historical simulation method is used in BBVA S.A., BBVA Bancomer, BBVA Chile, BBVA Colombia, Compass Bank and Garanti.

VaR figures are estimated following two methodologies:

· VaR without smoothing, which awards equal weight to the daily information for the previous two years. This is currently the official methodology for measuring market risks for the purpose of monitoring compliance with risk limits.

· VaR with smoothing, which gives a greater weight to more recent market information. This metric supplements the previous one.

In the case of South America (except BBVA Chile and BBVA Colombia), a parametric methodology is used to measure risk in terms of VaR.

At the same time, and following the guidelines established by the Spanish and European authorities, BBVA incorporates metrics in addition to VaR with the aim of meeting the Bank of Spain's regulatory requirements with respect to the

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calculation of bank capital for the trading book. Specifically, the new measures incorporated in the Group since December 2011 (stipulated by Basel 2.5) are:

· VaR: In regulatory terms, the VaR charge incorporates the stressed VaR charge, and the sum of the two (VaR and stressed VaR) is calculated. This quantifies the losses associated with the movements of the two risk factors inherent to market operations (interest rates, FX, RV, credit, etc.). Both VaR and stressed VaR are rescaled by a regulatory multiplier set at three and by the square root of ten to calculate the capital charge.

· Specific Risk: Incremental Risk Capital (“IRC”) Quantification of the risks of default and downgrading of the credit ratings of the bond and credit derivative positions in the portfolio. The specific capital risk by IRC is a charge exclusively used in the geographical areas with the internal model approved (BBVA S.A. and Bancomer). The capital charge is determined according to the associated losses (at 99.9% in a 1-year horizon under the hypothesis of constant risk) due to the rating migration and/or default state the issuer of an asset. In addition, the price risk is included in sovereign positions for the items specified.

· Specific Risk: Securitization and correlation portfolios. Capital charge for securitizations and the correlation portfolio to include the potential losses associated at the level of rating a specific credit structure (rating). Both are calculated by the standard method. The scope of the correlation portfolios refers to the FTD-type market operation and/or tranches of market CDOs and only for positions with an active market and hedging capacity.

Validity tests are performed regularly on the risk measurement models used by the Group. They estimate the maximum loss that could have been incurred in the positions with a certain level of probability (backtesting), as well as measurements of the impact of extreme market events on risk positions (stress testing). As an additional control measure, backtesting is conducted at trading desk level in order to enable more specific monitoring of the validity of the measurement models.

Market risk in 2017

The Group’s market risk remains at low levels compared with the risk aggregates managed by BBVA, particularly in terms of credit risk. This is due to the nature of the business. During year ended December 31, 2017 the average VaR was €27 million, below the figure of 2016, with a high on January 11, 2017 of €34 million. The evolution in the BBVA Group’s market risk during 2017, measured as VaR without smoothing (see Glossary) with a 99% confidence level and a 1-day horizon (shown in millions of Euros) is as follows:

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By type of market risk assumed by the Group's trading portfolio, the main risk factor for the Group continues to be that linked to interest rates, with a weight of 48% of the total at the end of year ended December 31, 2017 (this figure includes the spread risk). The relative weight has decreased compared with the close of 2016 (58%). Exchange-rate risk accounts 14%, increasing its proportion with respect to December 2016 (13%), while equity, volatility and correlation risk have increased, with a weight of 38% at the close of 2017 (vs. 29% at the close of 2016).

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the balance of VaR was €22 million, €26 million and €24 million, respectively. These figures can be broken down as follows:

VaR by Risk Factor (Millions of euros)
| Interest/Spread Risk | Currency Risk | Stock-market Risk | Vega/Correlation Risk | Diversification Effect(*) | Total
December 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |
VaR average in the period | 25 | 10 | 3 | 13 | (23) | 27
VaR max in the period | 27 | 11 | 2 | 12 | (19) | 34
VaR min in the period | 23 | 7 | 4 | 14 | (26) | 22
End of period VaR | 23 | 7 | 4 | 14 | (26) | 22
December 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |
VaR average in the period | 28 | 10 | 4 | 11 | (23) | 29
VaR max in the period | 30 | 16 | 4 | 11 | (23) | 38
VaR min in the period | 21 | 10 | 1 | 11 | (20) | 23
End of period VaR | 29 | 7 | 2 | 12 | (24) | 26
December 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |
VaR average in the period |  |  |  |  |  | 24
VaR max in the period | 32 | 5 | 3 | 9 | (18) | 30
VaR min in the period | 20 | 6 | 3 | 9 | (17) | 21
End of period VaR | 21 | 9 | 3 | 11 | (20) | 24

(*) The diversification effect is the difference between the sum of the average individual risk factors and the total VaR figure that includes the implied correlation between all the variables and scenarios used in the measurement.

Validation of the model

The internal market risk model is validated on a regular basis by backtesting in both BBVA S.A. and Bancomer. The aim of backtesting is to validate the quality and precision of the internal market risk model used by BBVA Group to estimate the maximum daily loss of a portfolio, at a 99% level of confidence and a 250-day time horizon, by comparing the Group's results and the risk measurements generated by the internal market risk model. These tests showed that the internal market risk model of both BBVA, S.A. and Bancomer is adequate and precise.

Two types of backtesting have been carried out during 2017, 2016 and 2015:

· "Hypothetical" backtesting: the daily VaR is compared with the results obtained, not taking into account the intraday results or the changes in the portfolio positions. This validates the appropriateness of the market risk metrics for the end-of-day position.

· "Real" backtesting: the daily VaR is compared with the total results, including intraday transactions, but discounting the possible minimum charges or fees involved. This type of backtesting includes the intraday risk in portfolios.

In addition, each of these two types of backtesting was carried out at the level of risk factor or business type, thus making a deeper comparison of the results with respect to risk measurements.

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For the period between the end of the year ended December 31, 2016 and the end of the year ended December 31, 2016, it was carried out the backtesting of the internal VaR calculation model, comparing the daily results obtained with the estimated risk level estimated by the internal VaR calculation model. At the end of the semester the comparison showed the internal VaR calculation model was working correctly, within the "green" zone (0-4 exceptions), thus validating the internal VaR calculation model, as has occurred each year since the internal market risk model was approved for the Group.

Stress test analysis

A number of stress tests are carried out on BBVA Group's trading portfolios. First, global and local historical scenarios are used that replicate the behavior of an extreme past event, such as for example the collapse of Lehman Brothers or the "Tequilazo" crisis. These stress tests are complemented with simulated scenarios, where the aim is to generate scenarios that have a significant impact on the different portfolios, but without being anchored to any specific historical scenario. Finally, for some portfolios or positions, fixed stress tests are also carried out that have a significant impact on the market variables affecting these positions.

Historical scenarios

The historical benchmark stress scenario for the BBVA Group is Lehman Brothers, whose sudden collapse in September 2008 led to a significant impact on the behavior of financial markets at a global level. The following are the most relevant effects of this historical scenario:

· Credit shock: reflected mainly in the increase of credit spreads and downgrades in credit ratings.

· Increased volatility in most of the financial markets (giving rise to a great deal of variation in the prices of different assets (currency, equity, debt).

· Liquidity shock in the financial systems, reflected by a major movement in interbank curves, particularly in the shortest sections of the euro and dollar curves.

Simulated scenarios

Unlike the historical scenarios, which are fixed and therefore not suited to the composition of the risk portfolio at all times, the scenario used for the exercises of economic stress is based on Resampling methodology. This methodology is based on the use of dynamic scenarios are recalculated periodically depending on the main risks held in the trading portfolios. On a data window wide enough to collect different periods of stress (data are taken from 1-1-2008 until today), a simulation is performed by resampling of historic observations, generating a loss distribution and profits to analyze most extreme of births in the selected historical window. The advantage of this resampling methodology is that the period of stress is not predetermined, but depends on the portfolio maintained at each time, and making a large number of simulations (10,000 simulations) allows a richer information for the analysis of expected shortfall than what is available in the scenarios included in the calculation of VaR.

The main features of this approach are: a) the generated simulations respect the correlation structure of the data, b) flexibility in the inclusion of new risk factors and c) to allow the introduction of a lot of variability in the simulations (desirable to consider extreme events).

The impact of the stress test under multivariable simulation of the risk factors of the portfolio (Expected shortfall 95% to 20 days) as of December 31, 2017 is as follows:

Millions of Euros
| Europe | Mexico | Peru | Venezuela | Argentina | Colombia | Chile | Turkey
Expected Shortfall | (75) | (29) | (8) | - | (8) | (8) | (9) | (1)

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7.4.2 Structural risk

The Assets and Liabilities Committee (ALCO) is the main responsible body for the management of structural risks relating to liquidity/funding, interest rates, currency rates, equity and solvency. Every month, with the assistance of the CEO and representatives from the areas of Finance, Risks and Business Areas, this committee monitors the above risks and is presented with proposals for managing them for its approval. These management proposals are made proactively by the Finance area, taking into account the risk appetite framework and with the aim of guaranteeing recurrent earnings and financial stability and preserving the entity's solvency. All the balance-sheet management units have a local ALCO, assisted constantly by the members of the Corporate Center. There is also a corporate ALCO where the management strategies in the Group's subsidiaries are monitored and presented.

Structural interest-rate risk

The structural interest-rate risk (“SIRR”) is related to the potential impact that variations in market interest rates have on an entity's net interest income and equity. In order to properly measure SIRR, BBVA takes into account the main sources that generate this risk: repricing risk, yield curve risk, option risk and basis risk, which are analyzed from two complementary points of view: net interest income (short term) and economic value (long term).

ALCO monitors the interest-rate risk metrics and the Assets and Liabilities Management unit carries out the management proposals for the structural balance sheet. The management objective is to ensure the stability of net interest income and book value in the face of changes in market interest rates, while respecting the internal solvency and limits in the different balance-sheets and for BBVA Group as a whole; and complying with current and future regulatory requirements.

BBVA's structural interest-rate risk management control and monitoring is based on a set of metrics and tools that enable the entity's risk profile to be monitored correctly. A wide range of scenarios are measured on a regular basis, including sensitivities to parallel movements in the event of different shocks, changes in slope and curve, as well as delayed movements. Other probabilistic metrics based on statistical scenario-simulating methods are also assessed, such as earnings at risk (“EaR”) and economic capital (“EC”), which are defined as the maximum adverse deviations in net interest income and economic value, respectively, for a given confidence level and time horizon. Impact thresholds are established on these management metrics both in terms of deviations in net interest income and in terms of the impact on economic value. The process is carried out separately for each currency to which the Group is exposed, and the diversification effect between currencies and business units is considered after this.

In order to evaluate its effectiveness, the model is subjected to regular internal validation, which includes backtesting. In addition, the banking book’s interest-rate risk exposures are subjected to different stress tests in order to reveal balance sheet vulnerabilities under extreme scenarios. This testing includes an analysis of adverse macroeconomic scenarios designed specifically by BBVA Research, together with a wide range of potential scenarios that aim to identify interest-rate environments that are particularly damaging for the entity. This is done by generating extreme scenarios of a breakthrough in interest rate levels and historical correlations, giving rise to sudden changes in the slopes and even to inverted curves.

The model is necessarily underpinned by an elaborate set of hypotheses that aim to reproduce the behavior of the balance sheet as closely as possible to reality. Especially relevant among these assumptions are those related to the behavior of “accounts with no explicit maturity”, for which stability and remuneration assumptions are established, consistent with an adequate segmentation by type of product and customer, and prepayment estimates (implicit optionality). The hypotheses are reviewed and adapted, at least on an annual basis, to signs of changes in behavior, kept properly documented and reviewed on a regular basis in the internal validation processes.

The impacts on the metrics are assessed both from a point of view of economic value (gone concern) and from the perspective of net interest income, for which a dynamic model (going concern) consistent with the corporate assumptions of earnings forecasts is used.

The table below shows the profile of average sensitivities to net interest income and value of the main entities in BBVA Group in 2017 (certain information within this table is provisional. Its distribution should not be significantly affected):

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Sensitivity to Interest-Rate Analysis - December 2017
| Impact on Net Interest Income (*) | Impact on Economic Value (**)
| 100 Basis-Point Increase | 100 Basis-Point Decrease | 100 Basis-Point Increase | 100 Basis-Point Decrease
Europe (***) | + (10% - 15%) | - (5% - 10%) | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%)
Mexico | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%)
USA | + (5% - 10%) | - (5% - 10%) | - (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%)
Turkey | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%)
South America | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%)
BBVA Group | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%) | + (0% - 5%) | - (0% - 5%)

(*) Percentage of "1 year" net interest income forecast for each unit.

(**) Percentage of Core Capital for each unit.

(***) In Europe downward movement allowed until more negative level than current rates.

In 2017 in Europe monetary policy has remained expansionary, maintaining rates at 0%. In USA the rising rate cycle initiated by the Federal Reserve in 2015 has been intensified. In Mexico and Turkey, the upward cycle has continued because of weak currencies and inflation prospects. In South America, monetary policy has been expansive, with rate declines in most of the economies where the Group operates, with the exception of Argentina, where rates increased during 2017.

The BBVA Group maintains, overall in its Balance Sheet Management Units ("BSMUs"), a positive sensitivity in its net interest income to an increase in interest rates. The higher relative net interest income sensitivities are observed in mature markets, particularly Europe, where however, the negative sensitivity in its net interest income to a decrease in interest rates is limited by the downward path scope in interest rates. The Group maintains a moderate risk profile, according to its target risk, through effective management of its balance sheet structural risk.

Structural exchange-rate risk

In BBVA Group, structural exchange-rate risk arises from the consolidation of holdings in subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the euro. Its management is centralized in order to optimize the joint handling of permanent foreign currency exposures, taking into account the diversification.

The corporate Assets and Liabilities Management unit, through ALCO, designs and executes hedging strategies with the main purpose of controlling the potential negative effect of exchange-rate fluctuations on capital ratios and on the equivalent value in euros of the foreign-currency earnings of the Group's subsidiaries, considering transactions according to market expectations and their cost.

The risk monitoring metrics included in the framework of limits are integrated into management and supplemented with additional assessment indicators. At corporate level they are based on probabilistic metrics that measure the maximum deviation in the Group’s Capital, CET1 (“Common Equity Tier 1”) ratio, and net attributable profit. The probabilistic metrics make it possible to estimate the joint impact of exposure to different currencies taking into account the different variability in exchange rates and their correlations.

The suitability of these risk assessment metrics is reviewed on a regular basis through backtesting exercises. The final element of structural exchange-rate risk control is the analysis of scenarios and stress with the aim of identifying in advance possible threats to future compliance with the risk appetite levels set, so that any necessary preventive management actions can be taken. The scenarios are based both on historical situations simulated by the risk model and on the risk scenarios provided by BBVA Research.

2017 has been characterized by the depreciation against the euro of the main currencies of the geographies where the Group operates: US Dollar (-12%), Mexican peso (-8%) and Turkish lira (-18%).

The Group's structural exchange-rate risk exposure level has remained fairly stable since the end of 2016. The hedging policy intends to keep low levels of sensitivity to movements in the exchange rates of emerging currencies against the euro and focuses on Mexican peso and Turkish lira. The risk mitigation level in capital ratio due to the book value of BBVA Group's holdings in foreign emerging currencies stood at around 70% and, as of the end of 2017, CET1 ratio

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sensitivity to the appreciation of 1% in the euro exchange rate for each currency is: US Dollar +1,2 bps; Mexican peso -0,1 bps; Turkish Lira -0,1 bps; other currencies -0,3 bps. On the other hand, hedging of emerging-currency denominated earnings of 2017 has reached a 61%, concentrated in Mexican peso and Turkish lira.

Structural equity risk

BBVA Group's exposure to structural equity risk stems basically from investments in industrial and financial companies with medium- and long-term investment horizons. This exposure is mitigated through net short positions held in derivatives of their underlying assets, used to limit portfolio sensitivity to potential falls in prices.

Structural management of equity portfolios is the responsibility of the Group's units specializing in this area. Their activity is subject to the corporate risk management policies for equity positions in the equity portfolio. The aim is to ensure that they are handled consistently with BBVA's business model and appropriately to its risk tolerance level, thus enabling long-term business sustainability.

The Group's risk management systems also make it possible to anticipate possible negative impacts and take appropriate measures to prevent damage being caused to the entity. The risk control and limitation mechanisms are focused on the exposure, annual operating performance and economic capital estimated for each portfolio. Economic capital is estimated in accordance with a corporate model based on Monte Carlo simulations, taking into account the statistical performance of asset prices and the diversification existing among the different exposures.

Stress tests and analyses of sensitivity to different simulated scenarios are carried out periodically to analyze the risk profile in more depth. They are based on both past crisis situations and forecasts made by BBVA Research. This checks that the risks are limited and that the tolerance levels set by the Group are not at risk.

Backtesting is carried out on a regular basis on the risk measurement model used.

With regard to the equity markets, the world indexes have closed the year 2017 with significant increases helped by a positive macro environment. However, the European indexes, and especially the Spanish one, have lagged despite their positive performance. In the case of the IBEX (+7% in the year), the index have been partly penalized in the second half of the year by the political tensions in Catalonia.

Structural equity risk, measured in terms of economic capital, has decreased in the period mainly due to the sale of stakes. The aggregate sensitivity of the BBVA Group’s consolidated equity to a 1% fall in the price of shares of the companies making up the equity portfolio remained at around -€32 million as of December 31, 2017 and -€38 million as of December 31, 2016. This estimate takes into account the exposure in shares valued at market prices, or if not applicable, at fair value (excluding the positions in the Treasury Area portfolios) and the net delta-equivalent positions in derivatives on the same underlyings.

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7.4.3 Financial Instruments offset

Financial assets and liabilities may be netted, i.e. they are presented for a net amount on the consolidated balance sheet only when the Group's entities satisfy with the provisions of IAS 32-Paragraph 42, so they have both the legal right to net recognized amounts, and the intention of settling the net amount or of realizing the asset and simultaneously paying the liability.

In addition, the Group has presented as gross amounts assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet for which there are master netting arrangements in place, but for which there is no intention of settling net. The most common types of events that trigger the netting of reciprocal obligations are bankruptcy of the entity, surpassing certain level of indebtedness threshold, failure to pay, restructuring and dissolution of the entity.

In the current market context, derivatives are contracted under different framework contracts being the most widespread developed by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) and, for the Spanish market, the Framework Agreement on Financial Transactions (“CMOF”). Almost all portfolio derivative transactions have been concluded under these framework contracts, including in them the netting clauses mentioned in the preceding paragraph as "Master Netting Agreement", greatly reducing the credit exposure on these instruments. Additionally, in contracts signed with professional counterparties, the collateral agreement annexes called Credit Support Annex (“CSA”) are included, thereby minimizing exposure to a potential default of the counterparty.

Moreover, in transactions involving assets purchased or sold under a purchase agreement there is a high volume transacted through clearing houses that articulate mechanisms to reduce counterparty risk, as well as through the signature of various master agreements for bilateral transactions, the most widely used being the Global Master Repurchase Agreement (GMRA), published by International Capital Market Association (“ICMA”), to which the clauses related to the collateral exchange are usually added within the text of the master agreement itself.

A summary of the effect of the compensation (via netting and collateral) for derivatives and securities operations is presented below as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

December 2017 (Millions of euros)
|  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (D) |
| Notes | Gross Amounts Recognized (A) | Gross Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (B) | Net Amount Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (C=A-B) | Financial Instruments | Cash Collateral Received/ Pledged | Net Amount (E=C-D)
Trading and hedging derivatives | 10, 15 | 49,333 | 11,584 | 37,749 | 27,106 | 7,442 | 3,202
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing and similar agreements |  | 26,426 | 56 | 26,369 | 26,612 | 141 | (384)
Total Assets |  | 75,759 | 11,641 | 64,118 | 53,717 | 7,583 | 2,818
Trading and hedging derivatives | 10, 15 | 50,693 | 11,644 | 39,049 | 27,106 | 8,328 | 3,615
Repurchase, securities lending and similar agreements |  | 40,134 | 56 | 40,078 | 40,158 | 21 | (101)
Total liabilities |  | 90,827 | 11,701 | 79,126 | 67,264 | 8,349 | 3,514

December 2016 (Millions of euros)
|  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (D) |
| Notes | Gross Amounts Recognized (A) | Gross Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (B) | Net Amount Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (C=A-B) | Financial Instruments | Cash Collateral Received/ Pledged | Net Amount (E=C-D)
Trading and hedging derivatives | 10, 15 | 59,374 | 13,587 | 45,788 | 32,146 | 6,571 | 7,070
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing and similar agreements |  | 25,833 | 2,912 | 22,921 | 23,080 | 174 | (333)
Total Assets |  | 85,208 | 16,499 | 68,709 | 55,226 | 6,745 | 6,738
Trading and hedging derivatives | 10, 15 | 59,545 | 14,080 | 45,465 | 32,146 | 7,272 | 6,047
Repurchase, securities lending and similar agreements |  | 49,474 | 2,912 | 46,562 | 47,915 | 176 | (1,529)
Total liabilities |  | 109,019 | 16,991 | 92,027 | 80,061 | 7,448 | 4,518

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December 2015 (Millions of euros)
|  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (D) |
| Notes | Gross Amounts Recognized (A) | Gross Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (B) | Net Amount Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (C=A-B) | Financial Instruments | Cash Collateral Received/ Pledged | Net Amount (E=C-D)
Trading and hedging derivatives | 10, 15 | 52,244 | 7,805 | 44,439 | 30,350 | 5,493 | 8,597
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing and similar agreements |  | 21,531 | 4,596 | 16,935 | 17,313 | 24 | (402)
Total Assets |  | 73,775 | 12,401 | 61,374 | 47,663 | 5,517 | 8,195
Trading and hedging derivatives | 10, 15 | 53,298 | 8,423 | 44,876 | 30,350 | 9,830 | 4,696
Repurchase, securities lending and similar agreements |  | 72,998 | 4,596 | 68,402 | 68,783 | 114 | (495)
Total liabilities |  | 126,296 | 13,019 | 113,278 | 99,133 | 9,944 | 4,201

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7.5 Liquidity risk

7.5.1 Liquidity risk management

Management of liquidity and structural finance within the BBVA Group is based on the principle of the financial autonomy of the entities that make it up. This approach helps prevent and limit liquidity risk by reducing the Group’s vulnerability in periods of high risk. This decentralized management avoids possible contagion due to a crisis that could affect only one or several BBVA Group entities, which must cover their liquidity needs independently in the markets where they operate. Liquidity Management Units (LMUs) have been set up for this reason in the geographical areas where the main foreign subsidiaries operate, and also for the parent BBVA S.A., within the Euro currency scope, which includes BBVA Portugal.

Assets and Liabilities Management unit manages BBVA Group's liquidity and funding. It plans and executes the funding of the long-term structural gap of each LMUs and proposes to ALCO the actions to adopt in this regard in accordance with the policies and limits established by the Standing Committee.

As first core element, the Bank's target in terms of liquidity and funding risk is characterized through the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Loan-to-Stable-Customer-Deposits (LtSCD) ratio. LCR is a regulatory measurement aimed at ensuring entities’ resistance in a scenario of liquidity stress within a time horizon of 30 days. BBVA, within its risk appetite framework and its limits and alerts schemes, has established a level of requirement for compliance with the LCR ratio both for the Group as a whole and for each of the LMUs individually. The internal levels required are geared to comply sufficiently and efficiently in advance with the implementation of the regulatory requirement of 2018, at a level above 100%.

LCR ratio in Europe came into force on 1st October 2015. With an initial 60% minimum requirement, progressively increased (phased-in) up to 100% in 2018. Throughout the year 2017, LCR level at BBVA Group has been comfortably above 100%. As of December 2017, the ratio level is 128%.

Although this regulatory requirement is mandatory at a Group level and Eurozone banks, all subsidiaries are well above this minimum. In any case, it should be noted that liquidity excesses in subsidiaries are not deemed transferable when calculating the consolidated ratio. Taking into account the impact of these High Quality Liquid Assets excluded, LCR ratio would be 149%, which is +21% above.

LCR main LMU
| December 2017
Group | 128%
Eurozone(*) | 151%
Bancomer | 148%
Compass(**) | 144%
Garanti | 134%

(*) Perimeter: Spain, Portugal and Rest of Eurasia

(**) Compass LCR calculated according to local regulation (Fed Modified LCR)

The LtSCD measures the relation between the net credit investment and stable funds. The aim is to preserve a stable funding structure in the medium term for each of the LMUs making up BBVA Group, taking into account that maintaining an adequate volume of stable customer funds is key to achieving a sound liquidity profile.

Customer funds captured and managed by business units are defined as stable customer funds. These funds usually show little sensitivity to market changes and are largely non-volatile in terms of aggregate amounts per operation, thanks to customer linkage to the unit. Stable funds in each LMU are calculated by analyzing the behavior of the balance sheets of the different customer segments identified as likely to provide stability to the funding structure, and by prioritizing an established relationship and applying bigger haircuts to the funding lines of less stable customers. The main base of stable funds is composed of deposits by individual customers and small businesses.

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For the purpose of establishing the (maximum) target levels for LtSCD in each LMU and providing an optimal funding structure reference in terms of risk appetite, GRM-Structural Risks identifies and assesses the economic and financial variables that condition the funding structures in the various geographical areas. The behavior of the indicators reflects that the funding structure remained robust in 2017, 2016 and 2015, in the sense that all the LMUs maintain levels of self-funding with stable customer funds higher than the required levels.

LtSCD by LMU
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Group (average) | 110% | 113% | 116%
Eurozone | 108% | 113% | 116%
Bancomer | 109% | 113% | 110%
Compass | 109% | 108% | 112%
Garanti | 122% | 124% | 128%
Other LMUs | 108% | 107% | 111%

The second core element in liquidity and funding risk management is to achieve proper diversification of the funding structure, avoiding excessive reliance on short-term funding and establishing a maximum level of short-term borrowing comprising both wholesale funding as well as funds from non-retail customers. Regarding long-term funding, the maturity profile does not show significant concentrations, which enables adaptation of the anticipated issuance schedule to the best financial conditions of the markets. Finally, concentration risk is monitored at the LMU level, with a view to ensuring the right diversification both per counterparty and per instrument type.

The third element promotes the short-term resilience of the liquidity risk profile, making sure that each LMU has sufficient collateral to address the risk of wholesale markets closing. Basic Capacity is the short-term liquidity risk management and control metric that is defined as the relationship between the available explicit assets and the maturities of wholesale liabilities and volatile funds, at different terms, with special relevance being given to 30-day maturities.

Each entity maintains an individual liquidity buffer, both Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA and its subsidiaries, including BBVA Compass, BBVA Bancomer, Garanti Bank and the Latin American subsidiaries. The table below shows the liquidity available by instrument as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 for the most significant entities:

December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| BBVA Eurozone (1) | BBVA Bancomer | BBVA Compass | Garanti Bank | Other
Cash and balances with central banks | 15,634 | 8,649 | 2,150 | 6,692 | 6,083
Assets for credit operations with central banks | 47,429 | 5,731 | 24,039 | 5,661 | 6,333
Central governments issues | 26,784 | 3,899 | 2,598 | 5,661 | 6,274
Of Which: Spanish government securities | 20,836 | - | - | - | -
Other issues | 20,645 | 1,831 | 7,023 | - | 58
Loans | - | - | 14,417 | - | -
Other non-eligible liquid assets | 7,986 | 575 | 621 | 1,607 | 345
ACCUMULATED AVAILABLE BALANCE | 71,050 | 14,955 | 26,810 | 13,959 | 12,761
AVERAGE BALANCE | 67,823 | 13,896 | 27,625 | 13,862 | 13,211

(1) It includes Spain, Portugal and Rest of Eurasia.

December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| BBVA Eurozone (1) | BBVA Bancomer | BBVA Compass | Garanti Bank | Other
Cash and balances with central banks | 16,038 | 8,221 | 1,495 | 4,758 | 6,504
Assets for credit operations with central banks | 50,706 | 4,175 | 26,865 | 4,935 | 4,060
Central governments issues | 30,702 | 1,964 | 1,084 | 4,935 | 3,985
Of Which: Spanish government securities | 23,353 | - | - | - | -
Other issues | 20,005 | 2,212 | 8,991 | - | 75
Loans | - | - | 16,790 | - | -
Other non-eligible liquid assets | 6,884 | 938 | 662 | 1,478 | 883
ACCUMULATED AVAILABLE BALANCE | 73,629 | 13,335 | 29,022 | 11,171 | 11,447
AVERAGE BALANCE | 68,322 | 13,104 | 27,610 | 12,871 | 11,523

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(1) It includes Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (Portugal), S.A.

Figures originally reported in the year 2016 in accordance to the applicable regulation, without restatements.

Stress analyses are also a basic element of the liquidity and funding risk monitoring system, as they help anticipate deviations from the liquidity targets and limits set out in the risk appetite as well as establish tolerance ranges at different management levels. They also play a key role in the design of the Liquidity Contingency Plan and in defining the specific measures for action for realigning the risk profile.

For each of the scenarios, a check is carried out whether BBVA has sufficient liquid assets to meet the liquidity commitments/outflows in the various periods analyzed. The analysis considers four scenarios, one core and three crisis-related: systemic crisis; unexpected internal crisis with a considerable rating downgrade and/or affecting the ability to issue in wholesale markets and the perception of business risk by the banking intermediaries and the BBVA's customers; and a mixed scenario, as a combination of the two aforementioned scenarios. Each scenario considers the following factors: liquidity existing on the market, customer behavior and sources of funding, impact of rating downgrades, market values of liquid assets and collateral, and the interaction between liquidity requirements and the performance of the BBVA's asset quality.

The results of these stress analyses carried out regularly reveal that BBVA has a sufficient buffer of liquid assets to deal with the estimated liquidity outflows in a scenario such as a combination of a systemic crisis and an unexpected internal crisis, during a period in general longer than 3 months for LMUs, including a major downgrade in the BBVA's rating (by up to three notches).

Beside the results of stress exercises and risk metrics, Early Warning Indicators play an important role in the corporate model and also in the Liquidity Contingency Plan. These are mainly financing structure indicators, related to asset encumbrance, counterparty concentration, outflows of customer deposits, unexpected use of credit lines, and market indicators, which help to anticipate potential risks and capture market expectations.

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Below is a matrix of residual maturities by contractual periods based on supervisory prudential reporting as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:

December 2017. Contractual Maturities (Millions of euros)
| Demand | Up to 1 Month | 1 to 3 Months | 3 to 6 Months | 6 to 9 Months | 9 to 12 Months | 1 to 2 Years | 2 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 8,179 | 31,029 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 39,208
Deposits in credit entities | 252 | 4,391 | 181 | 169 | 120 | 122 | 116 | 112 | 157 | 1,868 | 7,488
Deposits in other financial institutions | 1 | 939 | 758 | 796 | 628 | 447 | 1,029 | 681 | 806 | 1,975 | 8,060
Reverse repo, securities borrowing and margin lending | 18,979 | 2,689 | 1,921 | 541 | 426 | 815 | 30 | 727 | 226 | - | 26,354
Loans and Advances | 267 | 21,203 | 26,323 | 23,606 | 15,380 | 17,516 | 43,973 | 35,383 | 50,809 | 123,568 | 358,028
Securities' portfolio settlement | 1 | 1,579 | 4,159 | 4,423 | 2,380 | 13,391 | 5,789 | 11,289 | 12,070 | 44,666 | 99,747

December 2017. Contractual Maturities (Millions of euros)
| Demand | Up to 1 Month | 1 to 3 Months | 3 to 6 Months | 6 to 9 Months | 9 to 12 Months | 1 to 2 Years | 2 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale funding | - | 3,648 | 4,209 | 4,238 | 1,227 | 2,456 | 5,772 | 6,432 | 18,391 | 30,162 | 76,535
Deposits in financial institutions | 6,831 | 5,863 | 1,082 | 2,335 | 392 | 1,714 | 930 | 765 | 171 | 1,429 | 21,512
Deposits in other financial institutions and international agencies | 10,700 | 4,827 | 3,290 | 1,959 | 554 | 1,328 | 963 | 286 | 355 | 1,045 | 25,307
Customer deposits | 233,068 | 45,171 | 18,616 | 11,428 | 8,711 | 10,368 | 7,607 | 2,612 | 1,833 | 2,034 | 341,448
Security pledge funding | - | 35,502 | 2,284 | 1,405 | 396 | 973 | 64 | 23,009 | 338 | 1,697 | 65,668
Derivatives, net | - | (18) | (110) | (116) | (135) | (117) | (336) | (91) | (106) | (419) | (1,448)

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December 2016. Contractual Maturities (Millions of euros)
| Demand | Up to 1 Month | 1 to 3 Months | 3 to 6 Months | 6 to 9 Months | 9 to 12 Months | 1 to 2 Years | 2 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 23,191 | 13,825 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 37,016
Deposits in credit entities | 991 | 4,068 | 254 | 155 | 48 | 72 | 117 | 87 | 122 | 4,087 | 10,002
Deposits in other financial institutions | 1 | 1,192 | 967 | 675 | 714 | 532 | 1,330 | 918 | 942 | 336 | 7,608
Reverse repo, securities borrowing and margin lending | - | 20,232 | 544 | 523 | - | 428 | 500 | 286 | 124 | 189 | 22,826
Loans and Advances | 591 | 20,272 | 25,990 | 22,318 | 16,212 | 15,613 | 44,956 | 35,093 | 55,561 | 133,589 | 370,195
Securities' portfolio settlement | - | 708 | 3,566 | 3,688 | 2,301 | 4,312 | 19,320 | 10,010 | 16,662 | 51,472 | 112,039

December 2016. Contractual Maturities (Millions of euros)
| Demand | Up to 1 Month | 1 to 3 Months | 3 to 6 Months | 6 to 9 Months | 9 to 12 Months | 1 to 2 Years | 2 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale funding | 419 | 7,380 | 2,943 | 5,547 | 3,463 | 5,967 | 7,825 | 5,963 | 14,016 | 31,875 | 85,397
Deposits in financial institutions | 6,762 | 5,365 | 1,181 | 2,104 | 800 | 2,176 | 746 | 1,156 | 859 | 3,714 | 24,862
Deposits in other financial institutions and international agencies | 15,375 | 6,542 | 8,624 | 3,382 | 2,566 | 1,897 | 1,340 | 686 | 875 | 2,825 | 44,114
Customer deposits | 206,140 | 49,053 | 25,522 | 15,736 | 11,863 | 11,343 | 8,619 | 5,060 | 781 | 936 | 335,052
Security pledge funding | - | 38,153 | 3,561 | 1,403 | 1,004 | 912 | 1,281 | 640 | 23,959 | 1,712 | 72,626
Derivatives, net | - | (2,123) | (95) | (190) | (111) | (326) | (132) | (82) | (105) | (47) | (3,210)

Figures originally reported in the year 2016 in accordance to the applicable regulation, without restatements.

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The matrix shows the retail nature of the funding structure, with a loan portfolio being mostly funded by customer deposits. On the outflows side of the matrix, the “demand” maturity bucket mainly contains the retail customers sight accounts whose behavior shows a high level of stability. According to internal methodology they are estimated to mature on average around three years.

In the Euro Liquidity Management Unit (LMU), solid liquidity and funding situation, where activity has continued to generate liquidity through the decrease of Credit Gap and the good performance of the customer liabilities. In addition, during 2017 the Euro LMU made issues in the public market for €7,100 million, which has allowed it to obtain funding at favorable price conditions.

In Mexico, sound liquidity position, the dependence on wholesale financing remains low and closely associated with the securities portfolios. In 2017, BBVA Bancomer made local issuances at 3 and 5 years for 7000 million of Mexican pesos.

In the United States, the containment of the cost of liabilities has led to a slightly increase in the credit gap. At the end of December, 2017 BBVA Compass successfully issued 5 year senior debt for USD 750 million.

Comfortable liquidity situation in Turkey supported by the favorable market conditions, with slight Credit Gap increase due to lending growth under the government's Credit Guarantee Fund program. During 2017, Garanti realized USD 2,000 million foreign currency and 1,700 million of Turkish liras long term issuances. Additionally syndicate loans have been rolled over in the second and fourth quarter, with a new 2 years tenor.

The liquidity position of the rest of subsidiaries has continued to be sound, maintaining a solid liquidity position in all the jurisdictions in which the Group operates. Access to capital markets of these subsidiaries has also been maintained with recurring issuances in the local market.

In this context, BBVA has maintained its objective of strengthening the funding structure of the different Group entities based on growing their self-funding from stable customer funds, while guaranteeing a sufficient buffer of fully available liquid assets, diversifying the various sources of funding available, and optimizing the generation of collateral available for dealing with stress situations in the markets.

7.5.2 Asset encumbrance

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the encumbered (those provided as collateral for certain liabilities) and unencumbered assets are broken down as follows:

December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Encumbered assets | Non-Encumbered assets
| Book value of Encumbered assets | Market value of Encumbered assets | Book value of non-encumbered assets | Market value of non-encumbered assets
Equity instruments | 2,297 | 2,297 | 9,616 | 9,616
Debt Securities | 28,700 | 29,798 | 84,391 | 84,391
Loans and Advances and other assets | 79,604 | - | 485,451 | -
December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Encumbered assets | Non-Encumbered assets
| Book value of Encumbered assets | Market value of Encumbered assets | Book value of non-encumbered assets | Market value of non-encumbered assets
Equity instruments | 2,214 | 2,214 | 9,022 | 9,022
Debt Securities | 40,114 | 39,972 | 90,679 | 90,679
Loans and Advances and other assets | 94,718 |  | 495,109 |

The committed value of "Loans and Advances and other assets" corresponds mainly to loans linked to the issue of covered bonds, territorial bonds or long-term securitized bonds (see Note 22.3) as well as those used as a guarantee to

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access certain funding transactions with central banks. Debt securities and equity instruments respond to underlying that are delivered in repos with different types of counterparties, mainly clearing houses or credit institutions, and to a lesser extent central banks. Collateral provided to guarantee derivative operations is also included as committed assets.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, collateral pledge mainly due to repurchase agreements and securities lending, and those which could be committed in order to obtain funding are provided below:

December 2017. Collateral received (Millions of euros)
| Fair value of encumbered collateral received or own debt securities issued | Fair value of collateral received or own debt securities issued available for encumbrance | Nominal amount of collateral received or own debt securities issued not available for encumbrance
Collateral received | 23,881 | 9,630 | 201
Equity instruments | 103 | 5 | -
Debt securities | 23,715 | 9,619 | 121
Loans and Advances and other assets | 63 | 6 | 80
Own debt securities issued other than own covered bonds or ABSs | 3 | 161 | -

December 2016. Collateral received (Millions of euros)
| Fair value of encumbered collateral received or own debt securities issued | Fair value of collateral received or own debt securities issued available for encumbrance | Nominal amount of collateral received or own debt securities issued not available for encumbrance
Collateral received | 19,921 | 10,039 | 173
Equity instruments | 58 | 59 | -
Debt securities | 19,863 | 8,230 | 28
Loans and Advances and other assets | - | 1,750 | 144
Own debt securities issued other than own covered bonds or ABSs | 5 | - | -

The guarantees received in the form of reverse repos or security lending transactions are committed by their use in repos, as is the case with debt securities.

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As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, financial liabilities issued related to encumbered assets in financial transactions as well as their book value were as follows:

December 2017. Sources of encumbrance (Millions of euros)
| Matching liabilities, contingent liabilities or securities lent | Assets, collateral received and own debt securities issued other than covered bonds and ABSs encumbered
Book value of financial liabilities | 118,704 | 133,312
Derivatives | 11,843 | 11,103
Loans and Advances | 87,484 | 98,478
Outstanding subordinated debt | 19,377 | 23,732
Other sources | 305 | 1,028

December 2016. Sources of encumbrance (Millions of euros)
| Matching liabilities, contingent liabilities or securities lent | Assets, collateral received and own debt securities issued other than covered bonds and ABSs encumbered
Book value of financial liabilities | 134,387 | 153,632
Derivatives | 9,304 | 9,794
Loans and Advances | 96,137 | 108,268
Outstanding subordinated debt | 28,946 | 35,569
Other sources | - | 2,594

7.6 Operational Risk

Operational risk is defined as one that could potentially cause losses due to human errors, inadequate or faulty internal processes, system failures or external events. This definition includes legal risk but excludes strategic and/or business risk and reputational risk.

Operational risk is inherent to all banking activities, products, systems and processes. Its origins are diverse (processes, internal and external fraud, technology, human resources, commercial practices, disasters, suppliers). Operational risk management is a part of the BBVA Group global risk management structure.

Operational risk management framework

Operational risk management in the Group is based on the value-adding drivers generated by the advanced measurement approach (AMA), as follows:

1) Active management of operational risk and its integration into day-to-day decision-making means:

· Knowledge of the real losses associated with this type of risk.

· Identification, prioritization and management of real and potential risks.

· The existence of indicators that enable the Bank to analyze operational risk over time, define warning signals and verify the effectiveness of the controls associated with each risk.

2) The above helps create a proactive model for making decisions about control and business, and for prioritizing the efforts to mitigate relevant risks in order to reduce the Group's exposure to extreme events.

3) Improved control environment and strengthened corporate culture.

4) Generation of a positive reputational impact.

5) Model based on three lines of defense, aligned with international industry practices.

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Operational Risk Management Principles

Operational risk management in BBVA Group should:

· Be aligned with the risk appetite framework statement set out by the Board of BBVA.

· Anticipate the potential operational risks to which the Group would be exposed as a result of new or modified products, activities, processes, systems or outsourcing decisions, and establish procedures to enable their evaluation and reasonable mitigation prior to their implementation.

· Establish methodologies and procedures to enable a regular reassessment of the relevant operational risks to which the Group is exposed in order to adopt appropriate mitigation measures in each case, once the identified risk and the cost of mitigation (cost/benefit analysis) have been considered, while preserving the Group's solvency at all times.

· Identify the causes of the operational losses sustained by the Group and establish measures to reduce them. Procedures must therefore be in place to enable the capture and analysis of the operational events that cause those losses.

· Analyze the events that have caused operational risk losses in other institutions in the financial sector and promote, where appropriate, the implementation of the measures needed to prevent them from occurring in the Group.

· Identify, analyze and quantify events with a low probability of occurrence and high impact in order to evaluate their mitigation. Due to their exceptional nature, it is possible that such events may not be included in the loss database or, if they are, they have impacts that are not representative.

· Have an effective system of governance in place, where the functions and responsibilities of the areas and bodies involved in operational risk management are clearly defined.

These principles reflect BBVA Group's vision of operational risk, on the basis that the resulting events have an ultimate cause that should always be identified, and that the impact of the events is reduced significantly by controlling that cause.

Irrespective of the adoption of all the possible measures and controls for preventing or reducing both the frequency and severity of operational risk events, BBVA ensures at all times that sufficient capital is available to cover any expected or unexpected losses that may occur.

7.7 Risk concentration

Policies for preventing excessive risk concentration

In order to prevent the build-up of excessive concentrations of credit risk at the individual, country and sector levels, BBVA Group maintains maximum permitted risk concentration indices updated at individual and portfolio sector levels tied to the various observable variables within the field of credit risk management.

Together with the limits for individual concentration, the Group uses the Herfindahl index to measure the concentration of the Group's portfolio and the banking group's subsidiaries. At the BBVA Group level, the index reached implies a "very low" degree of concentration.

The limit on the Group’s exposure or financial commitment to a specific customer therefore depends on the customer’s credit rating, the nature of the risks involved, and the Group’s presence in a given market, based on the following guidelines:

· The aim is, as much as possible, to reconcile the customer's credit needs (commercial/financial, short-term/long-term, etc.) with the interests of the Group.

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· Any legal limits that may exist concerning risk concentration are taken into account (relationship between risks with a customer and the capital of the shareholder´s entity that assumes them), the markets, the macroeconomic situation, etc.

Risk concentrations by geography

The breakdown of the main figures in the most significant foreign currencies in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is set forth in Appendix IX.

Sovereign risk concentration

Sovereign risk management

The risk associated with the transactions involving sovereign risk is identified, measured, controlled and tracked by a centralized unit integrated in the BBVA Group’s Risk Area. Its basic functions involve the preparation of reports in the countries where sovereign risk exists (called “financial programs”), tracking such risks, assigning ratings to these countries and, in general, supporting the Group in terms of reporting requirements for any transactions involving sovereign risk. The risk policies established in the financial programs are approved by the relevant risk committees.

The country risk unit tracks the evolution of the risks associated with the various countries to which the Group are exposed (including sovereign risk) on an ongoing basis in order to adapt its risk and mitigation policies to any macroeconomic and political changes that may occur. Moreover, it regularly updates its internal ratings and forecasts for these countries. The methodology is based on the assessment of quantitative and qualitative parameters which are in line with those used by certain multilateral organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, rating agencies and export credit organizations.

For additional information on sovereign risk in Europe see Appendix IX.

Valuation and impairment methods

The valuation methods used to assess the instruments that are subject to sovereign risks are the same ones used for other instruments included in the relevant portfolios and are detailed in Note 8.

Specifically, the fair value of sovereign debt securities of European countries has been considered equivalent to their listed price in active markets (Level 1 as defined in Note 8).

Risk related to the developer and Real-Estate sector in Spain

One of the main Group activities of the Group in Spain is focused on developer and mortgage loans. The policies and strategies established by the Group to deal with risks related to the developer and real-estate sector are explained below:

Policies and strategies established by the Group to deal with risks related to the developer and real-estate sector

BBVA has teams specializing in the management of the Real-Estate Sector risk, given its economic importance and specific technical component. This specialization is not only in the Risk-Acceptance teams, but throughout the handling, commercial, problem risks and legal, etc. It also includes the research department of the BBVA Group (BBVA Research), which helps determine the medium/long-term vision needed to manage this portfolio. Specialization has been increased and the management teams in the areas of recovery and the Real Estate Unit itself have been reinforced.

The policies established to address the risks related to the developer and real-estate sector, aim to accomplish, among others, the following objectives: to avoid concentration in terms of customers, products and regions; to estimate the risk profile for the portfolio; and to anticipate possible worsening of the portfolio.

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Specific policies for analysis and admission of new developer risk transactions

In the analysis of new operations, the assessment of the commercial operation in terms of the economic and financial viability of the project has been one of the constant points that have helped ensure the success and transformation of construction land operations for customers’ developments.

With regard the participation of the Risk Acceptance teams, they have a direct link and participate in the committees of areas such as Recoveries and the Real Estate Unit. This guarantees coordination and exchange of information in all the processes.

The following strategies have been implemented with customers in the developer sector: avoidance of large corporate transactions, which had already reduced their share in the years of greatest market growth; non active participation in the second-home market; commitment to public housing financing; and participation in land operations with a high level of urban development security, giving priority to land open to urban development.

Risk monitoring policies

The base information for analyzing the real estate portfolios is updated monthly. The tools used include the so-called “watch-list”, which is updated monthly with the progress of each client under watch, and the different strategic plans for management of special groups. There are plans that involve an intensification of the review of the portfolio for financing land, while, in the case of ongoing promotions, they are classified based on the rate of progress of the projects.

These actions have enabled BBVA to identify possible impairment situations, by always keeping an eye on BBVA’s position with each customer (whether or not as first creditor). In this regard, key aspects include management of the risk policy to be followed with each customer, contract review, deadline extension, improved collateral, rate review (repricing) and asset purchase.

Proper management of the relationship with each customer requires knowledge of various aspects such as the identification of the source of payment difficulties, an analysis of the company’s future viability, the updating of the information on the debtor and the guarantors (their current situation and business course, economic-financial information, debt analysis and generation of funds), and the updating of the appraisal of the assets offered as collateral.

BBVA has a classification of debtors in accordance with legislation in force in each country, usually categorizing each one’s level of difficulty for each risk.

Based on the information above, a decision is made whether to use the refinancing tool, whose objective is to adjust the structure of the maturity of the debt to the generation of funds and the customer’s payment capacity.

As for the policies relating to risk refinancing with the developer and real-estate sector, they are the same as the general policies used for all of the Group’s risks (see Note 7.3.6). In the developer and real estate sector, they are based on clear solvency and viability criteria for projects, with demanding terms for additional guarantees and legal compliance, given a refinancing tool that standardizes criteria and variables when considering any refinancing operation.

In the case of refinancing, the tools used for enhancing the Bank’s position are: the search for new intervening parties with proven solvency and initial payment to reduce the principal debt or outstanding interest; the improvement of the debt bond in order to facilitate the procedure in the event of default; the provision of new or additional collateral; and making refinancing viable with new conditions (period, rate and repayments), adapted to a credible and sufficiently verified business plan.

Policies applied in the management of real estate assets in Spain

The policy applied for managing these assets depends on the type of real-estate asset, as detailed below.

· In the case of completed homes, the final aim is the sale of these homes to private individuals, thus reducing the risk and beginning a new business cycle. Here, the strategy has been to help subrogation (the default rate in this channel of business is notably lower than in any other channel of residential mortgages) and to support

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customers’ sales directly, using BBVA’s own channel (BBVA Services and its branches), creating incentives for sale and including sale orders for BBVA. In exceptional case we have even accepted partial haircuts, with the aim of making the sale easier.

· In the case of ongoing home construction, the strategy has been to help and promote the completion of the construction in order to transfer the investment to completed homes. The whole developer Works in Progress portfolio has been reviewed and classified into different stages with the aim of using different tools to support the strategy. This includes the use of developer accounts-payable financing as a form of payment control, the use of project monitoring supported by the Real Estate Unit itself, and the management of direct suppliers for the works as a complement to the developer’s own management.

· With respect to land, the fact that the risk of rustic land is not significant simplifies the management. Urban management and liquidity control to tackle urban planning costs are also subject to special monitoring.

For quantitative information about the risk related to the developer and Real-Estate sector in Spain see Appendix IX.

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8. Fair value

8.1 Fair value of financial instrument

The fair value of financial instrument is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It is therefore a market-based measurement and not specific to each entity.

All financial instruments, both assets and liabilities are initially recognized at fair value, which at that point is equivalent to the transaction price, unless there is evidence to the contrary in the market. Subsequently, depending on the type of financial instrument, it may continue to be recognized at amortized cost or fair value through adjustments in the consolidated income statement or equity.

When possible, the fair value is determined as the market price of a financial instrument. However, for many of the financial assets and liabilities of the Group, especially in the case of derivatives, there is no market price available, so its fair value is estimated on the basis of the price established in recent transactions involving similar instruments or, in the absence thereof, by using mathematical measurement models that are sufficiently tried and trusted by the international financial community. The estimates of the fair value derived from the use of such models take into consideration the specific features of the asset or liability to be measured and, in particular, the various types of risk associated with the asset or liability. However, the limitations inherent in the measurement models and possible inaccuracies in the assumptions and parameters required by these models may mean that the estimated fair value of an asset or liability does not exactly match the price for which the asset or liability could be exchanged or settled on the date of its measurement.

As part of the process established in the Group for determining the fair value in order to ensure that financial assets and liabilities are properly valued, BBVA has established, at a geographic level, a structure of New Product Committees responsible for validating and approving new products or types of financial assets and liabilities before being contracted. Local management responsible for valuation, which are independent from the business (see Note 7) are members of these committees.

These areas are required to ensure, prior to the approval stage, the existence of not only technical and human resources, but also adequate informational sources to measure the fair value of these financial assets and liabilities, in accordance with the rules established by the Global Valuation Area and using models that have been validated and approved by the Risk Analytics & Innovation Department that reports to Global Risk Management.

Additionally, for financial assets and liabilities that show significant uncertainty in inputs or model parameters used for valuation, criteria is established to measure said uncertainty and activity limits are set based on these. Finally, these measurements are compared, as much as possible, against other sources such as the measurements obtained by the business teams or those obtained by other market participants.

The process for determining the fair value requires the classification of the financial assets and liabilities according to the measurement processes used as set forth below:

· Level 1: Measurement using market observable quoted prices for the financial instrument in question, secured from independent sources and trading in active markets - according to the Group policies. This level includes, listed equity instruments, some debt securities, some derivatives and mutual funds.

· Level 2: Measurement that applies techniques using inputs drawn from observable market data.

· Level 3: Measurement using techniques where some of the material inputs are not derived from market observable data. As of December 31, 2017, the affected instruments accounted for approximately 0.13% of financial assets and 0.02% of the Group’s financial liabilities registered at fair value. Model selection and validation is undertaken by control areas outside the market area.

Below is a comparison of the carrying amount of the Group’s financial instruments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and their respective fair values.

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Fair Value and Carrying Amount (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Notes | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 9 | 42,680 | 42,680 | 40,039 | 40,039 | 29,282 | 29,282
Financial assets held for trading | 10 | 64,695 | 64,695 | 74,950 | 74,950 | 78,326 | 78,326
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 2,709 | 2,709 | 2,062 | 2,062 | 2,311 | 2,311
Available-for-sale financial assets | 12 | 69,476 | 69,476 | 79,221 | 79,221 | 113,426 | 113,426
Loans and receivables | 13 | 431,521 | 438,991 | 465,977 | 468,844 | 471,828 | 480,539
Held-to-maturity investments | 14 | 13,754 | 13,865 | 17,696 | 17,619 | - | -
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 2,485 | 2,485 | 2,833 | 2,833 | 3,538 | 3,538
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 10 | 46,182 | 46,182 | 54,675 | 54,675 | 55,202 | 55,202
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 2,222 | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,338 | 2,649 | 2,649
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 22 | 543,713 | 544,604 | 589,210 | 594,190 | 606,113 | 613,247
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 2,880 | 2,880 | 2,347 | 2,347 | 2,726 | 2,726

Not all financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value, so below we provide the information on financial instruments recorded at fair value and subsequently the information of those recorded at cost (including their fair value), although this value is not used when accounting for these instruments.

8.1.1 Fair value of financial instrument recognized at fair value, according to valuation criteria

The following table shows the financial instruments carried at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, broken down by the measurement technique used to determine their fair value:

Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Notes | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
ASSETS- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 10 | 29,057 | 35,349 | 289 | 32,544 | 42,221 | 184 | 37,922 | 40,240 | 164
Loans and advances to customers |  | - | 56 | - | - | 154 | - | - | 65 | -
Debt securities |  | 21,107 | 1,444 | 22 | 26,720 | 418 | 28 | 32,381 | 409 | 34
Equity instruments |  | 6,688 | 33 | 80 | 4,570 | 9 | 96 | 4,336 | 106 | 93
Derivatives |  | 1,262 | 33,815 | 187 | 1,254 | 41,640 | 60 | 1,205 | 39,661 | 36
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 2,061 | 648 | - | 2,062 | - | - | 2,246 | 2 | 62
Loans and advances to customers |  | - | 648 | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 62
Debt securities |  | 174 | - | - | 142 | - | - | 173 | - | -
Equity instruments |  | 1,888 | - | - | 1,920 | - | - | 2,074 | 2 | -
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 57,381 | 11,082 | 544 | 62,125 | 15,894 | 637 | 97,113 | 15,477 | 236
Debt securities |  | 54,850 | 10,948 | 454 | 58,372 | 15,779 | 429 | 92,963 | 15,260 | 86
Equity instruments |  | 2,531 | 134 | 90 | 3,753 | 115 | 208 | 4,150 | 217 | 150
Hedging derivatives | 15 | - | 2,483 | 2 | 41 | 2,792 | - | 59 | 3,478 | -
LIABILITIES- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 10 | 11,191 | 34,866 | 125 | 12,502 | 42,120 | 53 | 14,074 | 41,079 | 50
Derivatives |  | 1,183 | 34,866 | 119 | 952 | 42,120 | 47 | 1,037 | 41,079 | 34
Short positions |  | 10,008 | - | 6 | 11,550 | - | 6 | 13,038 | - | 16
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | - | 2,222 | - | - | 2,338 | - | - | 2,649 | -
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 274 | 2,606 | - | 94 | 2,189 | 64 | - | 2,594 | 132

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The heading “Available-for-sale financial assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, additionally includes €469 million, €565 and €600 million for equity instruments, respectively, for financial assets accounted for at cost, as indicated in the section of this Note entitled “Financial instruments at cost”.

Financial instruments carried at fair value corresponding to the companies that belong to Banco Provincial Group in Venezuela whose balance is denominated in “bolivares fuertes” are classified under Level 3 in the above tables (see Note 2.2.20).

The following table sets forth the main valuation techniques, hypothesis and inputs used in the estimation of fair value of the financial instruments classified under Levels 2 and 3, based on the type of financial asset and liability and the corresponding balances as of December 31, 2017:

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Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Level 2 | Level 3 | Valuation technique(s) | Observable inputs | Unobservable inputs
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 35,349 | 289 |  |  |
Loans and advances | 56 | - | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk - Current market interest rates |
Debt securities | 1,444 | 22 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) Observed prices in non active markets | - Issuer´s credit risk - Current market interest rates - Non active makets prices | - Prepayment rates - Issuer´s credit risk - Recovery rates
Equity instruments | 33 | 80 | Comparable pricing (Observable price in a similar market) Present-value method | - Brokers quotes - Market operations - NAVs published | - NAV provided by the administrator of the fund
Derivatives | 33,815 | 187 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations | - Beta - Implicit correlations between tenors - interest rates volatility
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility - Implicit assets correlations - Long term implicit correlations - Implicit dividends and long term repos
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility - Implicit assets correlations - Long term implicit correlations
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations | - Correlation default - Credit spread - Recovery rates - Interest rate yield - Default volatility
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations |
Other |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 648 | - |  |  |
Loans and advances | 648 | - | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer credit risk - Current market interest rates | - Prepayment rates - Issuer credit risk - Recovery rates
Debt securities | - | - | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer credit risk - Current market interest rates | - Prepayment rates - Issuer credit risk - Recovery rates
Equity instruments | - | - | Comparable pricing (Observable price in a similar market) Present-value method | - Brokers quotes - Market operations - NAVs published | - NAV provided by the administrator of the fund
Available-for-sale financial assets | 11,082 | 544 |  |  |
Debt securities | 10,948 | 454 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) Oberved prices in non active markets | - Issuer´s credit risk - Current market interest rates - Non active market prices | - Prepayment rates - Issuer credit risk - Recovery rates
Equity instruments | 134 | 90 | Comparable pricing (Observable price in a similar market) Present-value method | - Brokers quotes - Market operations - NAVs published | - NAV provided by the administrator of the fund
Hedging derivatives | 2,483 | 2 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations |
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations |
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations |
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations |
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations |

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Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Level 2 | Level 3 | Valuation technique(s) | Observable inputs | Unobservable inputs
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 34,866 | 125 |  |  |
Derivatives | 34,866 | 119 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations | - Beta - Correlation between tenors - interest rates volatility
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Volatility of volatility - Assets correlation
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Volatility of volatility - Assets correlation
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Correlation default - Credit spread - Recovery rates - Interest rate yield - Default volatility
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows |
Short positions | - | 6 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) |  | - Correlation default - Credit spread - Recovery rates - Interest rate yield
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 2,222 | - | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Prepayment rates - Issuer´s credit risk - Current market interest rates |
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 2,606 | - |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates - Market quoted future prices - Market interest rates - Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities - Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels - Quoted dividends - Market listed correlations | - Beta - Implicit correlations between tenors - interest rates volatility
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Volatility of volatility - Implicit assets correlations - Long term implicit correlations - Implicit dividends and long term repos
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Volatility of volatility - Implicit assets correlations - Long term implicit correlations
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Correlatio default - Credit spread - Recovery rates - Interest rate yield - Default volatility
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows |

Quantitative information of unobservable inputs used to calculate Level 3 valuations is presented below as of December 31, 2017

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Financial instrument | Valuation technique(s) | Significant unobservable inputs | Min | Average | Max | Units
Debt Securities | Net Present Value | Credit Spread | - | 78.27 | 399.93 | b.p.
Recovery Rate | 7.7% | 32.7% | 34.58% | %
Comparable pricing |  | 0% | 82.15% | 207.7% | %
Equity instruments | Net Asset Value |  |
Comparable pricing |
Credit Option | Gaussian Copula | Correlation Default | 35.19% | 43.92% | 57.82% | %
Corporate Bond Option | Black 76 | Price Volatility | - | - | - | vegas
Equity OTC Option | Heston | Forward Volatility Skew | 56.63 | 56.63 | 56.63 | Vegas
Local Volatility | Dividends |
Volatility | 1.89 | 22.96 | 77.03 | Vegas
FX OTC Options | Black Scholes/Local Vol | Volatility | 0.78 | 7.67 | 15.47 | Vegas
Interest Rate Option | Libor Market Model | Beta | 0.25 | 9 | 18 | %

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The main techniques used for the assessment of the majority of the financial instruments classified in Level 3, and its main unobservable inputs, are described below:

1) The net present value (net present value method): This technique uses the future cash flows of each debt security, which are established in the different contracts, and discounted to their present value. This technique often includes many observable inputs, but may also include unobservable inputs, as described below:

· Credit Spread: This input represents the difference in yield of a debt security and the reference rate, reflecting the additional return that a market participant would require to take the credit risk of that debt security. Therefore, the credit spread of the debt security is part of the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the future cash flows.

· Recovery rate: This input represents the percentage of principal and interest recovered from a debt instrument that has defaulted.

2) Comparable prices (similar asset prices): This input represents the prices of comparable financial instruments and benchmarks used to calculate a reference yield based on relative movements from the entry price or current market levels. Further adjustments to account for differences that may exist between financial instrument being valued and the comparable financial instrument may be added. It can also be assumed that the price of the financial instrument is equivalent to the comparable instrument.

3) Net asset value: This input represents the total value of the financial assets and liabilities of a fund and is published by the fund manager thereof.

4) Gaussian copula: This model is used to integrate default probabilities of credit instruments referenced to more than one underlying CDS. The joint density function used to value the instrument is constructed by using a Gaussian copula that relates the marginal densities by a normal distribution, usually extracted from the correlation matrix of events approaching default by CDS issuers.

5) Black 76: variant of Black Scholes model, whose main application is the valuation of bond options, cap floors and swaptions where the behavior of the Forward and not the Spot itself, is directly modeled.

6) Black Scholes: The Black Scholes model postulates log-normal distribution for the prices of securities, so that the expected return under the risk neutral measure is the risk free interest rate. Under this assumption, the price of vanilla options can be obtained analytically, so that inverting the Black- Scholes formula, the implied volatility for process of the price can be calculated.

7) Heston: This model, typically applied to equity OTC options, assumes stochastic behavior of volatility. According to which, the volatility follows a process that reverts to a long-term level and is correlated with the underlying equity instrument. As opposed to local volatility models, in which the volatility evolves deterministically, the Heston model is more flexible, allowing it to be similar to that observed in the short term today.

8) Libor market model: This model assumes that the dynamics of the interest rate curve can be modeled based on the set of forward contracts that compose the underlying interest rate. The correlation matrix is parameterized on the assumption that the correlation between any two forward contracts decreases at a constant rate, beta, to the extent of the difference in their respective due dates. The input “Credit default volatility” is a volatility input of the credit factor dynamic. The multifactorial frame of this model makes it ideal for the valuation of instruments sensitive to the slope or curve, including interest rate option.

9) Local Volatility: In the local volatility models of the volatility, instead of being static, evolves over time according to the level of moneyness of the underlying, capturing the existence of smiles. These models are appropriate for pricing path dependent options when use Monte Carlo simulation technique is used.

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Adjustments to the valuation for risk of default

The credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”) and debit valuation adjustments (“DVA”) are a part of derivative instrument valuations, both financial assets and liabilities, to reflect the impact in the fair value of the credit risk of the counterparty and BBVA, respectively.

These adjustments are calculated by estimating Exposure At Default, Probability of Default and Loss Given Default, for all derivative products on any instrument at the legal entity level (all counterparties under a same ISDA / CMOF) in which BBVA has exposure.

As a general rule, the calculation of CVA is done through simulations of market and credit variables to calculate the expected positive exposure, given the Exposure at Default and multiplying the result by the Loss Given Default of the counterparty. Consequently, the DVA is calculated as the result of the expected negative exposure given the Exposure at Default and multiplying the result by the Loss Given Default of the counterparty. Both calculations are performed throughout the entire period of potential exposure.

The information needed to calculate the exposure at default and the loss given default come from the credit markets (Credit Default Swaps or iTraxx Indexes), where rating is available. For those cases where the rating is not available, BBVA implements a mapping process based on the sector, rating and geography to assign probabilities of both probability of default and loss given default, calibrated directly to market or with an adjustment market factor for the probability of default and the historical expected loss.

The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 related to the valuation adjustments to the credit assessment of the derivative asset as “Credit Valuation Adjustments” (“CVA”) and the derivative liabilities as “Debit Valuation Adjustment” (DVA) were €-153 million and €138 million respectively. The impact recorded under “Gains or (-) losses on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” in the consolidated income statement as for the years ended 2017 and 2016 corresponding to the mentioned adjustments was a net impact of €-23 million and €46 million respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, €-10 million related to the “Funding Valuation Adjustments” (“FVA”) were recognized in the consolidated balance sheet.

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Financial assets and liabilities classified as Level 3

The changes in the balance of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets during 2017, 2016 and 2015, are as follows:

Financial Assets Level 3: Changes in the Period (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
Balance at the beginning | 822 | 116 | 463 | 182 | 601 | 98
Group incorporations | - | - | - | - | 148 | -
Changes in fair value recognized in profit and loss (*) | (24) | (21) | 33 | (86) | 124 | (100)
Changes in fair value not recognized in profit and loss | (45) | - | (81) | (3) | 27 | (123)
Acquisitions, disposals and liquidations (**) | 32 | 320 | 438 | (25) | (510) | 89
Net transfers to Level 3 | 106 | (39) | 16 | - | 145 | -
Exchange differences and others | (55) | (250) | (47) | 49 | (71) | 219
Balance at the end | 835 | 125 | 822 | 116 | 463 | 182

(*) Profit or loss that is attributable to gains or losses relating to those financial assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Valuation adjustments are recorded under the heading “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net”.

(**) Of which, in 2017, the assets roll forward is comprised of €432 million of acquisitions, €348 millions of disposals and €51 millions of liquidations. The liabilities roll forward is comprised of €403 million of acquisitions and €83 millions of liquidations.

As of December 31, 2017, the profit/loss on sales of financial instruments classified as Level 3 recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statement was not material.

Transfers between levels

The Global Valuation Area, in collaboration with the Technology and Methodology Area, has established the rules for a proper financials instruments held for trading classification according to the fair value hierarchy defined by international accounting standards.

On a monthly basis, any new assets added to the portfolio are classified, according to this criterion, by the accounting subsidiary. Then, there is a quarterly review of the portfolio in order to analyze the need for a change in classification of any of these assets.

The financial instruments transferred between the different levels of measurement for the year ended December 31, 2017 are recorded at the following amounts in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017:

Transfer Between Levels. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| From: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
| To: | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level2
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading |  | 14 | 1 | 38 | 7 | - | -
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 101 | 50 | 130 | 25 | - | -
Total |  | 115 | 50 | 169 | 31 | - | -
LIABILITIES- |  | - | - | - | - | - | -
Financial liabilities held for trading |  | - | - | - | - | - | -
Total |  | - | - | - | - | - | -

The amount of financial instruments that were transferred between levels of valuation for the year ended December 31, 2017 is not material relative to the total portfolios, and corresponds to the above changes in the classification between levels these financial instruments modified some of their features, specifically:

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· Transfers between Levels 1 and 2 represents mainly debt securities, which are either no longer listed on an active market (transfer from Level 1 to 2) or have just started to be listed (transfer from Level 2 to 1).

· Transfers from Level 1 to Level 3 generally affect equity instruments, using variables not obtained from observable date in the market.

Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis is performed on financial instruments with significant unobservable inputs (financial instruments included in level 3), in order to obtain a reasonable range of possible alternative valuations. This analysis is carried out on a monthly basis, based on the criteria defined by the Global Valuation Area taking into account the nature of the methods used for the assessment and the reliability and availability of inputs and proxies used. In order to establish, with a sufficient degree of certainty, the valuating risk that is incurred in such assets without applying diversification criteria between them.

As of December 31, 2017, the effect on profit for the period and total equity of changing the main unobservable inputs used for the measurement of Level 3 financial instruments for other reasonably possible unobservable inputs, taking the highest (most favorable input) or lowest (least favorable input) value of the range deemed probable, would be as follows:

Financial Assets Level 3: Sensitivity Analysis (Millions of euros)
| Potential Impact on Consolidated Income Statement | Potential Impact on Total Equity
| Most Favorable Hypothesis | Least Favorable Hypothesis | Most Favorable Hypothesis | Least Favorable Hypothesis
ASSETS | 7 | (18) | - | -
Financial assets held for trading | - | (3) | - | -
Debt securities | 4 | (12) | - | -
Equity instruments | 3 | (3) | - | -
Derivatives | - | - | 12 | (20)
Available-for-sale financial assets | - | - | 8 | (8)
Debt securities | - | - | 4 | (12)
Equity instruments | - | - | - | -
LIABILITIES | - | - | - | -
Financial liabilities held for trading | 1 | - | - | -
Total | 7 | (18) | 12 | (20)

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8.1.2 Fair value of financial instruments carried at cost

The valuation technique used to calculate the fair value of financial assets and liabilities carried at cost are presented below:

· The fair value of "Cash and cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits" approximates their book value, as it is mainly short-term balances.

· The fair value of the "Loans and receivables", “Held-to-maturity unlisted investments” and "financial liabilities at amortized cost" was estimated using the method of discounted expected future cash flows using market interest rates at the end of each year. Additionally, factors such as credit spreads and prepayment rates are taken into account.

The following table presents the fair value of key financial instruments carried at amortized cost in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, broken down according to the method of valuation used for the estimation:

Fair Value of financial Instruments at amortized cost by Levels (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Notes | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 9 | 41,969 | - | 711 | 39,373 | - | 666 | 28,961 | - | 322
Loans and receivables |  | - | 9,475 | 429,517 | - | 10,991 | 457,853 | - | 7,681 | 472,858
Held-to-maturity investments |  | 13,708 | 138 | 19 | 17,567 | 11 | 41 | - | - | -
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 22 | - | - | 544,604 | - | - | 594,190 | - | - | 613,247

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The main valuation techniques and inputs used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments accounted for at cost and classified in levels 2 and 3 is shown below. These are broken down by type of financial instrument and the balances correspond to those as of December 31, 2017:

Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Level 2 | Level 3 | Valuation technique(s) | Main inputs used
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Loans and receivables | 9,475 | 429,517 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) |
Central Banks | - | 7,300 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to credit institutions | - | 26,654 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to customers | 134 | 394,562 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Debt securities | 9,341 | 999 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread - Interest rate yield
Held-to-maturity investments | 138 | 19 |  |
Debt securities | 138 | 19 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread - Interest rate yield
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | - | 544,604 |  |
Central Banks | - | 37,057 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to credit institutions | - | 54,496 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to customers | - | 381,947 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Debt securities | - | 59,272 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield
Other financial liabilities | - | 11,832 | Present-value method (Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk - Prepayment rates - Interest rate yield

Financial instruments at cost

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 there were equity instruments and certain discretionary profit-sharing arrangements in some entities which were recognized at cost in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets because their fair value could not be reliably determined, as they were not traded in organized markets and reliable unobservable inputs are not available. On the above dates, the balances of these financial instruments recognized in the portfolio of available-for-sale financial assets amounted to €469 million, €565 million and €600, respectively.

The table below outlines such financial instruments carried at cost that were sold during the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Sales of financial instruments carried at cost (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Amount of Sale (A) | 21 | 201 | 33
Carrying Amount at Sale Date (B) | 15 | 58 | 22
Gains (Losses) (A-B) | 6 | 142 | 11

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8.2 Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

As indicated in Note 2.2.4, non-current assets held for sale are measured at the lower of their fair value less costs to sell and its carrying amount. As of December 31, 2017 nearly the entire book value of the non-current assets held for sale from foreclosures or recoveries approximate their fair value (see Note 20 and 21). The global valuation of the portfolio of assets has been carried out using a statistical methodology based on real estate and local macroeconomic variables.

Valuation standards

The overall rating of the portfolio of assets has been carried out using a statistical methodology based on real estate and local macroeconomic variables.

The details of each property which has been based each of the assessments are specified in the data sheet valuation of each asset.

Valuation Methodology

Overall valuation of real estate assets portfolio

The overall valuation of the portfolio of real estate assets was performed from the latest appraisal values available. This value was adjusted based on the following:

· Analysis of the property sales performed during the year and comparison of the cost to sell these properties to the appraisal values obtained most recently. From this analysis derived a conclusion by type of property and location.

· Individual valuation of a material sample of the entire portfolio considering type of properties. The results obtained from these valuations have been compared with the adjusted values of the above analysis, obtaining a second conclusion by type and location.

Individual valuation of real estate assets sample

The basic methods used in the valuation were as follows:

· Comparative Market Method: the property under study is compared with others with similar characteristics which have been recently sold or are for sale on the market, making a comparative analysis, making adjustments due to factors that can cause differences, such as location, size, dimensions, shape, topography, access, urban classification, type of construction, age, storage, distribution, function, or design.

· Dynamic Residual Method (DRM): this is considered the most accurate method to conduct an appraisal of poorly developed or undeveloped land, where there is minimal planning (use and a gross floor area) or a more defined development planning, since in these cases the market is often not very transparent. It starts from the consideration that the development and sale of finished real estate product is conceived from the beginning as a business project, as such it involves a risk, taking place in a time frame in which an initial capital investment occurs generating income and expenses. As such business project, the goal is to maximize profits and therefore the principle of highest and best use.

· Yield Method (DCF): the value of assets is determined by the profits that they could generate in the future (projections) discounted at an appropriate rate of discount. This is an overall assessment, reflecting the economic potential and profitability.

To calculate the value, once the market conditions have been analyzed, the following factors are taken into consideration:

· Size, location, and type of property.

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· Current condition of the property market, sales price trends and rental competition in the real estate market or industry risk, adjusted based on the statistical information of local real estate and macroeconomic variables.

· The fullest and best use of the asset, which must be legally allowed, physically possible, economically viable, and provide the maximum possible value, supported in economic terms. Analysis of the fullest and best use contemplates its current condition, whether free and available, based on the mentioned appraisals.

· Market Value of the property, considering this as vacant and available for use, analyzing factors such as location, size, physical characteristics, similar transactions and value adjustments proposed by the current economic conditions.

Valuation Criteria

Real estate properties have been appraised individually considering a hypothetical stand-alone sale and not as part of a real estate portfolio type of sale.

The portfolio of Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale by type of asset and inventories as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is provided below by hierarchy of fair value measurements:

Fair Value at Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale and inventories by levels (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housing |  | 3,085 | 226 | 3,310 | 2,059 | 301 | 2,360 | 2,192 | 98 | 2,291
Offices, warehouses and other |  | 661 | 98 | 759 | 326 | 105 | 431 | 353 | 53 | 406
Land |  | 855 | 130 | 984 | - | 150 | 150 | 12 | 236 | 248
TOTAL | 21 | 4,600 | 454 | 5,054 | 2,385 | 556 | 2,941 | 2,557 | 388 | 2,945
Inventories |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housing |  | 21 | - | 21 | 903 | - | 903 | 1,452 | - | 1,452
Offices, warehouses and other |  | 27 | - | 27 | 620 | - | 620 | 647 | - | 647
Land |  | - | 18 | 18 | - | 1,591 | 1,591 | - | 2,056 | 2,056
TOTAL | 20 | 48 | 18 | 65 | 1,523 | 1,591 | 3,114 | 2,099 | 2,056 | 4,155

Since the amount classified in Level 3 is not significant compared to the total consolidated assets and that the inputs used in the valuation (DRM or DFC), are very diverse based on the type and geographic location (being the typical ones used in the valuation of real estate assets of this type), they have not been disclosed.

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9. Cash and cash balances at central banks and other demands deposits and Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

The breakdown of the balance under the headings “Cash and cash balances at central banks and other demands deposits” and "Financial liabilities at amortized cost – Deposits from central banks" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits (Millions of euros).
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Cash on hand |  | 6,220 | 7,413 | 7,192
Cash balances at central banks |  | 31,718 | 28,671 | 18,445
Other demand deposits |  | 4,742 | 3,955 | 3,646
Total |  | 42,680 | 40,039 | 29,282

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost. Deposits from Central Banks (Millions of Euros).
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Deposits from Central Banks |  | 30,899 | 30,091 | 21,022
Repurchase agreements | 35 | 6,155 | 4,649 | 19,065
Total | 22 | 37,054 | 34,740 | 40,087

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10. Financial assets and liabilities held for trading

10.1 Breakdown of the balance

The breakdown of the balance under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Financial Assets and Liabilities Held-for-Trading (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
ASSETS- |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | 35,265 | 42,955 | 40,902
Debt securities | 7.3.1 | 22,573 | 27,166 | 32,825
Loans and advances | 7.3.1 | 56 | 154 | 65
Equity instruments | 7.3.1 | 6,801 | 4,675 | 4,534
Total |  | 64,695 | 74,950 | 78,326
LIABILITIES- |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | 36,169 | 43,118 | 42,149
Short positions |  | 10,013 | 11,556 | 13,053
Total |  | 46,182 | 54,675 | 55,202

10.2 Debt securities

The breakdown by type of issuer of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Financial Assets Held-for-Trading. Debt securities by issuer (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Issued by Central Banks |  | 1,371 | 544 | 214
Issued by public administrations |  | 19,344 | 23,621 | 29,240
Issued by financial institutions |  | 816 | 1,652 | 1,766
Other debt securities |  | 1,041 | 1,349 | 1,606
Total |  | 22,573 | 27,166 | 32,825

10.3 Equity instruments

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Financial Assets Held-for-Trading: Equity instruments by Issuer (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Shares of Spanish companies |  |  |  |
Credit institutions |  | 617 | 781 | 804
Other sectors |  | 603 | 956 | 1,234
Subtotal |  | 1,220 | 1,737 | 2,038
Shares of foreign companies |  |  |  |
Credit institutions |  | 345 | 220 | 255
Other sectors |  | 5,236 | 2,718 | 2,241
Subtotal |  | 5,581 | 2,938 | 2,497
Total |  | 6,801 | 4,675 | 4,534

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10.4 Derivatives

The derivatives portfolio arises from the Group’s need to manage the risks it is exposed to in the normal course of business and also to market products amongst the Group’s customers. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, trading derivatives were mainly contracted in over-the-counter (OTC) markets, with counterparties, consisting primarily of foreign credit institutions, and are related to foreign-exchange, interest-rate and equity risk.

Below is a breakdown of the net positions by transaction type of the fair value and notional amounts of derivatives recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, divided into organized and OTC markets:

Derivatives by type of risk / by product or by type of market - December 2017 (Millions of Euros)
| Assets | Liabilities | Notional amount - Total
Interest rate | 22,606 | 22,546 | 2,152,490
OTC options | 2,429 | 2,581 | 212,554
OTC other | 20,177 | 19,965 | 1,916,920
Organized market options | - | - | 600
Organized market other | - | - | 22,416
Equity | 1,778 | 2,336 | 95,573
OTC options | 495 | 1,118 | 34,140
OTC other | 83 | 90 | 8,158
Organized market options | 1,200 | 1,129 | 48,644
Organized market other | - | - | 4,631
Foreign exchange and gold | 10,371 | 10,729 | 380,404
OTC options | 245 | 258 | 24,447
OTC other | 10,092 | 10,430 | 348,857
Organized market options | - | 3 | 104
Organized market other | 34 | 37 | 6,997
Credit | 489 | 517 | 30,181
Credit default swap | 480 | 507 | 27,942
Credit spread option | - | - | 200
Total return swap | 9 | 9 | 2,039
Other | - | - | -
Commodities | 3 | 3 | 36
Other | 18 | 38 | 561
DERIVATIVES | 35,265 | 36,169 | 2,659,246
of which: OTC - credit institutions | 21,016 | 22,804 | 898,209
of which: OTC - other financial corporations | 8,695 | 9,207 | 1,548,919
of which: OTC - other | 4,316 | 2,986 | 128,722

Derivatives by type of risk / by product or by type of market - December 2016 (Millions of Euros)
| Assets | Liabilities | Notional amount - Total
Interest rate | 25,770 | 25,322 | 1,556,150
OTC options | 3,331 | 3,428 | 217,958
OTC other | 22,339 | 21,792 | 1,296,183
Organized market options | 1 | - | 1,311
Organized market other | 100 | 102 | 40,698
Equity | 2,032 | 2,252 | 90,655
OTC options | 718 | 1,224 | 44,837
OTC other | 109 | 91 | 5,312
Organized market options | 1,205 | 937 | 36,795
Organized market other | - | - | 3,712
Foreign exchange and gold | 14,872 | 15,179 | 425,506
OTC options | 417 | 539 | 27,583
OTC other | 14,436 | 14,624 | 392,240
Organized market options | 3 | - | 175
Organized market other | 16 | 16 | 5,508
Credit | 261 | 338 | 19,399
Credit default swap | 246 | 230 | 15,788
Credit spread option | - | - | 150
Total return swap | 2 | 108 | 1,895
Other | 14 | - | 1,565
Commodities | 6 | 6 | 169
Other | 13 | 22 | 1,065
DERIVATIVES | 42,955 | 43,118 | 2,092,945
of which: OTC - credit institutions | 26,438 | 28,005 | 806,096
of which: OTC - other financial corporations | 8,786 | 9,362 | 1,023,174
of which: OTC - other | 6,404 | 4,694 | 175,473

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Derivatives by type of risk / by product or by type of market - December 2015 (Millions of Euros)
| Assets | Liabilities | Notional amount - Total
Interest rate | 22,425 | 23,152 | 1,289,986
OTC options | 3,291 | 3,367 | 208,175
OTC other | 19,134 | 19,785 | 1,069,909
Organized market options | - | - | -
Organized market other | - | - | 11,902
Equity | 3,223 | 3,142 | 108,108
OTC options | 1,673 | 2,119 | 65,951
OTC other | 112 | 106 | 4,535
Organized market options | 1,437 | 918 | 34,475
Organized market other | 1 | - | 3,147
Foreign exchange and gold | 14,706 | 15,367 | 439,546
OTC options | 387 | 458 | 41,706
OTC other | 14,305 | 14,894 | 395,327
Organized market options | 1 | - | 109
Organized market other | 13 | 16 | 2,404
Credit | 500 | 441 | 33,939
Credit default swap | 436 | 412 | 30,283
Credit spread option | - | - | 300
Total return swap | - | 28 | 1,831
Other | 64 | - | 1,526
Commodities | 31 | 37 | 118
Other | 16 | 10 | 675
DERIVATIVES | 40,902 | 42,149 | 1,872,373
of which: OTC - credit institutions | 23,385 | 28,343 | 974,604
of which: OTC - other financial corporations | 9,938 | 8,690 | 688,880
of which: OTC - other | 6,122 | 4,177 | 156,828

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11. Financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

The breakdown of the balance under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
ASSETS- |  |  |  |
Equity instruments |  | 1,888 | 1,920 | 2,075
Unit-linked products |  | 1,621 | 1,749 | 1,960
Other securities |  | 266 | 171 | 115
Debt securities |  | 174 | 142 | 173
Loans and advances to customers |  | 648 | - | 62
Total | 7.3.1 | 2,709 | 2,062 | 2,311
LIABILITIES- |  |  |  |
Other financial liabilities |  | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,649
Unit-linked products |  | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,649
Total |  | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,649

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the most significant balances within financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss related to assets and liabilities linked to insurance products where the policyholder bears the risk ("Unit-Link"). This type of product is sold only in Spain, through BBVA Seguros SA, insurance and reinsurance and in Mexico through Seguros Bancomer S.A. de CV.

Since the liabilities linked to insurance products in which the policyholder assumes the risk are valued the same way as the assets associated to these insurance products, there is no credit risk component borne by the Group in relation to these liabilities.

12. Available-for-sale financial assets

12.1 Available-for-sale financial assets- Balance details

The breakdown of the balance by the main financial instruments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Available-for-Sale Financial Assets (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Debt securities | 7.3.1 | 66,273 | 74,739 | 108,448
Impairment losses |  | (21) | (159) | (139)
Subtotal |  | 66,251 | 74,580 | 108,310
Equity instruments | 7.3.1 | 4,488 | 4,814 | 5,262
Impairment losses |  | (1,264) | (174) | (146)
Subtotal |  | 3,224 | 4,641 | 5,116
Total |  | 69,476 | 79,221 | 113,426

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12.2 Debt securities

The breakdown of the balance under the heading “Debt securities” of the accompanying financial statements, broken down by the nature of the financial instruments, is as follows:

Available-for-sale financial assets: Debt Securities. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Amortized Cost (*) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Book Value
Domestic Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Spanish Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 22,765 | 791 | (17) | 23,539
Other debt securities | 1,951 | 114 | - | 2,066
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 891 | 72 | - | 962
Issued by other issuers | 1,061 | 43 | - | 1,103
Subtotal | 24,716 | 906 | (17) | 25,605
Foreign Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Mexico | 9,755 | 45 | (142) | 9,658
Mexican Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 8,101 | 34 | (120) | 8,015
Other debt securities | 1,654 | 11 | (22) | 1,643
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 212 | 1 | (3) | 209
Issued by other issuers | 1,442 | 10 | (19) | 1,434
The United States | 12,479 | 36 | (198) | 12,317
Government securities | 8,625 | 8 | (133) | 8,500
US Treasury and other US Government agencies | 3,052 | - | (34) | 3,018
States and political subdivisions | 5,573 | 8 | (99) | 5,482
Other debt securities | 3,854 | 28 | (65) | 3,817
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 56 | 1 | - | 57
Issued by other issuers | 3,798 | 26 | (65) | 3,759
Turkey | 5,052 | 48 | (115) | 4,985
Turkey Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 5,033 | 48 | (114) | 4,967
Other debt securities | 19 | 1 | (1) | 19
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 19 | - | (1) | 19
Issued by other issuers | - | - | - | -
Other countries | 13,271 | 533 | (117) | 13,687
Other foreign governments and other general governments agencies debt securities | 6,774 | 325 | (77) | 7,022
Other debt securities | 6,497 | 208 | (40) | 6,664
Issued by Central Banks | 1,330 | 2 | (1) | 1,331
Issued by credit institutions | 2,535 | 139 | (19) | 2,654
Issued by other issuers | 2,632 | 66 | (19) | 2,679
Subtotal | 40,557 | 661 | (572) | 40,647
Total | 65,273 | 1,567 | (589) | 66,251

(*) The amortized cost includes portfolio gains/losses linked to insurance contracts in which the policyholder assumes the risk in case of redemption.

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Available-for-sale financial assets: Debt Securities. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Amortized Cost (*) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Book Value
Domestic Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Spanish Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 22,427 | 711 | (18) | 23,119
Other debt securities | 2,305 | 117 | (1) | 2,421
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 986 | 82 | - | 1,067
Issued by other issuers | 1,319 | 36 | (1) | 1,354
Subtotal | 24,731 | 828 | (19) | 25,540
Foreign Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Mexico | 11,525 | 19 | (343) | 11,200
Mexican Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 9,728 | 11 | (301) | 9,438
Other debt securities | 1,797 | 8 | (42) | 1,763
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 86 | 2 | (1) | 87
Issued by other issuers | 1,710 | 6 | (41) | 1,675
The United States | 14,256 | 48 | (261) | 14,043
Government securities | 8,460 | 9 | (131) | 8,337
US Treasury and other US Government agencies | 1,702 | 1 | (19) | 1,683
States and political subdivisions | 6,758 | 8 | (112) | 6,654
Other debt securities | 5,797 | 39 | (130) | 5,706
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 95 | 2 | - | 97
Issued by other issuers | 5,702 | 37 | (130) | 5,609
Turkey | 5,550 | 73 | (180) | 5,443
Turkey Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 5,055 | 70 | (164) | 4,961
Other debt securities | 495 | 2 | (16) | 482
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 448 | 2 | (15) | 436
Issued by other issuers | 47 | - | (1) | 46
Other countries | 17,923 | 634 | (203) | 18,354
Other foreign governments and other general governments agencies debt securities | 7,882 | 373 | (98) | 8,156
Other debt securities | 10,041 | 261 | (105) | 10,197
Issued by Central Banks | 1,657 | 4 | (2) | 1,659
Issued by credit institutions | 3,269 | 96 | (54) | 3,311
Issued by other issuers | 5,115 | 161 | (49) | 5,227
Subtotal | 49,253 | 773 | (987) | 49,040
Total | 73,985 | 1,601 | (1,006) | 74,580

(*) The amortized cost includes portfolio gains/losses linked to insurance contracts in which the policyholder assumes the risk in case of redemption.

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Available-for-sale financial assets: Debt Securities. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Amortized Cost (*) | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Book Value
Domestic Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Spanish Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 38,763 | 2,078 | (41) | 40,799
Other debt securities | 4,737 | 144 | (11) | 4,869
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 2,702 | 94 | - | 2,795
Issued by other issuers | 2,035 | 50 | (11) | 2,074
Subtotal | 43,500 | 2,221 | (53) | 45,668
Foreign Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Mexico | 12,627 | 73 | (235) | 12,465
Mexican Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 10,284 | 70 | (160) | 10,193
Other debt securities | 2,343 | 4 | (75) | 2,272
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 260 | 1 | (7) | 254
Issued by other issuers | 2,084 | 3 | (68) | 2,019
The United States | 13,890 | 63 | (236) | 13,717
Government securities | 6,817 | 13 | (41) | 6,789
US Treasury and other US Government agencies | 2,188 | 4 | (15) | 2,177
States and political subdivisions | 4,629 | 9 | (26) | 4,612
Other debt securities | 7,073 | 50 | (195) | 6,927
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 71 | 5 | (1) | 75
Issued by other issuers | 7,002 | 45 | (194) | 6,852
Turkey | 13,414 | 116 | (265) | 13,265
Turkey Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 11,801 | 111 | (231) | 11,682
Other debt securities | 1,613 | 4 | (34) | 1,584
Issued by Central Banks | - | - | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 1,452 | 3 | (30) | 1,425
Issued by other issuers | 162 | 1 | (4) | 159
Other countries | 22,803 | 881 | (490) | 23,194
Other foreign governments and other general government agencies debt securities | 9,778 | 653 | (76) | 10,356
Other debt securities | 13,025 | 227 | (414) | 12,838
Issued by Central Banks | 2,277 | - | (4) | 2,273
Issued by credit institutions | 3,468 | 108 | (88) | 3,488
Issued by other issuers | 7,280 | 119 | (322) | 7,077
Subtotal | 62,734 | 1,132 | (1,226) | 62,641
Total | 106,234 | 3,354 | (1,278) | 108,310

(*) The amortized cost includes portfolio gains/losses linked to insurance contracts in which the policyholder assumes the risk in case of redemption.

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The credit ratings of the issuers of debt securities in the available-for-sale portfolio as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, are as follows:

Debt Securities by Rating
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
| Fair Value (Millions of Euros) | % | Fair Value (Millions of Euros) | % | Fair Value (Millions of Euros) | %
AAA | 687 | 1.0% | 4,922 | 6.6% | 1,842 | 1.7%
AA+ | 10,738 | 16.2% | 11,172 | 15.0% | 10,372 | 9.6%
AA | 507 | 0.8% | 594 | 0.8% | 990 | 0.9%
AA- | 291 | 0.4% | 575 | 0.8% | 938 | 0.9%
A+ | 664 | 1.0% | 1,230 | 1.6% | 1,686 | 1.6%
A | 683 | 1.0% | 7,442 | 10.0% | 994 | 0.9%
A- | 1,330 | 2.0% | 1,719 | 2.3% | 4,826 | 4.5%
BBB+ | 35,175 | 53.1% | 29,569 | 39.6% | 51,885 | 47.9%
BBB | 7,958 | 12.0% | 3,233 | 4.3% | 23,728 | 21.9%
BBB- | 5,583 | 8.4% | 6,809 | 9.1% | 5,621 | 5.2%
BB+ or below | 1,564 | 2.4% | 2,055 | 2.8% | 2,639 | 2.4%
Without rating | 1,071 | 1.6% | 5,261 | 7.1% | 2,789 | 2.6%
Total | 66,251 | 100.0% | 74,580 | 100.0% | 108,310 | 100.0%

12.3 Equity instruments

The breakdown of the balance under the heading "Equity instruments" of the accompanying financial statements as of December 2017, 2016 and 2015, is as follows:

Available-for-sale financial assets: Equity Instruments. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
|  | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
Equity instruments listed |  |  |  |  |
Listed Spanish company shares |  | 2,189 | - | (1) | 2,188
Credit institutions |  | - | - | - | -
Other entities |  | 2,189 | - | (1) | 2,188
Listed foreign company shares |  | 215 | 33 | (7) | 241
United States |  | 11 | - | - | 11
Mexico |  | 8 | 25 | - | 33
Turkey |  | 4 | 1 | - | 5
Other countries |  | 192 | 7 | (7) | 192
Subtotal |  | 2,404 | 33 | (8) | 2,429
Unlisted equity instruments |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted Spanish company shares |  | 33 | 29 | - | 62
Credit institutions |  | 4 | - | - | 4
Other entities |  | 29 | 29 | - | 58
Unlisted foreign companies shares |  | 665 | 77 | (8) | 734
United States |  | 498 | 40 | (6) | 532
Mexico |  | 1 | - | - | 1
Turkey |  | 15 | 6 | (2) | 19
Other countries |  | 151 | 31 | - | 182
Subtotal |  | 698 | 106 | (8) | 796
Total |  | 3,102 | 139 | (16) | 3,224

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Available-for-sale financial assets: Equity Instruments. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
|  | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
Equity instruments listed |  |  |  |  |
Listed Spanish company shares |  | 3,690 | 17 | (944) | 2,763
Credit institutions |  | - | - | - | -
Other entities |  | 3,690 | 17 | (944) | 2,763
Listed foreign company shares |  | 793 | 289 | (15) | 1,066
United States |  | 16 | 22 | - | 38
Mexico |  | 8 | 33 | - | 41
Turkey |  | 5 | 1 | - | 6
Other countries |  | 763 | 234 | (15) | 981
Subtotal |  | 4,483 | 306 | (960) | 3,829
Unlisted equity instruments |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted Spanish company shares |  | 57 | 2 | (1) | 59
Credit institutions |  | 4 | - | - | 4
Other entities |  | 53 | 2 | (1) | 55
Unlisted foreign companies shares |  | 708 | 46 | (2) | 752
United States |  | 537 | 13 | - | 550
Mexico |  | 1 | - | - | 1
Turkey |  | 18 | 7 | (2) | 24
Other countries |  | 152 | 26 | - | 178
Subtotal |  | 766 | 48 | (3) | 811
Total |  | 5,248 | 355 | (962) | 4,641

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Available-for-sale financial assets: Equity Instruments. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
|  | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
Equity instruments listed |  |  |  |  |
Listed Spanish company shares |  | 3,402 | 17 | (558) | 2,862
Credit institutions |  | - | - | - | -
Other entities |  | 3,402 | 17 | (558) | 2,862
Listed foreign company shares |  | 1,027 | 392 | (44) | 1,375
United States |  | 41 | 21 | - | 62
Mexico |  | 9 | 42 | (10) | 40
Turkey |  | 6 | 4 | (5) | 6
Other countries |  | 972 | 325 | (29) | 1,267
Subtotal |  | 4,430 | 409 | (602) | 4,236
Unlisted equity instruments |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted Spanish company shares |  | 74 | 5 | (1) | 78
Credit institutions |  | 4 | 1 | - | 6
Other entities |  | 69 | 3 | (1) | 72
Unlisted foreign companies shares |  | 701 | 108 | (7) | 802
United States |  | 549 | 5 | - | 554
Mexico |  | 1 | - | - | 1
Turkey |  | 21 | 13 | (6) | 27
Other countries |  | 130 | 91 | (1) | 220
Subtotal |  | 775 | 113 | (8) | 880
Total |  | 5,204 | 522 | (610) | 5,116

12.4 Gains/losses

The changes in the gains/losses, net of taxes, recognized under the equity heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss- Available-for-sale financial assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

Accumulated other comprehensive income-Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-Sale Financial Assets (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning |  | 947 | 1,674 | 3,816
Valuation gains and losses |  | 321 | 400 | (1,222)
Amounts transferred to income |  | 356 | (1,181) | (1,844)
Other reclassifications |  | (10) | 116 | -
Income tax |  | 27 | (62) | 924
Balance at the end |  | 1,641 | 947 | 1,674
Of which: |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  | 1,557 | 1,629 | 1,769
Equity instruments |  | 84 | (682) | (95)

Debt securities

In 2017, the debt securities recoveries recognized in the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss- Available- for-sale financial assets” in the accompanying consolidated income statement amounted to €4 million. In the 2016 and 2015 the impairment recognized were €157 and €1 million, respectively (see Note 47).

For the rest of debt securities, 94.7% of the unrealized losses recognized under the heading "Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss– Available-for-sale financial assets” and originating in debt securities were generated over more than twelve months. However, no impairment was recognized, as following an analysis of these unrealized losses we concluded that they were temporary due to the following reasons: the

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interest payment dates of all the fixed-income securities have been satisfied; and because there is no evidence that the issuer will not continue to meet its payment obligations, nor that future payments of both principal and interest will not be sufficient to recover the cost of the debt securities.

Equity instruments

As of December 31, 2017, the Group’s most significant investment in equity instruments classified as available for sale was the participation in Telefónica, S.A. (Telefónica), which accounted for approximately 70% of the portfolio of equity instruments classified as available for sale financial assets. The Group monitors the valuation of this investment on a periodic basis.

As of December 29, 2017 (last session of the year), the share price of Telefónica closed at €8.125 per share, so the unrealized losses recognized under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss– Available-for-sale financial assets” resulting from equity instruments, amounted to €1,123 million.

As of December 31, 2017, the Group carried out the analysis described in Note 2.2.1, recording the aforementioned unrealized losses under the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets" in the income statement for the year 2017.

As mentioned above, these losses were recorded in "Accumulated other comprehensive income”, therefore, as of December 31, 2017, the total equity of the Group is not affected (see Note 32.1).

13. Loans and receivables

13.1 Loans and advances - Balance details

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to the nature of the financial instrument, is as follows:

Loans and Receivables (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Debt securities |  | 10,339 | 11,209 | 10,516
Loans and advances to central banks |  | 7,300 | 8,894 | 17,830
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | 26,261 | 31,373 | 29,317
Loans and advances to customers |  | 387,621 | 414,500 | 414,165
Total |  | 431,521 | 465,977 | 471,828

13.2 Loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to their nature, is as follows:

Loans and Advances to Central Banks and Credit Institutions (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Loans and advances to central banks | 7.3.1 | 7,300 | 8,894 | 17,830
Loans and advances to credit institutions | 7.3.1 | 26,261 | 31,373 | 29,317
Reverse repurchase agreements | 35 | 13,861 | 15,561 | 11,749
Other loans |  | 12,400 | 15,812 | 17,568
Total |  | 33,561 | 40,267 | 47,148
Of which: |  |  |  |
Impairment losses | 7.3.4 / 7.3.1 | (36) | (43) | (51)

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13.3 Loans and advances to customers

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to their nature, is as follows:

Loans and Advances to Customers (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
On demand and short notice |  | 10,560 | 11,251 | 11,228
Credit card debt |  | 15,835 | 16,596 | 16,952
Trade receivables |  | 22,705 | 23,753 | 23,871
Finance leases |  | 8,642 | 9,442 | 9,357
Reverse repurchase loans | 35 | 11,554 | 7,291 | 5,052
Other term loans |  | 313,336 | 339,862 | 341,554
Advances that are not loans |  | 4,989 | 6,306 | 6,151
Total | 7.3.1 | 387,621 | 414,500 | 414,165
Of which: |  |  |  |
Impaired assets | 7.3.4 | 19,390 | 22,915 | 25,333
Impairment losses | 7.3.4 / 7.3.1 | (12,748) | (15,974) | (18,691)

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 38%, 34% and 32%, respectively, of "Loans and advances to customers" with maturity greater than one year have fixed-interest rates and 62%, 66% and 68%, respectively, have variable interest rates.

The heading “Loans and receivables – Loans and advances to customers” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets also includes certain secured loans that pursuant to the Mortgage Market Act, are linked to long-term mortgage-covered bonds. This heading also includes some loans that have been securitized. The balances recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets corresponding to these securitized loans are as follows:

Securitized Loans (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Securitized mortgage assets |  | 28,950 | 29,512 | 28,955
Other securitized assets |  | 4,143 | 3,731 | 3,666
Total |  | 33,093 | 33,243 | 32,621

13.4 Debt securities

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to the issuer of the debt security, is as follows:

Debt securities (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Government |  | 4,412 | 4,709 | 3,275
Credit institutions |  | 31 | 37 | 125
Other sectors |  | 5,911 | 6,481 | 7,126
Total gross | 7.3.1 | 10,354 | 11,226 | 10,526
Impairment losses |  | (15) | (17) | (10)
Total net |  | 10,339 | 11,209 | 10,516

In 2016, some debt securities were reclassified from "Available-for-sale financial assets" to “Loans and receivables-Debt securities” since the intention of the Group regarding how to manage such securities is to hold them until maturity. The following table shows the fair value and carrying amounts of these reclassified financial assets:

Debt Securities reclassified to "Loans and receivables" from "Available-for-sale financial assets" (Millions of euros)
| As of Reclassification date | As of December 31, 2017 | As of December 31, 2016
| Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value
BBVA, S.A. | 862 | 862 | 715 | 735 | 844 | 863
Total | 862 | 862 | 715 | 735 | 844 | 863

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As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount recognized in the income statement from the valuation at amortized cost of the reclassified financial assets, as well as the impact recognized on the income statement and under the heading “Total Equity - Accumulated other comprehensive income”, if the reclassification was not performed is included in the following table.

Effect on Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income (Millions of euros)
| As of December 31, 2017 | As of December 31, 2016
| Recognized in | Effect of not Reclassifying in | Recognized in | Effect of not Reclassifying in
| Income Statement | Income Statement | Equity "Valuation Adjustments" | Income Statement | Income Statement | Equity "Valuation Adjustments"
BBVA, S.A. | 26 | 26 | 4 | 22 | 22 | (5)
Total | 26 | 26 | 4 | 22 | 22 | (5)

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14. Held-to-maturity investments

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to the according to the issuer of the financial instrument, is as follows:

Held-to-maturity investments. Debt Securities (*) (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016
Domestic Debt Securities |  |
Spanish Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 5,754 | 8,063
Other debt securities | 230 | 562
Issued by Central Banks | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 203 | 494
Issued by other issuers | 27 | 68
Subtotal | 5,984 | 8,625
Foreign Debt Securities | - |
Mexico | - | -
The United States | - | -
Turkey | 5,400 | 6,184
Turkey Government and other general governments agencies debt securities | 4,515 | 5,263
Other debt securities | 885 | 921
Issued by Central Banks | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | 845 | 876
Issued by other issuers | 40 | 45
Other countries | 2,370 | 2,887
Other foreign governments and other general governments agencies debt securities | 2,349 | 2,719
Other debt securities | 21 | 168
Issued by Central Banks | - | -
Issued by credit institutions | - | 146
Issued by other issuers | 21 | 22
Subtotal | 7,770 | 9,071
Total | 13,754 | 17,696

(*) As of December 31, 2015 the Group BBVA has not registered any balances in this heading.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the credit ratings of the issuers of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity investments were as follows:

Held to maturity investments. Debt Securities by Rating
| December 2017 | December 2016
| Book value (Millions of Euros) | % | Book value (Millions of Euros) | %
AAA | - | - | - | -
AA+ | - | - | - | -
AA | 41 | 0.3% | 43 | 0.2%
AA- | - | - | 134 | 0.8%
A+ | 55 | 0.4% | - | -
A | - | - | - | -
A- | - | - | - | -
BBB+ | 5,667 | 41.2% | 10,472 | 59.2%
BBB | 2,412 | 17.5% | 591 | 3.3%
BBB- | 2,818 | 20.5% | 5,187 | 29.3%
BB+ or below | 1,696 | 12.3% | - | -
Without rating | 1,064 | 7.7% | 1,270 | 7.2%
Total | 13,754 | 100.0% | 17,696 | 100.0%

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In 2016, some debt securities were reclassified from “Available-for-sale financial assets” to “Held-to-maturity investments” amounting to €17,650 million. This reclassification has been carried out once past the two-year penalty established in IAS-39 standard (penalization which meant not being able to keep maturity portfolio due to the significant sales that occurred in the year 2013) and since the intention of the Group regarding how to manage such securities, is to hold them until maturity. The following table shows the fair value and carrying amounts of these reclassified financial assets:

Debt Securities reclassified to "Held to Maturity Investments" (Millions of euros)
| As of Reclassification date | As of December 31, 2017 (*) | As of December 31, 2016 (*)
| Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value
BBVA, S.A. | 11,162 | 11,162 | 6,521 | 6,551 | 9,589 | 9,635
TURKIYE GARANTI BANKASI, A.S | 6,488 | 6,488 | 5,381 | 5,392 | 6,230 | 6,083
Total | 17,650 | 17,650 | 11,902 | 11,943 | 15,819 | 15,718

(*) The decrease in book value is mainly due to amortizations since the date of reclassification.

The fair value carrying amount of these financials asset on the date of the reclassification becomes its new amortized cost. The previous gain on that asset that has been recognized in “Accumulated other comprehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available for sale financial assets” is amortized to profit or loss over the remaining life of the held-to-maturity investment using the effective interest method. Any difference between the new amortized cost and maturity amount is also amortized over the remaining life of the financial asset using the effective interest method, similar to the amortization of a premium and a discount. This reclassification was triggered by a change in the Group´s strategy regarding the management of these securities.

The following table for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, includes the amount recognized in the income statement from the valuation at amortized cost of the reclassified financial assets. The Table also provides the impact recognized on the income statement and under the heading “Total Equity - Accumulated other comprehensive income”, if the reclassification had not been performed.

Effect on Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income (Millions of euros)
| As of December 31, 2017 | As of December 31, 2016
| Recognized in | Effect of not Reclassifying | Recognized in | Effect of not Reclassifying
| Income Statement | Income Statement | Equity "Accumulated other comprehensive income" | Income Statement | Income Statement | Equity "Accumulated other comprehensive income"
BBVA, S.A. | 172 | 172 | (18) | 230 | 230 | (86)
TURKIYE GARANTI BANKASI, A.S | 545 | 545 | (16) | 326 | 326 | (225)
Total | 717 | 717 | (34) | 557 | 557 | (311)

15. Hedging derivatives and fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk

The balance of these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Derivatives – Hedge accounting and fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedge of interest rate risk (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
ASSETS- |  |  |
Hedging Derivatives | 2,485 | 2,833 | 3,538
Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk | (25) | 17 | 45
LIABILITIES- |  |  |
Hedging Derivatives | 2,880 | 2,347 | 2,726
Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk | (7) | - | 358

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As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the main positions hedged by the Group and the derivatives designated to hedge those positions were:

1) Fair value hedging:

· Available-for-sale fixed-interest debt securities and loans and receivables: The interest rate risk of these securities is hedged using interest rate derivatives (fixed-variable swaps) and forward sales.

· Long-term fixed-interest debt securities issued by the Bank: the interest rate risk of these securities is hedged using interest rate derivatives (fixed-variable swaps).

· Fixed-interest loans: The equity price risk of these instruments is hedged using interest rate derivatives (fixed-variable swaps).

2) Fixed-interest and/or embedded derivative deposit portfolio hedges: it covers the interest rate risk through fixed-variable swaps. The valuation of the borrowed deposits corresponding to the interest rate risk is in the heading "Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk”.

3) Cash-flow hedges: Most of the hedged items are floating interest-rate loans and asset hedges linked to the inflation of the available for sale portfolio. This risk is hedged using foreign-exchange, interest-rate swaps, inflation and FRA’s (“Forward Rate Agreement”).

Net foreign-currency investment hedges: These hedged risks are foreign-currency investments in the Group’s foreign subsidiaries. This risk is hedged mainly with foreign-exchange options and forward currency sales and purchases.

Note 7 analyze the Group’s main risks that are hedged using these derivatives.

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The details of the net positions by hedged risk of the fair value of the hedging derivatives recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

Hedging Derivatives Breakdown by type of risk and type of hedge (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
Interest rate | 1,141 | 850 | 1,154 | 974 | 1,660 | 875
OTC options | 100 | 111 | 125 | 118 | 187 | 128
OTC other | 1,041 | 739 | 1,029 | 856 | 1,473 | 747
Organized market options | - | - | - | - | - | -
Organized market other | - | - | - | - | - | -
Equity | - | - | - | 50 | 12 | 74
OTC options | - | - | - | 50 | - | 72
OTC other | - | - | - | - | 12 | 2
Organized market options | - | - | - | - | - | -
Organized market other | - | - | - | - | - | -
Foreign exchange and gold | 625 | 511 | 817 | 553 | 675 | 389
OTC options | - | - | - | - | - | -
OTC other | 625 | 511 | 817 | 553 | 675 | 388
Organized market options | - | - | - | - | - | -
Organized market other | - | - | - | - | - | -
Credit | - | - | - | - | - | -
Commodities | - | - | - | - | - | -
Other | - | - | - | - | - | -
FAIR VALUE HEDGES | 1,766 | 1,362 | 1,970 | 1,577 | 2,347 | 1,337
Interest rate | 244 | 533 | 194 | 358 | 204 | 319
OTC options | - | - | - | - | - | -
OTC other | 242 | 533 | 186 | 358 | 204 | 318
Organized market options | - | - | - | - | - | -
Organized market other | 2 | - | 8 | - | - | 1
Equity | - | - | - | - | - | -
Foreign exchange and gold | 119 | 714 | 248 | 118 | 242 | 34
OTC options | - | - | 89 | 70 | 42 | 12
OTC other | 119 | 714 | 160 | 48 | 200 | 22
Organized market options | - | - | - | - | - | -
Organized market other | - | - | - | - | - | -
Credit | - | - | - | - | - | -
Commodities | - | - | - | - | - | -
Other | - | - | - | - | - | -
CASH FLOW HEDGES | 363 | 1,247 | 442 | 476 | 446 | 353
HEDGE OF NET INVESTMENTS IN A FOREIGN OPERATION | 301 | 15 | 362 | 79 | 47 | 304
PORTFOLIO FAIR VALUE HEDGES OF INTEREST RATE RISK | 46 | 256 | 55 | 214 | 697 | 732
PORTFOLIO CASH FLOW HEDGES OF INTEREST RATE RISK | 9 | - | 4 | - | - | -
DERIVATIVES-HEDGE ACCOUNTING | 2,485 | 2,880 | 2,833 | 2,347 | 3,538 | 2,726
of which: OTC - credit institutions | 1,829 | 2,527 | 2,381 | 2,103 | 3,413 | 2,366
of which: OTC - other financial corporations | 651 | 234 | 435 | 165 | 95 | 256
of which: OTC - other | 2 | 120 | 9 | 79 | 29 | 103

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The cash flows forecasts for the coming years for cash flow hedging recognized on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 are:

Cash Flows of Hedging Instruments (Millions of euros)
| 3 Months or Less | From 3 Months to 1 Year | From 1 to 5 Years | More than 5 Years | Total
Receivable cash inflows | 144 | 407 | 2,237 | 2,287 | 5,076
Payable cash outflows | 144 | 491 | 2,703 | 2,348 | 5,686

The above cash flows will have an impact on the Group’s consolidated income statements until 2057.

In 2017, 2016 and 2015, there was no reclassification in the accompanying consolidated income statements of any amount corresponding to cash flow hedges that was previously recognized in equity (see note 41).

The amount for derivatives designated as accounting hedges that did not pass the effectiveness test in December 31, 2017. 2016 and 2015 were not material.

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16. Investments in joint ventures and associates

16.1 Joint ventures and associates

The breakdown of the balance of “Investments in joint ventures and associates” (see Note 2.1) in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Joint Ventures and Associates Entities. Breakdown by entities (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Joint ventures |  |  |
Fideic F 403853 5 Bbva Bancom Ser.Zibata | 27 | 33 | 44
Fideicomiso 1729 Invex Enajenacion de Cartera | 53 | 57 | 66
PSA Finance Argentina Compañia Financier | 14 | 21 | 23
Altura Markets, S.V., S.A. | 64 | 19 | 20
RCI Colombia | 19 | 17 | -
Other joint ventures | 79 | 82 | 91
Subtotal | 256 | 229 | 243
Associates Entities |  |  |
Metrovacesa Suelo y Promoción, S.A. | 697 | 208 | -
Testa Residencial SOCIMI, S.A.U. | 444 | 91 | -
Metrovacesa Promoción y Arrendamientos, S.A. | - | 67 | -
Atom Bank, PLC | 66 | 43 | -
Brunara | - | - | 54
Metrovacesa | - | - | 351
Servired | 9 | 11 | 92
Other associates | 116 | 116 | 139
Subtotal | 1,332 | 536 | 636
Total | 1,588 | 765 | 879

Details of the joint ventures and associates as of December 31, 2017 are shown in Appendix II.

The following is a summary of the changes in the in December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets:

Joint Ventures and Associates Entities. Changes in the Year (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning |  | 765 | 879 | 4,509
Acquisitions and capital increases |  | 868 | 456 | 464
Disposals and capital reductions |  | (8) | (91) | (32)
Transfers and changes of consolidation method |  | - | (351) | (3,850)
Share of profit and loss | 39 | 3 | 25 | 174
Exchange differences |  | (29) | (34) | (250)
Dividends, valuation adjustments and others |  | (12) | (118) | (136)
Balance at the end |  | 1,588 | 765 | 879

The variation during the year 2017 is mainly explained by the increase of BBVA Group stakes in Testa Residencial, S.A. and Metrovacesa Suelo y Promoción, S.A Promociones through its contribution to the capital increases carried out by both entities by contributing assets from the Bank’s real estate assets (see Note 21).

During the year 2016, two capital increases in Metrovacesa, S.A were made through a debt swap and a contribution of real estate assets, which provided the Group 357 million euros, after this there was a partial Split of Metrovacesa, S.A in favor of a beneficiary company from a new constitution denominated Metrovacesa Suelo y Promocion, S.A. In the fourth quarter of the year 2016, there was a total split of Metrovacesa, S.A through its extinction and division of its patrimony in

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three parts, two of which merged with Merlin Properties, SOCIMI, S.A and Testa Residencial, SOCIMI, S.A. As result of the previous mentioned splits, the Group received equity interests in the corresponding beneficiary companies, 6.41% of its capital was received, having been transferred to the heading "Available-for-sale” of the consolidated financial assets as of December 31, 2016.

The variation in 2015 was mainly explained by the change of the method of consolidation of Garanti (see Note 3) and by the capital increase in Metrovacesa, S.A, for compensation credits amounting to 159 million euros.

Appendix III provides notifications on acquisitions and disposals of holdings in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, in compliance with Article 155 of the Corporations Act and Article 53 of the Securities Market Act 24/1988.

16.2 Other information about associates and joint ventures

If these entities had been consolidated rather than accounted for using the equity method, the change in each of the lines of balance sheet and the consolidated income statement would not be significant.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 there was no financial support agreement or other contractual commitment to associates and joint ventures entities from the holding or the subsidiaries that are not recognized in the financial statements (see Note 53.2).

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 there was no contingent liability in connection with the investments in joint ventures and associates (see Note 53.2).

16.3 Impairment

As described in IAS 36, when there is indicator of impairment, the book value of the associates and joint venture entities should be compared with their recoverable amount, being the latter calculated as the higher between the value in use and the fair value minus the cost of sale. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no significant impairments recognized.

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17. Tangible assets

The breakdown and movement of the balance and changes of this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to the nature of the related items, is as follows:

Tangible Assets. Breakdown by Type of Assets and Changes in the year 2017 (Millions of euros) |
|  | For Own Use | Total tangible asset of Own Use | Investment Properties | Assets Leased out under an Operating Lease | Total |
| Notes | Land and Buildings | Work in Progress | Furniture, Fixtures and Vehicles |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 6,176 | 240 | 7,059 | 13,473 | 1,163 | 958 | 15,594 |
Additions |  | 49 | 128 | 397 | 574 | 1 | 201 | 776 |
Retirements |  | (42) | (29) | (264) | (335) | (90) | (93) | (518) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | (552) | (552) |
Transfers |  | (273) | (57) | (186) | (516) | (698) | - | (1,214) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (420) | (48) | (378) | (844) | (148) | (22) | (1,014) |
Balance at the end |  | 5,490 | 234 | 6,628 | 12,352 | 228 | 492 | 13,072 |
Accrued depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 1,116 | - | 4,461 | 5,577 | 63 | 216 | 5,856 |
Additions | 45 | 127 | - | 553 | 680 | 13 | - | 693 |
Retirements |  | (26) | - | (235) | (261) | (7) | (21) | (289) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | (134) | (134) |
Transfers |  | (53) | - | (146) | (199) | (31) | - | (230) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (88) | - | (253) | (341) | (25) | 16 | (350) |
Balance at the end |  | 1,076 | - | 4,380 | 5,456 | 13 | 77 | 5,546 |
Impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 379 | - | - | 379 | 409 | 10 | 798 |
Additions | 48 | 5 | - | - | 5 | 37 | - | 42 |
Retirements |  | (2) | - | - | (2) | (10) | - | (12) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | (10) | (10) |
Transfers |  | (58) | - | - | (58) | (276) | - | (334) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (9) | - | - | (9) | (140) | - | (149) |
Balance at the end |  | 315 | - | - | 315 | 20 | - | 335 |
Net tangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 4,681 | 240 | 2,598 | 7,519 | 691 | 732 | 8,941 |
Balance at the end |  | 4,099 | 234 | 2,248 | 6,581 | 195 | 415 | 7,191 |

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Tangible Assets. Breakdown by Type of Assets and Changes in the year 2016 (Millions of euros) |
|  | For Own Use | Total tangible asset of Own Use | Investment Properties | Assets Leased out under an Operating Lease | Total |
| Notes | Land and Buildings | Work in Progress | Furniture, Fixtures and Vehicles |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 5,858 | 545 | 7,628 | 14,029 | 2,391 | 668 | 17,088 |
Additions |  | 30 | 320 | 563 | 913 | 62 | 337 | 1,312 |
Retirements |  | (85) | (29) | (468) | (582) | (117) | (97) | (796) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | (7) | - | (1) | (8) | (3) | - | (11) |
Transfers |  | 676 | (544) | (386) | (254) | (986) | 84 | (1,156) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (296) | (52) | (277) | (625) | (184) | (34) | (843) |
Balance at the end |  | 6,176 | 240 | 7,059 | 13,473 | 1,163 | 958 | 15,594 |
Accrued depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 1,103 | - | 4,551 | 5,654 | 116 | 202 | 5,972 |
Additions | 45 | 106 | - | 561 | 667 | 23 | - | 690 |
Retirements |  | (72) | - | (461) | (533) | (10) | (17) | (560) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transfers |  | (1) | - | (37) | (38) | (55) | 55 | (38) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (20) | - | (153) | (173) | (11) | (24) | (208) |
Balance at the end |  | 1,116 | - | 4,461 | 5,577 | 63 | 216 | 5,856 |
Impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 354 | - | - | 354 | 808 | 10 | 1,172 |
Additions | 48 | 48 | - | 5 | 53 | 90 | - | 143 |
Retirements |  | (2) | - | - | (2) | (9) | - | (11) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transfers |  | (1) | - | - | (1) | (380) | - | (381) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (20) | - | (5) | (25) | (100) | - | (125) |
Balance at the end |  | 379 | - | - | 379 | 409 | 10 | 798 |
Net tangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 4,401 | 545 | 3,077 | 8,021 | 1,467 | 456 | 9,944 |
Balance at the end |  | 4,681 | 240 | 2,598 | 7,519 | 691 | 732 | 8,941 |

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Tangible Assets. Breakdown by Type of Assets and Changes in the year 2015 (Millions of euros) |
|  | For Own Use | Total tangible asset of Own Use | Investment Properties | Assets Leased out under an Operating Lease | Total |
| Notes | Land and Buildings | Work in Progress | Furniture, Fixtures and Vehicles |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 4,168 | 1,085 | 5,904 | 11,157 | 2,180 | 674 | 14,012 |
Additions |  | 105 | 715 | 1,097 | 1,917 | 14 | 240 | 2,171 |
Retirements |  | (18) | (39) | (146) | (203) | (167) | (74) | (444) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | 1,378 | 78 | 1,426 | 2,882 | 738 | - | 3,620 |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transfers |  | 718 | (1,211) | 40 | (453) | (235) | (153) | (841) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (494) | (83) | (693) | (1,271) | (139) | (19) | (1,429) |
Balance at the end |  | 5,858 | 545 | 7,628 | 14,029 | 2,391 | 668 | 17,088 |
Accrued depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 1,255 | - | 3,753 | 5,008 | 102 | 226 | 5,335 |
Additions | 45 | 103 | - | 512 | 615 | 25 | - | 640 |
Retirements |  | (16) | - | (129) | (145) | (10) | - | (155) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | 140 | - | 940 | 1,080 | 23 | - | 1,103 |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transfers |  | (19) | - | (16) | (35) | (9) | (15) | (59) |
Exchange difference and other |  | (360) | - | (509) | (869) | (15) | (9) | (893) |
Balance at the end |  | 1,103 | - | 4,551 | 5,654 | 116 | 202 | 5,972 |
Impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 148 | - | 16 | 164 | 687 | 6 | 857 |
Additions | 48 | 7 | - | 19 | 26 | 30 | 4 | 60 |
Retirements |  | - | - | (1) | (1) | (64) | - | (65) |
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | 187 | - | - | 187 | 295 | - | 482 |
Disposal of entities in the year |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transfers |  | 9 | - | (15) | (6) | (62) | - | (68) |
Exchange difference and other |  | 3 | - | (19) | (16) | (78) | - | (94) |
Balance at the end |  | 354 | - | - | 354 | 808 | 10 | 1,172 |
Net tangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 2,764 | 1,085 | 2,135 | 5,985 | 1,392 | 443 | 7,819 |
Balance at the end |  | 4,401 | 545 | 3,077 | 8,021 | 1,467 | 456 | 9,944 |

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the cost of fully amortized tangible assets that remained in use were €2,660, €2,313 and 2,663 million respectively while its recoverable residual value was not significant.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the amount of tangible assets under financial lease schemes on which the purchase option is expected to be exercised was not material. The main activity of the Group is carried out through a network of bank branches located geographically as shown in the following table:

Branches by Geographical Location (Number of branches)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Spain | 3,019 | 3,303 | 3,811
Mexico | 1,840 | 1,836 | 1,818
South America | 1,631 | 1,667 | 1,684
The United States | 651 | 676 | 669
Turkey | 1,095 | 1,131 | 1,109
Rest of Eurasia | 35 | 47 | 54
Total | 8,271 | 8,660 | 9,145

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The following table shows the detail of the net carrying amount of the tangible assets corresponding to Spanish and foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Tangible Assets by Spanish and Foreign Subsidiaries. Net Assets Values (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
BBVA and Spanish subsidiaries |  | 2,574 | 3,692 | 4,584
Foreign subsidiaries |  | 4,617 | 5,249 | 5,360
Total |  | 7,191 | 8,941 | 9,944

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18. Intangible assets

18.1 Goodwill

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to the cash-generating units (CGUs), is as follows:

Goodwill. Breakdown by CGU and Changes of the year (Millions of euros)
| The United States | Turkey | Mexico | Colombia | Chile | Other | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 4,767 | - | 638 | 208 | 65 | 20 | 5,697
Additions | 12 | 788 | - | - | - | - | 800
Exchange difference | 549 | (62) | (35) | (31) | (3) | (1) | 418
Impairment | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Other | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 5,328 | 727 | 602 | 176 | 62 | 20 | 6,915
Additions | - | - | - | - | - | 8 | 8
Exchange difference | 175 | (101) | (79) | 14 | 6 | - | 15
Impairment | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Other | - | (1) | - | - | - | - | (1)
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 5,503 | 624 | 523 | 191 | 68 | 28 | 6,937
Additions | - | - | 24 | - | - | - | 24
Exchange difference | (666) | (115) | (44) | (22) | (3) | (1) | (851)
Impairment | - | - | - | - | - | (4) | (4)
Other | - | - | (10) | - | (33) | - | (43)
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 4,837 | 509 | 493 | 168 | 32 | 23 | 6,062

The change in 2015 is mainly as a result of the full consolidation of Garanti since the date of effective control (see Note 3) assigned to the CGU of Turkey and exchange differences due to the appreciation of the US Dollar against the euro and the depreciation of the other currencies.

In 2017 and 2016, there were no significant business combinations.

Impairment Test

As described in Note 2.2.8, the cash-generating units (CGUs) to which goodwill has been allocated are periodically tested for impairment by including the allocated goodwill in their carrying amount. This analysis is performed at least annually and whenever there is any indication of impairment.

Both the CGU’s fair values and the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities had been based on the estimates and assumptions that the Group’s Management has deemed most likely given the circumstances. However, some changes to the valuation assumptions used could result in differences in the impairment test result.

Three key assumptions are used when calculating the impairment test. These hypothesis are the ones to which the amount of the recoverable value is most sensitive:

· The forecast cash flows estimated by the Group's management, and based on the latest available budgets for the next 5 years.

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· The constant sustainable growth rate for extrapolating cash flows, starting in the fifth year (2022), beyond the period covered by the budgets or forecasts.

· The discount rate on future cash flows, which coincides with the cost of capital assigned to each CGU, and which consists of a risk-free rate plus a premium that reflects the inherent risk of each of the businesses evaluated.

The focus used by the Group's management to determine the values of the hypotheses is based both on its projections and past experience. These values are uniform and use external sources of information. At the same time, the valuations of the most significant goodwill have in general been reviewed by independent experts (not the Group's external auditors) who apply different valuation methods according to each type of asset and liability. The valuation methods used are: The method for calculating the discounted value of future cash flows, the market transaction method and the cost method.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, no indicators of impairment have been identified in any of the main CGUs.

The Group’s most significant goodwill corresponds to the CGU in the United States, the main significant hypotheses used in the impairment test of this mentioned CGU are:

Impairment test hypotheses CGU Goodwill in the United States
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Discount rate | 10.0% | 10.0% | 9.8%
Sustainable growth rate | 4.0% | 4.0% | 4.0%

Given the potential growth of the sector, in accordance with paragraph 33 of IAS 36, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the Group used a steady growth rate of 4.0% based on the real GDP growth rate of the United States and expected inflation. This 4.0% rate is less than the historical average of the past 30 years of the nominal GDP rate of the United States and lower than the real GDP growth forecasted by the IMF.

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The assumptions with a greater relative weight and whose volatility could affect more in determining the present value of the cash flows starting on the fifth year are the discount rate and the sustainable growth rate. Below is shown the increased (or decreased) amount of the recoverable amount as a result of a reasonable variation (in basic points) of each of the key assumptions:

Sensitivity analysis for main hypotheses - USA (Millions of euros)
| Impact of an increase of 50 basis points (*) | Impact of a decrease of 50 basis points (*)
Discount rate | (1,159) | 1,371
Sustainable growth rate | 661 | (559)

(*) Based on historical changes, the use of 50 basis points to calculate the sensitivity analysis would be a reasonable variation with respect to the observed variations over the last five years.

Another assumption used, and with a high impact on the impairment test, is the budgets of the CGU and specifically the effect that changes in interest rates have on cash flows. The rise in interest rates in 2017 and 2016, net interest income would be positively affected and, therefore, the recoverable amount of the CGU would increase.

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Goodwill in business combinations in 2017 and 2016

There were no significant business combinations.

Goodwill in business combinations 2015

Catalunya Banc

As stated in Note 3, in the year ended December 31, 2015 the Group acquired 98.4% of the share capital of the Catalunya Banc.

Shown below are details of the carrying amount of the consolidated assets and liabilities of Catalunya Banc prior to its acquisition and the corresponding fair values, gross of tax, which have been estimated in accordance with the IFRS-3 acquisition method.

Valuation and calculation of negative goodwill for the acquisition of stake in Catalunya Banc (Millions of euros)
| Carrying Amount | Fair Value
Acquisition cost (A) | - | 1,165
Cash on hand | 616 | 616
Financial assets held for trading | 341 | 341
Available-for-sale financial assets | 1,845 | 1,852
Loans and receivables | 37,509 | 36,766
Held-to-maturity investments (*) | - | -
Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedge of interest rate risk | 23 | 23
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 845 | 845
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale | 274 | 193
Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates | 209 | 293
Tangible assets | 908 | 626
Intangible assets | 7 | 129
Other assets | 581 | 498
Financial Liabilities Held for Trading | (332) | (332)
Financial liabilities at Amortized Cost | (41,271) | (41,501)
Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedge of interest rate risk | (490) | (490)
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | (535) | (535)
Provisions | (1,248) | (1,667)
Other liabilities | (84) | (84)
Deferred tax | 3,312 | 3,630
Total fair value of assets and liabilities acquired (B) | - | 1,205
Non controlling Interest Catalunya Banc Group (**) (C) | 2 | 2
Non controlling Interest after purchase (D) | - | 12
Negative goodwill (A)-(B)+(C )+(D) | - | (26)

(*) After the purchase, it has been reclassified under the heading “Available-for-sale financial assets”

(**) It corresponds to non-controlling interests that Catalunya Banc held, prior to integration in the BBVA Group

Because the resulting goodwill was negative, the net fair value of identifiable assets acquired and lesser liabilities assumed was initially estimated as of June 30, 2015 in an amount of 22 million euros but subsequently the calculation was modified to 26 million euros a gain was recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statement for 2015 under the heading “Negative Goodwill” (see Note 2.2.7).

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Garanti Bank

As stated in Note 3, in the year ended December 31, 2015 the Group acquired 14.89% of the share capital of the Garanti Bank.

Shown below are details of the carrying amount of the consolidated assets and liabilities of Garanti Bank prior to its acquisition and the corresponding fair values, gross of tax, which have been estimated in accordance with the IFRS-3 acquisition method.

Valuation and calculation of goodwill in Garanti Bank (Millions of euros)
| Carrying Amount | Fair Value
Acquisition cost (A) | - | 5,044
Cash on hand | 8,915 | 8,915
Financial assets held for trading | 419 | 419
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | - | -
Available-for-sale financial assets | 14,618 | 14,773
Loans and receivables | 58,495 | 58,054
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale | - | (2)
Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates | 14 | 21
Hedging Derivatives | 785 | 1,399
Non-current assets held for sale | 11 | 1,188
Other assets | 3,715 | 3,652
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | - | -
Financial liabilities at Amortized Cost | (70,920) | (70,926)
Provisions | (394) | (697)
Other liabilities | (6,418) | (6,418)
Deferred tax | 263 | 182
Total fair value of assets and liabilities acquired (B) | - | 10,560
Non controlling Interest Garanti Group (C) | 5,669 | 5,669
Non controlling Interest after purchase (D) | - | 635
Goodwill (A)-(B)+(C )+(D) | - | 788

In accordance with the acquisition method, which implies to account at fair value the assets acquired and liabilities of Garanti Bank along with the intangible assets identifies, as well as the cash payment carried out by the Group related to the transaction generates goodwill.

According to IFRS-3, the calculation of goodwill may be modified during a period of one year from the acquisition date, in 2016 the Group finalized said process without significant changes. Among the adjustments to this calculation, Garanti´s brand has been reclassified as an intangible asset with a definite useful life, with its subsequent amortization under "Amortization - Other intangible assets" in the consolidated income statement.

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The main significant assumptions used in the impairment test of this mentioned CGU are:

Impairment test assumptions CGU Goodwill in Turkey
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Discount rate | 18.0% | 17.7% | 14.8%
Sustainable growth rate | 7.0% | 7.0% | 7.0%

The assumptions with a greater relative weight and whose volatility could affect more in determining the present value of the cash flows starting on the fifth year are the discount rate and the growth rate. Below is shown the increased (or decreased) amount of the recoverable amount as a result of a reasonable variation (in basic points) of each of the key assumptions:

Sensitivity analysis for main assumptions - Turkey (Millions of euros)
| Impact of an increase of 50 basis points (*) | Impact of a decrease of 50 basis points (*)
Discount rate | (298) | 327
Sustainable growth rate | 214 | (196)

18.2 Other intangible assets

The breakdown of the balance and changes of this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, according to the nature of the related items, is as follows:

Other intangible assets (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Computer software acquisition expenses |  | 1,682 | 1,877 | 1,875
Other intangible assets with an infinite useful life |  | 12 | 12 | 26
Other intangible assets with a definite useful life |  | 708 | 960 | 1,235
Total |  | 2,402 | 2,849 | 3,137

The changes of this heading in December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, are as follows:

Other Intangible Assets (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning |  | 2,849 | 3,137 | 1,673
Acquisition of subsidiaries in the year |  | - | - | 1,452
Additions |  | 564 | 645 | 571
Amortization in the year | 45 | (694) | (735) | (631)
Exchange differences and other |  | (305) | (196) | 76
Impairment |  | (12) | (3) | (4)
Balance at the end |  | 2,402 | 2,849 | 3,137

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the balance of fully amortized intangible assets that remained in use were €1,380 million, €1,501 million and €1,238 million respectively, while their recoverable value was not significant.

19. Tax assets and liabilities

19.1 Consolidated tax group

Pursuant to current legislation, the BBVA Consolidated Tax Group includes the Bank (as the parent company) and its Spanish subsidiaries that meet the requirements provided for under Spanish legislation regulating the taxation regime for the consolidated profit of corporate groups.

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The Group’s non-Spanish other banks and subsidiaries file tax returns in accordance with the tax legislation in force in each country.

19.2 Years open for review by the tax authorities

The years open to review in the BBVA Consolidated Tax Group as of December 31, 2017 are 2014 and subsequent years for the main taxes applicable.

The remainder of the Spanish consolidated entities in general have the last four years open for inspection by the tax authorities for the main taxes applicable, except for those in which there has been an interruption of the limitation period due to the start of an inspection.

In the year 2017 as a consequence of the tax authorities examination reviews, inspections were initiated through the year 2013 inclusive, and all such years closed with acceptance during the year 2017. In this way, these inspections did not constitute any material amount of the Consolidated Annual accounts due to the fact that their impact was provisioned.

In view of the varying interpretations that can be made of some applicable tax legislation, the outcome of the tax inspections of the open years that may be conducted by the tax authorities in the future may give rise to contingent tax liabilities which cannot be reasonably estimated at the present time. However, the Group considers that the possibility of these contingent liabilities becoming actual liabilities is remote and, in any case, the tax charge which might arise therefore would not materially affect the Group’s accompanying consolidated financial statements.

19.3 Reconciliation

The reconciliation of the Group’s corporate income tax expense resulting from the application of the Spanish corporation income tax rate and the income tax expense recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Reconciliation of Taxation at the Spanish Corporation Tax Rate to the Tax Expense Recorded for the Period (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Amount | Effective Tax % | Amount | Effective Tax % | Amount | Effective Tax %
Profit or (-) loss before tax | 6,931 |  | 6,392 |  | 4,603 |
From continuing operations | 6,931 |  | 6,392 |  | 4,603 |
From discontinued operations | - |  | - |  | - |
Taxation at Spanish corporation tax rate 30% | 2,079 |  | 1,918 |  | 1,381 |
Lower effective tax rate from foreign entities (*) | (307) |  | (298) |  | (221) |
Mexico | (100) | 27% | (105) | 26% | (149) | 25%
Chile | (29) | 21% | (27) | 17% | (28) | 18%
Colombia | (3) | 29% | 22 | 36% | 2 | 30%
Peru | (16) | 27% | (18) | 26% | (13) | 28%
Turkey | (182) | 21% | (176) | 21% | - | -
Others | 23 |  | 6 |  | (33) |
Revenues with lower tax rate (dividends) | (53) |  | (69) |  | (65) |
Equity accounted earnings | (2) |  | (11) |  | (74) |
Other effects | 452 |  | 159 |  | 253 |
Current income tax | 2,169 |  | 1,699 |  | 1,274 |
Of which: | - |  | - |  | - |
Continuing operations | 2,169 |  | 1,699 |  | 1,274 |
Discontinued operations | - |  | - |  | - |

(*) Calculated by applying the difference between the tax rate in force in Spain and the one applied to the Group’s earnings in each jurisdiction.

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The effective income tax rate for the Group in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Effective Tax Rate (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Income from: |  |  |  |
Consolidated Tax Group |  | (678) | (483) | (1,426)
Other Spanish Entities |  | 29 | 52 | 107
Foreign Entities |  | 7,580 | 6,823 | 5,922
Total |  | 6,931 | 6,392 | 4,603
Income tax and other taxes |  | 2,169 | 1,699 | 1,274
Effective Tax Rate |  | 31.3% | 26.6% | 27.7%

In the year 2017, the changes in the nominal tax rate on corporate income tax, in comparison with those existing in the previous period, in the main countries in which the Group has a presence, have been in Chile (from 24,00% to 25,5%) and Peru (from 28,0% to 29,5%).

19.4 Income tax recognized in equity

In addition to the income tax expense recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statements, the Group has recognized the following income tax charges for these items in the consolidated total equity:

Tax recognized in total equity (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Charges to total equity |  |  |  |
Debt securities and others |  | (355) | (533) | (593)
Equity instruments |  | (74) | (2) | 113
Subtotal |  | (429) | (535) | (480)
Total |  | (429) | (535) | (480)

19.5 Current and deferred taxes

The balance under the heading "Tax assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes current and deferred tax assets. The balance under the “Tax liabilities” heading includes the Group’s various current and deferred tax liabilities. The details of the most important tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

Tax assets and liabilities (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Tax assets |  |  |  |
Current tax assets |  | 2,163 | 1,853 | 1,901
Deferred tax assets |  | 14,725 | 16,391 | 15,878
Pensions |  | 395 | 1,190 | 1,022
Financial Instruments |  | 1,453 | 1,371 | 1,474
Other assets (investments in subsidiaries) |  | 357 | 662 | 554
Impairment losses |  | 1,005 | 1,390 | 1,346
Other |  | 870 | 1,236 | 981
Secured tax assets (*) |  | 9,433 | 9,431 | 9,536
Tax losses |  | 1,212 | 1,111 | 965
Total |  | 16,888 | 18,245 | 17,779
Tax Liabilities |  |  |  |
Current tax liabilities |  | 1,114 | 1,276 | 1,238
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 2,184 | 3,392 | 3,415
Financial Instruments |  | 1,427 | 1,794 | 1,907
Charge for income tax and other taxes |  | 757 | 1,598 | 1,508
Total |  | 3,298 | 4,668 | 4,653

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(*) Laws guaranteeing the deferred tax assets have been approved in Spain and Portugal in 2013 and 2014.

At the end of year 2017, certain fiscal reforms have taken place in some countries where the Group operates, specifically in the United States, Turkey and Argentina, that will come into force as of January 1, 2018. The main changes are the modification of the tax rates applied for year 2018 but this effect has consequences in the valuation of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 2017.The most significant variations of the deferred assets and liabilities in the years 2017, 2016 and 2015 derived from the followings causes:

Deferred tax assets and liabilities (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Deferred Assets | Deferred Liabilities | Deferred Assets | Deferred Liabilities | Deferred Assets | Deferred Liabilities
Balance at the beginning | 16,391 | 3,392 | 15,878 | 3,418 | 10,391 | 3,177
Pensions | (795) | - | 168 | - | 120 | -
Financials Instruments | 82 | (367) | (103) | (113) | 554 | (189)
Other assets | (305) | - | 108 | - | 19 | -
Impairment losses | (385) | - | 44 | - | 305 | -
Others | (366) | (841) | 255 | - | 76 | -
Guaranteed Tax assets | 2 | - | (105) | - | 4,655 | -
Tax Losses | 101 | - | 146 | - | (242) | -
Charge for income tax and other taxes | - | - | - | 87 | - | 430
Balance at the end | 14,725 | 2,184 | 16,391 | 3,392 | 15,878 | 3,418

With respect to the changes in assets and liabilities due to deferred tax contained in the above table, the following should be pointed out:

· The evolution of the deferred tax assets and liabilities (without taking into consideration the guaranteed deferred tax asset and the tax losses) in net terms is a decrease of €561 million mainly due to the register in non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale of the mayority of the tax assets and liabilities of Chile, to the regularization of the tax assets and liabilities of the United States due to the tax reform and to the operation of the corporate income tax in which differences between accounting and taxation produce movements in the deferred taxes.

· The increase in tax losses is mainly due to the generation of negative tax bases and deductions during year 2017.

On the deferred tax assets and liabilities contained in the table above, those included in section 19.4 above have been recognized against the entity's equity, and the rest against earnings for the year.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the estimated amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, which were not recognized deferred tax liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, amounted to 376 million euros, 874 million euros and 656 million euros, respectively.

Of the deferred tax assets contained in the above table, the detail of the items and amounts guaranteed by the Spanish and Portuguese governments, broken down by the items that originated those assets is as follows:

Secured tax assets (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Pensions |  | 1,897 | 1,901 | 1,904
Impairment losses |  | 7,536 | 7,530 | 7,632
Total |  | 9,433 | 9,431 | 9,536

As of December 31, 2017, non-guaranteed net deferred tax assets of the above table amounted to €3,108 million (€3,568 and €2,924 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 respectively), which broken down by major geographies is as follows:

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· Spain: Net deferred tax assets recognized in Spain totaled €2,052 million as of December 31, 2017 (€2,007 and €1,437 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively). €1,184 million of the figure recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017 for net deferred tax assets related to tax credits and tax loss carry forwards and €868 million relate to temporary differences.

· Mexico: Net deferred tax assets recognized in Mexico amounted to €615 million as of December 31, 2017 (€698 and €608 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively). 98,24% of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 relate to temporary differences. The remainders are tax credits carry forwards.

· South America: Net deferred tax assets recognized in South America amounted to €26 million as of December 31, 2017 (€362 and €330 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively). All the deferred tax assets relate to temporary differences.

· The United States: Net deferred tax assets recognized in The United States amounted to €180 million as of December 31, 2017 (€345 and €300 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively). All the deferred tax assets relate to temporary differences.

· Turkey: Net deferred tax assets recognized in Turkey amounted to €224 million as of December 31, 2017 (€135 and €217 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 respectively). As of December 31, 2017, all the deferred tax assets correspond to €13 million of tax credits related to tax losses carry forwards and deductions and €211 million relate to temporary differences.

Based on the information available as of December 31, 2017, including historical levels of benefits and projected results available to the Group for the coming years, it is considered that sufficient taxable income will be generated for the recovery of above mentioned unsecured deferred tax assets when they become deductible according to the tax laws.

On the other hand, the Group has not recognized certain deductible temporary differences, negative tax bases and deductions for which, in general, there is no legal period for offsetting, amounting to approximately 2,284 million euros, which are mainly originated by Catalunya Banc.

20. Other assets and liabilities

The breakdown of the balance under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Other assets and liabilities: Breakdown by nature (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Inventories |  | 229 | 3,298 | 4,303
Real estate |  | 226 | 3,268 | 4,172
Others |  | 3 | 29 | 131
Transactions in progress |  | 156 | 241 | 148
Accruals |  | 768 | 723 | 804
Prepaid expenses |  | 509 | 518 | 558
Other prepayments and accrued income |  | 259 | 204 | 246
Other items |  | 3,207 | 3,012 | 3,311
Total Assets |  | 4,359 | 7,274 | 8,565
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Transactions in progress |  | 165 | 127 | 52
Accruals |  | 2,490 | 2,721 | 2,609
Accrued expenses |  | 1,997 | 2,125 | 2,009
Other accrued expenses and deferred income |  | 493 | 596 | 600
Other items |  | 1,894 | 2,131 | 1,949
Total Liabilities |  | 4,550 | 4,979 | 4,610

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The heading "Inventories" includes the net book value of land and building purchases that the Group’s Real estate entities have available for sale or as part of their business. Balances under this heading include mainly real estate assets acquired by these entities from distressed customers (mostly in Spain), net of their corresponding losses. The roll-forward of our inventories from distressed customers is provided below:

Inventories from Distressed Customers (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning | 8,499 | 9,318 | 9,119
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | 580
Acquisitions | 533 | 336 | 797
Disposals | (2,288) | (1,214) | (1,188)
Others | (6,653) | 59 | 10
Balance at the end | 91 | 8,499 | 9,318
Accumulated impairment losses | (26) | (5,385) | (5,291)
Carrying amount | 65 | 3,114 | 4,026

The impairment included under the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets” of the accompanying consolidated financial statements were €307, €375 million and €209 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively (see Note 48).

As of December 31, 2017, the balance of real estate assets acquired from distressed customers was reclassified to the heading "Non-current assets and disposable groups of items that have been classified as held for sale" (see Note 21) due to the agreement with Cerberus to transfer the Real Estate business in Spain (See Note 3).

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21. Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale

The composition of the balance under the heading “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, broken down by the origin of the assets, is as follows:

Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale Breakdown by items (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Foreclosures and recoveries |  | 6,207 | 4,225 | 3,991
Foreclosures (*) |  | 6,047 | 4,057 | 3,775
Recoveries from financial leases |  | 160 | 168 | 216
Other assets from tangible assets |  | 447 | 1,181 | 706
Property, plant and equipment |  | 447 | 378 | 431
Operating leases (**) |  | - | 803 | 275
Business sale - Assets (***) |  | 18,623 | 40 | 37
Accrued amortization (****) |  | (77) | (116) | (80)
Impairment losses |  | (1,348) | (1,727) | (1,285)
Total Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale |  | 23,853 | 3,603 | 3,369

(*) As of December 31, 2017, included mainly the agreement with Cerberus to transfer the "Real Estate" business in Spain (see Note 3)

(**) As of December 31, 2016, included mainly Real Estate Investments from BBVA Propiedad, S.A. which were transferred to Testa Residencial, S.A. in the first quarter of 2017 (see Note 16).

(***) As of December 31, 2017, included mainly the BBVA’s stake in BBVA Chile (see Note 3).

(****) Amortization accumulated until related asset reclassified as “non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale”.

The changes in the balances of “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” in 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale Changes in the year 2017 (Millions of euros)
|  | Foreclosed Assets | From Own Use Assets (*) | Other assets (**) | Total
| Notes | Foreclosed Assets through Auction Proceeding | Recovered Assets from Finance Leases
Cost (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 4,057 | 168 | 1,065 | 40 | 5,330
Additions |  | 791 | 45 | 1 | - | 837
Contributions from merger transactions |  | - | - | - | - | -
Retirements (sales and other decreases) |  | (1,037) | (49) | (131) | - | (1,217)
Transfers, other movements and exchange differences (**) |  | 2,236 | (4) | (564) | 18,583 | 20,251
Balance at the end |  | 6,047 | 160 | 371 | 18,623 | 25,201
Impairment (2) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 1,237 | 47 | 443 | - | 1,727
Additions | 50 | 143 | 14 | 1 | - | 158
Contributions from merger transactions |  | - | - | - | - | -
Retirements (sales and other decreases) |  | (272) | (7) | (42) | - | (321)
Other movements and exchange differences |  | (6) | (2) | (208) | - | (216)
Balance at the end |  | 1,102 | 52 | 194 | - | 1,348
Balance at the end of Net carrying value (1)-(2) |  | 4,945 | 108 | 177 | 18,623 | 23,853

(*) Net of amortization accumulated until assets were reclassified as non-current assets held for sale

(** ) As of December 31, 2017, included mainly the BBVA’s stake in BBVA Chile and the agreement with Cerberus to transfer the "Real Estate" business in Spain (see Note 3)

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Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale Changes in the year 2016 (Millions of euros)
|  | Foreclosed Assets | From Own Use Assets (*) | Other assets | Total
| Notes | Foreclosed Assets through Auction Proceeding | Recovered Assets from Finance Leases
Cost (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 3,775 | 216 | 626 | 37 | 4,654
Additions |  | 582 | 57 | 23 | - | 662
Contributions from merger transactions |  | - | - | - | - | -
Retirements (sales and other decreases) |  | (779) | (77) | (170) | 3 | (1,023)
Transfers, other movements and exchange differences |  | 480 | (28) | 586 | - | 1,037
Balance at the end |  | 4,057 | 168 | 1,065 | 40 | 5,330
Impairment (2) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 994 | 52 | 240 | - | 1,285
Additions | 50 | 129 | 3 | 5 | - | 136
Contributions from merger transactions |  | - | - | - | - | -
Retirements (sales and other decreases) |  | (153) | (6) | (33) | - | (192)
Other movements and exchange differences |  | 268 | (2) | 232 | - | 499
Balance at the end |  | 1,237 | 47 | 443 | - | 1,727
Balance at the end of Net carrying value (1)-(2) |  | 2,820 | 121 | 621 | 40 | 3,603

(*) Net of amortization accumulated until assets were reclassified as non-current assets held for sale

Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale Changes in the year 2015 (Millions of euros)
|  | Foreclosed Assets | From Own Use Assets (*) | Other assets (**) | Total
| Notes | Foreclosed Assets through Auction Proceeding | Recovered Assets from Finance Leases
Cost (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 3,144 | 186 | 241 | 924 | 4,495
Additions |  | 801 | 94 | 79 | - | 974
Contributions from merger transactions |  | 446 | 1 | 163 | - | 609
Retirements (sales and other decreases) |  | (586) | (53) | (163) | (887) | (1,688)
Transfers, other movements and exchange differences |  | (30) | (13) | 307 | - | 264
Balance at the end |  | 3,775 | 216 | 626 | 37 | 4,654
Impairment (2) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning |  | 578 | 53 | 70 | - | 702
Additions | 50 | 208 | 11 | 66 | - | 285
Contributions from merger transactions |  | 328 | - | 75 | - | 404
Retirements (sales and other decreases) |  | (117) | (14) | (39) | - | (170)
Other movements and exchange differences |  | (4) | 2 | 66 | - | 64
Balance at the end |  | 994 | 52 | 240 | - | 1,285
Balance at the end of Net carrying value (1)-(2) |  | 2,781 | 164 | 387 | 37 | 3,369

(*) Net of amortization accumulated until assets were reclassified as non-current assets held for sale

(**) Business sale agreement (Note 3)

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Assets from foreclosures or recoveries

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, assets from foreclosures and recoveries, net of impairment losses, by nature of the asset, amounted to €1,924, €2,326 and €2,415 million in assets for residential use; €491, €574 and €486 million in assets for tertiary use (industrial, commercial or office) and €29, €41 and €44 million in assets for agricultural use, respectively.

In December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the average sale time of assets from foreclosures or recoveries was between 2 and 3 years.

During the years 2017, 2016 and 2015, some of the sale transactions for these assets were financed by Group companies. The amount of loans to buyers of these assets in those years amounted to €207, €219 and €179 million, respectively; with an average financing of 73% of the sales price.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the amount of the profits arising from the sale of Group companies financed assets - and therefore not recognized in the consolidated income statement - amounted to €1, €1 and €18 million, respectively.

22. Financial liabilities at amortized cost

22.1 Breakdown of the balance

The breakdown of the balance under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Deposits |  |  |  |
Deposits from Central Banks | 9 | 37,054 | 34,740 | 40,087
Deposits from Credit Institutions |  | 54,516 | 63,501 | 68,543
Customer deposits |  | 376,379 | 401,465 | 403,362
Debt securities issued |  | 63,915 | 76,375 | 81,980
Other financial liabilities |  | 11,850 | 13,129 | 12,141
Total |  | 543,714 | 589,210 | 606,113

22.2 Deposits from credit institutions

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the consolidated balance sheets, according to the nature of the financial instruments, is as follows:

Deposits from credit institutions (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Term deposits |  | 25,941 | 30,429 | 38,153
Demand deposits |  | 3,731 | 4,651 | 4,318
Repurchase agreements | 35 | 24,843 | 28,420 | 26,072
Other deposits |  | - | - | -
Total |  | 54,516 | 63,501 | 68,543

The breakdown by geographical area and the nature of the related instruments of this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Deposits from Credit Institutions. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Demand Deposits & Reciprocal Accounts | Deposits with Agreed Maturity | Repurchase Agreements | Total
Spain | 762 | 3,879 | 878 | 5,518
The United States | 1,563 | 2,398 | - | 3,961
Mexico | 282 | 330 | 1,817 | 2,429
Turkey | 73 | 836 | 44 | 953
South America | 448 | 2,538 | 13 | 2,999
Rest of Europe | 526 | 12,592 | 21,732 | 34,849
Rest of the world | 77 | 3,369 | 360 | 3,806
Total | 3,731 | 25,941 | 24,843 | 54,516
Deposits from Credit Institutions. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Demand Deposits & Reciprocal Accounts | Deposits with Agreed Maturity | Repurchase Agreements | Total
Spain | 956 | 4,995 | 817 | 6,768
The United States | 1,812 | 3,225 | 3 | 5,040
Mexico | 306 | 426 | 2,931 | 3,663
Turkey | 317 | 1,140 | 5 | 1,463
South America | 275 | 3,294 | 465 | 4,035
Rest of Europe | 896 | 13,751 | 23,691 | 38,338
Rest of the world | 88 | 3,597 | 509 | 4,194
Total | 4,651 | 30,429 | 28,420 | 63,501
Deposits from Credit Institutions. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Demand Deposits & Reciprocal Accounts | Deposits with Agreed Maturity | Repurchase Agreements | Total
Spain | 951 | 6,718 | 593 | 8,262
The United States | 1,892 | 5,497 | 2 | 7,391
Mexico | 54 | 673 | 916 | 1,643
Turkey | 355 | 1,423 | 8 | 1,786
South America | 212 | 3,779 | 432 | 4,423
Rest of Europe | 801 | 15,955 | 23,140 | 39,896
Rest of the world | 53 | 4,108 | 981 | 5,142
Total | 4,318 | 38,153 | 26,072 | 68,543

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22.3 Customer deposits

The breakdown of this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, by type of financial instrument, is as follows:

Customer deposits (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
General Governments |  | 23,210 | 21,396 | 25,396
Current accounts |  | 223,497 | 212,604 | 195,655
Time deposits |  | 116,538 | 153,388 | 165,469
Repurchase agreements | 35 | 9,076 | 13,514 | 15,744
Subordinated deposits |  | 194 | 233 | 285
Other accounts |  | 3,864 | 330 | 814
Total |  | 376,379 | 401,465 | 403,362
Of which: |  |  |  |
In Euros |  | 184,150 | 189,438 | 203,053
In foreign currency |  | 192,229 | 212,027 | 200,309

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The breakdown by geographical area of this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, by type of instrument is as follows:

Customer Deposits. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Demand Deposits | Deposits with Agreed Maturity | Repurchase Agreements | Total
Spain | 123,382 | 39,513 | 2,664 | 165,559
The United States | 36,728 | 21,436 | - | 58,164
Mexico | 36,492 | 11,622 | 4,272 | 52,387
Turkey | 12,427 | 24,237 | 152 | 36,815
South America | 23,710 | 15,053 | 2 | 38,764
Rest of Europe | 6,816 | 13,372 | 1,989 | 22,177
Rest of the world | 1,028 | 1,484 | - | 2,511
Total | 240,583 | 126,716 | 9,079 | 376,379

Customer Deposits. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Demand Deposits | Deposits with Agreed Maturity | Repurchase Agreements | Total
Spain | 102,730 | 56,391 | 1,901 | 161,022
The United States | 26,997 | 23,023 | 263 | 50,282
Mexico | 36,468 | 10,647 | 7,002 | 54,117
Turkey | 47,340 | 14,971 | - | 62,311
South America | 9,862 | 28,328 | 21 | 38,211
Rest of Europe | 6,959 | 19,683 | 4,306 | 30,949
Rest of the world | 1,190 | 3,382 | - | 4,572
Total | 231,547 | 156,425 | 13,493 | 401,465

Customer Deposits. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Demand Deposits | Deposits with Agreed Maturity | Repurchase Agreements | Total
Spain | 86,564 | 70,816 | 11,309 | 168,689
The United States | 47,071 | 15,893 | 24 | 62,988
Mexico | 36,907 | 10,320 | 4,195 | 51,422
Turkey | 9,277 | 26,744 | 15 | 36,036
South America | 24,574 | 19,591 | 304 | 44,469
Rest of Europe | 5,514 | 22,833 | 7,423 | 35,770
Rest of the world | 357 | 3,631 | - | 3,988
Total | 210,264 | 169,828 | 23,270 | 403,362

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22.4 Debt securities issued (including bonds and debentures)

The breakdown of the balance under this heading, by currency, is as follows:

Debt securities issued (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
In Euros | 38,735 | 45,619 | 51,449
Promissory bills and notes | 1,309 | 875 | 471
Non-convertible bonds and debentures | 9,418 | 8,766 | 10,081
Covered bonds | 16,425 | 24,845 | 29,672
Hybrid financial instruments | 807 | 468 | 396
Securitization bonds | 2,295 | 3,693 | 4,729
Other securities | - | - | -
Subordinated liabilities | 8,481 | 6,972 | 6,100
Convertible | 4,500 | 4,070 | 3,030
Convertible perpetual securities | 4,500 | 4,070 | 3,030
Convertible subordinated debt | - | - | -
Non-convertible | 3,981 | 2,902 | 3,071
Preferred Stock | 107 | 359 | 357
Other subordinated liabilities | 3,875 | 2,543 | 2,714
In Foreign Currencies | 25,180 | 30,759 | 30,531
Promissory bills and notes | 3,157 | 382 | 194
Non-convertible bonds and debentures | 11,109 | 15,134 | 14,976
Covered bonds | 650 | 149 | 148
Hybrid financial instruments | 1,809 | 2,059 | 2,422
Securitization bonds | 47 | 3,019 | 3,077
Other securities | - | - | -
Subordinated liabilities | 8,407 | 10,016 | 9,715
Convertible | 2,085 | 1,548 | 1,511
Convertible perpetual securities | 2,085 | 1,548 | 1,511
Convertible subordinated debt | - | - | -
Non-convertible | 6,323 | 8,467 | 8,204
Preferred Stock | 55 | 620 | 616
Other subordinated liabilities | 6,268 | 7,846 | 7,589
Total | 63,915 | 76,375 | 81,980

As of December 31, 2017, 71% of “Debt securities issued” have fixed-interest rates and 29% have variable interest rates.

Most of the foreign currency issues are denominated in U.S. dollars.

22.4.1 Non-convertible bonds and debentures

The senior debt issued by BBVA Senior Finance, S.A.U., are guaranteed jointly, severally and irrevocably by the Bank.

22.4.2 Subordinated liabilities

The issuances of BBVA International Preferred, S.A.U., BBVA Subordinated Capital, S.A.U., BBVA Global Finance, Ltd., Caixa Terrassa Societat de Participacions Preferents, S.A.U. and CaixaSabadell Preferents, S.A.U., are jointly, severally and irrevocably guaranteed by the Bank. For additional information of the outstanding subordinated debt, see Appendix VI. The balance variances are mainly due to the following transactions:

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Convertible perpetual securities

On May 24, 2017, BBVA carried out the fifth issuance of perpetual contingent convertible securities (additional tier 1 instrument), with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights of shareholders, for a total nominal amount of €500 million. This issuance is listed in the Global Exchange Market of the Irish Stock Exchange and was targeted only at qualified investors, not being offered to, and not being subscribed for, in Spain or by Spanish residents. The issuance qualifies as additional tier 1 capital of the Bank and the Group in accordance with Regulation EU 575/2013 (see Note 22.3).

Additionally, on November 14, 2017, BBVA carried out the sixth issuance of perpetual contingent convertible securities (additional tier 1 instrument), with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights of shareholders, for a total nominal amount of $1,000 million. This issuance is listed in the Global Exchange Market of the Irish Stock Exchange and was targeted only at qualified investors, not being offered to, and not being subscribed for, in Spain or by Spanish residents. The qualification of this issuance as additional tier 1 capital has been requested (see Note 22.3).

The additional four issuances of perpetual contingent convertible securities (additional tier 1 instruments) with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights of shareholders (in April 2013 for an amount of $1.5 billion, in February 2014 and February 2015 for an amount of €1.5 billion each one, and in April 2016 for an amount of €1 billion). These issuances were targeted only at qualified investors and foreign private banking clients not being offered to, and not being subscribed for, in Spain or by Spanish residents. The first two issuances are listed in the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited and the last two issuances are listed in the Global Exchange Market of the Irish Stock Exchange. Furthermore, these four issuances qualify as additional tier 1 capital of the Bank and the Group in accordance with Regulation UE 575/2013 (see Note 22.3).

These perpetual securities will be converted into newly issued ordinary shares of BBVA if the CET 1 ratio of the Bank or the Group is less than 5.125%, in accordance with their respective terms and conditions.

These issues may be fully redeemed at BBVA´s option only in the cases contemplated in their respective terms and conditions, and in any case, in accordance with the provisions of the applicable legislation.

Preferred securities

The breakdown by issuer of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Preferred Securities by Issuer (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
BBVA International Preferred, S.A.U. (1) | 36 | 855 | 842
Unnim Group (2) | 98 | 100 | 109
Compass Group | 19 | 22 | 22
BBVA Colombia, S.A. | 1 | 1 | 1
Others | 9 | 1 | -
Total | 163 | 979 | 974

(1) Listed on the London and New York stock exchanges.

(2) Unnim Group: Issuances prior to the acquisition by BBVA.

These issues were fully subscribed at the moment of the issue by qualified/institutional investors outside the Group and are redeemable at the issuer company’s option after five years from the issue date, depending on the terms of each issue and with prior consent from the Bank of Spain.

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Redemption of preferred securities

On March 20, 2017 BBVA International Preferred, S.A.U. carried out the early redemption in full of its Series B preferred securities for an outstanding amount of €164,350,000.

Likewise, on March 22, 2017 BBVA International Preferred, S.A.U. carried out the early redemption in full of its Series A preferred securities for an outstanding amount of €85,550,000.

Finally, on April 18, 2017 BBVA International Preferred, S.A.U. carried out the early redemption in full of its Series C preferred securities for an outstanding amount of USD 600,000,000.

22.5 Other financial liabilities

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Other financial liabilities (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Creditors for other financial liabilities |  | 2,835 | 3,465 | 3,303
Collection accounts |  | 3,452 | 2,768 | 2,369
Creditors for other payables |  | 5,563 | 6,370 | 5,960
Dividend payable but pending payment | 4 | - | 525 | 509
Total |  | 11,850 | 13,129 | 12,141

23. Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts

The Group has insurance subsidiaries mainly in Spain and Latin America (mostly in Mexico). The main product offered by the insurance subsidiaries is life insurance to cover the risk of death (risk insurance) and life-savings insurance. Within life and accident insurance, a distinction is made between freely sold products and those offered to customers who have taken mortgage or consumer loans, which cover the principal of those loans in the event of the customer’s death.

There are two types of savings products: individual insurance, which seeks to provide the customer with savings for retirement or other events, and group insurance, which is taken out by employers to cover their commitments to their employees.

The insurance business is affected by different risks, including those that are related to the BBVA Group such as credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk and the methodology for risk measurement applied in the insurance activity is similar (see Note 7), although it has a differentiated management due to the particular characteristics of the insurance business, such as the coverage of contracted obligations and the long term of the commitments. Additionally, the insurance business generates certain specific risks, of a probabilistic nature:

· Technical risk: arises from deviations in the estimation of the casualty rate of insurances, either in terms of numbers, the amount of such claims and the timing of its occurrence.

· Biometric risk: depending on the deviations in the expected mortality behavior or the survival of the insured persons.

The insurance industry is highly regulated in each country. In this regard, it should be noted that the insurance industry is undergoing a gradual regulatory transformation through new capital regulations risk-based, which have already been published in several countries.

The most significant provisions recognized by consolidated insurance subsidiaries with respect to insurance policies issued by them are under the heading “Liabilities under -Insurance and reinsurance contracts” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The breakdown of the balance under this heading is as follows:

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Technical Reserves by type of insurance product (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Mathematical reserves | 7,961 | 7,813 | 8,101
Individual life insurance (1) | 5,359 | 4,791 | 4,294
Savings | 4,391 | 3,943 | 3,756
Risk | 967 | 848 | 526
Others | 1 | - | 12
Group insurance (2) | 2,601 | 3,022 | 3,807
Savings | 2,455 | 2,801 | 3,345
Risk | 147 | 221 | 462
Others | - | - | -
Provision for unpaid claims reported | 631 | 691 | 697
Provisions for unexpired risks and other provisions | 631 | 635 | 609
Total | 9,223 | 9,139 | 9,407

(1) Provides coverage in the event of death or disability.

(2) The insurance policies purchased by employers (other than BBVA Group) on behalf of its employees.

The cash flows of those Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts are shown below:

Maturity (Millions of euros) Liabilities under Insurance and Reinsurance Contracts
| Up to 1 Year | 1 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
2017 | 1,560 | 1,119 | 1,502 | 5,042 | 9,223
2016 | 1,705 | 1,214 | 1,482 | 4,738 | 9,139
2015 | 1,652 | 1,397 | 1,495 | 4,863 | 9,407

The modeling methods and techniques used to calculate the mathematical reserves for the insurance products are actuarial and financial methods and modeling techniques approved by the respective country’s insurance regulator or supervisor. The most important insurance entities are located in Spain and Mexico (which together account for approximately 85% of the insurance revenues), where the modeling methods and techniques are reviewed by the insurance regulator in Spain (General Directorate of Insurance) and Mexico (National Insurance and Bonding Commission), respectively. The modeling methods and techniques used to calculate the mathematical reserves for the insurance products are compliant with IFRS and primarily involve the valuation of the estimated future cash flows, discounted at the technical interest rate for each policy. To ensure this technical interest rate, asset-liability management is carried out, acquiring a portfolio of securities that generate the cash flows needed to cover the payment commitments assumed with the customers.

The table below shows the key assumptions as of December 31, 2017, used in the calculation of the mathematical reserves for insurance products in Spain and Mexico, respectively:

Mathematical Reserves
| Mortality table | Average technical interest type
| Spain | Mexico | Spain | Mexico
Individual life insurance (1) | GRMF 80-2 GKM 80 / GKMF 95 PERMF 2000 PASEM | Tables of the Comisión Nacional de Seguros y Fianzas 2000-individual | 0.26%-3.27% | 2.50%
Group insurance(2) | PERMF 2000 | Tables of the Comisión Nacional de Seguros y Fianzas 2000-grupo | Depending on the related portfolio | 5.50%

(1) Provides coverage in the case of one or more of the following events: death and disability.

(2) Insurance policies purchased by companies (other than Group BBVA entities) on behalf of their employees.

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The heading “Assets under reinsurance and insurance contracts” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the amounts that the consolidated insurance entities are entitled to receive under the reinsurance contracts entered into by them with third parties and, more specifically, the share of the reinsurer in the technical provisions recognized by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the balance under this heading amounted to €421, €447 million and €511 million, respectively.

24. Provisions

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, based on type of provisions, is as follows:

Provisions. Breakdown by concepts (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Provisions for pensions and similar obligations | 25 | 5,407 | 6,025 | 6,299
Other long term employee benefits | 25 | 67 | 69 | 68
Provisions for taxes and other legal contingencies |  | 756 | 418 | 616
Provisions for contingent risks and commitments |  | 578 | 950 | 714
Other provisions (1) |  | 669 | 1,609 | 1,155
Total |  | 7,477 | 9,071 | 8,852

(1) During the year 2015 and 2016, provisions corresponding to different concepts and different geographies that are not individually significant individually, except originated of the Purchase Price Agreement of Catalunya Banc and Garanti Group (see Note 18.1).

The change in provisions for pensions and similar obligations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Provisions for pensions and similar obligations. Changes Over the Period (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at the beginning |  | 6,025 | 6,299 | 5,970
Add |  |  |  |
Charges to income for the year |  | 391 | 402 | 687
Interest expenses and similar charges |  | 71 | 96 | 108
Personnel expenses | 44.1 | 62 | 67 | 57
Provision expenses |  | 258 | 239 | 522
Charges to equity (1) | 25 | 140 | 339 | 135
Transfers and other changes (2) |  | (264) | 66 | 440
Less |  |  |  |
Benefit payments | 25 | (861) | (926) | (925)
Employer contributions | 25 | (25) | (154) | (8)
Balance at the end |  | 5,407 | 6,025 | 6,299

(1) Correspond to actuarial losses (gains) arising from certain defined-benefit post-employment pension commitments and other similar benefits recognized in “Equity” (see Note 2.2.12).

(2) In the year 2015 this line item correspond mainly to the incorporation of Garanti y Catalunya Banc (see Note 3).

Provisions for Taxes, Legal Contingents and Other Provisions. Changes Over the Period (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Balance at beginning | 2,028 | 1,771 | 1,031
Additions | 868 | 1,109 | 334
Acquisition of subsidiaries (*) | - | - | 1,256
Unused amounts reversed during the period | (164) | (311) | (205)
Amount used and other variations | (1,306) | (540) | (645)
Balance at the end | 1,425 | 2,028 | 1,771

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(*) In the year 2015 this line item mainly includes the incorporation of Garanti y Catalunya Banc in year 2015 (see Note 3).

Ongoing legal proceedings and litigation

The financial sector is facing an environment of greater regulatory and litigious pressure. In this environment, BBVA is frequently party to individual or collective legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. According to the procedural status of these proceedings and the criteria of the legal counsel, BBVA considers that, as of December 31, 2017, none of such actions is material, individually or as a whole, and with no significant impact on the operating results, liquidity or financial situation at a Group consolidated or individual level of the Bank. As of December 31, 2017 BBVA´s Management believes that the provisions made in respect of such legal proceedings are adequate.

In the consolidated financial statements for the year 2016, the judicial procedure related to the clauses of limitation of interest rates in mortgage loans with consumers (the so-called “cláusulas suelo”) was considered material. In relation to this issue, after the preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), and after the analysis carried out on the portfolio of mortgage loans to consumers to which a floor clause had been applied, BBVA endowed a provision of €577 million (with an impact on the attributed profit of approximately €404 million) recorded in the consolidated profit and loss account for 2016, to cover potential claims. This provision has been used for this purpose during the year 2017. The additional provisions that have been made during the year 2017, to cover the possible claims that may arise in relation to this matter, have not been significant.

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25. Post-employment and other employee benefit commitments

As stated in Note 2.2.12, the Group has assumed commitments with employees including short-term employee benefits (see Note 44.1), defined contribution and defined benefit plans (see Glossary), healthcare and other long-term employee benefits.

The Group sponsors defined-contribution plans for the majority of its active employees with the plans in Spain and Mexico being the most significant. Most defined benefit plans are closed to new employees with liabilities relating largely to retired employees, the most significant being those in Spain, Mexico, the United States and Turkey. In Mexico, the Group provides medical benefits to a closed group of employees and their family members, both active service and in retirees.

The breakdown of the balance sheet net defined benefit liability as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is provided below:

Net Defined Benefit Liability (asset) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Pension commitments | 4,969 | 5,277 | 5,306
Early retirement commitments | 2,210 | 2,559 | 2,855
Medical benefits commitments | 1,204 | 1,015 | 1,023
Other long term employee benefits | 67 | 69 | 68
Total commitments | 8,451 | 8,920 | 9,252
Pension plan assets | 1,892 | 1,909 | 1,974
Medical benefit plan assets | 1,114 | 1,113 | 1,149
Total plan assets (1) | 3,006 | 3,022 | 3,124
Total net liability / asset on the consolidated balance sheet | 5,445 | 5,898 | 6,128
Of which: |  |  |
Net asset on the consolidated balance sheet (2) | (27) | (194) | (238)
Net liability on the consolidated balance sheet for provisions for pensions and similar obligations (3) | 5,407 | 6,025 | 6,299
Net liability on the consolidated balance sheet for other long term employee benefits (4) | 67 | 69 | 68

(1) In Turkey, the foundation responsible for managing the benefit commitments holds an additional asset of 142€ million which, in accordance with IFRS regarding the asset ceiling, has not been recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements, because although it could be used to reduce future pension contributions it could not be immediately refunded to the employer.

(2) Recorded under the heading “Other Assets - Other” of the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 20).

(3) Recorded under the heading “Provisions - Provisions for pensions and similar obligations” of the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 24).

(4) Recorded under the heading “Provisions – Other long-term employee benefits” of the consolidated balance sheet.

The amounts relating to benefit commitments charged to consolidated income statement for the years 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

Consolidated Income Statement Impact (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Interest and similar expenses |  | 71 | 96 | 108
Interest expense |  | 294 | 303 | 309
Interest income |  | (223) | (207) | (201)
Personnel expenses |  | 149 | 154 | 141
Defined contribution plan expense | 44.1 | 87 | 87 | 84
Defined benefit plan expense | 44.1 | 62 | 67 | 57
Provisions (net) | 46 | 343 | 332 | 592
Early retirement expense |  | 227 | 236 | 502
Past service cost expense |  | 3 | (2) | 26
Remeasurements (*) |  | 31 | 3 | 20
Other provision expenses |  | 82 | 95 | 44
Total impact on Consolidated Income Statement: Debit (Credit) |  | 563 | 582 | 841

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(*) Actuarial losses (gains) on remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability relating to early retirements in Spain and other long-term employee benefits that are charged to the income statements (see Note 2.2.12).

The amounts relating to post-employment benefits charged to the consolidated balance sheet correspond to the actuarial gains (losses) on remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability relating to pension and medical commitments before income taxes. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

Equity Impact (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Defined benefit plans |  | (40) | 237 | 128
Post-employment medical benefits |  | 179 | 119 | 7
Total impact on equity: Debit (Credit) (*) |  | 140 | 356 | 135

25.1 Defined benefit plans

Defined benefit commitments relate mainly to employees who have already retired or taken early retirement, certain closed groups of active employees still accruing defined benefit pensions, and in-service death and disability benefits provided to most active employees. For the latter, the Group pays the required premiums to fully insure the related liability. The change in these pension commitments during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is presented below:

Defined Benefits (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Defined Benefit Obligation | Plan Assets | Net Liability (asset) | Defined Benefit Obligation | Plan Assets | Net Liability (asset) | Defined Benefit Obligation | Plan Assets | Net Liability (asset)
Balance at the beginning | 8,851 | 3,022 | 5,829 | 9,184 | 3,124 | 6,060 | 8,622 | 2,937 | 5,685
Current service cost | 64 | - | 64 | 67 | - | 67 | 57 | - | 57
Interest income or expense | 290 | 223 | 68 | 299 | 207 | 92 | 309 | 201 | 108
Contributions by plan participants | 4 | 4 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 2 | 2 | -
Employer contributions | - | 25 | (25) | - | 154 | (154) | - | 8 | (8)
Past service costs (1) | 231 | - | 231 | 235 | - | 235 | 530 | - | 530
Remeasurements: | 331 | 161 | 171 | 354 | (5) | 359 | 42 | (113) | 155
Return on plan assets (2) | - | 161 | (161) | - | (20) | 20 | - | (106) | 106
From changes in demographic assumptions | 100 | - | 100 | 107 | - | 107 | 8 | - | 8
From changes in financial assumptions | 220 | - | 220 | 106 | - | 106 | (53) | - | (53)
Other actuarial gain and losses | 12 | - | 12 | 141 | 15 | 125 | 88 | (7) | 94
Benefit payments | (1,029) | (169) | (861) | (1,052) | (169) | (883) | (1,086) | (146) | (940)
Settlement payments | - | - | - | (43) | - | (43) | (2) | (17) | 15
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | - | - | - | - | 795 | 321 | 474
Effect on changes in foreign exchange rates | (278) | (258) | (19) | (282) | (293) | 11 | (136) | (98) | (38)
Conversions to defined contributions | (82) | - | (82) | - | - | - | - | - | -
Other effects | (1) | (1) | - | 84 | - | 84 | 50 | 28 | 22
Balance at the end | 8,384 | 3,006 | 5,378 | 8,851 | 3,022 | 5,829 | 9,184 | 3,124 | 6,060
Of which |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spain | 5,442 | 320 | 5,122 | 6,157 | 358 | 5,799 | 6,491 | 380 | 6,111
Mexico | 1,661 | 1,602 | 60 | 1,456 | 1,627 | (171) | 1,527 | 1,745 | (219)
The United States | 360 | 309 | 51 | 385 | 339 | 46 | 362 | 329 | 33
Turkey | 520 | 424 | 96 | 447 | 348 | 99 | 435 | 337 | 98

(1) Including gains and losses arising from settlements.

(2) Excluding interest, which is recorded under "Interest income or expense".

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The balance under the heading “Provisions - Pensions and other post-employment defined benefit obligations” of the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 includes €341 million relating to post-employment benefit commitments to former members of the Board of Directors and the Bank’s Management (see Note 54).

The most significant commitments are those in Spain and Mexico and, to a lesser extent, in the United States and Turkey. The remaining commitments are located mostly in Portugal and South America. Unless otherwise required by local regulation, all defined benefit plans have been closed to new entrants, who instead are able to participate in the Group´s defined contribution plans.

Both the costs and the present value of the commitments are determined by independent qualified actuaries using the “projected unit credit” method.

In order to guarantee the good governance of these plans, the Group has established specific benefits committees. These benefit committees include members from the different areas of the business to ensure that all decisions are made taking into consideration all of the associated impacts.

The following table sets out the key actuarial assumptions used in the valuation of these commitments as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Actuarial Assumptions (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 |  |  |  | 2016 |  |  |  | 2015 |  |
| Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey
Discount rate | 1.24% | 9.48% | 3.57% | 11.60% | 1.50% | 9.95% | 4.04% | 11.50% | 2.00% | 9.30% | 4.30% | 10.30%
Rate of salary increase | - | 4.75% | - | 9.90% | 1.50% | 4.75% | 3.00% | 9.30% | 2.00% | 4.75% | 3.00% | 8.60%
Rate of pension increase | - | 2.13% | - | 8.40% | - | 2.13% | - | 7.80% | - | 2.13% | - | 7.10%
Medical cost trend rate | - | 7.00% | - | 12.60% | - | 6.75% | - | 10.92% | - | 6.75% | - | 9.94%
Mortality tables | PERM/F 2000P | EMSSA09 | RP 2014 | CSO2001 | PERM/F 2000P | EMSSA97 (adjustment EMSSA09) | RP 2014 | CSO2001 | PERM/F 2000P | EMSSA 97 | RP 2014 | CSO2001

In Spain, the discount rate shown as of December, 31, 2017, corresponds to the weighted average rate, the actual discount rates used are 0.50% and 1.75% depending on the type of commitment.

Discount rates used to value future benefit cash flows have been determined by reference to high quality corporate bonds (Note 2.2.12) denominated in Euro in the case of Spain, Mexican peso for Mexico and USD for the United States, and government bonds denominated in new Turkish Lira for Turkey.

The expected return on plan assets has been set in line with the adopted discount rate.

Assumed retirement ages have been set by reference to the earliest age at which employees are entitled to retire, the contractually agreed age in the case of early retirements in Spain or by using retirement rates.

Changes in the main actuarial assumptions may affect the valuation of the commitments. The table below shows the sensitivity of the benefit obligations to changes in the key assumptions:

Sensitivity Analysis (Millions of euros)
| Basis points change | 2017 | 2016
| Increase | Decrease | Increase | Decrease
Discount rate | 50 | (352) | 386 | (367) | 401
Rate of salary increase | 50 | 5 | (5) | 9 | (9)
Rate of pension increase | 50 | 23 | (22) | 28 | (27)
Medical cost trend rate | 100 | 290 | (225) | 263 | (204)
Change in obligation from each additional year of longevity | - | 155 | - | 121 | -

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The sensitivities provided above have been determined at the date of these consolidated financial statements, and reflect solely the impact of changing one individual assumption at a time, keeping the rest of the assumptions unchanged, thereby excluding the effects which may result from combined assumption changes.

In addition to the commitments to employees shown above, the Group has other less material long-term employee benefits. These include long-service awards, which consist of either an established monetary award or some vacation days granted to certain groups of employees when they complete a given number of years of service. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the actuarial liabilities for the outstanding awards amounted to €67 million, €69 million, and €68 million, respectively. These commitments are recorded under the heading "Provisions - Other long-term employee benefits" of the accompanying consolidated balance sheet (see Note 24).

As described above, the Group maintains both pension and medical post-employment benefit commitments with their employees.

25.1.1 Post-employment commitments and similar obligations

These commitments relate mostly to pensions in payment, and which have been determined based on salary and years of service. For most plans, pension payments are due on retirement, death and long term disability.

In addition, during the year 2017, Group entities in Spain offered certain employees the option to take retirement or early retirement (that is, earlier than the age stipulated in the collective labor agreement in force). This offer was accepted by 731 employees (613 and 1,817 employees during years 2016 and 2015, respectively). These commitments include both the compensation and indemnities due as well as the contributions payable to external pension funds during the early retirement period. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the value of these commitments amounted to €2,210 million, €2,559 million and €2,855 million, respectively.

The change in the benefit plan obligations and plan assets as of December 31, 2017 was as follows:

Post-employment commitments 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Defined Benefit Obligation
| Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Rest of the world
Balance at the beginning | 6,157 | 455 | 385 | 447 | 392
Current service cost | 4 | 5 | 3 | 21 | 5
Interest income or expense | 78 | 44 | 14 | 45 | 9
Contributions by plan participants | - | - | - | 3 | 1
Employer contributions | - | - | - | - | -
Past service costs (1) | 235 | 1 | - | 4 | 3
Remeasurements: | (46) | 48 | 20 | 113 | (3)
Return on plan assets (2) | - | - | - | - | -
From changes in demographic assumptions | - | 22 | (2) | - | (3)
From changes in financial assumptions | (33) | 18 | 22 | 81 | 4
Other actuarial gain and losses | (13) | 7 | - | 32 | (4)
Benefit payments | (906) | (41) | (14) | (24) | (10)
Settlement payments | - | - | - | - | -
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | - | - | -
Effect on changes in foreign exchange rates | - | (41) | (47) | (89) | (9)
Conversions to defined contributions | (82) | - | - | - | -
Other effects | 2 | - | (2) | - | (1)
Balance at the end | 5,442 | 470 | 360 | 520 | 387
Of which: |  |  |  |  |
Vested benefit obligation relating to current employees | 111 |  |  |  |
Vested benefit obligation relating to retired employees | 5,331 |  |  |  |
Post-employment commitments 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Plan Assets
| Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Rest of the world
Balance at the beginning | 358 | 514 | 339 | 348 | 349
Current service cost | - | - | - | - | 1
Interest income or expense | 5 | 50 | 13 | 36 | 7
Contributions by plan participants | - | - | - | 3 | 1
Employer contributions | - | 1 | - | 16 | 8
Past service costs (1) | - | - | - | - | 1
Remeasurements: | 21 | 10 | 11 | 101 | (2)
Return on plan assets (2) | 21 | 10 | 11 | 101 | (2)
From changes in demographic assumptions | - | - | - | - | -
From changes in financial assumptions | - | - | - | - | -
Other actuarial gain and losses | - | - | - | - | -
Benefit payments | (64) | (40) | (12) | (12) | (7)
Settlement payments | - | - | - | - | -
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | - | - | -
Effect on changes in foreign exchange rates | - | (46) | (41) | (68) | (4)
Conversions to defined contributions | - | - | - | - | -
Other effects | - | - | (1) | - | -
Balance at the end | 320 | 488 | 309 | 424 | 351
Post-employment commitments 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Net Liability (Asset)
| Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Rest of the world
Balance at the beginning | 5,799 | (59) | 46 | 99 | 43
Current service cost | 4 | 5 | 3 | 21 | 5
Interest income or expense | 73 | (6) | 1 | 9 | 2
Contributions by plan participants | - | - | - | - | -
Employer contributions | - | (1) | - | (16) | (8)
Past service costs (1) | 235 | 1 | - | 4 | 3
Remeasurements: | (67) | 38 | 9 | 12 | (1)
Return on plan assets (2) | (21) | (10) | (11) | (101) | 2
From changes in demographic assumptions | - | 22 | (2) | - | (3)
From changes in financial assumptions | (33) | 18 | 22 | 81 | 4
Other actuarial gain and losses | (13) | 7 | - | 32 | (4)
Benefit payments | (842) | (1) | (2) | (11) | (3)
Settlement payments | - | - | - | - | -
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | - | - | -
Effect on changes in foreign exchange rates | - | 5 | (5) | (21) | (5)
Conversions to defined contributions | (82) | - | - | - | -
Other effects | 2 | - | (1) | - | (1)
Balance at the end | 5,122 | (18) | 51 | 96 | 36

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(1) Including gains and losses arising from settlements.

(2)Excluding interest, which is recorded under "Interest income or expense".

The change in net liabilities (assets) during the years ended 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Post-employment commitments (Millions of euros)
| 2016: Net liability (asset) | 2015: Net liability (asset)
| Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Rest of the world | Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | Rest of the world
Balance at the beginning | 6,109 | (79) | 35 | 97 | 24 | 5,830 | (94) | 38 | - | 69
Current service cost | 10 | 6 | 4 | 22 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 4
Interest income or expense | 98 | (7) | 1 | 8 | 2 | 123 | (10) | 1 | 4 | 3
Contributions by plan participants | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Employer contributions | - | (14) | (1) | (17) | (9) | - | (1) | - | - | (7)
Past service costs (1) | 240 | 1 | - | 4 | (4) | 550 | (15) | - | 2 | -
Remeasurements: | 188 | 23 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 112 | 29 | (9) | 10 | 7
Return on plan assets (2) | (35) | 23 | 3 | (23) | (8) | - | 50 | 19 | (54) | (3)
From changes in demographic assumptions | - | 2 | (5) | - | (1) | - | - | (7) | 15 | -
From changes in financial assumptions | 192 | (22) | 13 | (23) | 37 | 101 | (23) | (18) | (25) | 3
Other actuarial gain and losses | 31 | 19 | (1) | 54 | (17) | 11 | 2 | (3) | 74 | 7
Benefit payments | (867) | - | (3) | (9) | (2) | (913) | - | (20) | (4) | (3)
Settlement payments | (43) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17 | - | -
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | - | - | - | 378 | - | - | 96 | -
Effect on changes in foreign exchange rates | - | 10 | 2 | (15) | (4) | 1 | 5 | 4 | (11) | (45)
Other effects | 63 | - | (3) | - | 20 | 23 | 1 | (1) | - | (1)
Balance at the end | 5,799 | (59) | 46 | 99 | 42 | 6,109 | (78) | 33 | 98 | 23

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(1) Includes gains and losses from settlements.

(2) Excludes interest which is reflected in the line item “Interest income and expenses”.

In Spain, local regulation requires that pension and death benefit commitments must be funded, either through a qualified pension plan or an insurance contract.

In the Spanish entities these commitments are covered by insurance contracts which meet the requirements of the accounting standard regarding the non-recoverability of contributions. However, a significant number of the insurance contracts are with BBVA Seguros, S.A.– a consolidated subsidiary and related party – and consequently these policies cannot be considered plan assets under IAS 19. For this reason, the liabilities insured under these policies are fully recognized under the heading "Provisions – Pensions and other post-employment defined benefit obligations" of the accompanying consolidated balance sheet (see Note 24), while the related assets held by the insurance company are included within the Group´s consolidated assets (registered according to the classification of the corresponding financial instruments). As of December 31, 2017 the value of these separate assets was €2,689 million, representing direct rights of the insured employees held in the consolidated balance sheet, hence these benefits are effectively fully funded.

On the other hand, some pension commitments have been funded through insurance contracts with insurance companies not related to the Group, and can therefore be considered qualifying insurance policies and plan assets under IAS 19. In this case the accompanying consolidated balance sheet reflects the value of the obligations net of the fair value of the qualifying insurance policies. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the fair value of the aforementioned insurance policies (€320, €358 million and €380 million, respectively) exactly match the value of the corresponding obligations and therefore no amount for this item has been recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

Pensions benefits are paid by the insurance companies with whom BBVA has insurance contracts and to whom all insurance premiums have been paid. The premiums are determined by the insurance companies using “cash flow matching” techniques to ensure that benefits can be met when due, guaranteeing both the actuarial and interest rate risk.

In Mexico, there is a defined benefit plan for employees hired prior to 2001. Other employees participate in a defined contribution plan. External funds/trusts have been constituted locally to meet benefit payments as required by local regulation.

In the United States there are mainly two defined benefit plans, both closed to new employees, who instead are able to join a defined contribution plan. External funds/trusts have been constituted locally to fund the plans, as required by local regulation.

In 2008, the Turkish government passed a law to unify the different existing pension systems under a single umbrella Social Security system. Such system provides for the transfer of the various previously established funds.

The financial sector is in this stage at present, maintaining these pension commitments managed by external pension funds (foundations) established for that purpose.

The Foundation that maintains the assets and liabilities relating to employees of Garanti in Turkey, as per the local regulatory requirements, has registered an obligation amounting to €228 million as of December 31, 2017 pending future transfer to the Social Security system.

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Furthermore, Garanti has set up a defined benefit pension plan for employees, additional to the social security benefits, reflected in the consolidated balance sheet.

Until the year 2016, he Bank also had commitments to pay indemnities to certain employees and members of the Group’s Senior Management in the event that they cease to hold their positions for reasons other than their own will, retirement, disability or serious dereliction of duties. The amount will be calculated according to the salary and professional conditions of each employee, taking into consideration fixed elements of the remuneration and the length of office at the Bank. Under no circumstances indemnities will be paid in cases of disciplinary dismissal for misconduct upon decision of the employer on grounds of the employee's serious dereliction of duties.

25.1.2 Medical benefit commitments

The change in defined benefit obligations and plan assets during the years 2017, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Medical Benefits Commitments
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Defined Benefit Obligation | Plan assets | Net liability (asset) | Defined Benefit Obligation | Plan assets | Net liability (asset) | Defined Benefit Obligation | Plan assets | Net liability (asset)
Balance at the beginning | 1,015 | 1,113 | (98) | 1,022 | 1,149 | (127) | 1,083 | 1,240 | (157)
Current service cost | 26 | - | 26 | 24 | - | 24 | 31 | - | 31
Interest income or expense | 101 | 112 | (11) | 86 | 97 | (11) | 95 | 109 | (14)
Contributions by plan participants | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Employer contributions | - | - | - | - | 114 | (114) | - | - | -
Past service costs (1) | (11) | - | (11) | (5) | - | (5) | 1 | - | 1
Remeasurements: | 200 | 21 | 179 | 59 | (60) | 119 | (87) | (94) | 7
Return on plan assets (2) | - | 21 | (21) | - | (60) | 60 | - | (94) | 94
From changes in demographic assumptions | 83 | - | 83 | 110 | - | 110 | - | - | -
From changes in financial assumptions | 128 | - | 128 | (91) | - | (91) | (91) | - | (91)
Other actuarial gain and losses | (10) | - | (10) | 39 | - | 39 | 4 | - | 4
Benefit payments | (35) | (33) | (2) | (33) | (30) | (2) | (30) | (30) | -
Settlement payments | - | - | - | - | - | - | (2) | - | (2)
Business combinations and disposals | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Effect on changes in foreign exchange rates | (92) | (100) | 8 | (138) | (156) | 18 | (69) | (76) | 8
Other effects | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Balance at the end | 1,204 | 1,114 | 91 | 1,015 | 1,113 | (98) | 1,022 | 1,149 | (127)

(1) Including gains and losses arising from settlements.

(2) Excluding interest, which is recorded under "Interest income or expense".

In Mexico there is a medical benefit plan for employees hired prior to 2007. New employees from 2007 are covered by a medical insurance policy. An external trust has been constituted locally to fund the plan, in accordance with local legislation and Group policy.

In Turkey employees are currently provided with medical benefits through a foundation in collaboration with the Social Security system, although local legislation prescribes the future unification of this and similar systems into the general Social Security system itself.

The valuation of these benefits and their accounting treatment follow the same methodology as that employed in the valuation of pension commitments.

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25.1.3 Estimated benefit payments

As of December 31, 2017, the estimated benefit payments over the next ten years for all the entities in Spain, Mexico, The United States and Turkey are as follows:

Estimated Benefit Payments (Millions of euros)
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023-2027
Commitments in Spain | 753 | 681 | 596 | 500 | 402 | 1,101
Commitments in Mexico | 78 | 79 | 83 | 90 | 95 | 591
Commitments in United States | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 101
Commitments in Turkey | 25 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 22 | 189
Total | 871 | 791 | 713 | 628 | 537 | 1,982

25.1.4 Plan assets

The majority of the Group´s defined benefit plans are funded by plan assets held in external funds/trusts legally separate from the Group sponsoring entity. However, in accordance with local regulation, some commitments are not externally funded and covered through internally held provisions, principally those relating to early retirements in Spain.

Plan assets are those assets which will be used to directly settle the assumed commitments and which meet the following conditions: they are not part of the Group sponsoring entities assets, they are available only to pay post-employment benefits and they cannot be returned to the Group sponsoring entity.

To manage the assets associated with defined benefit plans, BBVA Group has established investment policies designed according to criteria of prudence and minimizing the financial risks associated with plan assets.

The investment policy consists of investing in a low risk and diversified portfolio of assets with maturities consistent with the term of the benefit obligation and which, together with contributions made to the plan, will be sufficient to meet benefit payments when due, thus mitigating the plans‘ risks.

In those countries where plan assets are held in pension funds or trusts, the investment policy is developed consistently with local regulation. When selecting specific assets, current market conditions, the risk profile of the assets and their future market outlook are all taken into consideration. In all the cases, the selection of assets takes into consideration the term of the benefit obligations as well as short-term liquidity requirements.

The risks associated with these commitments are those which give rise to a deficit in the plan assets. A deficit could arise from factors such as a fall in the market value of plan assets, an increase in long-term interest rates leading to a decrease in the fair value of fixed income securities, or a deterioration of the economy resulting in more write-downs and credit rating downgrades.

The table below shows the allocation of plan assets of the main companies of the BBVA Group as of December 31, 2017:

Plan Assets Breakdown (Millions of euros)
| 2017
Cash or cash equivalents | 68
Debt securities (Government bonds) | 2,178
Property | 1
Mutual funds | 1
Insurance contracts | 4
Other investments | 10
Total | 2,261
Of which: |
Bank account in BBVA | 5
Debt securities issued by BBVA | 3

In addition to the above there are plan assets relating to the previously mentioned insurance contracts in Spain and the foundation in Turkey

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The following table provides details of investments in listed securities (Level 1) as of December 31, 2017:

Investments in listed markets
| 2017
Cash or cash equivalents | 68
Debt securities (Government bonds) | 2,178
Mutual funds | 1
Total | 2,247
Of which: |
Bank account in BBVA | 5
Debt securities issued by BBVA | 3

The remainders of the assets are mainly invested in Level 2 assets in in accordance with the classification established under IFRS 13 (mainly insurance contracts). As of December 31, 2017, almost all of the assets related to employee’s commitments corresponded to fixed income securities.

25.2 Defined contribution plans

Certain Group entities sponsor defined contribution plans. Some of these plans allow employees to make contributions which are then matched by the employer.

Contributions are recognized as and when they are accrued, with a charge to the consolidated income statement in the corresponding year. No liability is therefore recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet (see Note 44.1).

26. Common stock

As of December 31, 2017, BBVA’s common stock amounted to €3,267,264,424.20 divided into 6,667,886,580 fully subscribed and paid-up registered shares, all of the same class and series, at €0.49 par value each, represented through book-entry accounts. All of the Bank shares carry the same voting and dividend rights, and no single stockholder enjoys special voting rights. Each and every share is part of the Bank’s common stock.

The Bank’s shares are traded on the Spanish stock market, as well as on the London and Mexico stock markets. BBVA American Depositary Shares (ADSs) traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Also, as of December 31, 2017, the shares of BBVA Banco Continental, S.A., Banco Provincial S.A., BBVA Colombia, S.A., BBVA Chile, S.A., and BBVA Banco Frances, S.A. were listed on their respective local stock markets. BBVA Banco Frances, S.A. is also listed on the Latin American market (Latibex) of the Madrid Stock Exchange and on the New York Stock Exchange.

Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, the shares of BBVA Banco Continental, S.A .; Banco Provincial, S.A .; BBVA Colombia, S.A .; BBVA Chile, S.A .; BBVA Banco Francés, S.A. and Turkiye Garanti Bankasi A.S., were listed on their respective local stock markets. BBVA Banco Francés, S.A. was also quoted in the Latin American market (Latibex) of the Madrid Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.

As of December 31, 2017, State Street Bank and Trust Co., Chase Nominees Ltd and The Bank of New York Mellon SA NV in their capacity as international custodian/depositary banks, held 12.53%, 6.48%, and 3.80% of BBVA common stock, respectively. Of said positions held by the custodian banks, BBVA is not aware of any individual shareholders with direct or indirect holdings greater than or equal to 3% of BBVA common stock outstanding.

On October 18, 2017, the Blackrock, Inc. reported to the Spanish Securities and Exchange Commission (CNMV) that, it now has an indirect holding of BBVA common stock totaling 5.939%, of which 5.708% are voting rights attributed to shares and 0,231% are voting rights through financial instruments.

BBVA is not aware of any direct or indirect interests through which control of the Bank may be exercised. BBVA has not received any information on stockholder agreements including the regulation of the exercise of voting rights at its

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annual general meetings or restricting or placing conditions on the free transferability of BBVA shares. No agreement is known that could give rise to changes in the control of the Bank.

The changes in the heading “Paid up Capital” of the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are due to the following common stock increases:

Capital Increase
| Number of Shares | Paid up capital (Millions of Euros)
As of December 31, 2015 | 6,366,680,118 | 3,120
Dividend option - April 2016 | 113,677,807 | 56
Dividend option - October 2016 | 86,257,317 | 42
As of December 31, 2016 | 6,566,615,242 | 3,218
Dividend Option . April 2017 | 101,271,338 | 50
As of December 31, 2017 | 6,667,886,580 | 3,267

“Dividend Option” Program in 2017:

The AGM of BBVA held on March 17, 2017 adopted, under agenda item three, a capital increase to be charged to voluntary reserves to implement the shareholder remuneration system called the “Dividend Option” this year in similar conditions to those agreed in 2014, 2015 and 2016, conferring on the Board of Directors, in accordance with article 297.1.a) of the Spanish Companies Act, the authority to set the date on which the capital increase should be carried out, within one year of the date of approval of the AGM resolution.

By virtue of such resolution, the Board of Directors of BBVA resolved, on March 29, 2017, to execute the capital increase to be charged to voluntary reserves, in accordance with the terms and conditions approved by the AGM mentioned above. As a result, BBVA’s share capital was increased by an amount of 49,622,955.62 euros through the issuance of 101,271,338 newly-issued BBVA ordinary shares at 0.49 euros par value each (see Note 4).

“Dividend Option” Program in 2016:

The AGM held on March 11, 2016, under agenda item three, adopted four capital increase resolutions to be charged to voluntary reserves to once again implement the shareholder remuneration program called the “Dividend Option” (see Note 4), conferring on the Board of Directors, in accordance with article 297.1 a) of the Spanish Companies Act, the authority to set the date on which said capital increases should be carried out, within one year of the date of approval of the AGM resolution, including the power not to implement any of the resolutions, when deemed advisable.

On March 31, 2016, the Board of Directors of BBVA approved the execution of the first of the capital increases charged to voluntary reserves, in accordance with the terms and conditions agreed by the aforementioned AGM. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s capital increased by €55,702,125.43 through the issuance of 113,677,807 ordinary shares at €0.49 par value each.

On September 28, 2016, BBVA’s Board of Directors approved the execution of the second of the capital increases charged to voluntary reserves in accordance with the terms and conditions agreed by the aforementioned AGM. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s capital increased by €42,266,085.33 through the issuance of 86,257,317 ordinary shares at €0.49 par value each.

“Dividend Option” Program in 2015:

The AGM held on March 13, 2015 under Point Four of the Agenda, adopted four resolutions on capital increase to be charged to voluntary reserves, to once again implement the shareholder remuneration program called the “Dividend Option” (see Note 4), pursuant to article 297.1 a) of the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act, conferring on the Board of

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Directors the authority to indicate the date on which said capital increases should be carried out, within one year of the date of the AGM, including the power not to implement any of the resolutions, when deemed advisable.

On March 25, 2015, the Board of Directors of BBVA approved the execution of the first of the capital increases charged to voluntary reserves agreed by the aforementioned AGM. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s capital increased by €39,353,896.26 through the issue and circulation of 80,314,074 shares with a €0.49 par value each.

Likewise, on September 30, 2015, the Board of Directors of BBVA approved the execution of the second of the capital increases charged to voluntary reserves agreed by the aforementioned AGM. As a result of this increase, the Bank’s capital increased by €30,106,631.94 through the issue and circulation of 61,442,106 shares with a €0.49 par value each.

Convertible and/or exchangeable securities:

The AGM held on March 17, 2017, resolved, under agenda item five, to confer authority to the Board of Directors to issue securities convertible into newly issued BBVA shares, on one or several occasions, within the maximum term of five years to be counted from the approval date of the authorization, up to a maximum overall amount of €8 billion or its equivalent in any other currency. Likewise, the AGM resolved to confer to the Board of Directors the authority to totally or partially exclude shareholders’ pre-emptive subscription rights within the framework of a specific issue of convertible securities, although this power was limited to ensure the nominal amount of the capital increases resolved or effectively carried out to cover the conversion of mandatory convertible issuances of this authority (without prejudice to anti-dilution adjustments), with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights and of those likewise resolved or carried out with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights in use of the authority to increase the share capital conferred by the AGM held on March 17, 2017, under agenda item four, do not exceed the maximum nominal amount, overall, of 20% of the share capital of BBVA at the time of the authorization, this limit not being applicable to contingent convertible issues.

In use of the authority mentioned above, BBVA carried out, on May 24, 2017 the fifth issuance of perpetual contingent convertible securities (additional tier 1 instrument), with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights of shareholders, for a total nominal amount of €500 million. This issuance is listed in the Global Exchange Market of the Irish Stock Exchange and was targeted only at qualified investors, not being offered to, and not being subscribed for, in Spain or by Spanish residents. The issuance qualifies as additional tier 1 capital of the Bank and the Group in accordance with Regulation EU 575/2013 (see Note 22.3).

Likewise, in use of such authority, BBVA carried out, on November 14, 2017 the sixth issuance of perpetual contingent convertible securities (additional tier 1 instrument), with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights of shareholders, for a total nominal amount of $1,000 million. This issuance is listed in the Global Exchange Market of the Irish Stock Exchange and was targeted only at qualified investors, not being offered to, and not being subscribed for, in Spain or by Spanish residents. The qualification of this issuance as additional tier 1 capital has been requested (see Note 22.3).

In past years, BBVA has carried out, in use of the authority to issue convertible securities conferred by the AGM held on March 16, 2012 (in effect until March 16, 2017), four additional issuances of perpetual contingent convertible securities (additional tier 1 instrument), with exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights of shareholders (in April 2013 for an amount of $1.5 billion, in February 2014 and February 2015 for an amount of €1.5 billion each one, and in April 2016 for an amount of €1 billion). These issuances were targeted only at qualified investors and foreign private banking clients not being offered to, and not being subscribed for, in Spain or by Spanish residents. The first two issuances are listed in the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited and the last two issuances are listed in the Global Exchange Market of the Irish Stock Exchange. Furthermore, these four issuances qualify as additional tier 1 capital of the Bank and the Group in accordance with Regulation UE 575/2013 (see Note 22.3).

Capital increase

BBVA’s AGM held on March 17, 2017 resolved, under agenda item four, to confer authority on the Board of Directors to increase Bank’s share capital, on one or several occasions, subject to provisions in the law and in the Company Bylaws

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that may be applicable at any time, within the legal term of five years of the approval date of the authorization, up to the maximum amount corresponding to 50% of Bank’s share capital at the time on which the resolution was adopted, likewise conferring authority to the Board of Directors to totally or partially exclude shareholders’ pre-emptive subscription rights over any specific issue that may be made under such authority; although the power to exclude pre-emptive subscription rights was limited, such that the nominal amount of the capital increases resolved or effectively carried out with the exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights in use of the referred authority and those that may be resolved or carried out to cover the conversion of mandatory convertible issues that may equally be made with the exclusion of pre-emptive subscription rights in use of the authority to issue convertible securities conferred by the AGM held on March 17, 2017, under agenda item five (without prejudice to the anti-dilution adjustments) shall not exceed the nominal maximum overall amount of 20% of the share capital of BBVA at the time of the authorization.

As of the date of this document, the Bank’s Board of Directors has not exercised the authority conferred by the AGM.

27. Share premium

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets was €23,992 million.

The amended Spanish Corporation Act expressly permits the use of the share premium balance to increase capital and establishes no specific restrictions as to its use (see Note 26)

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28. Retained earnings, revaluation reserves and other reserves

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

Retained earnings, revaluation reserves and other reserves. Breakdown by concepts (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Legal reserve | 644 | 624 | 605
Restricted reserve | 159 | 201 | 213
Reserves for regularizations and balance revaluations | 12 | 20 | 22
Voluntary reserves | 8,643 | 8,521 | 6,971
Total reserves holding company (*) | 9,458 | 9,366 | 7,811
Consolidation reserves attributed to the Bank and dependent consolidated companies. | 15,985 | 14,275 | 14,701
Total | 25,443 | 23,641 | 22,512

(*) Total reserves of BBVA, S.A.

28.1 Legal reserve

Under the amended Corporations Act, 10% of any profit made each year must be transferred to the legal reserve. The transfer must be made until the legal reserve reaches 20% of the common stock.

The legal reserve can be used to increase the common stock provided that the remaining reserve balance does not fall below 10% of the increased capital. While it does not exceed 20% of the common stock, it can only be allocated to offset losses exclusively in the case that there are not sufficient reserves available.

28.2 Restricted reserves

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Bank’s restricted reserves are as follows:

Restricted Reserves (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Restricted reserve for retired capital | 88 | 88 | 88
Restricted reserve for Parent Company shares and loans for those shares | 69 | 111 | 123
Restricted reserve for redenomination of capital in euros | 2 | 2 | 2
Total | 159 | 201 | 213

The restricted reserve for retired capital resulted from the reduction of the nominal par value of the BBVA shares made in April 2000.

The most significant heading corresponds to restricted reserves related to the amount of shares issued by the Bank in its possession at each date, as well as the amount of customer loans outstanding at those dates that were granted for the purchase of, or are secured by, the Parent Company shares.

Finally, pursuant to Law 46/1998 on the Introduction of the Euro, a restricted reserve is recognized as a result of the rounding effect of the redenomination of the Parent Company common stock in euros.

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28.3 Retained earnings, revaluation reserves and other reserves by entity

The breakdown, by company or corporate group, under the heading “Reserves” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Retained earnings, Revaluation reserves and Other reserves (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Accumulated income and Revaluation reserves |  |  |
Holding Company | 15,625 | 14,101 | 14,763
BBVA Bancomer Group | 9,442 | 9,108 | 8,178
BBVA Seguros, S.A. | (215) | (62) | 261
Corporacion General Financiera, S.A. | 1,202 | 1,187 | 1,192
BBVA Banco Provincial Group | 1,749 | 1,752 | 1,751
BBVA Chile Group | 951 | 1,264 | 1,115
BBVA Paraguay | 108 | 98 | 90
Compañía de Cartera e Inversiones, S.A. | (20) | (27) | (16)
Anida Grupo Inmobiliario, S.L. | 515 | 528 | 527
BBVA Suiza, S.A. | (57) | (1) | (4)
BBVA Continental Group | 681 | 611 | 506
BBVA Luxinvest, S.A. | 25 | 16 | 33
BBVA Colombia Group | 926 | 803 | 656
BBVA Banco Francés Group | 999 | 827 | 621
Banco Industrial De Bilbao, S.A. | 25 | 61 | 33
Uno-E Bank, S.A | - | - | (62)
Gran Jorge Juan, S.A. | (47) | (30) | (40)
BBVA Portugal Group | (436) | (477) | (511)
Participaciones Arenal, S.L. | (183) | (180) | (180)
BBVA Propiedad S.A. | (503) | (431) | (412)
Anida Operaciones Singulares, S.L. | (4,881) | (4,127) | (3,962)
Grupo BBVA USA Bancshares | (794) | (1,053) | (1,459)
Garanti Turkiye Bankasi Group | 751 | 127 | -
Unnim Real Estate | (576) | (477) | (403)
Bilbao Vizcaya Holding, S.A. | 145 | 139 | 73
Pecri Inversión S.L. | (73) | (75) | (78)
Other | 127 | 25 | (62)
Subtotal | 25,486 | 23,708 | 22,610
Reserves or accumulated losses of investments in joint ventures and associates |  |  |
Metrovacesa, S.A. | - | - | (143)
Metrovacesa Suelo, S.A. | (53) | (52) | -
Other | 9 | (15) | 45
Subtotal | (44) | (67) | (98)
Total | 25,443 | 23,641 | 22,512

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For the purpose of allocating the reserves and accumulated losses to the consolidated entities and to the parent company, the transfers of reserves arising from the dividends paid and transactions between these entities are taken into account in the period in which they took place.

29. Treasury shares

In the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the Group entities performed the following transactions with shares issued by the Bank:

Financial Assets Held-for-Trading: Equity instruments by Issuer (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Number of Shares | Millions of Euros | Number of Shares | Millions of Euros | Number of Shares | Millions of Euros
Balance at beginning | 7,230,787 | 48 | 38,917,665 | 309 | 41,510,698 | 350
+ Purchases | 238,065,297 | 1,674 | 379,850,939 | 2,004 | 431,321,283 | 3,273
- Sales and other changes | (231,956,502) | (1,622) | (411,537,817) | (2,263) | (433,914,316) | (3,314)
+/- Derivatives on BBVA shares | - | (4) | - | (1) | - | -
+/- Other changes | - | - | - | - | - | -
Balance at the end | 13,339,582 | 96 | 7,230,787 | 48 | 38,917,665 | 309
Of which: |  |  |  |  |  |
Held by BBVA, S.A. | - | - | 2,789,894 | 22 | 1,840,378 | 19
Held by Corporación General Financiera, S.A. | 13,339,582 | 96 | 4,440,893 | 26 | 37,077,287 | 290
Held by other subsidiaries | - | - | - | - | - | -
Average purchase price in Euros | 7.03 |  | 5.27 |  | 7.60 |
Average selling price in Euros | 6.99 |  | 5.50 |  | 7.67 |
Net gain or losses on transactions (Shareholders' funds-Reserves) |  | 1 |  | (30) |  | 6

The percentages of treasury shares held by the Group in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

Treasury Stock
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Min | Max | Closing | Min | Max | Closing | Min | Max | Closing
% treasury stock | 0.004% | 0.278% | 0.200% | 0.081% | 0.756% | 0.110% | 0.000% | 0.806% | 0.613%

The number of BBVA shares accepted by the Group in pledge of loans as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Shares of BBVA Accepted in Pledge
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Number of shares in pledge |  | 64,633,003 | 90,731,198 | 92,703,291
Nominal value |  | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49
% of share capital |  | 0.97% | 1.38% | 1.46%

The number of BBVA shares owned by third parties but under management of a company within the Group as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Shares of BBVA Owned by Third Parties but Managed by the Group
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Number of shares owned by third parties |  | 34,597,310 | 85,766,602 | 92,783,913
Nominal value |  | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49
% of share capital |  | 0.52% | 1.31% | 1.46%

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30. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Accumulated other comprehensive income (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss | (1,183) | (1,095) | (859)
Actuarial gains or (-) losses on defined benefit pension plans | (1,183) | (1,095) | (859)
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale | - | - | -
Share of other recognized income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates | - | - | -
Other adjustments | - | - | -
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss | (7,609) | (4,363) | (2,490)
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations [effective portion] | 1 | (118) | (274)
Foreign currency translation | (9,159) | (5,185) | (3,905)
Hedging derivatives. Cash flow hedges [effective portion] | (34) | 16 | (49)
Available-for-sale financial assets | 1,641 | 947 | 1,674
Debt instruments | 1,557 | 1,629 | 1,769
Equity instruments | 84 | (682) | (95)
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale | (26) | - | -
Share of other recognized income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates | (31) | (23) | 64
Total | (8,792) | (5,458) | (3,349)

The balances recognized under these headings are presented net of tax.

The majority of the balance is related to the conversion to euros of the financial statements balances from consolidated entities whose functional currency is not euros. In this regard, the increase in item "Foreign currency translation" in the above table in the year 2017 is mainly related to the depreciation of the Mexican peso and the Turkish lira (see Note 2.2.16).

31. Non-controlling interest

The breakdown by groups of consolidated entities of the balance under the heading “Non-controlling interest” of total equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Non-Controlling Interests (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
BBVA Colombia Group | 65 | 67 | 58
BBVA Chile Group | 399 | 377 | 314
BBVA Banco Continental Group | 1,059 | 1,059 | 913
BBVA Banco Provincial Group | 78 | 97 | 100
BBVA Banco Francés Group | 420 | 243 | 220
Garanti Group | 4,903 | 6,157 | 6,302
Other entities | 55 | 64 | 86
Total | 6,979 | 8,064 | 7,992

The decrease in the heading “Minority interest” corresponds to the acquisition of the 9.95% of Garanti Group (see Note 3).

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These amounts are broken down by groups of consolidated entities under the heading “Profit - Attributable to non-controlling interests” in the accompanying consolidated income statements:

Profit attributable to Non-Controlling Interests (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
BBVA Colombia Group | 7 | 9 | 11
BBVA Chile Group | 51 | 40 | 42
BBVA Banco Continental Group | 208 | 193 | 211
BBVA Banco Provincial Group | (2) | (2) | -
BBVA Banco Francés Group | 93 | 55 | 76
Garanti Group | 883 | 917 | 316
Other entities | 4 | 8 | 30
Total | 1,244 | 1,218 | 686

Dividends distributed to non-controlling interest of the Group during the year 2017 are: BBVA Banco Continental Group €104 million, BBVA Chile Group €11 million, BBVA Banco Francés Group €8 million, Garanti Group €158 million, BBVA Colombia Group €3 million, and other Spanish entities accounted for €8 million.

32. Capital base and capital management

32.1 Capital base

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, equity is calculated in accordance with current regulation on minimum capital base requirements for Spanish credit institutions –both as individual entities and as consolidated group– and how to calculate them, as well as the various internal capital adequacy assessment processes they should have in place and the information they should disclose to the market.

The minimum capital base requirements established by the current regulation are calculated according to the Group’s exposure to credit and dilution risk, counterparty and liquidity risk relating to the trading portfolio, exchange-rate risk and operational risk. In addition, the Group must fulfill the risk concentration limits established in said regulation and the internal corporate governance obligations.

As a result of the Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP) carried out by the European Central Bank (ECB), BBVA has received a communication from the ECB requiring BBVA to maintain, effective from the 1st of January 2018, a (i) CET1 phased-in capital of 8.438% at a consolidated level and 7.875% at an individual level; and (ii) a phased-in total capital ratio of 11.938% at the consolidated level and 11.375% at the individual level.

This total consolidated capital ratio of 11.938% includes: i) the minimum CET1 capital ratio required under Pillar 1 (4.5%); ii) Pillar 1 Additional Tier 1 capital requirements (1.5%); iii) Pillar 1 Tier 2 capital requirements (2%); iv) Pillar 2 CET1 capital requirements (1.5%); v) the capital conservation buffer (CCB) (1.875% CET1 phased-in) and vi) the Other Systemic Important Institution buffer (OSII) (0.563% CET1 phased-in).

Since BBVA has been excluded from the list of global systemically important financial institutions in 2017 (which is updated every year by the Financial Stability Board (FSB)), as of January 1, 2018, the G-SIB buffer will not apply to BBVA in 2018, (notwithstanding the possibility that the FSB or the supervisor may include BBVA on it in the future).

However, the supervisor has informed BBVA that it is included on the list of other systemically important financial institutions, and a D-SIB buffer of 0.75% of the fully-loaded ratio applies at the consolidated level. It will be implemented gradually from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2019.

The Group’s bank capital in accordance with the aforementioned applicable regulation, considering entities scope required by the above regulation, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is shown below:

Eligible capital resources (Millions of euros)
| Notes | December 2017 (*) | December 2016 (**) | December 2015
Capital | 26 | 3,267 | 3,218 | 3,120
Share premium | 27 | 23,992 | 23,992 | 23,992
Retained earnings, revaluation reserves and other reserves | 28 | 25,443 | 23,641 | 22,512
Other equity instruments, net | 28 | 54 | 54 | 35
Treasury shares | 29 | (96) | (48) | (309)
Attributable to the parent company | 6 | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,642
Attributable dividend | 4 | (1,043) | (1,510) | (1,352)
Total equity |  | 55,136 | 52,821 | 50,640
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 30 | (8,792) | (5,458) | (3,349)
Non-controlling interest | 31 | 6,979 | 8,064 | 8,149
Shareholders' equity |  | 53,323 | 55,428 | 55,440
Intangible assets |  | (6,627) | (5,675) | (3,901)
Fin. treasury shares |  | (48) | (82) | (95)
Indirect treasury shares |  | (134) | (51) | (415)
Deductions |  | (6,809) | (5,808) | (4,411)
Temporary CET 1 adjustments |  | (273) | (129) | (788)
Capital gains from the Available-for-sale debt instruments portfolio |  | (256) | (402) | (796)
Capital gains from the Available-for-sale equity portfolio |  | (17) | 273 | 8
Differences from solvency and accounting level |  | (189) | (120) | (40)
Equity not eligible at solvency level |  | (462) | (249) | (828)
Other adjustments and deductions |  | (3,711) | (2,001) | (1,647)
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) |  | 42,341 | 47,370 | 48,554
Additional Tier 1 before Regulatory Adjustments |  | 6,296 | 6,114 | 5,302
Total Regulatory Adjustments of Additional Tier 1 |  | (1,657) | (3,401) | (5,302)
Tier 1 |  | 46,980 | 50,083 | 48,554
Tier 2 |  | 8,798 | 8,810 | 11,646
Total Capital (Total Capital=Tier 1 + Tier 2) |  | 55,778 | 58,893 | 60,200
Total Minimum equity required |  | 40,370 | 37,923 | 38,125

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(*) Includes updates on the calculation of Structural FX RWA, pending confirmation by ECB and the subordinated debt (Tier2) issued by Garanti pending approval by ECB.

(**) Figures originally reported in the Prudential Relevance Report corresponding to the year 2016, without restatements.

Capital Base (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Tier 1 (thousand of euros) (a) |  | 46,980 | 50,083 | 48,554
Exposure (thousand of euros) (b) |  | 709,480 | 747,216 | 766,589
Leverage ratio (a)/(b) (percentage) |  | 6.62% | 6.70% | 6.33%

Regarding TIER2, BBVA, S.A. issued subordinated debts with a As of December 31, 2017, the phased-in Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) stood at 11.7%, accounting a decrease with respect to December 2016 of 49 basis points. The negative effect on the minority interests and deductions due to the regulatory phase-in calendar of 80% in 2017 compared to 60% in 2016 has an impact of -56 basis points which is compensated by the organic generation of capital leaning against the recurrence of the results, net of dividends paid and remunerations.

It should be noted that CET1 ratio was affected by corporate transactions carried out during 2017, in particular the acquisition of an additional 9.95% stake in Garanti and the sale of 1.7% in CNCB. Both transactions had a combined negative impact on the ratio of -13 basis points (see Note 3).

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Additionally, BBVA Group has registered a negative charge in the income statements of 2017 up to €1,123 million due to the unrealized losses from its shares in Telefonica. However, this impact does not affect the equity or the capital ratio since these unrealized losses were already accounted for (see Note 12.4).

During 2017 BBVA Group continued to strengthen its capital position with the issuance of new perpetual securities eventually convertible into shares, classified as additional TIER1 equity instruments (contingent convertible) amounting to €500 million and $1,000 million (the latter in the American market, with the prospectus registered at the Securities and Exchange Commission and not yet included in the Group’s TIER1 capital as of December 31, 2017).

Regarding TIER2. BBVA. S.A. issued subordinated debts with a total amount of €1,500 million; and Garanti issued a subordinated debt of $750 million.

Finally, the total phased-in capital ratio stood at 15.5% reflecting the effects discussed above.

These levels are above the requirements established by the ECB in its SREP letter and the systemic buffers applicable to BBVA Group for the CET1 ratio in 2017 (11.125%).

Risk-weighted assets decreased approximately by 7% compared to December 31, 2016, mainly explained by the impact of the general depreciation of certain local currencies and the efficient management and allocation of capital in line with the strategic objectives of the Group.

A reconciliation of the balance sheet to the accounting and regulatory scope (provisional data) as of December 31, 2017 is provided below:

Public balance sheet headings (Millions of euros)
| Public balance sheet | Insurance companies and real estate companies (1) | Jointly-controlled entities and other adjustments (2) | Regulatory balance sheet
Cash and balances with central banks and other demand deposits | 42,680 | - | 24 | 42,704
Financial assets held for trading | 64,695 | 2,206 | - | 66,901
Other financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 2,709 | (2,061) | - | 648
Available for sale financial assets | 69,476 | (19,794) | - | 49,682
Loans and receivables | 431,521 | (1,805) | 764 | 430,480
Held to maturity investments | 13,754 | - | - | 13,754
Hedgind derivatives | 2,485 | (90) | (1) | 2,394
Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk | (25) | - | - | (25)
Investments in entities accounted for using the equity method | 1,588 | 3,294 | (80) | 4,802
Non-current assets held for sale | 23,853 | (334) | 3 | 23,522
Other | 37,323 | 595 | 5 | 37,923
Total assets | 690,059 | (17,989) | 715 | 672,785

(1) Correspond to balances of entities fully consolidated in the public balance sheet but consolidated by the equity method in the regulatory balance sheet.

(2) Correspond to intragroup adjustments and other consolidation adjustments.

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32.2 Capital management

Capital management in the BBVA Group has a twofold aim:

· Maintain a level of capitalization according to the business objectives in all countries in which it operates and, simultaneously,

· Maximize the return on shareholders’ funds through the efficient allocation of capital to the different units, a good management of the balance sheet and appropriate use of the various instruments forming the basis of the Group’s equity: shares, preferred securities and subordinate debt.

This capital management is carried out determining the capital base and the solvency ratios established by the prudential and minimum capital requirements also have to be met for the entities subject to prudential supervision in each country.

The current regulation allows each entity to apply its own internal ratings-based (IRB) approach to risk assessment and capital management, subject to Bank of Spain approval. The BBVA Group carries out an integrated management of these risks in accordance with its internal policies and its internal capital estimation model has received the Bank of Spain’s approval for certain portfolios (see Note 7).

33. Commitments and guarantees given

The breakdown of the balance under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:

Loan commitments, financial guarantees and other commitments (*) (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Loan commitments given | 7.3.1 | 94,268 | 107,254 | 123,620
of which: defaulted |  | 537 | 411 | 446
Central banks |  | 1 | 1 | 8
General governments |  | 2,198 | 4,354 | 3,823
Credit institutions |  | 946 | 1,209 | 1,239
Other financial corporations |  | 3,795 | 4,155 | 4,032
Non-financial corporations |  | 58,133 | 71,710 | 71,583
Households |  | 29,195 | 25,824 | 42,934
Financial guarantees given | 7.3.1 | 16,545 | 18,267 | 19,176
of which: defaulted |  | 278 | 278 | 146
Central banks |  | - | - | -
General governments |  | 248 | 103 | 100
Credit institutions |  | 1,158 | 1,553 | 1,483
Other financial corporations |  | 3,105 | 722 | 1,621
Non-financial corporations |  | 11,518 | 15,354 | 15,626
Households |  | 516 | 534 | 346
Other commitments and guarantees given | 7.3.1 | 45,738 | 42,592 | 42,813
of which: defaulted |  | 461 | 402 | 517
Central banks |  | 7 | 12 | 15
General governments |  | 227 | 372 | 101
Credit institutions |  | 15,330 | 9,880 | 9,640
Other financial corporations |  | 3,820 | 4,892 | 5,137
Non-financial corporations |  | 25,992 | 27,297 | 27,765
Households |  | 362 | 138 | 156
Total Loan commitments and financial guarantees |  | 156,551 | 168,113 | 185,609

(*) Non performing financial guarantees given amounted to €739, €680 and €664 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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As of December 31, 2017, the provisions of loan commitments given, financial guarantees given and other commitments and guarantees given, disclosed in the consolidated balance sheet amounted €199 million, €190 million and €188 million, respectively.

Since a significant portion of the amounts above will expire without any payment being made by the consolidated entities, the aggregate balance of these commitments cannot be considered the actual future requirement for financing or liquidity to be provided by the BBVA Group to third parties.

In the years 2017, 2016 and 2015, no issuance of debt securities carried out by associates of the BBVA Group, joint venture entities or non-Group entities have been guaranteed.

34. Other contingent assets and liabilities

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no material contingent assets or liabilities other than those disclosed in the accompanying notes to the financial statements.

35. Purchase and sale commitments and future payment obligations

The breakdown of purchase and sale commitments of the BBVA Group as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Purchase and Sale Commitments (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Financial instruments sold with repurchase commitments |  | 40,077 | 46,562 | 68,401
Central Banks | 9 | 6,155 | 4,649 | 19,065
Credit Institutions | 22.1 | 24,843 | 28,421 | 26,069
General governments | 22.2 | 3 | - | 7,556
Other | 22.2 | 9,076 | 13,491 | 15,711
Financial instruments purchased with resale commitments |  | 26,368 | 22,921 | 16,935
Central Banks |  | 305 | 81 | 149
Credit Institutions | 13.1 | 13,861 | 15,561 | 11,749
General governments | 13.2 / 11 | 1,290 | 544 | 326
Other | 13.2 | 10,912 | 6,735 | 4,710

A breakdown of the maturity of other payment obligations, not included in previous notes, due after December 31, 2017 is provided below:

Maturity of Future Payment Obligations (Millions of euros)
|  | Up to 1 Year | 1 to 3 Years | 3 to 5 Years | Over 5 Years | Total
Finance leases |  | - | - | - | - | -
Operating leases |  | 343 | 301 | 531 | 2,410 | 3,584
Purchase commitments |  | 29 | - | - | - | 29
Technology and systems projects |  | 9 | - | - | - | 9
Other projects |  | 20 | - | - | - | 20
Total |  | 372 | 301 | 531 | 2,410 | 3,614

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36. Transactions on behalf of third parties

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the details of the most significant items under this heading are as follows:

Transactions on Behalf of Third Parties (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Financial instruments entrusted to BBVA by third parties | 624,822 | 637,761 | 664,911
Conditional bills and other securities received for collection | 14,775 | 16,054 | 15,064
Securities lending | 5,485 | 3,968 | 4,125
Total | 645,081 | 657,783 | 684,100

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the customer funds managed by the BBVA Group are as follows:

Customer Funds by Type (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Asset management by type of customer (*): |  |  |
Collective investment | 60,939 | 55,037 | 54,419
Pension funds | 33,985 | 33,418 | 31,542
Customer portfolios managed | 36,901 | 40,805 | 42,074
Of which: |  |  |
Portfolios managed on a discretionary basis | 19,628 | 18,165 | 19,919
Other resources | 3,081 | 2,831 | 3,786
Customer resources distributed but not managed by type of product: |  |  |
Collective investment | 3,407 | 3,695 | 4,181
Insurance products | 35 | 39 | 41
Other | - | - | 31
Total | 138,347 | 135,824 | 136,074

(*) Excludes balances from securitization funds.

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37. Interest income and expense

37.1 Interest income

The breakdown of the interest and similar income recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statement is as follows:

Interest Income. Breakdown by Origin (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Central Banks |  | 406 | 229 | 140
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | 410 | 217 | 260
Loans and advances to customers |  | 22,699 | 21,608 | 19,200
Debt securities |  | 3,809 | 4,128 | 3,792
Held for trading |  | 1,263 | 1,014 | 981
Other portfolios |  | 2,546 | 3,114 | 2,810
Adjustments of income as a result of hedging transactions |  | 427 | (385) | (382)
Cash flow hedges (effective portion) |  | 15 | 12 | 47
Fair value hedges |  | 412 | (397) | (429)
Insurance activity |  | 1,058 | 1,219 | 1,152
Other income |  | 487 | 692 | 621
Total | 55.2 | 29,296 | 27,708 | 24,783

The amounts recognized in consolidated equity in connection with hedging derivatives and the amounts derecognized from consolidated equity and taken to the consolidated income statement during both periods are given in the accompanying “Consolidated statements of recognized income and expenses”.

37.2 Interest expense

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Interest Expenses. Breakdown by Origin (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Central banks |  | 123 | 192 | 138
Deposits from credit institutions |  | 1,880 | 1,367 | 1,186
Customers deposits |  | 5,814 | 5,766 | 4,340
Debt securities issued |  | 1,930 | 2,323 | 2,548
Adjustments of expenses as a result of hedging transactions |  | 665 | (574) | (859)
Cash flow hedges (effective portion) |  | 38 | 42 | (16)
Fair value hedges |  | 627 | (616) | (844)
Cost attributable to pension funds |  | 125 | 96 | 108
Insurance activity |  | 682 | 846 | 816
Other expenses |  | 316 | 634 | 484
Total |  | 11,537 | 10,648 | 8,761

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37.3 Average return on investments and average borrowing cost

The detail of the average return on investments in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Assets (Millions of euros)
|  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Average Balances | Interest income | Average Interest Rates (%) | Average Balances | Interest income | Average Interest Rates (%) | Average Balances | Interest income | Average Interest Rates (%)
Cash and balances with central banks and other demand deposits |  | 33,917 | 83 | 0.25 | 26,209 | 10 | 0.04 | 23,542 | 2 | 0.01
Securities portfolio and derivatives |  | 177,164 | 4,724 | 2.67 | 202,388 | 5,072 | 2.51 | 211,589 | 4,673 | 2.21
Loans and advances to central banks |  | 10,945 | 258 | 2.36 | 15,326 | 229 | 1.50 | 12,004 | 140 | 1.17
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | 26,420 | 485 | 1.83 | 28,078 | 218 | 0.78 | 27,171 | 270 | 0.99
Loans and advances to customers |  | 407,153 | 23,261 | 5.71 | 410,895 | 21,853 | 5.32 | 382,125 | 19,471 | 5.10
Euros |  | 196,893 | 3,449 | 1.75 | 201,967 | 3,750 | 1.86 | 196,987 | 4,301 | 2.18
Foreign currency |  | 210,261 | 19,812 | 9.42 | 208,928 | 18,104 | 8.67 | 185,139 | 15,170 | 8.19
Other assets |  | 48,872 | 485 | 0.99 | 52,748 | 325 | 0.62 | 49,128 | 226 | 0.46
Total |  | 704,471 | 29,296 | 4.16 | 735,645 | 27,708 | 3.77 | 705,559 | 24,783 | 3.51

The average borrowing cost in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Liabilities (Millions of euros)
|  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Average Balances | Interest expenses | Average Interest Rates (%) | Average Balances | Interest expenses | Average Interest Rates (%) | Average Balances | Interest expenses | Average Interest Rates (%)
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions |  | 90,619 | 2,212 | 2.44 | 101,975 | 1,866 | 1.83 | 99,289 | 1,559 | 1.57
Customer deposits |  | 392,057 | 7,007 | 1.79 | 398,851 | 5,944 | 1.49 | 366,249 | 4,390 | 1.20
Euros |  | 186,261 | 461 | 0.25 | 195,310 | 766 | 0.39 | 187,721 | 1,024 | 0.55
Foreign currency |  | 205,796 | 6,546 | 3.18 | 203,541 | 5,178 | 2.54 | 178,528 | 3,366 | 1.89
Debt securities issued |  | 84,221 | 1,631 | 1.94 | 89,876 | 1,738 | 1.93 | 89,672 | 1,875 | 2.09
Other liabilities |  | 82,699 | 687 | 0.83 | 89,328 | 1,101 | 1.23 | 96,049 | 936 | 0.97
Equity |  | 54,874 | - | - | 55,616 | - | - | 54,300 | - | -
Total |  | 704,471 | 11,537 | 1.64 | 735,645 | 10,648 | 1.45 | 705,559 | 8,761 | 1.24

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The change in the balance under the headings “Interest and similar income” and “Interest and similar expenses” in the accompanying consolidated income statements is the result of exchange rate effect, changing prices (price effect) and changing volume of activity (volume effect), as can be seen below:

Interest Income and Expenses : Change in the Balance (Millions of euros)
| 2017 / 2016 | 2016 / 2015
| Volume Effect (1) | Price Effect (2) | Total Effect | Volume Effect (1) | Price Effect (2) | Total Effect
Cash and balances with central banks and other demand deposits | 3 | 71 | 74 | - | 7 | 8
Securities portfolio and derivatives | (632) | 285 | (347) | (203) | 602 | 399
Loans and advances to Central Banks | (66) | 94 | 29 | 39 | 51 | 89
Loans and advances to credit institutions | (13) | 279 | 266 | 9 | (61) | (52)
Loans and advances to customers | (199) | 1,606 | 1,408 | 1,466 | 916 | 2,382
In Euros | (94) | (206) | (301) | 109 | (660) | (552)
In other currencies | 115 | 1,593 | 1,708 | 1,949 | 985 | 2,934
Other assets | (24) | 184 | 160 | 17 | 82 | 99
Interest income |  |  | 1,588 |  |  | 2,925
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions | (208) | 554 | 346 | 42 | 265 | 307
Customer deposits | (101) | 1,164 | 1,063 | 391 | 1,162 | 1,553
Domestic | (35) | (269) | (305) | 41 | (300) | (258)
Foreign | 57 | 1,311 | 1,368 | 472 | 1,340 | 1,812
Debt securities issued | (109) | 3 | (106) | 4 | (142) | (137)
Other liabilities | (82) | (332) | (414) | (66) | 230 | 165
Interest expenses |  |  | 889 |  |  | 1,888
Net Interest Income |  |  | 699 | - |  | 1,037

(1) The volume effect is calculated as the result of the interest rate of the initial period multiplied by the difference between the average balances of both periods.

(2) The price effect is calculated as the result of the average balance of the last period multiplied by the difference between the interest rates of both periods.

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38. Dividend income

The balances for this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements correspond to dividends on shares and equity instruments other than those from shares in entities accounted for using the equity method (see Note 39), as can be seen in the breakdown below:

Dividend Income (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Dividends from: |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading |  | 145 | 156 | 144
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 188 | 307 | 271
Other |  | - | 5 | -
Total |  | 334 | 467 | 415

39. Share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method

The breakdown of the balance under the heading “Investments in Entities Accounted for Using the Equity Method (see Note 16) in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Investments in Entities Accounted for Using the Equity Method (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Garanti Group | 3 | - | - | 167
Metrovacesa, S.A. |  | - | - | (46)
Other |  | 4 | 25 | 53
Total |  | 4 | 25 | 174

40. Fee and commission income and expense

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Fee and Commission Income (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Bills receivables |  | 46 | 52 | 94
Demand accounts |  | 507 | 469 | 405
Credit and debit cards |  | 2,834 | 2,679 | 2,336
Checks |  | 212 | 207 | 239
Transfers and others payment orders |  | 601 | 578 | 474
Insurance product commissions |  | 192 | 178 | 171
Commitment fees |  | 231 | 237 | 172
Contingent risks |  | 396 | 406 | 360
Asset Management |  | 923 | 839 | 686
Securities fees |  | 385 | 335 | 283
Custody securities |  | 122 | 122 | 314
Other fees and commissions |  | 700 | 701 | 807
Total |  | 7,150 | 6,804 | 6,340

Fee and Commission Expense (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Credit and debit cards |  | 1,458 | 1,334 | 1,113
Transfers and others payment orders |  | 102 | 102 | 92
Commissions for selling insurance |  | 60 | 63 | 69
Other fees and commissions |  | 610 | 587 | 454
Total |  | 2,229 | 2,086 | 1,729

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41. Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities (net) and Exchange Differences

The breakdown of the balance under this heading, by source of the related items, in the accompanying consolidated income statement is as follows:

Gains or losses on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences: Breakdown by Heading of the Consolidated Income Statements (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Gains or (losses) on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net |  | 985 | 1,375 | 1,055
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 843 | 1,271 | 980
Loans and receivables |  | 133 | 95 | 76
Other |  | 9 | 10 | (1)
Gains or (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net |  | 218 | 248 | (409)
Gains or (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net |  | (56) | 114 | 126
Gains or (losses) from hedge accounting, net |  | (209) | (76) | 93
Subtotal Gains or (losses) on financial assets and liabilities |  | 938 | 1,661 | 865
Exchange Differences |  | 1,030 | 472 | 1,165
Total |  | 1,968 | 2,133 | 2,030

The breakdown of the balance (excluding exchange rate differences) under this heading in the accompanying income statements by the nature of financial instruments is as follows:

Gains or losses on financial assets and liabilities: Breakdown by nature of the Financial Instrument (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Debt instruments |  | 545 | 906 | 522
Equity instruments |  | 845 | 459 | (414)
Loans and advances to customers |  | 97 | 65 | 88
Trading derivatives and hedge accounting |  | (470) | 109 | 561
Customer deposits |  | (96) | 87 | 83
Other |  | 18 | 35 | 25
Total |  | 938 | 1,661 | 865

The breakdown of the balance of the impact of the derivatives (trading and hedging) under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Derivatives - Hedge accounting (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Derivatives |  |  |  |
Interest rate agreements |  | 165 | 431 | 666
Security agreements |  | (139) | 86 | 751
Commodity agreements |  | 99 | (29) | (1)
Credit derivative agreements |  | (564) | (118) | 39
Foreign-exchange agreements |  | 315 | 186 | (1,001)
Other agreements |  | (137) | (371) | 15
Subtotal |  | (261) | 185 | 468
Hedging Derivatives Ineffectiveness |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges |  | (177) | (76) | 80
Hedging derivative |  | (236) | (330) | (28)
Hedged item |  | 59 | 254 | 108
Cash flow hedges |  | (32) | - | 13
Subtotal |  | (209) | (76) | 93
Total |  | (470) | 109 | 561

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In addition, in the years ended December31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, under the heading “Gains or losses on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” of the consolidated income statement, net amounts of negative €235 million, positive €151 million and positive €135 million, respectively, were recognized for transactions with foreign exchange trading derivatives.

42. Other operating income and expense

The breakdown of the balance under the heading “Other operating income” in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Other operating income (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Gains from sales of non-financial services |  | 1,109 | 882 | 912
Of which: Real estate |  | 884 | 588 | 668
Rest of other operating income |  | 330 | 390 | 403
Of which: net profit from building leases |  | 61 | 76 | 90
Total |  | 1,439 | 1,272 | 1,315

The breakdown of the balance under the heading “Other operating expense” in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Other operating expense (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Change in inventories |  | 886 | 617 | 678
Of Which: Real estate |  | 816 | 511 | 594
Rest of other operating expenses |  | 1,337 | 1,511 | 1,607
Total |  | 2,223 | 2,128 | 2,285

43. Income and expense from insurance and reinsurance contracts

The breakdown of the balance under the headings “Income and expense from insurance and reinsurance contracts” in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Other operating income and expense on insurance and reinsurance contracts (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Income on insurance and reinsurance contracts |  | 3,342 | 3,652 | 3,678
Expenses on insurance and reinsurance contracts |  | (2,272) | (2,545) | (2,599)
Total |  | 1,069 | 1,107 | 1,080

The table below shows the contribution of each insurance product to the Group’s income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Income by type of insurance product (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Life insurance | 604 | 634 | 670
Individual | 346 | 268 | 329
Savings | 38 | 30 | 80
Risk | 308 | 238 | 249
Group insurance | 258 | 366 | 342
Savings | (4) | 8 | 22
Risk | 263 | 357 | 320
Non-Life insurance | 464 | 474 | 409
Home insurance | 118 | 131 | 127
Other non-life insurance products | 346 | 342 | 283
Total | 1,069 | 1,107 | 1,080

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44. Administration costs

44.1 Personnel expenses

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Personnel Expenses (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Wages and salaries |  | 5,163 | 5,267 | 4,868
Social security costs |  | 761 | 784 | 733
Defined contribution plan expense | 25 | 87 | 87 | 84
Defined benefit plan expense | 25 | 62 | 67 | 57
Other personnel expenses |  | 497 | 516 | 531
Total |  | 6,571 | 6,722 | 6,273

The breakdown of the average number of employees in the BBVA Group in the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 by professional categories and geographical areas is as follows:

Average Number of Employees by Geographical Areas
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Spanish banks |  |  |  |
Management Team |  | 1,026 | 1,044 | 1,026
Other line personnel |  | 22,180 | 23,211 | 22,702
Clerical staff |  | 3,060 | 3,730 | 4,033
Branches abroad |  | 603 | 718 | 747
Subtotal |  | 26,869 | 28,703 | 28,508
Companies abroad |  |  |  |
Mexico |  | 30,664 | 30,378 | 29,711
United States |  | 9,532 | 9,710 | 9,969
Turkey |  | 23,154 | 23,900 | 11,814
Venezuela |  | 4,379 | 5,097 | 5,183
Argentina |  | 6,173 | 6,041 | 5,681
Colombia |  | 5,374 | 5,714 | 5,628
Peru |  | 5,571 | 5,455 | 5,357
Other |  | 5,501 | 5,037 | 4,676
Subtotal |  | 90,348 | 91,332 | 78,019
Pension fund managers |  | 362 | 335 | 332
Other non-banking companies |  | 14,925 | 16,307 | 17,337
Total |  | 132,504 | 136,677 | 124,196
Of Which: |  |  |  |
Men |  | 60,730 | 62,738 | 57,841
Women |  | 71,774 | 73,939 | 66,355
Of Which: |  |  |  |
BBVA, S.A. |  | 26,869 | 25,979 | 25,475

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The breakdown of the number of employees in the BBVA Group as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 by category and gender is as follows:

Number of Employees at the period end. Professional Category and Gender
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female
Management Team | 1,244 | 342 | 1,331 | 350 | 1,493 | 365
Other line personnel | 38,670 | 39,191 | 38,514 | 39,213 | 38,204 | 38,868
Clerical staff | 20,639 | 31,770 | 22,066 | 33,318 | 23,854 | 35,184
Total | 60,553 | 71,303 | 61,911 | 72,881 | 63,551 | 74,417

44.1.1 Share-based employee remuneration

The amounts recognized under the heading “Administration costs - Personnel expenses - Other personnel expenses” in the consolidated income statements for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 correspond to the plans for remuneration based on equity instruments in each year, amounted to €38 million, €57 million and €38 million, respectively. These amounts have been recognized with a corresponding entry under the heading “Shareholders’ funds - Other equity instruments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, net of tax effect.

The characteristics of the Group's remuneration plans based on equity instruments are described below.

System of Variable Remuneration in Shares

In BBVA, the annual variable remuneration applying generally to all employees consists of one incentive, to be paid in cash, awarded once a year and linked to the achievement of predetermined objectives and to a sound risk management (hereinafter, the “Annual Variable Remuneration”).

According to the remuneration policy for BBVA Group, in force until 2016, the specific settlement and payment system for the Annual Variable Remuneration applicable to those employees and senior managers whose professional activities have a significant impact on the Group’s risk profile including the executive directors and members of BBVA Senior Management (hereinafter, the "Identified Staff"), which includes, among others, the payment in shares of part of their Annual Variable Remuneration.

This remuneration policy was approved, with respect to BBVA directors, by the Annual General Shareholders’ Meeting held on March 13, 2015.

The specific rules of the settlement and payment system of 2016 Annual Variable Remuneration which have given rise to the delivery of shares in 2017 to executive directors and members of the Senior Management are described in Note 54, while the rules listed below were established to the rest of the Identified Staff:

· The Annual Variable Remuneration of Identified Staff members would be paid in equal parts in cash and in BBVA shares.

· The payment of 40% of the Annual Variable Remuneration, both in cash and in shares, would be deferred in its entirety for a three–year period. Its accrual and payment would be subject to compliance with certain multi-year performance indicators related to the share performance and the Group’s fundamental control and risk management metrics regarding solvency, liquidity and profitability, which would be calculated over the deferral period (hereinafter “Multi-year Performance Indicators”). These Multi-year Performance Indicators could lead to a reduction in the amounts deferred, and might even bring it down to zero, but they would not be used under any circumstances to increase the aforementioned deferred remuneration.

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· All the shares delivered pursuant to the rules indicated above would be withheld for a period of one year from the date of delivery. This withholding would be applied over the net amount of the shares, after discounting the necessary part to pay any tax accruing on the shares received.

· A prohibition was also established against hedging, both regarding vested shares that were withheld and shares whose delivery was pending.

· Moreover, circumstances were established under which the payment of the deferred Annual Variable Remuneration could be limited or impeded ("malus" clauses), as well as the adjustment to update these deferred parts.

· Finally, the variable component of the remuneration corresponding to a year for the Identified Staff would be limited to a maximum amount of 100% of the fixed component of total remuneration, unless the General Meeting resolved to increase such limit which, in any event, could not exceed 200% of the fixed component of total remuneration.

In this regard, the Annual General Meeting resolved, in line with applicable legislation, the application of the maximum level of variable remuneration up to 200% of the fixed remuneration for a specific group of employees whose professional activities have a material impact on the Group’s risk profile, and to enlarge this group, whose variable remuneration will be subject to the maximum threshold of 200% of the fixed component of their total remuneration. This is entirely consistent with the Recommendations Report issued by the BBVA's Board of Directors.

According to the settlement and payment scheme indicated, during 2017, members of the Identified Staff received a total amount of 6,481,409 shares corresponding to the initial payment corresponding to 2016 Annual Variable Remuneration to be delivered in shares.

Additionally, the remuneration policy prevailing until 2014 provided for a specific settlement and payment scheme for the variable remuneration of the Identified Staff that established a three-year deferral period for the Annual Variable Remuneration, being the deferred amount paid in thirds over this period in equal parts, in cash and in BBVA shares.

According to this prior scheme, during 2017, the members of the Identified Staff received the shares corresponding to the deferred parts of the Annual Variable Remuneration from previous years, and their corresponding adjustments in cash, delivery of which corresponded in 2017, were delivered to the beneficiary members of the Identified Staff, resulting in (i) a total amount of 943,955 shares corresponding to the second deferred third of the 2014 Annual Variable Remuneration and €697,583 as adjustments for updates of the shares granted; and (ii) a total amount of 437,069 shares corresponding to the last deferred third of the 2013 Annual Variable Remuneration and €501,318 in adjustments for updates.

The information on the delivery of shares to executive Directors and senior management corresponding to the deferred parts of the Annual Variable Remuneration from previous years and their corresponding adjustments in cash, are detailed in Note 54.

Additionally, in line with specific regulation applicable in Portugal and Brazil, BBVA identifies those employees that, according to local regulators, should be subject to a specific settlement and payment scheme of the Annual Variable Remuneration.

According to this regulation, during 2017 a number of 49,798 shares corresponding to the initial payment of 2016 Annual Variable Remuneration were delivered to these beneficiaries.

Additionally, during 2017 the shares corresponding to the deferred parts of the Annual Variable Remuneration and their corresponding adjustments in cash, were delivered to these beneficiaries, giving rise in 2017, of a total of 10,485 shares corresponding to the first deferred third of the 2015 Annual Variable Remuneration, and €3,869 as adjustments for updates of the shares granted; a total of 7,201 shares corresponding to the second third of the 2014 Annual Variable Remuneration, and €5,322 as adjustments for updates of the shares granted; and a total of 5,757 shares corresponding to the final third of the 2013 Annual Variable Remuneration, and €6,603 as adjustments for updates of the shares granted.

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Additionally, BBVA Compass' remuneration structure included a long-term incentive programme in shares for employees in certain key positions. This plan is applicable for a three-year term and consisted in the delivery of a number of shares to its beneficiaries, subject to their permanence in the company for a period of three years.

During 2017, a number of 331,111 shares corresponding to this programme were delivered.

Remuneration policy applicable from 2017 onwards

The Bank has modified its remuneration policy applicable to the Identified Staff and to BBVA Directors for the years 2017, 2018 and 2019, aimed at improving alignment with new regulatory requirements, best market practices and BBVA’s organization and internal strategy. This policy was approved, with respect to Identified Staff, by the Board of Directors held in 9 February 2017, and, with respect to BBVA directors, by the General Shareholders’ Meeting held on March 17, 2017.

The new remuneration policy includes a specific settlement and payment system of the Annual Variable Remuneration applicable to the Identified Staff, including directors and senior management, under the following rules, among others:

· A significant percentage of variable remuneration – 60% in the case of executive directors, Senior Management and those Identified Staff members with particularly high variable remuneration, and 40% for the rest of the Identified Staff– shall be deferred over a five- year period, in the case of executive directors and Senior Management, and over a three-year period, for the remaining Identified Staff.

· 50% of the variable remuneration of each year (including both upfront and deferred portions), shall be established in BBVA shares, albeit a larger proportion (60%) in shares shall be deferred in the case of executive directors and Senior Management.

· The variable remuneration will be subject to ex ante adjustments, so that it will not be accrued, or will be accrued in a reduced amount, should a certain level of profit or capital ratio not be obtained. Likewise, the Annual Variable Remuneration will be reduced upon performance assessment in the event of negative evolution of the Bank’s results or other parameters such as the level of achievement of budgeted targets.

· The deferred component of the variable remuneration (in shares and in cash) may be reduced in its entirety, yet not increased, based on the result of multi-year performance indicators aligned with the Bank’s fundamental risk management and control metrics, related to the solvency, capital, liquidity, funding or profitability, or to the share performance and recurring results of the Group.

· During the entire deferral period (5 or 3 years, as applicable) and retention period, variable remuneration shall be subject to malus and clawback arrangements, both linked to a downturn in financial performance of the Bank, specific unit or area, or individual, under certain circumstances.

· All shares shall be withheld for a period of one year after delivery, except for those shares required to honor the payment of taxes.

· No personal hedging strategies or insurance may be used in connection with remuneration and responsibility that may undermine the effects of alignment with sound risk management.

· The deferred amounts in cash subject to multi-year performance indicators that are finally paid shall be subject to updating, in the terms determined by the Bank’s Board of Directors, upon proposal of the Remunerations Committee, whereas deferred amounts in shares shall not be updated.

· Finally, the variable component of the remuneration of the Identified Staff members shall be limited to a maximum amount of 100% of the fixed component of total remuneration, unless the General Meeting resolves to increase this percentage up to 200%.

In this regard, the General Meeting held on March, 17 2017 resolved to increase the maximum level of variable remuneration to 200% of the fixed component for a number of the Identified Staff, in the terms indicated in the Report of Recommendations issued for this purpose by the Board of Directors dated 9 February 2017.

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In accordance with the new remuneration policy applicable to the Identified Staff, malus and clawback arrangements will be applicable to the Annual Variable Remuneration awarded as of the year 2016, inclusive, for each member of the Identified Staff.

According to this new policy, the first disbursement in shares will be the upfront payment of the 2017 Annual Variable Remuneration, in equal parts in BBVA shares and in cash, which will take place in 2018.

44.2 Other administrative expenses

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Other Administrative Expenses (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Technology and systems |  | 692 | 673 | 625
Communications |  | 269 | 294 | 281
Advertising |  | 352 | 398 | 387
Property, fixtures and materials |  | 1,033 | 1,080 | 1,030
Of which: Rent expenses (*) |  | 581 | 616 | 591
Taxes other than income tax |  | 456 | 433 | 466
Other expenses |  | 1,738 | 1,766 | 1,775
Total |  | 4,541 | 4,644 | 4,563

(*) The consolidated companies do not expect to terminate the lease contracts early.

45. Depreciation and amortization

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Depreciation and amortization (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Tangible assets | 17 | 694 | 690 | 641
For own use |  | 680 | 667 | 615
Investment properties |  | 13 | 23 | 25
Assets leased out under operating lease |  | - | - | -
Other Intangible assets |  | 694 | 735 | 631
Total |  | 1,387 | 1,426 | 1,272

46. Provisions or reversal of provisions

In the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the net provisions registered in this income statement line item were as follows:

Provisions or reversal of provisions (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Pensions and other post employment defined benefit obligations | 25 | 343 | 332 | 592
Other long term employee benefits |  | - | - | -
Commitments and guarantees given |  | (313) | 56 | 10
Pending legal issues and tax litigation |  | 318 | 76 | (25)
Other Provisions |  | 397 | 722 | 154
Total |  | 745 | 1,186 | 731

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47. Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss

The breakdown of Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss by the nature of those assets in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Financial assets measured at cost |  | - | - | -
Available-for-sale financial assets | 12.4 | 1,127 | 202 | 24
Debt securities |  | (4) | 157 | 1
Equity instruments |  | 1,131 | 46 | 23
Loans and receivables |  | 3,677 | 3,597 | 4,248
Of which: Recovery of written-off assets | 7.3.5 | (558) | (541) | (490)
Held to maturity investments |  | (1) | 1 | -
Total |  | 4,803 | 3,801 | 4,272

48. Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets

The impairment losses on non-financial assets broken down by the nature of those assets in the accompanying consolidated income statements are as follows:

Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Tangible assets | 17 | 42 | 143 | 60
Intangible assets | 18.2 | 16 | 3 | 4
Others |  | 306 | 375 | 209
Total |  | 363 | 521 | 273

49. Gains (losses) on derecognition of non financial assets and subsidiaries, net

The breakdown of the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements is as follows:

Gains or losses on derecognition of non financial assets and subsidiaries, net (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Gains |  |  |
Disposal of investments in non-consolidated subsidiaries | 38 | 111 | 23
Disposal of tangible assets and other | 69 | 64 | 71
Losses: |  |  |
Disposal of investments in non-consolidated subsidiaries | (27) | (58) | (2,222)
Disposal of tangible assets and other | (33) | (47) | (7)
Total | 47 | 70 | (2,135)

During 2015, the heading “Losses – Disposal of investments in subsidiaries” included, mainly, the fair value measurement of its previously acquired stake in Garanti Group because of the change in the consolidation method (see Note 3).

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50. Profit (loss) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations

The main items included in the balance under this heading in the accompanying consolidated income statements are as follows:

Profit or loss from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Gains on sale of real estate |  | 102 | 66 | 97
Impairment of non-current assets held for sale | 21 | (158) | (136) | (285)
Gains on sale of investments classified as non current assets held for sale |  | 82 | 39 | 45
Gains on sale of equity instruments classified as non current assets held for sale (*) |  | - | - | 877
Total |  | 26 | (31) | 734

(*) Includes various sales in CNCB (see Note 3)

51. Consolidated statements of cash flows

In the consolidated statements of cash flows, Balance of “Cash equivalent in central banks” includes short-term deposits at central banks under the heading "Loans and receivables "in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and does not include demand deposits with credit institutions registered in the chapter "Cash, balances in cash at Central Bank and other demand deposits".

Cash flows from operating activities decreased in the year ended December 31, 2017 by €4,568 million (compared with a decrease of €16,478 million in December 31, 2016). The most significant reason for the change occurred under “Financial liabilities held for trading”.

The variances in cash flows from investing activities increased in the year ended December 31, 2017 by €3,462 million (compared with an increase of €3,851 million in December 31, 2016). The most significant reason for the change occurred under the heading “Held to maturity investments”.

The variances in cash flows from financing activities decreased in the year ended December 31, 2017 by €1,015 million (compared with a decrease of €1,240 million in December 31, 2016). The most significant reason for the change occurred under the heading “Subordinated liabilities”.

Liabilities from financing activities (Millions of Euros)
| December 31, 2016 | Cash flows | Non-cash changes | December 31, 2017
| Acquisition | Foreign exchange movement | Fair value changes
Debt securities issued | 59,388 | (5,958) | - | (2,796) | - | 50,635
Subordinated debt securities issued | 16,987 | 1,679 | - | (1,223) | - | 17,443
Short-term debt | 11,556 | (1,319) | - | (224) | - | 10,013
Other financial liabilities | 10,179 | (378) | - | (910) | - | 8,891
Total | 98,111 | (5,976) | - | (5,153) | - | 86,982

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52. Accountant fees and services

The details of the fees for the services contracted by entities of the BBVA Group for the year ended December 31, 2017 with their respective auditors and other audit entities are as follows:

Fees for Audits Conducted and Other Related Services (Millions of euros) (**)
| 2017
Audits of the companies audited by firms belonging to the KPMG worldwide organization and other reports related with the audit (*) | 27.2
Other reports required pursuant to applicable legislation and tax regulations issued by the national supervisory bodies of the countries in which the Group operates, reviewed by firms belonging to the KPMG worldwide organization | 1.9
Fees for audits conducted by other firms | 0.1

(*) Including fees pertaining to annual legal audits (€22.6 million).

(**) Regardless of the billed period.

In the year ended December 31, 2017, other entities in the BBVA Group contracted other services (other than audits) as follows:

Other Services rendered (Millions of euros)
| 2017
Firms belonging to the KPMG worldwide organization | 0.5

This total of contracted services includes the detail of the services provided by KPMG Auditores, S.L. to BBVA, S.A. or its controlled companies at the date of preparation of these consolidated financial statements as follows:

Fees for Audits Conducted (*) (Millions of euros)
| 2017
Legal audit of BBVA,S.A. or its companies under control | 6.8
Other audit services of BBVA, S.A. or its companies under control | 5.0
Limited Review of BBVA, S.A. or its companies under control | 0.9
Reports related to issuances | 0.4
Assurance jobs and other required by the regulator | 0.2
Other | -

(*) Services provided by KPMG Auditores, S.L. to companies located in Spain.

The services provided by the auditors meet the independence requirements established under Audit of Accounts Law (Law 22/2015) and under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); accordingly they do not include the performance of any work that is incompatible with the auditing function.

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53. Related-party transactions

As financial institutions, BBVA and other entities in the Group engage in transactions with related parties in the normal course of their business. All of these transactions are not material and are carried out under normal market conditions. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the following are the transactions with related parties:

53.1 Transactions with significant shareholders

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no shareholders considered significant (see Note 26).

53.2 Transactions with BBVA Group entities

The balances of the main aggregates in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets arising from the transactions carried out by the BBVA Group with associates and joint venture entities accounted for using the equity method are as follows:

Balances arising from transactions with Entities of the Group (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Assets: |  |  |  |
Loans and advances to credit institutions |  | 91 | 69 | 109
Loans and advances to customers |  | 510 | 442 | 710
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Deposits from credit institutions |  | 5 | 1 | 2
Customer deposits |  | 428 | 533 | 449
Debt certificates |  |  |  |
Memorandum accounts: |  |  |  |
Financial guarantees given |  | 1,254 | 1,586 | 1,671
Contingent commitments |  | 114 | 42 | 28

The balances of the main aggregates in the accompanying consolidated income statements resulting from transactions with associates and joint venture entities that are accounted for under the equity method are as follows:

Balances of Income Statement arising from transactions with Entities of the Group (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Income statement: |  |  |  |
Financial incomes |  | 26 | 26 | 53
Financial costs |  | 1 | 1 | 1
Fee and Commission Income |  | 5 | 5 | 5
Fee and Commission Expenses |  | 49 | 58 | 55

There were no other material effects in the consolidated financial statements arising from dealings with these entities, other than the effects from using the equity method (see Note 2.1) and from the insurance policies to cover pension or similar commitments, as described in Note 25; and the futures transactions arranged by BBVA Group with these entities, associates and joint ventures.

In addition, as part of its normal activity, the BBVA Group has entered into agreements and commitments of various types with shareholders of subsidiaries and associates, which have no material effects on the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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53.3 Transactions with members of the Board of Directors and Senior Management

The information on the remuneration of the members of the BBVA Board of Directors and Senior Management is included in Note 54.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no loans granted by the Group’s entities to the members of the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2015 the amount availed against the loans by the Group’s entities to the members of the Board of Directors was €200 thousand. The amount availed against the loans by the Group’s entities to the members of Senior Management on those same dates (excluding the executive directors) amounted to €4,049, €5,573 and €6,641 thousand, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no loans granted to parties related to the members of the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2015, the amount availed against the loans to parties related to the members of the Bank’s Board of Directors was €10,000 thousand. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the amount availed against the loans to parties related to members of the Senior Management amounted to €85, €98 and €113 thousand, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 no guarantees had been granted to any member of the Board of Directors.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount availed against guarantees arranged with members of the Senior Management totaled €28 thousand. As of December 31, 2015 no guarantees had been granted to any member of the Senior Management.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the amount availed against commercial loans and guarantees arranged with parties related to the members of the Bank’s Board of Directors and the Senior Management totaled €8, €8 and €1,679 thousand, respectively.

53.4 Transactions with other related parties

In the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Group did not conduct any transactions with other related parties that are not in the ordinary course of its business, which were not carried out at arm's-length market conditions and of marginal relevance; whose information is not necessary to give a true picture of the BBVA Group’s consolidated net equity, net earnings and financial situation.

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54. Remuneration and other benefits received by the Board of Directors and members of the Bank’s Senior Management

Remuneration of non-executive directors received in 2017

The remuneration paid to the non-executive members of the Board of Directors during 2017 is indicated below. The figures are given individually for each non-executive director and itemized:

Remuneration for non-executive directors (Thousands of euros)
| Board of Directors | Executive Committee | Audit & Compliance Committee | Risks Committee | Remunerations Committee | Appointments Committee | Technology and Cybersecurity Committee | Total
Tomás Alfaro Drake | 129 | - | 71 | - | 25 | 102 | 43 | 370
José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas | 129 | - | 179 | 107 | - | 41 | - | 455
José Antonio Fernández Rivero | 129 | 167 | - | - | 43 | - | 25 | 363
Belén Garijo López | 129 | - | 71 | - | 80 | - | - | 280
Sunir Kumar Kapoor | 129 | - | - | - | - | - | 43 | 172
Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo | 129 | 167 | - | 107 | 25 | - | - | 427
Lourdes Máiz Carro | 129 | - | 71 | - | 25 | 41 | - | 266
José Maldonado Ramos | 129 | 167 | - | 62 | - | 41 | - | 399
Juan Pi Llorens | 129 | - | 71 | 125 | 45 | - | 43 | 412
Susana Rodríguez Vidarte | 129 | 167 | - | 107 | - | 41 | - | 443
Total (1) | 1,287 | 667 | 464 | 508 | 243 | 265 | 154 | 3,587

(1) Includes the amounts for memberships of the different committees during the year 2017. The composition of these committees was modified on May 31, 2017.

In addition, José Luis Palao García-Suelto and James Andrew Stott, who ceased as directors on March 17, 2017 and on May 31, 2017, respectively, received a total amount of €70 thousand and €178 thousand, respectively, as members of the Board of Directors and of the different Board committees.

Moreover, during 2017, €126 thousand has been paid in healthcare and casualty insurance premiums for the non-executive members of the Board of Directors.

Remuneration of executive directors received in the year 2017

During the year 2017, the executive directors have received the amount of the fixed remuneration corresponding to that year, established in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors applicable during financial years 2017, 2018 and 2019. The Policy was approved by the General Meeting held on March 17, 2017 by a majority of 96.54%.

Likewise, the executive directors have received the annual variable remuneration corresponding to the year 2016 which payment vested during the first quarter of 2017, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established under the former remuneration policy for directors, approved by the General Meeting held on March 13, 2015.

In accordance with that settlement and payment system:

· The upfront payment of the annual variable remuneration for executive directors corresponding to the year 2016 has been paid in equal parts in cash and in BBVA shares.

· The remaining 50% of the annual variable remuneration, both in cash and in shares, has been deferred in its entirety for a three-year period, with its accrual and payment subject to compliance with a series of multi-year indicators.

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· All the shares delivered pursuant to the indicated rules will be withheld for a one-year period from the date of delivery. This withholding will be applied to the net amount of the shares, after discounting the amount necessary to honor the payment of taxes accruing on the shares received.

· A prohibition against hedging has been established, both regarding withheld vested shares and shares pending delivery.

· The deferred part of the annual variable remuneration will be subject to updating under the terms established by the Board of Directors.

· The variable component of the remuneration of executive directors corresponding to the year 2016 is limited to a maximum amount of 200% of the fixed component of total remuneration, as agreed by the General Meeting.

Furthermore, following approval of the new Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors by the 2017 General Meeting, the annual variable remuneration awarded as of the year 2016, inclusive, is subject to arrangements for the reduction (“malus”) and recoupment ("clawback") of variable remuneration during the entire deferral and retention period, in the terms mentioned in said Policy.

Likewise, in accordance with the settlement and payment system applicable to the annual variable remuneration of the years 2014 and 2013, pursuant to the applicable policy for said years, the executive directors have received the deferred parts of the annual variable remuneration of those years, delivery of which was due in the first quarter of year 2017.

Pursuant to the above, the remuneration paid to the executive directors during 2017 is shown below. The figures are given individually for each executive director and itemized:

Remuneration of executive directors (Thousands of Euros)
| Fixed remuneration | 2016 annual variable remuneration in cash (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in cash from previous years (2) | Total cash 2017 | 2016 annual variable remuneration in BBVA shares (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in BBVA shares from previous years (2) | Total shares 2017
Group Executive Chairman | 2,475 | 734 | 622 | 3,831 | 114,204 | 66,947 | 181,151
Chief Executive Officer | 1,965 | 591 | 182 | 2,738 | 91,915 | 19,703 | 111,618
Head of Global Economics, Regulation & Public Affairs (“Head of GERPA”) | 834 | 89 | 50 | 972 | 13,768 | 5,449 | 19,217
Total | 5,274 | 1,414 | 853 | 7,541 | 219,887 | 92,099 | 311,986

(1) Amounts corresponding to 50% of 2016 annual variable remuneration.

(2) Amounts corresponding to the sum of the deferred parts of the annual variable remuneration from previous years (2014 and 2013), and their corresponding updating in cash, payment or delivery of which has been made in 2017, in accordance with the settlement and payment system, as broken down below:

· 2nd third of deferred annual variable remuneration from 2014:

Under this item, the executive directors have received: €321 thousand and 37,392 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €101 thousand and 11,766 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €32 thousand and 3,681 BBVA shares in the case of the executive director Head of GERPA.

· 3rd third of deferred annual variable remuneration from 2013:

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Under this item, the executive directors have received: €301 thousand and 29,555 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €81 thousand and 7,937 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €18 thousand and 1,768 BBVA shares in the case of the executive director Head of GERPA.

As at year-end 2017, the last third corresponding to the deferred variable remuneration of the year 2014 is pending payment, delivery of which will correspond in the first quarter of the year 2018, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established for that year.

In accordance with the conditions established in the settlement and payment system previously mentioned, 50% of executive directors’ annual variable remuneration corresponding to the years 2015 and 2016 remains deferred, to be paid in future years, where applicable, according to the aforementioned system.

Likewise, executive directors have received, during 2017, remuneration in kind, which includes insurance premiums and others, for a total overall amount of €217 thousand, of which €16 thousand correspond to the Group Executive Chairman; €121 thousand to the Chief Executive Officer; and €79 thousand to the executive director Head of GERPA.

Annual variable remuneration of executive directors for the year 2017

Following year-end 2017, the variable remuneration for executive directors corresponding to that year has been determined, applying the conditions established at the beginning of 2017, as set forth in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors, approved by the General Meeting held on 17 March 2017, in the following terms:

· 40% of the annual variable remuneration corresponding to 2017 will be paid, during the first quarter of 2018, in equal parts in cash and in shares, which amounts to €660 thousand and 90,933 BBVA shares in the case of the Group Executive Chairman; €562 thousand and 77,493 BBVA shares in the case of the Chief Executive Officer; and €87 thousand and 12,029 BBVA shares in the case of the executive director Head of GERPA.

· The remaining 60% will be deferred for a five-year period, subject to compliance with the multi-year performance indicators (the “Deferred Component”), which will vest, 40% in cash and 60% in shares, under the following schedule: 60% of the Deferred Component after the third year of deferral; 20% after the fourth year of deferral; and 20% after the fifth year of deferral.

The Deferred Component of the annual variable remuneration will be subject to compliance with the multi-year performance indicators determined by the Board of Directors at the beginning of the year, calculated over the first three years of deferral. The application of these indicators may lead to a reduction of the Deferred Component, even in its entirety, but in no event lead to an increase in its amount.

Moreover, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors:

· Shares delivered to executive directors as annual variable remuneration shall be withheld for a one-year period from the date of delivery. Upon reception of the shares, executive directors will not be allowed to transfer a number of shares equivalent to twice their annual fixed remuneration for at least three years after their delivery. The foregoing shall not apply to the transfer of those shares required to honor the payment of taxes.

· The annual variable remuneration deferred in cash will be subject to updating in the terms established by the Board of Directors.

· Executive directors shall not be allowed to use personal hedging strategies or insurance in connection with remuneration and responsibility that may undermine the effects of alignment with sound risk management.

· The variable component of the remuneration of executive directors for the year 2017 will be limited to a maximum amount of 200% of the fixed component of total remuneration, as approved by the General Meeting.

· Finally, the entire annual variable remuneration of executive directors will be subject to malus and clawback arrangements during the entire deferral and retention period.

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The amounts corresponding to the deferred shares are recorded under the item “own share based compensation schemes - equity” and the amounts corresponding to cash are recorded under the item “Other Liabilities – Accrued interest” of the consolidated balance sheet at 31 December 2017.

Remuneration of the members of the Senior Management received in 2017

During 2017, members of Senior Management have received the amount of the fixed remuneration corresponding to that year and the annual variable remuneration corresponding to the year 2016, which payment vested during the first quarter of the year 2017, according to the settlement and payment system set forth in the remuneration policy applicable to the Senior Management in that year.

In accordance with this settlement and payment system:

· The upfront payment of 2016 annual variable remuneration for members of the Senior Management has been paid in equal parts in cash and in BBVA shares.

· The remaining 50% of the annual variable remuneration, both in cash and in shares, has been deferred in its entirety for a three-year period, and its accrual and vesting shall be subject to compliance with a series of multi-year indicators.

· All the shares delivered pursuant to the indicated rules shall be withheld for a one-year period from the date of delivery. This withholding will be applied to the net amount of the shares, after discounting the amount necessary to honor the payment of taxes accruing on the shares received.

· A prohibition against hedging has been established, both regarding withheld vested shares and shares pending delivery.

· The deferred part of the annual variable remuneration will be subject to updating under the terms established by the Board of Directors.

· The variable component of the remuneration corresponding to the year 2016 for the Senior Management is limited to a maximum amount of 200% of the fixed component of total remuneration as agreed by the General Meeting.

Furthermore, the annual variable remuneration awarded as of the year 2016, inclusive, is subject to arrangements for the reduction (“malus”) and recoupment ("clawback") of variable remuneration during the entire deferral and retention period.

Pursuant to the above, the remuneration paid during the year 2017 to members of the Senior Management as a whole, excluding executive directors, is shown below (itemized):

Remuneration of members of the Senior Management (Thousands of Euros)
| Fixed remuneration | 2016 annual variable remuneration in cash (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in cash from previous years (2) | Total cash 2017 | 2016 annual variable remuneration in BBVA shares (1) | Deferred variable remuneration in BBVA shares from previous years (2) | Total shares 2017
Total members of the Senior Management (*) | 15,673 | 2,869 | 1,016 | 19,558 | 441,596 | 110,105 | 551,701

(*) This section includes aggregate information regarding those who were members of the Senior Management, excluding executive directors, as at December, 31, 2017 (15 members).

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(1) Amounts corresponding to 50% of 2016 annual variable remuneration.

(2) Amounts corresponding to the sum of the deferred parts of the annual variable remuneration from previous years (2014 and 2013), and their corresponding updating in cash, payment or delivery of which has been made in 2017 to members of the Senior Management who were entitled to them, as broken down below:

- 2nd third of deferred annual variable remuneration from 2014: corresponds to an aggregate amount of €555 thousand and 64,873 BBVA shares.

- 3rd third of deferred annual variable remuneration from 2013: corresponds to an aggregate amount of €461 thousand and 45,232 BBVA shares.

As at year-end 2017, the last third corresponding to the deferred variable remuneration of the year 2014 is pending payment, delivery of which will correspond in the first quarter of the year 2018, in accordance with the settlement and payment system established for that year.

Likewise, 50% of members of the Senior Management’s annual variable remuneration corresponding to the years 2015 and 2016 remains deferred, to be paid in future years, where applicable, according to the settlement and payment system established for said years.

Additionally, members of the Senior Management as a whole, excluding executive directors, have received remuneration in kind during the year 2017, which includes insurance premiums and others, for a total overall amount of €684 thousand.

Remuneration system in shares with deferred delivery for non-executive directors

BBVA has a remuneration system in shares with deferred delivery for its non-executive directors, which was approved by the General Meeting held on March 18, 2006 and extended by resolutions of the General Meeting held on March 11, 2011 and on March 11, 2016, for a further five-year period in each case.

This system is based on the annual allocation to non-executive directors of a number of "theoretical shares", equivalent to 20% of the total remuneration in cash received by each director in the previous year, calculated according to the average closing prices of the BBVA share during the sixty trading sessions prior to the Annual General Meetings approving the corresponding financial statements for each year.

These shares will be delivered to each beneficiary, where applicable, on the date they leave directorship for any reason other than serious breach of their duties.

The number of “theoretical shares” allocated in the first semester of 2017 to each non-executive director beneficiary of the remuneration system in shares with deferred delivery, corresponding to 20% of the total remuneration received in cash by said directors in 2016, is as follows:

| Theoretical shares allocated in 2017 | Theoretical shares accumulated at December 31 2017
Tomás Alfaro Drake | 10,630 | 73,082
José Miguel Andrés Torrecillas | 14,002 | 23,810
José Antonio Fernández Rivero | 11,007 | 102,053
Belén Garijo López | 7,313 | 26,776
Sunir Kumar Kapoor | 4,165 | 4,165
Carlos Loring Martínez de Irujo | 11,921 | 86,891
Lourdes Máiz Carro | 7,263 | 15,706
José Maldonado Ramos | 10,586 | 67,819
Juan Pi Llorens | 10,235 | 42,609
Susana Rodríguez Vidarte | 13,952 | 92,558
Total (1) | 101,074 | 535,469

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(1) In addition, in the first semester of 2017, 8,752 theoretical shares were allocated to José Luis Palao García-Suelto and 10,226 theoretical shares were allocated to James Andrew Stott, who ceased as directors on March 17, 2017 and on May 31, 2017 respectively.

Pension commitments

The Bank has undertaken pension commitments in favor of the Chief Executive Officer and the executive director Head of GERPA, in accordance with the Bylaws, the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors and their respective contracts entered into with the Bank, to cover retirement, disability and death.

As regards the Chief Executive Officer, the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors provides for a new benefits framework whereby his previous defined-benefits system has been transformed into a defined-contribution system, according to which he is entitled, provided he does not leave his position as Chief Executive Officer due to serious breach of his duties, to a retirement benefit when he reaches the legal retirement age, in the form of capital or as income, which amount shall result from the funds accumulated by the Bank until December 2016 to cover the commitments under his previous benefits scheme and the sum of the annual contributions made by the Bank as of January 1, 2017, to cover said benefit under the new pension scheme, along with the corresponding accumulated yields.

Should the contractual relationship be terminated before he reaches the retirement age, for reason other than serious breach of his duties, the retirement benefit to which the Chief Executive Officer is entitled, when he reaches the age legally established, shall be calculated on the basis of the contributions made by the Bank up to that date, along with the corresponding accumulated yields, with no additional contributions to be made by the Bank upon leave of directorship.

The amount established in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors for the Chief Executive Officer, as annual contribution to cover the retirement benefit under the new defined-contribution scheme, amounts to €1,642 thousand, amount which shall be updated in the same proportion as the annual fixed remuneration for the Chief Executive Officer, in the terms established in said Policy.

Likewise, pursuant to the Policy, 15% of the agreed annual contribution, mentioned above, shall be based on variable components and be considered "discretionary pension benefits", thus subject to the conditions of delivery in shares, retention and clawback established in applicable regulations, as well as to those other conditions of variable remuneration applicable to them pursuant to the aforementioned Policy.

On the other hand, the Bank will assume payment of the annual insurance premiums in order to top up the coverage of death and disability of the Chief Executive Officer’s benefits scheme, in the terms established in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors.

Pursuant to the foregoing, in the year 2017 an amount of €1,853 thousand has been recorded to attend the benefits commitments undertaken with the Chief Executive Officer, amount which includes the contribution to retirement coverage (€1,642 thousand), as well as to death and disability (€211 thousand), with the total accumulated fund to cover retirement commitments amounting €17,503 thousand, as at December 31, 2017.

15% of the agreed annual contribution to retirement (€246 thousand) has been registered in the year 2017 as “discretionary pension benefits” and, following year-end 2017, said amount has been adjusted according to the criteria established for the determination of the Chief Executive Officer’s annual variable remuneration for 2017. Accordingly, the “discretionary pension benefits” for the year 2017 have been determined in an amount of €288 thousand, amount which will be included in the accumulated fund in the year 2018, subject to the same conditions as the Deferred Component of annual variable remuneration for the year 2017, as well as the remaining conditions established for these benefits in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors.

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As regards the executive director Head of GERPA, the pension scheme established in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors establishes an annual contribution of 30% of his fixed remuneration as of January 1, 2017, to cover retirement benefit, as well as payment of the corresponding annual insurance premiums in order to top up the coverage of death and disability.

As in the case of the Chief Executive Officer, 15% of the agreed annual contribution, mentioned above, shall be based on variable components and be considered "discretionary pension benefits", thus subject to the conditions of delivery in shares, retention and clawback established in applicable regulations, as well as to those other conditions of variable remuneration applicable to them pursuant to the aforementioned Policy.

The executive director Head of GERPA shall be entitled, when he reaches the retirement age, to the benefits arising from the contributions made by the Bank to cover pension commitments, plus the corresponding accumulated yields up to that date, provided he does not leave his position due to serious breach of his duties. In the event of voluntary termination of contractual relationship by the director before retirement, benefits shall be limited to 50% of the contributions made by the Bank to that date, along with the corresponding accumulated yields, with the Bank's contributions ceasing upon leave of directorship.

Pursuant to the foregoing, in the year 2017 an amount of €393 thousand has been recorded to attend the benefits commitments undertaken with the executive director Head of GERPA, amount which includes the contribution to retirement coverage (€250 thousand), as well as to death and disability (€143 thousand), with the total accumulated fund to cover retirement commitments amounting €842 thousand, as at December 31, 2017.

15% of the agreed annual contribution to retirement (€38 thousand) has been registered in the year 2017 as “discretionary pension benefits” and, following year-end 2017, said amount has been adjusted according to the criteria established for the determination of the executive director Head of GERPA’s annual variable remuneration for 2017. Accordingly, the “discretionary pension benefits” for the year 2017 have been determined in an amount of €46 thousand, amount which will be included in the accumulated fund in the year 2018, subject to the same conditions as the Deferred Component of annual variable remuneration for the year 2017, as well as the remaining conditions established for these benefits in the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors.

There are no other pension obligations undertaken in favor of other executive directors.

Likewise, an amount of €5,630 thousand has been recorded to attend the benefits commitments undertaken with members of the Senior Management, excluding executive directors, amount which includes the contribution to retirement coverage (€4,910 thousand), as well as to death and disability (€720 thousand), with the total accumulated fund to cover retirement commitments with the Senior Management amounting €55,689 thousand, as at December 31, 2017.

As in the case of executive directors, 15% of the annual contributions agreed for members of the Senior Management shall be based on variable components and be considered "discretionary pension benefits", thus subject to the conditions of delivery in shares, retention and clawback established in applicable regulations, as well as to those other conditions of variable remuneration applicable to them pursuant to the remuneration policy applicable to Senior Management.

Pursuant to the foregoing, from the annual contribution to cover retirement recorded in 2017, an amount of €585 thousand has been recorded in the year 2017 as “discretionary pension benefits” and, following year-end 2017, said amount has been adjusted according to the criteria established for the determination of the Senior Management’s annual variable remuneration for 2017. Accordingly, the “discretionary pension benefits” for the year 2017 have been determined in an amount of €589 thousand, amount which will be included in the accumulated fund in the year 2018, subject to the same conditions as the Deferred Component of annual variable remuneration for the year 2017, as well as the remaining conditions established for these benefits in the remuneration policy applicable to members of the Senior Management.

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Extinction of contractual relationship

In accordance with the Remuneration Policy for BBVA Directors, approved by the 2017 General Meeting, the Bank has no commitments to pay severance indemnity to executive directors.

The new contractual framework defined in the aforementioned Policy for the Chief Executive Officer and the executive director Head of GERPA includes a post-contractual non-compete agreement for a period of two years, after they cease as BBVA executive directors, in accordance to which they shall receive remuneration in an amount equivalent to one annual fixed remuneration for every year of duration of the non-compete arrangement, which shall be paid periodically over the course of the two years, provided that leave of directorship is not due to retirement, disability or serious breach of duties.

55. Other information

55.1 Environmental impact

Given the activities BBVA Group entities engage in, the Group has no environmental liabilities, expenses, assets, provisions or contingencies that could have a significant effect on its consolidated equity, financial situation and profits. Consequently, as of December 31, 2017, there is no item in the Group’s accompanying consolidated financial statements that requires disclosure in an environmental information report pursuant to Ministry of Justice Order JUS/471/2017, of May 19, and consequently no specific disclosure of information on environmental matters is included in these financial statements.

55.2 Reporting requirements of the Spanish National Securities Market Commission (CNMV)

Dividends paid in the year

The table below presents the dividends per share paid in cash during 2015, 2016 and 2017 (cash basis dividend, regardless of the year in which they were accrued, but without including other shareholder remuneration, such as the “Dividend Option”). See Notes 4 and 22.4 for a complete analysis of all remuneration awarded to shareholders.

Dividends Paid ("Dividend Option" not included)
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
| % Over Nominal | Euros per Share | Amount (Millions of Euros) | % Over Nominal | Euros per Share | Amount (Millions of Euros) | % Over Nominal | Euros per Share | Amount (Millions of Euros)
Ordinary shares | 34.69% | 0.17 | 1,125 | 32.65% | 0.16 | 1,028 | 16.33% | 0.08 | 504
Rest of shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Total dividends paid in cash | 34.69% | 0.17 | 1,125 | 32.65% | 0.16 | 1,028 | 16.33% | 0.08 | 504
Dividends with charge to income | 34.69% | 0.17 | 1,125 | 32.65% | 0.16 | 1,028 | 16.33% | 0.08 | 504
Dividends with charge to reserve or share premium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Dividends in kind | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -

Earnings and ordinary income by operating segment

The detail of the consolidated profit for each operating segment is as follows:

Profit Attributable by Operating Segments
Profit Attributable by Operating Segments | Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Banking Activity in Spain |  | 1,381 | 912 | 1,085
Non Core Real Estate |  | (501) | (595) | (496)
United States |  | 511 | 459 | 517
Mexico |  | 2,162 | 1,980 | 2,094
Turkey |  | 826 | 599 | 371
South America |  | 861 | 771 | 905
Rest of Eurasia |  | 125 | 151 | 75
Subtotal operating segments |  | 5,363 | 4,276 | 4,551
Corporate Center |  | (1,844) | (801) | (1,910)
Profit attributable to parent company | 6 | 3,519 | 3,475 | 2,641
Non-assigned income |  | - | - | -
Elimination of interim income (between segments) |  | - | - | -
Other gains (losses) (*) |  | 1,243 | 1,218 | 686
Income tax and/or profit from discontinued operations |  | 2,169 | 1,699 | 1,274
Operating profit before tax | 6 | 6,931 | 6,392 | 4,603

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(*) Profit attributable to non-controlling interests.

Interest income by geographical area

The breakdown of the balance of “Interest Income” in the accompanying consolidated income statements by geographical area is as follows:

Interest Income. Breakdown by Geographical Area (Millions of euros)
| Notes | 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Domestic |  | 5,093 | 5,962 | 6,275
Foreign |  | 24,203 | 21,745 | 18,507
European Union |  | 422 | 291 | 387
Other OECD countries |  | 19,386 | 17,026 | 13,666
Other countries |  | 4,395 | 4,429 | 4,454
Total | 37.1 | 29,296 | 27,708 | 24,783

56. Subsequent events

From January 1, 2018 to the date of preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements, no other subsequent events not mentioned above in these financial statements have taken place that could significantly affect the Group’s earnings or its equity position.

Transition to IFRS 9

Under Commission Regulation (EU) No. 2016/2067 of 22 November 2016, all companies governed by the law of a Member State of the European Union, and whose securities are traded on a regulated market in one of the States of the Union, must apply IFRS 9 as from the commencement date of their first financial year starting on or after January 1, 2018 (see Note 2.3); and it is the Group's intention to use the option allowed by the standard itself of not reformulating the comparative financial statements for 2017 that will be presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements for 2018.

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Appendices

F-219

APPENDIX I Additional information on consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities composing the BBVA Group

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and consolidated structured entities composing the BBVA Group

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
4D INTERNET SOLUTIONS, INC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 18 | 18 | 1 | 20 | (3)
ACTIVOS MACORP, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 50.63 | 49.37 | 100.00 | 18 | 24 | 5 | 3 | 16
ALCALA 120 PROMOC. Y GEST.IMMOB. S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 15 | 26 | 10 | 14 | 1
ANIDA DESARROLLOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 284 | 413 | 56 | (185)
ANIDA GERMANIA IMMOBILIEN ONE, GMBH |  | GERMANY | IN LIQUIDATION |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
ANIDA GRUPO INMOBILIARIO, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 2,040 | 2,689 | (161) | (488)
ANIDA INMOBILIARIA, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 163 | 116 | - | 109 | 7
ANIDA OPERACIONES SINGULARES, S.A. (***) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 4,066 | 4,451 | (99) | (286)
ANIDA PROYECTOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 91 | 94 | 3 | 84 | 7
ANIDAPORT INVESTIMENTOS IMOBILIARIOS, UNIPESSOAL, LTDA |  | PORTUGAL | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 29 | 87 | 81 | 8 | (2)
APLICA NEXTGEN OPERADORA S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
APLICA NEXTGEN SERVICIOS S.A. DE C.V |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
APLICA TECNOLOGIA AVANZADA OPERADORA, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 8 | 7 | - | -
APLICA TECNOLOGIA AVANZADA SERVICIOS, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | -
APLICA TECNOLOGIA AVANZADA, S.A. DE C.V.- ATA |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 203 | 268 | 74 | 181 | 13
ARIZONA FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, INC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 816 | 816 | - | 816 | -
ARRAHONA AMBIT, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 61 | 49 | (37) | 48
ARRAHONA IMMO, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 53 | 220 | 76 | 133 | 11
ARRAHONA NEXUS, S.L. (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 199 | 166 | (109) | 141
ARRAHONA RENT, S.L.U. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 9 | 10 | - | 9 | 1
ARRELS CT FINSOL, S.A. (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 264 | 214 | (91) | 141
ARRELS CT LLOGUER, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 52 | 44 | (13) | 20
ARRELS CT PATRIMONI I PROJECTES, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 74 | 63 | (36) | 47
ARRELS CT PROMOU, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 34 | 23 | (12) | 23
BAHIA SUR RESORT, S.C. |  | SPAIN | INACTIVE |  | 99.95 | - | 99.95 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA (PORTUGAL), S.A. |  | PORTUGAL | BANKING |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 252 | 4,029 | 3,805 | 220 | 4
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA CHILE, S.A. |  | CHILE | BANKING |  | - | 68.19 | 68.19 | 863 | 19,114 | 17,848 | 1,121 | 145
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA URUGUAY, S.A. |  | URUGUAY | BANKING |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 110 | 2,705 | 2,515 | 166 | 24
BANCO CONTINENTAL, S.A. |  | PERU | BANKING |  | - | 46.12 | 46.12 | 910 | 19,666 | 17,693 | 1,597 | 377
BANCO INDUSTRIAL DE BILBAO, S.A. |  | SPAIN | BANKING |  | - | 99.93 | 99.93 | 97 | 63 | 2 | (2) | 63
BANCO OCCIDENTAL, S.A. |  | SPAIN | BANKING |  | 49.43 | 50.57 | 100.00 | 17 | 18 | - | 18 | -
BANCO PROVINCIAL OVERSEAS N.V. |  | CURAÇAO | BANKING |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 47 | 369 | 324 | 42 | 3
BANCO PROVINCIAL S.A. - BANCO UNIVERSAL |  | VENEZUELA | BANKING |  | 1.46 | 53.75 | 55.21 | 31 | 958 | 877 | 97 | (16)
BANCOMER FINANCIAL SERVICES INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | -
BANCOMER FOREIGN EXCHANGE INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 13 | 13 | - | 9 | 4
BANCOMER PAYMENT SERVICES INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -
BANCOMER TRANSFER SERVICES, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 54 | 129 | 75 | 43 | 11
BBV AMERICA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 79 | 571 | - | 599 | (28)
BBVA AGENCIA DE SEGUROS COLOMBIA LTDA |  | COLOMBIA | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
BBVA ASESORIAS FINANCIERAS, S.A. |  | CHILE | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) These companies have equity loans from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

(***) This company has an equity loan from ANIDA GRUPO INMOBILIARIO, S.L.

(****) These companies have an equity loan from UNNIM SOCIEDAD PARA LA GESTION DE ACTIVOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.A

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Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
BBVA ASSET MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRADORA GENERAL DE FONDOS S.A. |  | CHILE | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 14 | 18 | 3 | 8 | 6
BBVA ASSET MANAGEMENT CONTINENTAL S.A. SAF |  | PERU | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 11 | 4
BBVA ASSET MANAGEMENT, S.A. SOCIEDAD FIDUCIARIA (BBVA FIDUCIARIA) |  | COLOMBIA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 28 | 33 | 5 | 20 | 8
BBVA ASSET MANAGEMENT, S.A., SGIIC |  | SPAIN | OTHER INVESTMENT COMPANIES |  | 17.00 | 83.00 | 100.00 | 38 | 114 | 55 | 21 | 38
BBVA AUTOMERCANTIL, COMERCIO E ALUGER DE VEICULOS AUTOMOVEIS,LDA. |  | PORTUGAL | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 4 | 20 | 15 | 5 | -
BBVA BANCO FRANCES, S.A. |  | ARGENTINA | BANKING |  | 39.97 | 26.58 | 66.55 | 157 | 9,173 | 8,019 | 947 | 207
BBVA BANCOMER GESTION, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 21 | 37 | 16 | 7 | 15
BBVA BANCOMER OPERADORA, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 45 | 235 | 190 | 38 | 7
BBVA BANCOMER SEGUROS SALUD, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 11 | 19 | 8 | 9 | 2
BBVA BANCOMER SERVICIOS ADMINISTRATIVOS, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 28 | 156 | 129 | 16 | 11
BBVA BANCOMER, S.A.,INSTITUCION DE BANCA MULTIPLE, GRUPO FINANCIERO BBVA BANCOMER |  | MEXICO | BANKING |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7,426 | 82,505 | 75,075 | 5,596 | 1,834
BBVA BRASIL BANCO DE INVESTIMENTO, S.A. |  | BRASIL | BANKING |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 16 | 34 | 4 | 27 | 3
BBVA BROKER, CORREDURIA DE SEGUROS Y REASEGUROS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | 99.94 | 0.06 | 100.00 | - | 17 | 4 | 9 | 5
BBVA BROKER, S.A. |  | ARGENTINA | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 95.00 | 95.00 | - | 5 | 2 | (1) | 4
BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. |  | COLOMBIA | BANKING |  | 77.41 | 18.06 | 95.47 | 355 | 16,164 | 14,945 | 1,045 | 174
BBVA COMPASS BANCSHARES, INC |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 11,703 | 10,862 | 35 | 10,420 | 406
BBVA COMPASS FINANCIAL CORPORATION |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 217 | 416 | 199 | 220 | (3)
BBVA COMPASS INSURANCE AGENCY, INC |  | UNITED STATES | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 28 | 29 | 1 | 21 | 7
BBVA COMPASS PAYMENTS, INC |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 69 | 69 | - | 54 | 15
BBVA CONSOLIDAR SEGUROS, S.A. |  | ARGENTINA | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | 87.78 | 12.22 | 100.00 | 10 | 133 | 85 | 17 | 31
BBVA CONSULTING ( BEIJING) LIMITED |  | CHINA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 2 | - | 2 | -
BBVA CONSULTORIA, S.A. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 5 | - | 5 | -
BBVA CONSUMER FINANCE ENTIDAD DE DESARROLLO A LA PEQUEÑA Y MICRO EMPRESA, EDPYME, S.A. (BBVA CONSUMER FINANCE - EDPYME) |  | PERU | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 18 | 125 | 108 | 17 | (1)
BBVA CORREDORA TECNICA DE SEGUROS LIMITADA |  | CHILE | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7 | 14 | 7 | (1) | 8
BBVA CORREDORES DE BOLSA LIMITADA |  | CHILE | SECURITIES DEALER |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 68 | 647 | 579 | 62 | 6
BBVA DATA & ANALYTICS, S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 2 | -
BBVA DINERO EXPRESS, S.A.U |  | SPAIN | PAYMENT ENTITIES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | -
BBVA DISTRIBUIDORA DE SEGUROS S.R.L. |  | URUGUAY | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 4 | - | 2 | 2
BBVA FACTORING LIMITADA (CHILE) |  | CHILE | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 10 | 58 | 48 | 10 | -
BBVA FINANZIA, S.p.A |  | ITALY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 4 | 15 | 11 | 4 | -
BBVA FRANCES ASSET MANAGMENT S.A. SOCIEDAD GERENTE DE FONDOS COMUNES DE INVERSIÓN. |  | ARGENTINA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 12 | 19 | 6 | 2 | 12
BBVA FRANCES VALORES, S.A. |  | ARGENTINA | SECURITIES DEALER |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3
BBVA FUNDOS, S.GESTORA FUNDOS PENSOES,S.A. |  | PORTUGAL | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 17 | 1
BBVA GLOBAL FINANCE LTD. |  | CAYMAN ISLANDS | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 171 | 167 | 4 | -
BBVA GLOBAL MARKETS B.V. |  | NETHERLANDS | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 2,398 | 2,397 | 1 | -
BBVA INMOBILIARIA E INVERSIONES, S.A. |  | CHILE | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 68.11 | 68.11 | 5 | 43 | 36 | 7 | -
BBVA INSTITUIÇAO FINANCEIRA DE CREDITO, S.A. |  | PORTUGAL | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 49.90 | 50.10 | 100.00 | 40 | 379 | 331 | 45 | 3
BBVA INTERNATIONAL PREFERRED, S.A.U. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 36 | 35 | 1 | -
BBVA INVERSIONES CHILE, S.A. |  | CHILE | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 61.22 | 38.78 | 100.00 | 483 | 1,394 | 100 | 1,101 | 193
BBVA IRELAND PLC |  | IRELAND | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 180 | 577 | 379 | 191 | 8

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

F-221

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
BBVA LEASING MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 51 | 837 | 717 | 97 | 23
BBVA LUXINVEST, S.A. |  | LUXEMBOURG | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 36.00 | 64.00 | 100.00 | 3 | 213 | 209 | (64) | 68
BBVA MEDIACION OPERADOR DE BANCA-SEGUROS VINCULADO, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 10 | 82 | 51 | 16 | 15
BBVA NOMINEES LIMITED |  | UNITED KINGDOM | SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
BBVA OP3N S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 2 | 3 | - | (1)
BBVA OP3N, INC |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 7 | (5)
BBVA PARAGUAY, S.A. |  | PARAGUAY | BANKING |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 23 | 1,784 | 1,621 | 132 | 32
BBVA PENSIONES, SA, ENTIDAD GESTORA DE FONDOS DE PENSIONES |  | SPAIN | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 13 | 53 | 15 | 27 | 11
BBVA PLANIFICACION PATRIMONIAL, S.L. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 80.00 | 20.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | - | 1 | -
BBVA PREVISION AFP S.A. ADM.DE FONDOS DE PENSIONES |  | BOLIVIA | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT |  | 75.00 | 5.00 | 80.00 | 1 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 5
BBVA PROCUREMENT SERVICES AMERICA DEL SUR SpA |  | CHILE | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 6 | -
BBVA PROPIEDAD, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 874 | 874 | 5 | 921 | (51)
BBVA RE DAC |  | IRELAND | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 39 | 72 | 23 | 40 | 9
BBVA REAL ESTATE MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
BBVA RENTAS E INVERSIONES LIMITADA |  | CHILE | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 294 | 295 | 1 | 229 | 65
BBVA RENTING, S.A. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 90 | 665 | 565 | 95 | 5
BBVA SECURITIES INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 178 | 368 | 190 | 162 | 16
BBVA SEGUROS COLOMBIA, S.A. |  | COLOMBIA | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | 94.00 | 6.00 | 100.00 | 10 | 83 | 63 | 13 | 7
BBVA SEGUROS DE VIDA COLOMBIA, S.A. |  | COLOMBIA | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | 94.00 | 6.00 | 100.00 | 14 | 404 | 289 | 74 | 41
BBVA SEGUROS DE VIDA, S.A. |  | CHILE | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 71 | 201 | 129 | 62 | 10
BBVA SEGUROS, S.A., DE SEGUROS Y REASEGUROS |  | SPAIN | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | 99.96 | - | 99.96 | 1,039 | 18,231 | 16,989 | 948 | 294
BBVA SENIOR FINANCE, S.A.U. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 1,765 | 1,764 | 1 | -
BBVA SERVICIOS CORPORATIVOS LIMITADA |  | CHILE | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 3 | 11 | 8 | - | 3
BBVA SERVICIOS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | COMMERCIAL |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 8 | 1 | 7 | -
BBVA SOCIEDAD DE LEASING INMOBILIARIO, S.A. |  | CHILE | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 97.49 | 97.49 | 28 | 82 | 53 | 26 | 3
BBVA SUBORDINATED CAPITAL S.A.U. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 121 | 120 | 1 | -
BBVA SUIZA, S.A. (BBVA SWITZERLAND) |  | SWITZERLAND | BANKING |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 98 | 859 | 753 | 98 | 7
BBVA TRADE, S.A. (***) |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 42 | 37 | 13 | (8)
BBVA VALORES COLOMBIA, S.A. COMISIONISTA DE BOLSA |  | COLOMBIA | SECURITIES DEALER |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 4 | - | 5 | (1)
BBVA WEALTH SOLUTIONS, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 6 | - | 5 | 1
BEEVA TEC OPERADORA, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | 1 | - | -
BEEVA TEC, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -
BILBAO VIZCAYA HOLDING, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 89.00 | 11.00 | 100.00 | 35 | 227 | 28 | 187 | 12
BLUE INDICO INVESTMENTS, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 21 | 46 | 27 | 17 | 2
CAIXA MANRESA IMMOBILIARIA ON CASA, S.L. (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 2 | 5 | (3) | -
CAIXA MANRESA IMMOBILIARIA SOCIAL, S.L. (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 4 | 4 | - | -
CAIXA TERRASSA SOCIETAT DE PARTICIPACIONS PREFERENTS, S.A.U. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 1 | 76 | 74 | 2 | -
CAIXASABADELL PREFERENTS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 91 | 90 | 1 | -
CAIXASABADELL TINELIA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 41 | 42 | - | 41 | -
CARTERA E INVERSIONES S.A., CIA DE |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 92 | 55 | 38 | 21 | (3)

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) These companies have an equity loan from BILBAO VIZCAYA HOLDING, S.A.

(***) These companies have an equity loan from CARTERA E INVERSIONES S.A., CIA DE.

(****) These companies have an equity loan from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

F-222

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
CASA DE BOLSA BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SECURITIES DEALER |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 46 | 60 | 14 | 14 | 32
CATALONIA GEBIRA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 4 | 4 | (4) | 4
CATALONIA PROMODIS 4, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 8 | 8 | (5) | 5
CATALUNYACAIXA ASSEGURANCES GENERALS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 42 | 49 | 23 | 22 | 3
CATALUNYACAIXA CAPITAL, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 104 | 113 | 10 | 96 | 8
CATALUNYACAIXA IMMOBILIARIA, S.A. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 310 | 388 | 94 | 74 | 221
CATALUNYACAIXA SERVEIS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 3 | -
CDD GESTIONI, S.R.L. |  | ITALY | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 5 | 6 | - | 6 | -
CETACTIUS, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 2 | 22 | (20) | (1)
CIDESSA DOS, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 15 | 15 | 1 | 15 | -
CIDESSA UNO, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 199 | 84 | 75 | 40
CIERVANA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 53 | 61 | - | 60 | -
CLUB GOLF HACIENDA EL ALAMO, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 97.87 | 97.87 | - | - | - | - | -
COMERCIALIZADORA CORPORATIVA SAC |  | PERU | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | - | 1 | 1 | - | -
COMERCIALIZADORA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS, S.A. |  | COLOMBIA | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1
COMPAÑIA CHILENA DE INVERSIONES, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 99.97 | 0.03 | 100.00 | 580 | 920 | 339 | 442 | 139
COMPASS BANK |  | UNITED STATES | BANKING |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 10,083 | 76,898 | 66,816 | 9,708 | 375
COMPASS CAPITAL MARKETS, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6,789 | 6,789 | - | 6,729 | 60
COMPASS GP, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 41 | 51 | 10 | 41 | -
COMPASS INSURANCE TRUST |  | UNITED STATES | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
COMPASS LIMITED PARTNER, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5,932 | 5,932 | - | 5,873 | 59
COMPASS LOAN HOLDINGS TRS, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 68 | 68 | - | 67 | -
COMPASS MORTGAGE CORPORATION |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2,661 | 2,720 | 59 | 2,607 | 54
COMPASS MORTGAGE FINANCING, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
COMPASS SOUTHWEST, LP |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4,906 | 4,907 | - | 4,847 | 59
COMPASS TEXAS MORTGAGE FINANCING, INC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
CONSOLIDAR A.F.J.P., S.A. |  | ARGENTINA | IN LIQUIDATION |  | 46.11 | 53.89 | 100.00 | - | 2 | 1 | - | -
CONTENTS AREA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 6 | -
CONTINENTAL BOLSA, SDAD. AGENTE DE BOLSA, S.A. |  | PERU | SECURITIES DEALER |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 1
CONTINENTAL DPR FINANCE COMPANY |  | CAYMAN ISLANDS | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 63 | 63 | - | -
CONTINENTAL SOCIEDAD TITULIZADORA, S.A. |  | PERU | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
CONTRATACION DE PERSONAL, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 1
COPROMED S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
CORPORACION GENERAL FINANCIERA, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 510 | 1,821 | 140 | 1,448 | 232
COVAULT, INC |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
CX PROPIETAT, FII |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 94.96 | - | 94.96 | 48 | 51 | - | 60 | (9)
DALLAS CREATION CENTER, INC |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 6 | 6 | 3 | (3)
DATA ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 51.00 | 51.00 | - | 5 | 3 | - | 2

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) These companies have an equity loan from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A

F-223

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
DENIZEN FINANCIAL, INC |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
DEUTSCHE BANK MEXICO SA FIDEICOMISO F/1859 |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 15 | 15 | - | -
DEUTSCHE BANK MEXICO SA FIDEICOMISO F/1860 |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 14 | 14 | - | -
DISTRITO CASTELLANA NORTE, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 75.54 | 75.54 | 86 | 128 | 14 | 116 | (3)
ECASA, S.A. |  | CHILE | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 19 | 22 | 3 | 12 | 7
EL ENCINAR METROPOLITANO, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 99.05 | 99.05 | 6 | 7 | - | 6 | -
EL MILANILLO, S.A. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 7 | -
EMPRENDIMIENTOS DE VALOR S.A. |  | URUGUAY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 | -
ENTIDAD DE PROMOCION DE NEGOCIOS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | OTHER HOLDING |  | - | 99.86 | 99.86 | 15 | 19 | - | 19 | -
ENTRE2 SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS, E.F.C., S.A. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 9 | 9 | - | 9 | -
ESPAIS SABADELL PROMOCIONS INMOBILIARIES, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7 | 8 | - | 8 | -
EUROPEA DE TITULIZACION, S.A., S.G.F.T. |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 88.24 | - | 88.24 | 2 | 43 | 2 | 38 | 4
EXPANSION INTERCOMARCAL, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 29 | 29 | - | 26 | 3
F/11395 FIDEICOMISO IRREVOCABLE DE ADMINISTRACION CON DERECHO DE REVERSION |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 42.40 | 42.40 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
F/253863 EL DESEO RESIDENCIAL |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 65.00 | 65.00 | - | 1 | - | 1 | -
F/403035-9 BBVA HORIZONTES RESIDENCIAL |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 65.00 | 65.00 | - | - | - | - | -
FIDEICOMISO 28991-8 TRADING EN LOS MCADOS FINANCIEROS |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | -
FIDEICOMISO F/29764-8 SOCIO LIQUIDADOR DE OPERACIONES FINANCIERAS DERIVADAS |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 52 | 52 | - | 48 | 4
FIDEICOMISO F/403112-6 DE ADMINISTRACION DOS LAGOS |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
FIDEICOMISO HARES BBVA BANCOMER F/ 47997-2 |  | MEXICO | OTHER HOLDING |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 14 | 17 | 2 | 13 | 1
FIDEICOMISO LOTE 6.1 ZARAGOZA |  | COLOMBIA | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 59.99 | 59.99 | - | 2 | - | 2 | -
FIDEICOMISO N.989, EN THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, S.A. INSTITUCION DE BANCA MULTIPLE, FIDUCIARIO (FIDEIC.00989 6 EMISION) |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 90 | 90 | (5) | 5
FIDEICOMISO Nº 711, EN BANCO INVEX, S.A.,INSTITUCION DE BANCA MULTIPLE, INVEX GRUPO FINANCIERO, FIDUCIARIO (FIDEIC. INVEX 1ª EMISION) |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 17 | 18 | - | -
FIDEICOMISO Nº 752, EN BANCO INVEX, S.A.,INSTITUCION DE BANCA MULTIPLE, INVEX GRUPO FINANCIERO, FIDUCIARIO (FIDEIC. INVEX 2ª EMISION) |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 9 | 9 | - | -
FIDEICOMISO Nº 847, EN BANCO INVEX, S.A.,INSTITUCION DE BANCA MULTIPLE, INVEX GRUPO FINANCIERO, FIDUCIARIO (FIDEIC. INVEX 4ª EMISION) |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 48 | 48 | (1) | 1
FIDEICOMISO SCOTIABANK INVERLAT S A F100322908 |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7 | 14 | 8 | 8 | (1)
FINANCEIRA DO COMERCIO EXTERIOR S.A.R. |  | PORTUGAL | INACTIVE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
FINANCIERA AYUDAMOS S.A. DE C.V., SOFOMER |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 20 | 23 | 3 | 12 | 8
FODECOR, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 60.00 | 60.00 | - | 1 | - | - | -
FORUM COMERCIALIZADORA DEL PERU, S.A. |  | PERU | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | -
FORUM DISTRIBUIDORA DEL PERU, S.A. |  | PERU | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 26 | 21 | 4 | 1
FORUM DISTRIBUIDORA, S.A. |  | CHILE | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 37 | 304 | 269 | 30 | 5
FORUM SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS, S.A. |  | CHILE | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 223 | 2,550 | 2,342 | 151 | 57
FUTURO FAMILIAR, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -
G NETHERLANDS BV |  | NETHERLANDS | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 340 | 346 | 46 | 302 | (2)
GARANTI BANK SA |  | ROMANIA | BANKING |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 269 | 2,156 | 1,881 | 250 | 26
GARANTI BILISIM TEKNOLOJISI VE TIC. TAS |  | TURKEY | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23 | 18 | 3 | 13 | 2
GARANTI DIVERSIFIED PAYMENT RIGHTS FINANCE COMPANY |  | CAYMAN ISLANDS | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 3,393 | 3,393 | - | -
GARANTI EMEKLILIK VE HAYAT AS |  | TURKEY | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 84.91 | 84.91 | 308 | 499 | 140 | 282 | 78
GARANTI FACTORING HIZMETLERI AS |  | TURKEY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 81.84 | 81.84 | 38 | 760 | 713 | 40 | 7

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) This company has an equity loan from ANIDA OPERACIONES SINGULARES, S.A.

F-224

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
GARANTI FILO SIGORTA ARACILIK HIZMETLERI A.S. |  | TURKEY | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
GARANTI FILO YONETIM HIZMETLERI A.S. |  | TURKEY | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 398 | 391 | 2 | 5
GARANTI FINANSAL KIRALAMA A.S. |  | TURKEY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 208 | 1,199 | 990 | 203 | 5
GARANTI HIZMET YONETIMI A.S |  | TURKEY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | - | 1 | -
GARANTI HOLDING BV |  | NETHERLANDS | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 229 | 340 | - | 340 | -
GARANTI KONUT FINANSMANI DANISMANLIK HIZMETLERI AS (GARANTI MORTGAGE) |  | TURKEY | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | - | - | -
GARANTI KULTUR AS |  | TURKEY | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | - | - | -
GARANTI ODEME SISTEMLERI A.S.(GOSAS) |  | TURKEY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 8 | 5 | 3 | -
GARANTI PORTFOY YONETIMI AS |  | TURKEY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 16 | 18 | 3 | 11 | 5
GARANTI YATIRIM MENKUL KIYMETLER AS |  | TURKEY | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 26 | 40 | 14 | 14 | 12
GARANTI YATIRIM ORTAKLIGI AS |  | TURKEY | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 3.30 | 99.97 | - | 8 | - | 7 | 1
GARANTIBANK INTERNATIONAL NV |  | NETHERLANDS | BANKING |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 591 | 4,267 | 3,678 | 563 | 26
GARRAF MEDITERRANIA, S.A. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1
GESCAT LLEVANT, S.L. (***) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 5 | 4 | (2) | 3
GESCAT LLOGUERS, S.L. (***) (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 9 | 20 | (10) | (1)
GESCAT POLSKA, SP. ZOO |  | POLAND | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 9 | 9 | - | 12 | (3)
GESCAT SINEVA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 6 | - | (1) | 7
GESCAT, GESTIO DE SOL, S.L. (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 29 | 46 | (22) | 5
GESCAT, VIVENDES EN COMERCIALITZACIO, S.L. (***) (****) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 182 | 590 | (393) | (15)
GESTION DE PREVISION Y PENSIONES, S.A. |  | SPAIN | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT |  | 60.00 | - | 60.00 | 9 | 29 | 3 | 21 | 6
GESTION Y ADMINISTRACION DE RECIBOS, S.A. - GARSA |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | -
GRAN JORGE JUAN, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 395 | 983 | 588 | 381 | 14
GRUPO FINANCIERO BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 99.98 | - | 99.98 | 6,678 | 8,337 | 1 | 6,200 | 2,136
GUARANTY BUSINESS CREDIT CORPORATION |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 31 | 31 | - | 31 | -
GUARANTY PLUS HOLDING COMPANY |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | 2 | (2)
GUARANTY PLUS PROPERTIES LLC-2 |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
GUARANTY PLUS PROPERTIES, INC-1 |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
HABITATGES FINVER, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 3 | 1 | (1) | 2
HABITATGES INVERVIC, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 35.00 | 35.00 | - | - | - | (14) | 14
HABITATGES JUVIPRO, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1
HOLAMUNO AGENTE DE SEGUROS VINCULADO, S.L.U. (****) |  | SPAIN | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | 1 | - | (1)
HOLVI PAYMENT SERVICE OY |  | FINLAND | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 22 | 5 | 1 | 10 | (6)
HOMEOWNERS LOAN CORPORATION |  | UNITED STATES | IN LIQUIDATION |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 7 | -
HUMAN RESOURCES PROVIDER, INC |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 365 | 366 | - | 362 | 4
HUMAN RESOURCES SUPPORT, INC |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 361 | 361 | - | 358 | 3
INFORMACIO I TECNOLOGIA DE CATALUNYA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | 76.00 | - | 76.00 | - | 6 | 5 | 1 | -
INMESP DESARROLLADORA, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 24 | 33 | 8 | 24 | -
INMUEBLES Y RECUPERACIONES CONTINENTAL S.A |  | PERU | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 39 | 40 | 2 | 37 | 2
INPAU, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 25 | 25 | - | 2 | 24
INVERAHORRO, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 10 | 91 | 82 | 13 | (4)

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) This company has an equity loan from UNNIM SOCIEDAD PARA LA GESTION DE ACTIVOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.A.

(***) These companies have an equity loan from CATALUNYACAIXA IMMOBILIARIA, S.A.

(****) These companies have an equity loan from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

F-225

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
INVERPRO DESENVOLUPAMENT, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 | -
INVERSIONES ALDAMA, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | IN LIQUIDATION |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
INVERSIONES BANPRO INTERNATIONAL INC. N.V. |  | CURAÇAO | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 48.00 | - | 48.00 | 16 | 50 | 2 | 45 | 3
INVERSIONES BAPROBA, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 1 | - | - | - | -
INVERSIONES DE INNOVACION EN SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 41 | 42 | 1 | 40 | 1
INVERSIONES P.H.R.4, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | INACTIVE |  | - | 60.46 | 60.46 | - | - | - | - | -
IRIDION SOLUCIONS IMMOBILIARIES, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 2 | 131 | (125) | (4)
JALE PROCAM, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | - | 4 | 53 | (47) | (2)
L'EIX IMMOBLES, S.L. (***) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 14 | 21 | (7) | (1)
LIQUIDITY ADVISORS, L.P |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1,051 | 1,053 | 2 | 1,053 | (2)
MADIVA SOLUCIONES, S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -
MICRO SPINAL LLC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
MISAPRE, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | -
MOMENTUM SOCIAL INVESTMENT HOLDING, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 7 | 7 | - | 7 | -
MOTORACTIVE IFN SA |  | ROMANIA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 37 | 176 | 151 | 22 | 3
MOTORACTIVE MULTISERVICES SRL |  | ROMANIA | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 15 | 15 | - | -
MULTIASISTENCIA OPERADORA S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | 1 | - | -
MULTIASISTENCIA SERVICIOS S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | 1 | -
MULTIASISTENCIA, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 19 | 31 | 12 | 13 | 6
NEWCO PERU S.A.C. |  | PERU | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 124 | 917 | - | 744 | 173
NOET, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | (2)
NOIDIRI, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | - | 12 | (11) | -
NOVA TERRASSA 3, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | -
OPCION VOLCAN, S.A. |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 19 | 20 | 2 | 14 | 5
OPENPAY S.A.P.I DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | PAYMENT ENTITIES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 15 | 1 | - | 1 | -
OPENPAY SERVICIOS S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
OPERADORA DOS LAGOS S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1 | - | - | -
OPPLUS OPERACIONES Y SERVICIOS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 1 | 35 | 11 | 19 | 5
OPPLUS S.A.C (En liquidación) |  | PERU | IN LIQUIDATION |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
P.I. HOLDINGS GPP, LLC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
PARCSUD PLANNER, S.L. (***) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 7 | 6 | (3) | 3
PARTICIPACIONES ARENAL, S.L. |  | SPAIN | INACTIVE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 6 | -
PECRI INVERSION S.L. |  | SPAIN | OTHER INVESTMENT COMPANIES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 99 | 99 | - | 100 | (2)
PENSIONES BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V., GRUPO FINANCIERO BBVA BANCOMER |  | MEXICO | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 159 | 4,059 | 3,900 | 113 | 46
PHOENIX LOAN HOLDINGS, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 259 | 278 | 19 | 254 | 5
PI HOLDINGS NO. 1, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 79 | 79 | - | 79 | -
PI HOLDINGS NO. 3, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
PORTICO PROCAM, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 25 | 25 | - | 25 | -
PROCAMVASA, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 51.00 | 51.00 | - | - | - | - | -
PROMOCION EMPRESARIAL XX, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 8 | 8 | - | 8 | -

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) These companies have an equity loan from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

(***) These companies have an equity loan from UNNIM SOCIEDAD PARA LA GESTION DE ACTIVOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.A

F-226

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
PROMOCIONES Y CONSTRUCCIONES CERBAT, S.L.U. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 9 | 25 | - | 25 | -
PROMOTORA DEL VALLES, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 135 | 117 | (106) | 123
PROMOU CT 3AG DELTA, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 11 | 10 | (3) | 3
PROMOU CT EIX MACIA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1
PROMOU CT GEBIRA, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 9 | 9 | (3) | 3
PROMOU CT OPENSEGRE, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 30 | 26 | (18) | 22
PROMOU CT VALLES, S.L. |  | SPAIN | PAYMENT INSTITUIONS |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1
PROMOU GLOBAL, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 6 | 71 | 67 | (30) | 35
PRONORTE UNO PROCAM, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 5 | 4 | (10) | 11
PROPEL VENTURE PARTNERS GLOBAL, S.L |  | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 99.50 | 99.50 | 31 | 35 | 2 | 32 | 1
PROPEL VENTURE PARTNERS US FUND I, L.P. |  | UNITED STATES | VENTURE CAPITAL |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 41 | 41 | - | 34 | 7
PRO-SALUD, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | INACTIVE |  | - | 58.86 | 58.86 | - | - | - | - | -
PROVINCIAL DE VALORES CASA DE BOLSA, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | SECURITIES DEALER |  | - | 90.00 | 90.00 | - | - | - | - | -
PROVINCIAL SDAD.ADMIN.DE ENTIDADES DE INV.COLECTIVA, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
PROV-INFI-ARRAHONA, S.L. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 17 | 12 | (4) | 9
PROVIVIENDA ENTIDAD RECAUDADORA Y ADMIN.DE APORTES, S.A. |  | BOLIVIA | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 | -
PUERTO CIUDAD LAS PALMAS, S.A. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 96.64 | 96.64 | - | 31 | 57 | (26) | -
QIPRO SOLUCIONES S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 | 13 | 3 | 9 | 2
RALFI IFN SA |  | ROMANIA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 39 | 128 | 110 | 13 | 4
RENTRUCKS, ALQUILER Y SERVICIOS DE TRANSPORTE, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INACTIVE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | -
RESIDENCIAL CUMBRES DE SANTA FE, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 14 | 14 | - | 13 | 1
RPV COMPANY |  | CAYMAN ISLANDS | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 1,384 | 1,384 | - | -
RWHC, INC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 692 | 692 | - | 676 | 16
SATICEM GESTIO, S.L. (***) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 11 | 93 | (81) | (1)
SATICEM HOLDING, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 5 | 5 | - | 6 | -
SATICEM IMMOBILIARIA, S.L. |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 20 | 20 | - | 19 | 1
SATICEM IMMOBLES EN ARRENDAMENT, S.L. (***) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 26 | 88 | (59) | (3)
SCALDIS FINANCE, S.A. |  | BELGIUM | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 18 | - | 18 | -
SEGUROS BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V., GRUPO FINANCIERO BBVA BANCOMER |  | MEXICO | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 304 | 3,095 | 2,791 | 119 | 185
SEGUROS PROVINCIAL, C.A. |  | VENEZUELA | INSURANCES SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | 1 | -
SERVICIOS CORPORATIVOS BANCOMER, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1
SERVICIOS CORPORATIVOS DE SEGUROS, S.A. DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 1
SERVICIOS EXTERNOS DE APOYO EMPRESARIAL, S.A DE C.V. |  | MEXICO | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 8 | 21 | 13 | 6 | 2
SERVICIOS TECNOLOGICOS SINGULARES, S.A. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
SIMPLE FINANCE TECHNOLOGY CORP. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 51 | 64 | 13 | 88 | (37)
SOCIEDAD DE ESTUDIOS Y ANALISIS FINANCIERO.,S.A. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 81 | 90 | 9 | 84 | (2)
SOCIEDAD GESTORA DEL FONDO PUBLICO DE REGULACION DEL MERCADO HIPOTECARIO, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INACTIVE |  | 77.20 | - | 77.20 | - | - | - | - | -
SPORT CLUB 18, S.A. (***) |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | 11 | 13 | - | 14 | (1)
TEXAS LOAN SERVICES, LP. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1,061 | 1,063 | 2 | 1,062 | (1)

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) This company has an equity loan from UNNIM SOCIEDAD PARA LA GESTION DE ACTIVOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.A.

(****) These companies have an equity loan from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

F-227

Additional Information on Consolidated Subsidiaries and structured entities composing the BBVA Group (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (*)
|  |  |  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company |  | Location | Activity |  | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
TMF HOLDING INC. |  | UNITED STATES | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 13 | 20 | 7 | 13 | 1
TRIFOI REAL ESTATE SRL |  | ROMANIA | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | -
TUCSON LOAN HOLDINGS, INC. |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 43 | 43 | - | 41 | 2
TURKIYE GARANTI BANKASI A.S |  | TURKEY | BANKING |  | 49.85 | - | 49.85 | 7,026 | 70,803 | 61,635 | 7,629 | 1,539
UNITARIA GESTION DE PATRIMONIOS INMOBILIARIOS |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | 2 | 3 | - | 3 | -
UNIVERSALIDAD TIPS PESOS E-9 |  | COLOMBIA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 53 | 24 | 27 | 1
UNNIM SOCIEDAD PARA LA GESTION DE ACTIVOS INMOBILIARIOS, S.A. (**) |  | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE |  | 100.00 | - | 100.00 | - | 956 | 1,270 | (161) | (153)
UPTURN FINANCIAL INC |  | UNITED STATES | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - | - | - | -
URBANIZADORA SANT LLORENC, S.A. |  | SPAIN | INACTIVE |  | 60.60 | - | 60.60 | - | - | - | - | -
VERIDAS DIGITAL AUTHENTICATION SOLUTIONS S.L. |  | SPAIN | SERVICES |  | - | 51.00 | 51.00 | - | 2 | 2 | - | -
VOLJA LUX, SARL |  | LUXEMBOURG | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | - | 71.78 | 71.78 | - | 2 | - | - | 1
VOLJA PLUS SL |  | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY |  | 75.40 | - | 75.40 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | -
VOLKSWAGEN FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPAÑIA FINANCIERA S.A. |  | ARGENTINA | FINANCIAL SERVICES |  | - | 51.00 | 51.00 | 13 | 226 | 200 | 23 | 3

(*) Information on foreign companies at exchange rate on December 31, 2017

(**) This company has an equity loan from BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.

F-228

APPENDIX II Additional information on investments in joint ventures and associates in the BBVA Group

|  |  | % Legal share of participation | Millions of Euros (**)
|  |  | Affiliate Entity Data
Company | Location | Activity | Direct | Indirect | Total | Net Carrying Amount | Assets 31.12.17 | Liabilities 31.12.17 | Equity 31.12.17 | Profit (Loss) 31.12.17
ASSOCIATES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ADQUIRA ESPAÑA, S.A. | SPAIN | COMMERCIAL | - | 40.00 | 40.00 | 3 | 18 | 11 | 6 | 1
ATOM BANK PLC | UNITED KINGDOM | BANKING | 29.90 | - | 29.90 | 66 | 1,334 | 1,162 | 226 | (54)
AUREA, S.A. (CUBA) | CUBA | REAL ESTATE | - | 49.00 | 49.00 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 8 | 0
BANK OF HANGZHOU CONSUMER FINANCE CO LTD | CHINA | BANKING | 30.00 | - | 30.00 | 18 | 214 | 156 | 63 | (5)
CANCUN SUN & GOLF COUNTRY CLUB, S.A.P.I. DE C.V. | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE | - | 33.33 | 33.33 | 26 | 72 | 22 | 50 | 1
COMPAÑIA ESPAÑOLA DE FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO S.A. | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES | 16.67 | - | 16.67 | 21 | 129 | 5 | 116 | 8
COMPAÑIA PERUANA DE MEDIOS DE PAGO S.A.C. (VISANET PERU) | PERU | ELECTRONIC MONEY ENTITIES | - | 20.28 | 20.28 | 2 | 38 | 28 | 3 | 7
FIDEICOMISO F/00185 FIMPE - FIDEICOMISO F/00185 PARA EXTENDER A LA SOCIEDAD LOS BENEFICIOS DEL ACCESO A LA INFRAESTRUCTURA DE LOS MEDIOS DE PAGO ELECTRONICOS | MEXICO | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | 28.50 | 28.50 | 3 | 11 | - | 13 | (1)
METROVACESA SUELO Y PROMOCION, S.A. | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE | 9.44 | 19.07 | 28.51 | 697 | 2,479 | 82 | 2,413 | (16)
REDSYS SERVICIOS DE PROCESAMIENTO, S.L. | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES | 20.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 10 | 130 | 80 | 41 | 8
ROMBO COMPAÑIA FINANCIERA, S.A. | ARGENTINA | BANKING | - | 40.00 | 40.00 | 15 | 390 | 354 | 32 | 3
SERVICIOS ELECTRONICOS GLOBALES, S.A. DE C.V. | MEXICO | SERVICES | - | 46.14 | 46.14 | 6 | 13 | - | 11 | 2
SERVIRED SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MEDIOS DE PAGO, S.A. | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES | 28.72 | 0.00 | 28.72 | 9 | 41 | 8 | 29 | 3
TELEFONICA FACTORING ESPAÑA, S.A. | SPAIN | FINANCIAL SERVICES | 30.00 | - | 30.00 | 4 | 48 | 34 | 7 | 7
TESTA RESIDENCIAL SOCIMI SAU | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE | 3.88 | 22.98 | 26.86 | 444 | 2,307 | 662 | 1,594 | 51
JOINT VENTURES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ADQUIRA MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V. (*) | MEXICO | COMMERCIAL | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | -
ALTURA MARKETS, SOCIEDAD DE VALORES, S.A. (*) | SPAIN | SECURITIES DEALER | 50.00 | - | 50.00 | 64 | 1,953 | 1,826 | 120 | 7
AVANTESPACIA INMOBILIARIA, S.L.(*) | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE | - | 30.01 | 30.01 | 18 | 77 | 18 | 60 | (1)
COMPAÑIA MEXICANA DE PROCESAMIENTO, S.A. DE C.V. (*) | MEXICO | SERVICES | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 6 | 13 | - | 11 | 1
CORPORACION IBV PARTICIPACIONES EMPRESARIALES, S.A. (*) | SPAIN | INVESTMENT COMPANY | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 29 | 63 | 6 | 58 | -
DESARROLLOS METROPOLITANOS DEL SUR, S.L.(*) | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 12 | 59 | 34 | 25 | (1)
FERROMOVIL 3000, S.L.(*) | SPAIN | SERVICES | - | 20.00 | 20.00 | 4 | 455 | 431 | 25 | (1)
FERROMOVIL 9000, S.L. (*) | SPAIN | SERVICES | - | 20.00 | 20.00 | 3 | 294 | 276 | 19 | (1)
FIDEICOMISO 1729 INVEX ENAJENACION DE CARTERA (*) | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE | - | 32.25 | 32.25 | 53 | 163 | - | 163 | -
FIDEICOMISO F 403853- 5 BBVA BANCOMER SERVICIOS ZIBATA (*) | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE | - | 30.00 | 30.00 | 27 | 146 | 49 | 90 | 6
FIDEICOMISO F/402770-2 ALAMAR (*) | MEXICO | REAL ESTATE | - | 42.40 | 42.40 | 7 | 17 | - | 17 | -
INVERSIONES PLATCO, C.A. (*) | VENEZUELA | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 7 | (3)
PARQUE RIO RESIDENCIAL, S.L. (*) | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 10 | 32 | 12 | 20 | -
PROMOCIONS TERRES CAVADES, S.A.(*) | SPAIN | REAL ESTATE | - | 39.11 | 39.11 | 4 | 15 | - | 15 | -
PSA FINANCE ARGENTINA COMPAÑIA FINANCIERA, S.A.(*) | ARGENTINA | BANKING | - | 50.00 | 50.00 | 14 | 225 | 197 | 20 | 8
RCI COLOMBIA S.A., COMPAÑIA DE FINANCIAMIENTO (*) | COLOMBIA | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | 49.00 | 49.00 | 19 | 280 | 241 | 39 | -
REAL ESTATE DEAL II, S.A. (*) | SPAIN | IN LIQUIDATION | 20.06 | - | 20.06 | 4 | 18 | - | 18 | -
VITAMEDICA ADMINISTRADORA, S.A. DE C.V (*) | MEXICO | SERVICES | - | 51.00 | 51.00 | 3 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 2

(*) Joint ventures incorporated by the equity method.

(**) In foreign companies the exchange rate of December 31, 2017 is applied.

F-229

APPENDIX III Changes and notification of participations in the BBVA Group in 2017

Acquisitions or Increases of Interest Ownership in Consolidated Subsidiaries

|  |  | Millions of Euros | % of Voting Rights |  |
Company | Type of Transaction | Activity | Price Paid in the Transactions + Expenses directly attributable to the Transactions | Fair Value of Equity Instruments issued for the Transactions | % Participation (net) Acquired in the Period | Total Voting Rights Controlled after the Transactions | Effective Date for the Transaction (or Notification Date) | Category
EUROPEA DE TITULIZACION, S.A., S.G.F.T. | ACQUISITION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 0.38% | 88.24% | 16-Mar-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS INSURANCE TRUST WILLMINGTON, DE | FOUNDING | INSURANCES SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
P.I.HOLDINGS GPP, LLC | FOUNDING | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
MICRO SPINAL LLC | FOUNDING | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
HOLAMUNO AGENTE DE SEGUROS VINCULADO, S.L.U. | FOUNDING | INSURANCES SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 22-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
F/11395 FIDEICOMISO IRREVOCABLE DE ADMINISTRACION CON DERECHO DE REVERSION | FOUNDING | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 42.40% | 42.40% | 1-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
DENIZEN FINANCIAL, INC | FOUNDING | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 24-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
OPENPAY S.A.P.I DE C.V. | ACQUISITION | PAYMENT ENTITIES | 225 | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 28-Apr-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA AGENCIA DE SEGUROS COLOMBIA LTDA | FOUNDING | INSURANCES SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 28-Apr-17 | SUBSIDIARY
VERIDAS DIGITAL AUTHENTICATION SOLUTIONS S.L. | FOUNDING | SERVICES | - | - | 51.00% | 51.00% | 29-May-17 | SUBSIDIARY
TURKIYE GARANTI BANKASI A.S | ACQUISITION | BANKING | 720,801 | - | 9.95% | 49.85% | 22-Mar-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CX PROPIETAT, FII | ACQUISITION | REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT FUND | - | - | 27.02% | 94.96% | 30-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
PROPEL VENTURE PARTNERS GLOBAL, S.L | FOUNDING | FINANCIAL SERVICES | 961 | - | 99.50% | 99.50% | 20-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COVAULT, INC | FOUNDING | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 8-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
APLICA NEXTGEN SERVICIOS S.A. DE C.V | FOUNDING | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 16-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
APLICA NEXTGEN OPERADORA S.A. DE C.V. | FOUNDING | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 16-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
UPTURN FINANCIAL INC | FOUNDING | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 25-Oct-17 | SUBSIDIARY
OPENPAY SERVICIOS S.A. DE C.V. | FOUNDING | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 29-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
INFORMACIO I TECNOLOGIA DE CATALUNYA, S.L. | ACQUISITION | SERVICES | - | - | 26.00% | 76.00% | 27-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
GARANTI HIZMET YONETIMI A.S | ACQUISITION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 0.60% | 100.00% | 30-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY

F-230

Disposals or Reduction of Interest Ownership in Consolidated Subsidiaries

|  |  | Millions of Euros | % of Voting Rights |  |
Company | Type of Transaction | Activity | Profit (Loss) in the Transaction | Changes in the Equity due to the transaction | % Participation Sold in the Period | Total Voting Rights Controlled after the Disposal | Effective Date for the Transaction (or Notification Date) | Category
ESPANHOLA COMERCIAL E SERVIÇOS, LTDA. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Apr-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA COMERCIALIZADORA LTDA. | LIQUIDATION | BANKING | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Mar-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BETESE S.A DE C.V. | MERGER | INVESTMENT COMPANY | - | - | 100.00% | - | 15-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
HIPOTECARIA NACIONAL, S.A. DE C.V. | MERGER | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 15-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
TEXTIL TEXTURA, S.L. | DISPOSAL | COMMERCIAL | - | - | 68.67% | - | 1-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
VALANZA CAPITAL S.A. UNIPERSONAL | LIQUIDATION | SERVICES | (23) | - | 100.00% | - | 10-Mar-17 | SUBSIDIARY
DESITEL TECNOLOGIA Y SISTEMAS, S.A. DE C.V. | MERGER | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 15-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
APLICA SOLUCIONES TECNOLOGICAS CHILE LIMITADA | LIQUIDATION | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 24-Mar-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA PARTICIPACIONES MEJICANAS, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | INVESTMENT COMPANY | - | - | 100.00% | - | 4-Apr-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS MULTISTATE SERVICES CORPORATION | LIQUIDATION | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 1-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS INVESTMENTS, INC. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 1-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS CUSTODIAL SERVICES, INC. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 1-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA LEASIMO - SOCIEDADE DE LOCAÇAO FINANCEIRA, S.A. | MERGER | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 10-Feb-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA SEGUROS GENERALES S.A. | LIQUIDATION | INSURANCES SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 3-Apr-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CATALUNYACAIXA VIDA, S.A. | MERGER | INSURANCES SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Jan-17 | SUBSIDIARY
AUMERAVILLA, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | (1) | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
ESPAIS CERDANYOLA, S.L. | DISPOSAL | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 97.51% | - | 13-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
NOVA EGARA-PROCAM, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CORPORACION BETICA INMOBILIARIA, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
MILLENNIUM PROCAM, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | (1) | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
PROVIURE PARC D'HABITATGES, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | 3 | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Jun-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA AUTORENTING, S.A. | DISPOSAL | SERVICES | 75 | - | 100.00% | - | 22-Sep-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA EMISORA, S.A. | MERGER | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 7-Sep-17 | SUBSIDIARY
GRANFIDUCIARIA | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 90.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA U.S. SENIOR S.A.U. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 22-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPLEMENTOS INNOVACIÓN Y MODA, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | COMMERCIAL | - | - | 100.00% | - | 7-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
INVESCO MANAGEMENT Nº 1, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 9-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
INVESCO MANAGEMENT Nº 2, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 9-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
TEXAS REGIONAL STATUTORY TRUST I | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
GOBERNALIA GLOBAL NET, S.A. | MERGER | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY

F-231

Disposals or Reduction of Interest Ownership in Consolidated Subsidiaries

|  |  | Millions of Euros | % of Voting Rights |  |
Company | Type of Transaction | Activity | Profit (Loss) in the Transaction | Changes in the Equity due to the transaction | % Participation Sold in the Period | Total Voting Rights Controlled after the Disposal | Effective Date for the Transaction (or Notification Date) | Category
ESTACION DE AUTOBUSES CHAMARTIN, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | SERVICES | - | - | 51.00% | - | 30-Oct-17 | SUBSIDIARY
STATE NATIONAL CAPITAL TRUST I | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
STATE NATIONAL STATUTORY TRUST II | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
TEXASBANC CAPITAL TRUST I | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 1-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS TEXAS ACQUISITION CORPORATION | MERGER | INVESTMENT COMPANY | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS TRUST II | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CAPITAL INVESTMENT COUNSEL, INC. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS ASSET ACCEPTANCE COMPANY, LLC | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | 5 | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
COMPASS AUTO RECEIVABLES CORPORATION | MERGER | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CB TRANSPORT ,INC. | LIQUIDATION | SERVICES | (1) | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
AMERICAN FINANCE GROUP, INC. | MERGER | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 30-Nov-17 | SUBSIDIARY
FACILEASING, S.A. DE C.V. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Oct-17 | SUBSIDIARY
INNOVATION 4 SECURITY, S.L. | MERGER | SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CONSORCIO DE CASAS MEXICANAS, S.A.P.I. DE C.V. | DISPOSAL | REAL ESTATE | 3 | - | 99.99% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
HABITATGES INVERCAP, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
GESTIO D'ACTIUS TITULITZATS, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 100.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
INVERCARTERA INTERNACIONAL, S.L. | DISPOSAL | INVESTMENT COMPANY | - | - | 100.00% | - | 21-Dec-17 | SUBSIDIARY
S.B.D. NORD, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
PROVIURE, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
AREA TRES PROCAM, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
PROVIURE CIUTAT DE LLEIDA, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
PROVIURE BARCELONA, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
ALGARVETUR, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
CONJUNT RESIDENCIAL FREIXA, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 100.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
HABITAT ZENTRUM, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 50.00% | - | 27-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY
BBVA BANCO FRANCES, S.A. | DILUTION | BANKING | - | - | 9.39% | 66.55% | 31-Jul-17 | SUBSIDIARY

F-232

Business Combinations and Other Acquisitions or Increases of Interest Ownership in Associates and Joint-Ventures Accounted for Under the Equity Method

|  |  | Millions of Euros | % of Voting Rights |  |
Company | Type of Transaction | Activity | Price Paid in the Transactions + Expenses Directly Attributable to the Transactions | Fair Value of Equity Instruments Issued for the Transactions | % Participation (Net) Acquired in the Period | Total Voting Rights Controlled After the Transactions | Effective Date for the Transaction (or Notification Date) | Category
ATOM BANK PLC | DILUTION EFFECT | BANKING | 42 | - | 0.44% | 29.90% | 30-Nov-17 | ASSOCIATED
TESTA RESIDENCIAL SOCIMI SAU | CAPITAL INCREASE | REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST | 340 | - | 13.10% | 26.87% | 31-Oct-17 | ASSOCIATED
BATEC ORTO DISTRIBUCION S.L. | FOUNDING | COMMERCIAL | - | - | 100.00% | 100.00% | 8-Jun-17 | JOINT VENTURE
HABITATGES SOCIALS DE CALAF S.L | CREDITORS AGREEMENT | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 40.00% | 40.00% | 1-May-17 | JOINT VENTURE
COMPAÑIA PERUANA DE MEDIOS DE PAGO S.A.C. (VISANET PERU) | SHARES AWARD | ELECTRONIC MONEY ENTITIES | - | - | 20.28% | 20.28% | 1-Sep-17 | ASSOCIATED
SISTARBANC S.R.L. | FOUNDING | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | - | 6.66% | 26.66% | 31-Aug-17 | ASSOCIATED
METROVACESA SUELO Y PROMOCION, S.A. | CAPITAL INCREASE | REAL ESTATE | - | - | 7.99% | 28.51% | 30-Nov-17 | ASSOCIATED

F-233

Disposal or Reduction of Interest Ownership in Associates and Joint-Ventures Companies Accounted for Under the Equity Method

|  |  | Millions of Euros |  |
Company | Type of Transaction | Activity | Profit (Loss) in the Transaction | % Participation Sold in the Period | Total Voting Rights Controlled after the Disposal | Effective Date for the Transaction (or Notification Date) | Category
SOCIEDAD ADMINISTRADORA DE FONDOS DE CESANTIA DE CHILE II, S.A. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS MANAGEMENT | 7 | 48.60% | - | 28-Jan-17 | ASSOCIATE
DOBIMUS, S.L. | LIQUIDATION | PENSION FUNDS | 6 | 50.00% | - | 10-Jan-17 | JOINT VENTURE
ESPAIS CATALUNYA INVERSIONS IMMOBILIARIES, S.L. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS | - | 50.84% | - | 13-Jun-17 | JOINT VENTURE
FACTOR HABAST, S.L. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS | - | 50.00% | - | 24-Jan-17 | JOINT VENTURE
IMPULS LLOGUER, S.L. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS | - | 100.00% | - | 24-Jan-17 | JOINT VENTURE
NAVIERA CABO ESTAY, AIE | LIQUIDATION | PENSION FUNDS | - | 16.00% | - | 01-Feb-17 | ASSOCIATE
JARDINES DEL RUBIN, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | PENSION FUNDS | - | 50.00% | - | 31-Dec-17 | JOINT VENTURE
FIDEICOMISO DE ADMINISTRACION 2038-6 | LIQUIDATION | PENSION FUNDS | - | 33.70% | - | 30-Sep-17 | ASSOCIATE
METROVACESA PROMOCION Y ARRENDAMIENTO S.A. | MERGER | PENSION FUNDS | - | 20.52% | - | 30-Nov-17 | ASSOCIATE
NUCLI, S.A. | LIQUIDATION | PENSION FUNDS | - | 29.47% | - | 29-Nov-17 | JOINT VENTURE
RESIDENCIAL PEDRALBES-CARRERAS, S.L. | BANKRUPTCY | PENSION FUNDS | - | 25.00% | - | 22-Dec-17 | ASSOCIATE
PROVICAT SANT ANDREU, S.A. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS | - | 50.00% | - | 30-Sep-17 | JOINT VENTURE
NOVA TERRASSA 30, S.L. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS | - | 51.00% | - | 01-Dec-17 | JOINT VENTURE
EUROESPAI 2000, S.L. | DISPOSAL | PENSION FUNDS | - | 35.00% | - | 21-Dec-17 | JOINT VENTURE
AGRUPACION DE LA MEDIACION ASEGURADORA DE ENTIDADES FINANCIERAS A.I.E. | LIQUIDATION | PENSION FUNDS | - | 25.00% | - | 30-Sep-17 | ASSOCIATE

F-234

APPENDIX IV Fully consolidated subsidiaries with more than 10% owned by non-Group shareholders as of December 31, 2017

|  | % of Voting Rights Controlled by the Bank
Company | Activity | Direct | Indirect | Total
BANCO CONTINENTAL, S.A. | BANKING | - | 46.12 | 46.12
BANCO PROVINCIAL S.A. - BANCO UNIVERSAL | BANKING | 1.46 | 53.75 | 55.21
INVERSIONES BANPRO INTERNATIONAL INC. N.V. | INVESTMENT COMPANY | 48.00 | - | 48.00
PRO-SALUD, C.A. | NO ACTIVITY | - | 58.86 | 58.86
INVERSIONES P.H.R.4, C.A. | NO ACTIVITY | - | 60.46 | 60.46
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA CHILE, S.A. | BANKING | - | 68.19 | 68.19
BBVA INMOBILIARIA E INVERSIONES, S.A. | REAL ESTATE | - | 68.11 | 68.11
COMERCIALIZADORA CORPORATIVA SAC | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | 50.00 | 50.00
DISTRITO CASTELLANA NORTE, S.A. | REAL ESTATE | - | 75.54 | 75.54
GESTION DE PREVISION Y PENSIONES, S.A. | PENSION FUND MANAGEMENT | 60.00 | - | 60.00
URBANIZADORA SANT LLORENC, S.A. | NO ACTIVITY | 60.60 | - | 60.60
F/403035-9 BBVA HORIZONTES RESIDENCIAL | REAL ESTATE | - | 65.00 | 65.00
F/253863 EL DESEO RESIDENCIAL | REAL ESTATE | - | 65.00 | 65.00
DATA ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY S.L. | SERVICES | - | 51.00 | 51.00
VOLKSWAGEN FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPAÑIA FINANCIERA S.A. | FINANCIAL SERVICES | - | 51.00 | 51.00
FIDEICOMISO LOTE 6.1 ZARAGOZA | REAL ESTATE | - | 59.99 | 59.99
F/11395 FIDEICOMISO IRREVOCABLE DE ADMINISTRACION CON DERECHO DE REVERSION | REAL ESTATE | - | 42.40 | 42.40
VERIDAS DIGITAL AUTHENTICATION SOLUTIONS S.L. | SERVICES | - | 51.00 | 51.00
HABITATGES INVERVIC, S.L. | REAL ESTATE | - | 35.00 | 35.00
GARANTI EMEKLILIK VE HAYAT AS | INSURANCES | - | 84.91 | 84.91
FODECOR, S.L. | REAL ESTATE | - | 60.00 | 60.00
INFORMACIO I TECNOLOGIA DE CATALUNYA, S.L. | SERVICES | 76.00 | - | 76.00
PROCAMVASA, S.A. | REAL ESTATE | - | 51.00 | 51.00
JALE PROCAM, S.L. | REAL ESTATE | - | 50.00 | 50.00
VOLJA LUX, SARL | INVESTMENT COMPANY | - | 71.78 | 71.78
VOLJA PLUS SL | INVESTMENT COMPANY | 75.40 | - | 75.40

F-235

APPENDIX V BBVA Group’s structured entities. Securitization funds

|  |  | Millions of Euros
Securitization Fund (consolidated) | Company | Origination Date | Total Securitized Exposures at the Origination Date | Total Securitized Exposures as of December 31, 2017 (*)
2 PS Interamericana | BBVA CHILE S.A. | Oct-04 | 29 | 3
AYT CAIXA SABADELL HIPOTECARIO I, FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-08 | 300 | 90
AYT HIPOTECARIO MIXTO IV, FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-05 | 100 | 21
AYT HIPOTECARIO MIXTO, FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-04 | 100 | 15
BACOMCB 07 | BBVA BANCOMER, S.A.,INSTIT. BANCA | Dec-07 | 112 | -
BACOMCB 08 | BBVA BANCOMER, S.A.,INSTIT. BANCA | Mar-08 | 49 | -
BACOMCB 08-2 | BBVA BANCOMER, S.A.,INSTIT. BANCA | Dec-08 | 246 | -
BBVA CONSUMO 6 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Oct-14 | 299 | 100
BBVA CONSUMO 7 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-15 | 1,450 | 924
BBVA CONSUMO 8 FT | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-16 | 700 | 651
BBVA CONSUMO 9 FT | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-17 | 1,375 | 1,361
BBVA EMPRESAS 4 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-10 | 1,700 | 56
BBVA LEASING 1 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-07 | 2,500 | 64
BBVA PYME 10 FT | BBVA, S.A. | Dec-15 | 780 | 266
BBVA RMBS 1 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Feb-07 | 2,500 | 1,111
BBVA RMBS 10 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-11 | 1,600 | 1,224
BBVA RMBS 11 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-12 | 1,400 | 1,077
BBVA RMBS 12 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Dec-13 | 4,350 | 3,450
BBVA RMBS 13 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-14 | 4,100 | 3,375
BBVA RMBS 14 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Nov-14 | 700 | 530
BBVA RMBS 15 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | May-15 | 4,000 | 3,435
BBVA RMBS 16 FT | BBVA, S.A. | May-16 | 1,600 | 1,449
BBVA RMBS 17 FT | BBVA, S.A. | Nov-16 | 1,800 | 1,696
BBVA RMBS 18 FT | BBVA, S.A. | Nov-17 | 1,800 | 1,790
BBVA RMBS 2 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-07 | 5,000 | 2,073
BBVA RMBS 3 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-07 | 3,000 | 1,529
BBVA RMBS 5 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | May-08 | 5,000 | 2,527
BBVA RMBS 9 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Apr-10 | 1,295 | 900
BBVA UNIVERSALIDAD E10 | BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. | Mar-09 | 21 | -
BBVA UNIVERSALIDAD E11 | BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. | May-09 | 14 | -
BBVA UNIVERSALIDAD E12 | BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. | Aug-09 | 22 | -
BBVA UNIVERSALIDAD E9 | BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. | Dec-08 | 39 | -
BBVA UNIVERSALIDAD N6 | BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. | Aug-12 | 59 | -
BBVA VELA SME 2017-1 | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-17 | 3,000 | 2,200
BBVA-5 FTPYME FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Nov-06 | 1,900 | 17
BBVA-6 FTPYME FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-07 | 1,500 | 21
BMERCB 13 | BBVA BANCOMER, S.A.,INSTIT. BANCA | Jun-13 | 458 | -
FTA TDA-22 MIXTO | BBVA, S.A. | Dec-04 | 112 | 27
FTA TDA-27 | BBVA, S.A. | Dec-06 | 275 | 97
FTA TDA-28 | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-07 | 250 | 98
GAT ICO FTVPO 1, F.T.H | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-04 | 40 | 105
GC FTGENCAT TARRAGONA 1 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-08 | 283 | 35
HIPOCAT 10 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-06 | 1,500 | 353
HIPOCAT 11 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-07 | 1,600 | 362
HIPOCAT 6 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jul-03 | 850 | 124
HIPOCAT 7 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-04 | 1,400 | 256
HIPOCAT 8 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | May-05 | 1,500 | 311
HIPOCAT 9 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Nov-05 | 1,000 | 240
Instrumentos de Titulizaci¿n Hip- Junior | BANCO CONTINENTAL, S.A. | Dec-07 | 21 | 1
TDA 19 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-04 | 200 | 30
TDA 20-MIXTO, FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Jun-04 | 100 | 17
TDA 23 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Mar-05 | 300 | 64
TDA TARRAGONA 1 FTA | BBVA, S.A. | Dec-07 | 397 | 134
|  |  | Millions of Euros
Securitization Fund (not consolidated) | Company | Origination Date | Total Securitized Exposures at the Origination Date | Total Securitized Exposures as of December 31, 2017 (*)
FTA TDA-18 MIXTO | BBVA, S.A. | Nov-03 | 91 | 13

(*) Solvency scope.

F-236

APPENDIX VI Details of the outstanding subordinated debt and preferred securities issued by the Bank or entities in the Group consolidated as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Outstanding as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 of subordinated issues

|  | Millions of Euros |  |
Issuer Entity and Issued Date(*) | Currency | December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015 | Prevailing Interest Rate as of December 31, 2017 | Maturity Date
Issues in Euros |  |  |  |  |  |
BBVA |  |  |  |  |  |
February-07 | EUR | 255 | 255 | 255 | 0.47% | 16-Feb-22
March-08 | EUR | 125 | 125 | 125 | 6.03% | 3-Mar-33
July-08 | EUR | 100 | 100 | 100 | 6.20% | 4-Jul-23
February-14 | EUR | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,500 | 7.00% | Perpetual
April-14 | EUR | 1,494 | - | - | 3.50% | 11-Apr-24
February-15 | EUR | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,500 | 6.75% | Perpetual
April-16 | EUR | 1,000 | 1,000 | - | 8.88% | Perpetual
February-17 | EUR | 997 | - | - | 3.50% | 10-Feb-27
February-17 | EUR | 165 | - | - | 4.50% | 24-Feb-32
May-17 | EUR | 150 | - | - | 2.54% | 24-May-27
May-17 | EUR | 500 | - | - | 5.88% | Perpetual
Various | EUR | 386 | 277 | 310 |  |
Subtotal | EUR | 8,171 | 4,756 | 3,789 |  |
BBVA GLOBAL FINANCE, LTD. (*) |  |  |  |  |  |
October-01 | EUR | - | - | 10 | 6.08% | 10-Oct-16
October-01 | EUR | - | - | 46 | 0.55% | 15-Oct-16
November-01 | EUR | - | - | 53 | 0.63% | 02-Nov-16
December-01 | EUR | - | - | 56 | 0.57% | 20-Dec-16
Subtotal | EUR | - | - | 165 |  |
BBVA SUBORDINATED CAPITAL, S.A.U. (*) |  |  |  |  |  |
October-05 | EUR | 99 | 99 | 99 | 0.47% | 13-Oct-20
April-07 | EUR | - | 68 | 68 | 0.57% | 4-Apr-22
May-08 | EUR | - | 50 | 50 | 3.00% | 19-May-23
July-08 | EUR | 20 | 20 | 20 | 6.11% | 22-Jul-18
April-14 | EUR | - | 1,500 | 1,500 | 3.50% | 11-Apr-24
Subtotal | EUR | 119 | 1,737 | 1,737 |  |
TURKIYE GARANTI BANKASI A.S |  |  |  |  |  |
February-09 | EUR | - | - | 50 | 3.53% | 31-Mar-21
Subtotal | EUR | - | - | 50 |  |
Others |  | - | - | 1 |  |
Total issued in Euros |  | 8,290 | 6,493 | 5,742 |  |

(*) The issuances of BBVA Subordinated Capital, S.A.U. and BBVA Global Finance, LTD., are jointly, severally and unconditionally guaranteed by the Bank.

F-237

Outstanding as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 of subordinated issues (continued)

|  | Millions of Euros |  |
Issuer Entity and Issued Date | Currency | December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015 | Prevailing Interest Rate as of December 31, 2017 | Maturity Date
Issues in foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |
BBVA |  |  |  |  |  |
May-13 | USD | 1,251 | 1,423 | 1,378 | 9.00% | Perpetual
March-17 | USD | 100 | - | - | 5.70% | 31-Mar-32
November-17 | USD | 834 | - | - | 6.13% | 15-feb-18
Subtotal | USD | 2,185 | 1,423 | 1,378 |  |
May-17 | CHF | 17 | - | - | 1.60% | 24-May-27
Subtotal | CHF | 17 | - | - |  |
BBVA GLOBAL FINANCE, LTD. (**) |  |  |  |  |  |
December-95 | USD | 162 | 189 | 183 | 7.00% | 01-Dec-25
Subtotal | USD | 162 | 189 | 183 |  |
BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, CHILE | USD |  |  |  |  |
Different issues | CLP | 574 | 609 | 558 |  | Various
Subtotal | CLP | 574 | 609 | 558 |  |
BBVA BANCOMER, S.A. de C.V. |  |  |  |  |  |
May-07 | USD | - | 474 | 456 | 6.01% | 17-May-22
April-10 | USD | 831 | 947 | 912 | 7.25% | 22-Apr-20
March-11 | USD | 1,039 | 1,184 | 1,140 | 6.50% | 10-Mar-21
July-12 | USD | 1,247 | 1,421 | 1,368 | 6.75% | 30-Sep-22
November-14 | USD | 166 | 189 | 182 | 5.35% | 12-Nov-29
Subtotal | USD | 3,283 | 4,214 | 4,058 |  |
BBVA PARAGUAY |  |  |  |  |  |
November-14 | USD | 17 | 19 | 18 | 6.75% | 05-Nov-21
November-15 | USD | 21 | 24 | 23 | 6.70% | 22-Nov-22
Subtotal | USD | 38 | 43 | 42 |  |
TEXAS REGIONAL STATUTORY TRUST I |  |  |  |  |  |
February-04 | USD | - | 47 | 46 | 3.13% | 17-Mar-34
Subtotal | USD | - | 47 | 46 |  |

(*) The issuances of BBVA Global Finance, Ltd, are guaranteed (secondary liability) by the Bank

F-238

Outstanding as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 of subordinated issues

|  | Millions of Euros |  |
Issuer Entity and Issued Date (continued) | Currency | December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015 | Prevailing Interest Rate as of December 31, 2017 | Maturity Date
STATE NATIONAL CAPITAL TRUST I |  |  |  |  |  |
July-03 | USD | - | 14 | 14 | 3.32% | 30-Sep-33
Subtotal | USD | - | 14 | 14 |  |
STATE NATIONAL STATUTORY TRUST II |  |  |  |  |  |
March-04 | USD | - | 9 | 9 | 3.07% | 17-Mar-34
Subtotal | USD | - | 9 | 9 |  |
TEXASBANC CAPITAL TRUST I |  |  |  |  |  |
June-04 | USD | - | 24 | 23 | 2.88% | 23-Jul-34
Subtotal | USD | - | 24 | 23 |  |
COMPASS BANK |  |  |  |  |  |
March-05 | USD | 190 | 212 | 204 | 5.50% | 01-Apr-20
March-06 | USD | 59 | 65 | 63 | 5.90% | 01-Apr-26
September-07 | USD | - | 332 | 321 | 6.40% | 01-Oct-17
April-15 | USD | 584 | 655 | 633 | 3.88% | 10-Apr-25
Subtotal |  | 833 | 1,264 | 1,221 |  |
BBVA COLOMBIA, S.A. |  |  |  |  |  |
September-11 | COP | 28 | 32 | 45 | 8.31% | 19-Sep-18
September-11 | COP | 30 | 33 | 58 | 8.48% | 19-Sep-21
September-11 | COP | 44 | 49 | 48 | 8.72% | 19-Sep-26
February-13 | COP | 56 | 63 | 30 | 7.65% | 19-Feb-23
February-13 | COP | 46 | 52 | 31 | 7.93% | 19-Feb-28
November-14 | COP | 25 | 28 | 47 | 8.53% | 26-Nov-26
November-14 | COP | 45 | 51 | 26 | 8.41% | 26-Nov-34
Subtotal | COP | 273 | 309 | 285 |  |
April-15 | USD | 313 | 379 | 366 | 4.88% | 21-Apr-25
Subtotal | USD |  | 379 | 366 |  |
BANCO CONTINENTAL, S.A. |  |  |  |  |  |
May-07 | USD | 17 | 19 | 18 | 6.00% | 14-May-27
September-07 | USD | - | 19 | 18 | 2.16% | 24-Sep-17
February-08 | USD | 17 | 19 | 18 | 6.47% | 28-Feb-28
October-13 | USD | 38 | 43 | 41 | 6.53% | 02-Oct-28
September-14 | USD | 244 | 273 | 274 | 5.25% | 22-Sep-29
Subtotal | USD | 315 | 373 | 371 |  |
May-07 | PEN | - | 11 | 11 | 5.85% | 07-May-22
June-07 | PEN | 20 | 21 | 20 | 3.47% | 18-Jun-32
November-07 | PEN | 18 | 19 | 18 | 3.56% | 19-Nov-32
July-08 | PEN | 16 | 17 | 15 | 3.06% | 08-Jul-23
September-08 | PEN | 17 | 18 | 17 | 3.09% | 09-Sep-23
December-08 | PEN | 10 | 11 | 10 | 4.19% | 15-Dec-33
Subtotal | PEN | 80 | 97 | 90 |  |
TURKIYE GARANTI BANKASI A.S |  |  |  |  |  |
May-17 | USD | 623 | - | - | 6.13% | -
Subtotal | USD | 623 | - | - |  | -
Total issues in foreign currencies(Millions of Euros) |  | 8,695 | 8,995 | 8,642 |  |

F-239

Outstanding as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 of subordinated issues (Millions of euros)

| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Issuer Entity and Issued Date | Currency | Amount Issued | Currency | Amount Issued | Currency | Amount Issued
BBVA |  |  |  |  |  |
December 2007 | EUR | - | EUR | 14 | EUR | 14
BBVA International Preferred, S.A.U. |  |  |  |  |  |
September 2005 | - | - | EUR | 86 | EUR | 86
September 2006 | - | - | EUR | 164 | EUR | 164
Abril 2007 | - | - | USD | 569 | USD | 551
July 2007 | GBP | 35 | GBP | 36 | GBP | 43
Phoenix Loan Holdings Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |
December 2000 | USD | 18 | USD | 22 | USD | 22
Caixa Terrasa Societat de Participacion |  |  |  |  |  |
August 2005 | EUR | 51 | EUR | 51 | EUR | 75
Caixasabadell Preferents, S.A. |  |  |  |  |  |
July 2006 | EUR | 56 | EUR | 53 | EUR | 90
Others |  | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1

F-240

APPENDIX VII Consolidated balance sheets held in foreign currency as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| USD | Mexican Pesos | Turkish Lira | Other Foreign Currencies | Total Foreign Currencies
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 17,111 | 4,699 | 827 | 4,264 | 26,902
Financial assets held for trading | 2,085 | 14,961 | 484 | 4,583 | 22,113
Available-for-sale financial assets | 14,218 | 8,051 | 4,904 | 3,010 | 30,183
Loans and receivables | 93,069 | 39,717 | 32,808 | 34,488 | 200,081
Investments in entities accounted for using the equity method | 5 | 124 | - | 147 | 276
Tangible assets | 659 | 1,953 | 1,289 | 673 | 4,573
Other assets | 7,309 | 5,041 | 4,426 | 18,662 | 35,438
Total | 134,456 | 74,546 | 44,738 | 65,826 | 319,566
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 935 | 5,714 | 506 | 533 | 7,688
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 135,546 | 51,492 | 27,079 | 39,062 | 253,178
Other liabilities | 3,907 | 8,720 | 1,039 | 16,593 | 30,259
Total | 140,387 | 65,926 | 28,623 | 56,188 | 291,124

December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| USD | Mexican Pesos | Turkish Lira | Other Foreign Currencies | Total Foreign Currencies
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 15,436 | 4,947 | 426 | 4,547 | 25,357
Financial assets held for trading | 5,048 | 15,541 | 732 | 2,695 | 24,016
Available-for-sale financial assets | 18,525 | 9,458 | 4,889 | 5,658 | 38,530
Loans and receivables | 109,167 | 41,344 | 34,425 | 46,629 | 231,565
Investments in entities accounted for using the equity method | 5 | 135 | - | 106 | 247
Tangible assets | 788 | 2,200 | 1,376 | 844 | 5,207
Other assets | 4,482 | 5,214 | 5,219 | 4,358 | 19,273
Total | 153,451 | 78,839 | 47,066 | 64,839 | 344,194
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 3,908 | 5,957 | 693 | 1,426 | 11,983
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 150,035 | 53,185 | 28,467 | 53,858 | 285,546
Other liabilities | 1,812 | 8,774 | 1,418 | 1,957 | 13,961
Total | 155,755 | 67,916 | 30,578 | 57,241 | 311,490

December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| USD | Mexican Pesos | Turkish Lira | Other Foreign Currencies | Total Foreign Currencies
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 8,257 | 6,547 | 485 | 3,833 | 19,121
Financial assets held for trading | 6,449 | 16,581 | 374 | 3,006 | 26,410
Available-for-sale financial assets | 22,573 | 10,465 | 9,691 | 6,724 | 49,454
Loans and receivables | 115,899 | 45,396 | 32,650 | 44,382 | 238,328
Investments in entities accounted for using the equity method | 216 | 241 | - | 40 | 498
Tangible assets | 781 | 2,406 | 1,348 | 762 | 5,296
Other assets | 2,018 | 5,054 | 2,320 | 3,817 | 13,209
Total | 156,193 | 86,690 | 46,868 | 62,564 | 352,315
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 5,010 | 5,303 | 513 | 1,925 | 12,750
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 152,383 | 60,800 | 30,267 | 50,004 | 293,455
Other liabilities | 2,001 | 9,038 | 1,393 | 2,132 | 14,564
Total | 159,394 | 75,141 | 32,173 | 54,061 | 320,769

F-241

APPENDIX VIII Quantitative information on refinancing and restructuring operations and other requirement under Bank of Spain Circular 6/2012

1. Quantitative information on refinancing and restructuring operations

The breakdown of refinancing and restructuring operations as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

| DECEMBER 2017 BALANCE OF FORBEARANCE (Millions of Euros)
| TOTAL
| Unsecured loans | Secured loans | Accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
|  |  |  |  | Maximum amount of secured loans that can be considered
| Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Real estate mortgage secured | Rest of secured loans
Credit institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General Governments | 69 | 105 | 135 | 430 | 112 | 302 | 18
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial business) | 4,727 | 36 | 93 | 8 | 1 | - | 21
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (corporate non-financial activities) | 113,464 | 4,672 | 17,890 | 6,258 | 3,182 | 251 | 3,579
Of which: financing the construction and property (including land) | 1,812 | 398 | 3,495 | 2,345 | 1,995 | - | 1,327
Rest homes (*) | 163,101 | 1,325 | 109,776 | 8,477 | 6,891 | 18 | 1,373
Total | 281,361 | 6,138 | 127,894 | 15,173 | 10,186 | 571 | 4,991

| Of which: IMPAIRED
| Unsecured loans | Secured loans | Accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
|  |  |  |  | Maximum amount of secured loans that can be considered
| Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Real estate mortgage secured | Rest of secured loans
Credit institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General Governments | 50 | 72 | 45 | 29 | 22 | - | 16
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial business) | 126 | 5 | 16 | 2 | 0 | - | 5
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (corporate non-financial activities) | 95,427 | 2,791 | 10,994 | 4,144 | 1,983 | 66 | 3,361
Of which: financing the construction and property (including land) | 1,538 | 208 | 2,779 | 1,961 | 1,273 | - | 1,282
Rest homes (*) | 105,468 | 747 | 47,612 | 4,330 | 3,270 | 6 | 1,231
Total | 201,071 | 3,615 | 58,667 | 8,506 | 5,275 | 72 | 4,612

(*) Number of operations does not include Garanti Bank

Includes mortgage-backed real estate operations with loan to value ratio of greater than 1, and secured operations, other than transactions secured by real estate mortgage regardless of their loan to value ratio.

The accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk correspond to €378 million of collective impairment losses and €4,612 million of specific impairment losses.

F-242

| DECEMBER 2016 BALANCE OF FORBEARANCE (Millions of Euros)
| TOTAL
| Unsecured loans | Secured loans | Accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
|  |  |  |  | Maximum amount of secured loans that can be considered
| Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Real estate mortgage secured | Rest of secured loans
Credit institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General Governments | 24 | 8 | 112 | 711 | 98 | 584 | 6
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial business) | 3,349 | 59 | 71 | 18 | 5 | - | 8
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (corporate non-financial activities) | 125,328 | 5,057 | 25,327 | 9,643 | 4,844 | 124 | 5,310
Of which: financing the construction and property (including land) | 1,519 | 496 | 5,102 | 4,395 | 694 | - | 2,552
Rest homes (*) | 116,961 | 1,550 | 103,868 | 9,243 | 7,628 | 18 | 1,474
Total | 245,662 | 6,674 | 129,378 | 19,615 | 12,576 | 726 | 6,798

| Of which: IMPAIRED
| Unsecured loans | Secured loans | Accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
|  |  |  |  | Maximum amount of secured loans that can be considered
| Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Real estate mortgage secured | Rest of secured loans
Credit institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General Governments | 12 | 8 | 53 | 33 | 27 | - | 4
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial business) | 131 | 8 | 22 | 2 | - | - | 5
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (corporate non-financial activities) | 103,310 | 2,857 | 16,327 | 6,924 | 3,002 | 53 | 4,986
Of which: financing the construction and property (including land) | 1,191 | 304 | 4,188 | 3,848 | 494 | - | 2,499
Rest homes (*) | 72,199 | 672 | 47,767 | 4,366 | 3,271 | 3 | 1,285
Total | 175,652 | 3,545 | 64,169 | 11,325 | 6,300 | 57 | 6,281

(*) Number of operations does not include Garanti Bank

Includes mortgage-backed real estate operations with loan to value ratio of greater than 1, and secured operations, other than transactions secured by real estate mortgage regardless of their loan to value ratio.

The accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk correspond to €517 million of collective impairment losses and €6,281 million of specific impairment losses.

F-243

| DECEMBER 2015 BALANCE OF FORBEARANCE (Millions of Euros)
| TOTAL
| Unsecured loans | Secured loans | Accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
|  |  |  |  | Maximum amount of secured loans that can be considered
| Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Real estate mortgage secured | Rest of secured loans
Credit institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General Governments | 71 | 33 | 75 | 794 | 75 | 1,397 | 9
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial business) | 261 | 49 | 97 | 14 | 16 | - | 174
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (corporate non-financial activities) | 43,807 | 7,184 | 28,897 | 12,754 | 4,866 | 854 | 6,104
Of which: financing the construction and property (including land) | 2,899 | 1,109 | 8,042 | 5,842 | 2,917 | 8 | 3,072
Rest homes (*) | 182,924 | 2,291 | 124,473 | 10,882 | 9,723 | 22 | 1,705
Total | 227,063 | 9,557 | 153,542 | 24,443 | 14,681 | 2,273 | 7,993

| Of which: IMPAIRED
| Unsecured loans | Secured loans | Accumulated impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
|  |  |  |  | Maximum amount of secured loans that can be considered
| Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Number of operations | Gross carrying amount | Real estate mortgage secured | Rest of secured loans
Credit institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
General Governments | 31 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 3 | - | 6
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial business) | 113 | 30 | 74 | 8 | 5 | - | 139
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (corporate non-financial activities) | 17,499 | 2,895 | 16,565 | 8,177 | 1,707 | 449 | 5,533
Of which: financing the construction and property (including land) | 2,319 | 834 | 5,543 | 4,451 | 1,836 | 7 | 2,910
Rest homes (*) | 80,652 | 772 | 44,195 | 4,172 | 2,897 | 11 | 1,454
Total | 98,295 | 3,710 | 60,841 | 12,361 | 4,612 | 460 | 7,132

F-244

In addition to the restructuring and refinancing transactions mentioned in this section, loans that were not considered impaired or renegotiated have been modified based on the criteria set out in paragraph 59 (c) of IAS 39. These loans have not been classified as renegotiated or impaired, since they were modified for commercial or competitive reasons (for instance, to improve relationships with clients) rather than for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower's financial situation.

The table below provides a roll forward of refinanced assets during 2017 and 2016:

Refinanced assets Roll forward. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Normal | Impaired | TOTAL
| Risk | Coverage | Risk | Coverage | Risk | Coverage
Balance at the beginning | 11,418 | 517 | 14,869 | 6,281 | 26,288 | 6,798
(+) Additions | 3,095 | 182 | 1,614 | 599 | 4,709 | 781
(-) Decreases (payments or repayments) | (2,462) | (145) | (2,754) | (1,180) | (5,216) | (1,325)
(-) Foreclosures | (2) | - | (463) | (267) | (465) | (267)
(-) Write-offs | (63) | (2) | (1,667) | (1,413) | (1,730) | (1,415)
(+)/(-) Other | (2,795) | (174) | 521 | 593 | (2,275) | 419
Ending Balance | 9,191 | 378 | 12,120 | 4,612 | 21,311 | 4,991

Refinanced assets Roll forward. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Normal | Impaired | TOTAL
| Risk | Coverage | Risk | Coverage | Risk | Coverage
Balance at the beginning | 17,929 | 861 | 16,071 | 7,132 | 34,000 | 7,993
(+) Additions | 2,523 | 279 | 1,655 | 712 | 4,178 | 991
(-) Decreases (payments or repayments) | (2,788) | (366) | (1,754) | (835) | (4,542) | (1,201)
(-) Foreclosures | (3) | - | (174) | (84) | (177) | (84)
(-) Write-offs | (52) | (1) | (1,230) | (841) | (1,282) | (842)
(+)/(-) Other | (6,191) | (256) | 301 | 196 | (5,890) | (60)
Ending Balance | 11,418 | 517 | 14,869 | 6,281 | 26,288 | 6,798

The table below provides a breakdown by segments of the forbearance operations (net of provisions) as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Forbearance operations. Breakdown by segments (Millions of euros)
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Credit institutions |  |  |
Central governments | 518 | 713 | 818
Other financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (financial activity) | 24 | 69 | (112)
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (non-financial activity) | 7,351 | 9,390 | 13,833
Of which: Financing the construction and property development (including land) | 1,416 | 2,339 | 3,879
Households | 8,428 | 9,319 | 11,468
Total carrying amount | 16,321 | 19,491 | 26,007
Financing classified as non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale | - | - | -

NPL ratio by type of renegotiated loan

The non performing ratio of the renegotiated portfolio is defined as the impaired balance of renegotiated loans that shows signs of difficulties as of the closing of the reporting period, divided by the total payment outstanding in that portfolio.

F-245

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the non performing ratio for each of the portfolios of renegotiated loans is as follows:

December 2017. NPL ratio renegotiated loan portfolio
| Ratio of Impaired loans - Past due
General governments | 19%
Commercial | 63%
Of which: Construction and developer | 79%
Other consumer | 52%

59% of the renegotiated loans classified as impaired was for reasons other than default (delinquency).

December 2016. NPL ratio renegotiated loan portfolio
| Ratio of Impaired loans - Past due
General governments | 6%
Commercial | 67%
Of which: Construction and developer | 85%
Other consumer | 47%

56% of the renegotiated loans classified as impaired was for reasons other than default (delinquency).

F-246

2. Quantitative information on the concentration of risk by activity and guarantees

Loans and advances to customers by activity (carrying amount)

December 2017 (Millions OF Euros)
|  |  |  | Collateralized loans and receivables -Loans and advances to customers. Loan to value
| TOTAL (*) | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 32,294 | 998 | 7,167 | 1,540 | 179 | 475 | 532 | 5,440
2 Other financial institutions | 18,669 | 319 | 12,910 | 314 | 277 | 106 | 11,349 | 1,183
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 172,338 | 39,722 | 24,793 | 11,697 | 5,878 | 5,183 | 9,167 | 32,591
3.1 Construction and property development | 14,599 | 10,664 | 1,066 | 1,518 | 876 | 1,049 | 1,313 | 6,974
3.2 Construction of civil works | 7,733 | 1,404 | 521 | 449 | 358 | 289 | 162 | 667
3.3 Other purposes | 150,006 | 27,654 | 23,206 | 9,729 | 4,644 | 3,845 | 7,692 | 24,950
3.3.1 Large companies | 93,604 | 10,513 | 16,868 | 2,769 | 1,252 | 1,023 | 3,631 | 18,706
3.3.2 SMEs (**) and individual entrepreneurs | 56,402 | 17,142 | 6,338 | 6,960 | 3,392 | 2,823 | 4,061 | 6,244
4 Rest of households and NPISHs (***) | 165,024 | 114,558 | 8,395 | 19,762 | 22,807 | 25,595 | 22,122 | 32,667
4.1 Housing | 114,709 | 111,604 | 128 | 18,251 | 22,222 | 25,029 | 21,154 | 25,076
4.2 Consumption | 40,705 | 670 | 4,784 | 1,058 | 256 | 192 | 316 | 3,632
4.3 Other purposes | 9,609 | 2,284 | 3,483 | 452 | 330 | 374 | 652 | 3,959
SUBTOTAL | 388,325 | 155,597 | 53,266 | 33,312 | 29,142 | 31,359 | 43,170 | 71,882
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 388,325 | 155,597 | 53,266 | 33,312 | 29,142 | 31,359 | 43,170 | 71,882
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations (****) | 16,321 | 6,584 | 5,117 | 1,485 | 1,315 | 1,871 | 1,580 | 5,451

(*) The amounts included in this table are net of impairment losses.

(**) Small and medium enterprises

(***) Nonprofit institutions serving households.

(****)Net of provisions except valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations.

F-247

December 2016 (Millions of euros)
|  |  |  | Collateralized Credit Risk. Loan to value
| TOTAL (*) | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 34,820 | 4,722 | 3,700 | 380 | 715 | 1,266 | 2,740 | 3,320
2 Other financial institutions | 17,181 | 800 | 8,168 | 650 | 464 | 319 | 6,846 | 690
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 183,871 | 47,105 | 22,663 | 17,000 | 13,122 | 11,667 | 14,445 | 13,533
3.1 Construction and property development | 19,283 | 12,888 | 1,736 | 3,074 | 4,173 | 3,843 | 2,217 | 1,316
3.2 Construction of civil works | 8,884 | 1,920 | 478 | 508 | 547 | 469 | 379 | 494
3.3 Other purposes | 155,704 | 32,297 | 20,449 | 13,417 | 8,402 | 7,356 | 11,850 | 11,722
3.3.1 Large companies | 107,550 | 16,041 | 16,349 | 7,311 | 5,149 | 4,777 | 7,160 | 7,993
3.3.2 SMEs (**) and individual entrepreneurs | 48,154 | 16,257 | 4,100 | 6,106 | 3,253 | 2,579 | 4,689 | 3,729
4 Rest of households and NPISHs (***) | 178,781 | 129,590 | 5,257 | 21,906 | 24,764 | 34,434 | 34,254 | 19,489
4.1 Housing | 127,606 | 124,427 | 477 | 18,802 | 23,120 | 32,713 | 32,148 | 18,122
4.2 Consumption | 44,504 | 3,181 | 3,732 | 2,535 | 1,278 | 1,230 | 1,322 | 547
4.3 Other purposes | 6,671 | 1,982 | 1,048 | 569 | 366 | 491 | 784 | 820
SUBTOTAL | 414,654 | 182,216 | 39,789 | 39,936 | 39,065 | 47,687 | 58,286 | 37,032
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 414,654 | 182,216 | 39,789 | 39,936 | 39,065 | 47,687 | 58,286 | 37,032
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations (****) | 19,491 | 8,031 | 6,504 | 3,703 | 1,845 | 2,316 | 2,091 | 4,580

(*) The amounts included in this table are net of impairment losses.

(**) Small and medium enterprises

(***) Nonprofit institutions serving households.

(****) Net of provisions.

F-248

December 2015 (Millions of euros)
|  |  |  | Collateralized Credit Risk. Loan to value
| TOTAL (*) | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 38,555 | 4,483 | 3,868 | 643 | 690 | 1,088 | 2,506 | 3,424
2 Other financial institutions | 14,319 | 663 | 6,098 | 710 | 474 | 302 | 4,610 | 666
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 184,203 | 47,773 | 24,034 | 20,400 | 14,931 | 11,480 | 12,491 | 12,506
3.1 Construction and property development | 19,914 | 13,295 | 1,682 | 3,148 | 5,465 | 3,663 | 1,911 | 789
3.2 Construction of civil works | 9,687 | 2,322 | 1,023 | 827 | 615 | 576 | 373 | 954
3.3 Other purposes | 154,602 | 32,157 | 21,329 | 16,425 | 8,850 | 7,242 | 10,207 | 10,763
3.3.1 Large companies | 96,239 | 11,959 | 15,663 | 6,207 | 4,569 | 4,248 | 5,627 | 6,971
3.3.2 SMEs (**) and individual entrepreneurs | 58,363 | 20,198 | 5,665 | 10,218 | 4,281 | 2,993 | 4,579 | 3,792
4 Rest of households and NPISHs (***) | 181,385 | 132,358 | 5,397 | 24,737 | 34,007 | 46,885 | 23,891 | 8,235
4.1 Housing | 127,260 | 124,133 | 513 | 20,214 | 31,816 | 44,506 | 21,300 | 6,810
4.2 Consumption | 42,211 | 3,627 | 3,738 | 2,311 | 1,156 | 1,398 | 2,118 | 381
4.3 Other purposes | 11,914 | 4,599 | 1,146 | 2,212 | 1,035 | 982 | 472 | 1,043
SUBTOTAL | 418,462 | 185,278 | 39,396 | 46,490 | 50,102 | 59,756 | 43,498 | 24,830
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | 4,233 | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 414,230 | 185,278 | 39,396 | 46,490 | 50,102 | 59,756 | 43,498 | 24,830
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations (****) | 26,080 | 10,931 | 7,457 | 2,728 | 1,797 | 2,575 | 4,665 | 6,623

(*) The amounts included in this table are net of impairment losses.

(**) Small and medium enterprises

(***) Nonprofit institutions serving households.

(****) Net of provisions.

F-249

The information for the main geographic areas is as follows

December 2017 (Millions Of Euros) - BBVA, S.A.
|  |  |  | Collateralized loans and receivables -Loans and advances to customers. Loan to value
| TOTAL | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 19,706 | 447 | 446 | 61 | 139 | 119 | 507 | 66
2 Other financial institutions | 14,150 | 242 | 10,803 | 34 | 104 | 77 | 10,812 | 18
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 70,881 | 13,846 | 1,964 | 4,670 | 4,167 | 3,644 | 1,628 | 1,701
3.1 Construction and property development | 3,184 | 2,976 | 22 | 818 | 670 | 885 | 338 | 288
3.2 Construction of civil works | 5,140 | 1,196 | 97 | 367 | 317 | 266 | 119 | 225
3.3 Other purposes | 62,557 | 9,674 | 1,844 | 3,486 | 3,180 | 2,493 | 1,171 | 1,189
3.3.1 Large companies | 40,379 | 2,318 | 634 | 754 | 803 | 475 | 316 | 603
3.3.2 SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 22,177 | 7,356 | 1,211 | 2,732 | 2,377 | 2,018 | 855 | 585
4 Rest of households and NPISHs | 94,212 | 81,825 | 360 | 15,035 | 18,804 | 21,180 | 14,344 | 12,822
4.1 Housing | 82,462 | 80,539 | 108 | 14,599 | 18,412 | 20,866 | 14,087 | 12,683
4.2 Consumption | 8,726 | 302 | 111 | 140 | 93 | 88 | 59 | 32
4.3 Other purposes | 3,023 | 984 | 141 | 296 | 298 | 227 | 197 | 107
SUBTOTAL | 198,949 | 96,360 | 13,573 | 19,800 | 23,214 | 25,021 | 27,291 | 14,607
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 198,949 | 96,360 | 13,573 | 19,800 | 23,214 | 25,021 | 27,291 | 14,607
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations | 12,323 | 5,388 | 4,335 | 1,188 | 1,222 | 1,666 | 1,316 | 4,331

F-250

December 2017 (Millions Of Euros) - Bancomer
|  |  |  | Collateralized loans and receivables -Loans and advances to customers. Loan to value
| TOTAL | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 5,867 | 79 | 2,434 | 42 | 40 | 339 | 24 | 2,068
2 Other financial institutions | 584 | 9 | 198 | 166 | 17 | 11 | 5 | 7
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 18,925 | 4,473 | 2,876 | 4,842 | 920 | 452 | 238 | 897
3.1 Construction and property development | 761 | 623 | 21 | 495 | 70 | 26 | 28 | 25
3.2 Construction of civil works | 139 | 25 | 27 | 46 | 6 | 1 | - | -
3.3 Other purposes | 18,025 | 3,825 | 2,828 | 4,301 | 844 | 426 | 210 | 871
3.3.1 Large companies | 8,943 | 1,252 | 715 | 1,125 | 259 | 95 | 36 | 451
3.3.2 SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 9,082 | 2,573 | 2,113 | 3,176 | 585 | 331 | 174 | 420
4 Rest of households and NPISHs | 19,084 | 8,513 | - | 884 | 1,687 | 3,373 | 1,964 | 605
4.1 Housing | 8,513 | 8,513 | - | 884 | 1,687 | 3,373 | 1,964 | 605
4.2 Consumption | 10,572 | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
4.3 Other purposes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
SUBTOTAL | 44,461 | 13,074 | 5,508 | 5,934 | 2,665 | 4,175 | 2,231 | 3,577
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 44,461 | 13,074 | 5,508 | 5,934 | 2,665 | 4,175 | 2,231 | 3,577
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations | 890 | 442 | 317 | 140 | 61 | 145 | 103 | 310

F-251

December 2017 (Millions Of Euros) - Compass Bank
|  |  |  | Collateralized loans and receivables -Loans and advances to customers. Loan to value
| TOTAL | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 896 | 134 | 720 | - | - | - | - | 853
2 Other financial institutions | 1,572 | 25 | 1,452 | - | 1 | - | 531 | 945
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 26,057 | 9,301 | 16,221 | 510 | 1 | 1 | 308 | 24,702
3.1 Construction and property development | 6,606 | 5,407 | 795 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 6,200
3.2 Construction of civil works | 231 | 19 | 193 | - | - | - | - | 212
3.3 Other purposes | 19,220 | 3,876 | 15,233 | 509 | 1 | - | 308 | 18,290
3.3.1 Large companies | 15,937 | 2,657 | 13,181 | 489 | 1 | - | 308 | 15,041
3.3.2 SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 3,284 | 1,218 | 2,051 | 21 | - | - | - | 3,248
4 Rest of households and NPISHs | 17,640 | 11,633 | 5,997 | 741 | - | 54 | 340 | 16,496
4.1 Housing | 10,716 | 10,716 | - | 2 | - | 53 | - | 10,660
4.2 Consumption | 2,853 | - | 2,853 | 718 | - | - | - | 2,135
4.3 Other purposes | 4,071 | 917 | 3,144 | 21 | - | - | 340 | 3,701
SUBTOTAL | 46,165 | 21,093 | 24,390 | 1,252 | 2 | 55 | 1,179 | 42,996
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 46,165 | 21,093 | 24,390 | 1,252 | 2 | 55 | 1,179 | 42,996
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations | 504 | 105 | 351 | 4 | - | - | - | 451

F-252

December 2017 (Millions Of Euros) - Garanti Bank
|  |  |  | Collateralized loans and receivables -Loans and advances to customers. Loan to value
| TOTAL | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 147 | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
2 Other financial institutions | 779 | 15 | 5 | - | - | - | - | 20
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 29,570 | 7,068 | 632 | - | - | 88 | 5,988 | 1,624
3.1 Construction and property development | 3,103 | 1,079 | 124 | - | - | 8 | 911 | 285
3.2 Construction of civil works | 1,304 | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
3.3 Other purposes | 25,163 | 5,988 | 508 | - | - | 80 | 5,077 | 1,339
3.3.1 Large companies | 12,856 | 2,628 | 192 | - | - | 18 | 2,403 | 399
3.3.2 SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 12,306 | 3,360 | 317 | - | - | 63 | 2,674 | 940
4 Rest of households and NPISHs | 14,326 | 4,603 | 62 | - | - | 14 | 4,645 | 6
4.1 Housing | 5,116 | 4,439 | 2 | - | - | 12 | 4,429 | 1
4.2 Consumption | 8,583 | 96 | 55 | - | - | 2 | 148 | 1
4.3 Other purposes | 626 | 68 | 5 | - | - | - | 68 | 5
SUBTOTAL | 44,822 | 11,686 | 699 | - | - | 102 | 10,633 | 1,650
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 44,822 | 11,686 | 699 | - | - | 102 | 10,633 | 1,650
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations | 1,545 | 411 | 3 | - | - | 1 | 142 | 271

F-253

December 2017 (Millions Of Euros) - Other entities
|  |  |  | Collateralized loans and receivables -Loans and advances to customers. Loan to value
| TOTAL | Of which: Mortgage loans | Of which: Secured loans | Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100%
1 General governments | 5,679 | 339 | 3,568 | 1,436 | - | 16 | 1 | 2,453
2 Other financial institutions | 1,583 | 28 | 452 | 114 | 156 | 18 | - | 192
3 Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 26,905 | 5,034 | 3,100 | 1,675 | 790 | 998 | 1,005 | 3,667
3.1 Construction and property development | 946 | 580 | 103 | 205 | 135 | 130 | 37 | 176
3.2 Construction of civil works | 918 | 164 | 204 | 37 | 36 | 22 | 43 | 230
3.3 Other purposes | 25,041 | 4,291 | 2,793 | 1,433 | 618 | 846 | 925 | 3,261
3.3.1 Large companies | 15,488 | 1,658 | 2,146 | 402 | 188 | 435 | 568 | 2,211
3.3.2 SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 9,553 | 2,633 | 646 | 1,031 | 430 | 411 | 358 | 1,050
4 Rest of households and NPISHs | 19,762 | 7,984 | 1,976 | 3,102 | 2,316 | 974 | 829 | 2,739
4.1 Housing | 7,903 | 7,398 | 19 | 2,766 | 2,123 | 725 | 674 | 1,128
4.2 Consumption | 9,970 | 272 | 1,764 | 200 | 162 | 102 | 108 | 1,464
4.3 Other purposes | 1,889 | 314 | 194 | 136 | 31 | 147 | 47 | 146
SUBTOTAL | 53,928 | 13,385 | 9,096 | 6,327 | 3,262 | 2,006 | 1,835 | 9,051
5 Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
6 TOTAL | 53,928 | 13,385 | 9,096 | 6,327 | 3,262 | 2,006 | 1,835 | 9,051
MEMORANDUM: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forbearance operations | 1,058 | 238 | 110 | 152 | 32 | 58 | 19 | 87

F-254

c) Information on the concentration of risk by activity and geographical areas.

December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| TOTAL(*) | Spain | European Union Other | America | Other
Credit institutions | 70,141 | 10,606 | 34,623 | 13,490 | 11,422
General governments | 121,863 | 55,391 | 11,940 | 44,191 | 10,341
Central Administration | 83,673 | 35,597 | 11,625 | 26,211 | 10,240
Other | 38,190 | 19,794 | 316 | 17,980 | 101
Other financial institutions | 48,000 | 19,175 | 14,283 | 12,469 | 2,074
Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 228,227 | 78,507 | 20,485 | 80,777 | 48,458
Construction and property development | 18,619 | 4,623 | 339 | 8,834 | 4,822
Construction of civil works | 12,348 | 6,936 | 1,302 | 2,267 | 1,843
Other purposes | 197,260 | 66,948 | 18,843 | 69,676 | 41,793
Large companies | 134,454 | 43,286 | 17,470 | 48,016 | 25,681
SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 62,807 | 23,662 | 1,373 | 21,660 | 16,112
Other households and NPISHs | 165,667 | 93,774 | 3,609 | 53,615 | 14,669
Housing | 114,710 | 81,815 | 2,720 | 24,815 | 5,361
Consumer | 40,705 | 8,711 | 649 | 22,759 | 8,587
Other purposes | 10,251 | 3,248 | 241 | 6,041 | 721
SUBTOTAL | 633,899 | 257,453 | 84,940 | 204,542 | 86,964
Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | -
TOTAL | 633,899 | 257,453 | 84,940 | 204,542 | 86,964

(*)The definition of risk for the purpose of this statement includes the following items on the public balance sheet: Loans and advances to credit institutions, Loans and advances, Debt securities, Equity instruments, Other equity securities, Derivatives and hedging derivatives, Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates and guarantees given and Contingent risks. The amounts included in this table are net of impairment losses.

F-255

December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| TOTAL(*) | Spain | European Union Other | America | Other
Credit institutions | 84,381 | 12,198 | 40,552 | 17,498 | 14,133
General governments | 134,261 | 61,495 | 14,865 | 47,072 | 10,829
Central Administration | 92,155 | 39,080 | 14,550 | 27,758 | 10,768
Other | 42,105 | 22,415 | 315 | 19,314 | 61
Other financial institutions | 47,029 | 16,942 | 14,881 | 12,631 | 2,576
Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 249,322 | 69,833 | 26,335 | 98,797 | 54,357
Construction and property development | 23,141 | 5,572 | 371 | 11,988 | 5,209
Construction of civil works | 14,185 | 6,180 | 2,493 | 3,803 | 1,709
Other purposes | 211,996 | 58,080 | 23,471 | 83,005 | 47,439
Large companies | 158,356 | 35,514 | 22,074 | 64,940 | 35,828
SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 53,640 | 22,566 | 1,397 | 18,065 | 11,611
Other households and NPISHs | 179,051 | 96,345 | 3,796 | 62,836 | 16,073
Housing | 127,607 | 85,763 | 3,025 | 32,775 | 6,044
Consumer | 44,504 | 7,230 | 642 | 27,398 | 9,234
Other purposes | 6,939 | 3,352 | 129 | 2,663 | 795
SUBTOTAL | 694,044 | 256,813 | 100,428 | 238,834 | 97,968
Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | - | - | - | - | -
TOTAL | 694,044 | 256,813 | 100,428 | 238,834 | 97,968

(*) The definition of risk for the purpose of this statement includes the following items on the public balance sheet: Loans and advances to credit institutions, Loans and advances to customers, Debt securities, Equity instruments, Other equity securities, Derivatives, Trading Derivatives, Derivatives – Hedge accounting derivatives, Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates and guarantees given and Contingent risks. The amounts included in this table are net of impairment losses.

F-256

December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| TOTAL(*) | Spain | European Union Other | America | Other
Credit institutions | 81,106 | 13,014 | 37,738 | 20,675 | 9,679
General governments | 151,919 | 74,931 | 14,393 | 50,242 | 12,354
Central Administration | 107,118 | 48,617 | 13,786 | 32,401 | 12,314
Other | 44,801 | 26,314 | 607 | 17,840 | 40
Other financial institutions | 46,744 | 16,768 | 13,623 | 13,324 | 3,029
Non-financial institutions and individual entrepreneurs | 248,207 | 72,710 | 26,561 | 94,632 | 54,305
Construction and property development | 23,484 | 5,862 | 278 | 11,946 | 5,397
Construction of civil works | 15,540 | 8,687 | 2,149 | 3,497 | 1,207
Other purposes | 209,183 | 58,161 | 24,134 | 79,188 | 47,701
Large companies | 144,990 | 34,358 | 22,399 | 52,704 | 35,529
SMEs and individual entrepreneurs | 64,193 | 23,803 | 1,734 | 26,484 | 12,172
Other households and NPISHs | 182,335 | 100,510 | 3,832 | 61,084 | 16,910
Housing | 127,261 | 88,185 | 3,103 | 29,794 | 6,179
Consumer | 42,221 | 6,728 | 649 | 24,799 | 10,044
Other purposes | 12,853 | 5,597 | 80 | 6,490 | 686
SUBTOTAL | 710,311 | 277,932 | 96,146 | 239,956 | 96,276
Less: Valuation adjustments due to impairment of assets not attributable to specific operations | (4,313) |  |  |  |
TOTAL | 705,998 | 277,932 | 96,146 | 239,956 | 96,276

(*) The definition of risk for the purpose of this statement includes the following items on the public balance sheet: Loans and advances to credit institutions, Loans and advances to customers, Debt securities, Equity instruments, Other equity securities, Derivatives, Trading Derivatives, Derivatives – Hedge accounting derivatives, Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates and guarantees given and Contingent risks. The amounts included in this table are net of impairment losses.

F-257

APPENDIX IX Additional information on Risk Concentration

a) Sovereign risk exposure

The table below provides a breakdown of exposure to financial assets (excluding derivatives and equity instruments), as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 by type of counterparty and the country of residence of such counterparty. The below figures do not take into account accumulated other comprehensive income, impairment losses or loan-loss provisions:

Risk Exposure by Countries (Millions of euros)
| Sovereign Risk (*)
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Spain | 54,625 | 60,434 | 74,020
Turkey | 9,825 | 10,478 | 12,037
Italy | 9,827 | 12,206 | 10,694
France | 383 | 518 | 1,029
Portugal | 722 | 586 | 704
Germany | 259 | 521 | 560
United Kingdom | 41 | 17 | 4
Ireland | - | - | 1
Greece | - | - | -
Rest of Europe | 662 | 940 | 1,278
Subtotal Europe | 76,343 | 85,699 | 100,327
Mexico | 25,114 | 26,942 | 22,192
The United States | 14,059 | 16,039 | 11,378
Venezuela | 137 | 179 | 152
Rest of countries | 5,809 | 3,814 | 3,711
Subtotal Rest of Countries | 45,119 | 46,974 | 37,433
Total Exposure to Financial Instruments | 121,462 | 132,674 | 137,760

(*) In addition, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, undrawn lines of credit, granted mainly to the Spanish

General Governments and amounted to €1,827 million, €2,864 million and €2,584 million, respectively.

The exposure to sovereign risk set out in the above table includes positions held in government debt securities in countries where the Group operates. They are used for ALCO’s management of the interest-rate risk on the balance sheets of the Group’s entities in these countries, as well as for hedging of pension and insurance commitments by insurance entities within the BBVA Group.

Sovereign risk exposure in Europe

The table below provides a breakdown of the exposure of the Group’s credit institutions to European sovereign risk as of December 31, 2017 and December 2016 by type of financial instrument and the country of residence of the counterparty, under EBA (European Banking Authority) requirements:

Exposure to Sovereign Risk by European Union Countries. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Debt securities | Loans and receivables | Derivatives | Total | %
| Direct exposure | Indirect exposure
| Financial Assets Held-for-Trading | Available-for-Sale Financial Assets | Held -to-maturity investment | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value - | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value -
Spain | 7,065 | 14,029 | 5,754 | 22,101 | 1,513 | 62 | (15) | 591 | 1,082 | (773) | 51,410 | 75%
Italy | 4,606 | 4,292 | 2,349 | 55 | - | - | - | (57) | 648 | (237) | 11,657 | 17%
France | 622 | 8 | - | 27 | - | - | - | 329 | 15 | (19) | 983 | 1%
Germany | 517 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 826 | 26 | (17) | 1,352 | 2%
Portugal | 832 | 1 | - | 202 | 1,019 | 1 | (44) | 176 | 87 | (53) | 2,221 | 3%
United Kingdom | - | - | - | 37 | - | - | - | (2) | - | - | 35 | -
Greece | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Hungary | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Ireland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Rest of European Union | 38 | 505 | - | 32 | - | - | - | 31 | 5 | (5) | 607 | 1%
Total Exposure to Sovereign Counterparties (European Union) | 13,681 | 18,835 | 8,103 | 22,453 | 2,533 | 64 | (59) | 1,896 | 1,863 | (1,104) | 68,265 | 100%

F-258

This table shows sovereign risk balances with EBA criteria. Therefore, sovereign risk of the Group’s insurance companies (€10,474 million as of December 31, 2017) is not included. Includes credit derivatives CDS (Credit Default Swaps) shown at fair value.

Exposure to Sovereign Risk by European Union Countries. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
|  | Debt securities | Loans and receivables | Derivatives | Total | %
|  | Direct exposure | Indirect exposure
|  | Financial Assets Held-for-Trading | Available-for-Sale Financial Assets | Held -to-maturity investment | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value - | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value -
Spain |  | 927 | 13,385 | 8,063 | 24,835 | 1,786 | 88 | (27) | (744) | 993 | (1,569) | 47,737 | 81%
Italy |  | 1,973 | 4,806 | 2,719 | 60 | - | - | - | (1,321) | 1,271 | (866) | 8,641 | 15%
France |  | 250 | - | - | 28 | - | - | - | (13) | 46 | (63) | 248 | -
Germany |  | 82 | - | - | - | - | - | - | (5) | 203 | (249) | 30 | -
Portugal |  | 54 | 1 | - | 285 | 1,150 | - | (215) | 10 | 1 | (6) | 1,280 | 2%
United Kingdom |  | - | - | - | 16 | - | - | - | (9) | 1 | - | 8 | -
Greece |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Hungary |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Ireland |  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Rest of European Union |  | 195 | 469 | - | 36 | - | - | - | 30 | 13 | (6) | 736 | 1%
Total Exposure to Sovereign Counterparties (European Union) |  | 3,482 | 18,660 | 10,783 | 25,259 | 2,936 | 88 | (242) | (2,053) | 2,527 | (2,759) | 58,680 | 100%

This table shows sovereign risk balances with EBA criteria. Therefore, sovereign risk of the Group’s insurance companies (€10,443 million as of December 31, 2016) is not included. Includes credit derivatives CDS (Credit Default Swaps) shown at fair value.

Exposure to Sovereign Risk by European Union Countries (1). December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Debt securities | Loans and receivables | Derivatives (2) | Total | %
| Direct exposure | Indirect exposure
| Financial Assets Held-for-Trading | Available-for-Sale Financial Assets | Held -to-maturity investment | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value - | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value -
Spain | 5,293 | 31,621 | - | 26,111 | 1,871 | 125 | (37) | (1,785) | 82 | (84) | 63,112 | 86%
Italy | 1,205 | 7,385 | - | 80 | - | - | - | 258 | 12 | (26) | 8,656 | 12%
France | 531 | 10 | - | 34 | - | - | - | 141 | 2 | (31) | 546 | 1%
Germany | 162 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 166 | - | (21) | 141 | -
Portugal | 179 | 1 | - | 428 | 1,161 | 2 | (225) | 90 | 1 | (1) | 384 | 1%
United Kingdom | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | 2 | (1) | 2 | -
Greece | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Hungary | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Ireland | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | -
Rest of European Union | 319 | 429 | - | 38 | - | - | - | 33 | 15 | (8) | 794 | 1%
Total Exposure to Sovereign Counterparties (European Union) | 7,689 | 39,446 | - | 26,691 | 3,033 | 127 | (263) | (1,084) | 115 | (172) | 73,634 | 100%

F-259

This table shows sovereign risk balances with EBA criteria. Therefore, sovereign risk of the Group’s insurance companies (€6,300 million as of December 31, 2016) is not included. Includes credit derivatives CDS (Credit Default Swaps) shown at fair value.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 the breakdown of total exposure faced by the Group’s credit institutions to Spain and other countries, by maturity of the financial instruments, is as follows:

Maturities of Sovereign Risks European Union. December 2017 (Millions of euros)
| Debt securities | Loans and receivables | Derivatives | Total | %
| Direct exposure | Indirect exposure
| Financial Assets Held-for-Trading | Available-for-Sale Financial Assets | Held -to-maturity investment | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value - | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value -
Spain | 7,065 | 14,029 | 5,754 | 22,101 | 1,513 | 62 | (15) | 591 | 1,082 | (773) | 51,410 | 75%
Up to 1 Year | 1,675 | 3,363 | 2,900 | 7,852 | 69 | 1 | - | 591 | 1,082 | (773) | 12,312 | 25%
1 to 5 Years | 2,196 | 1,335 | 106 | 7,978 | 1,131 | 44 | (1) | - | - | - | 16,883 | 19%
Over 5 Years | 3,195 | 9,332 | 2,747 | 6,271 | 314 | 17 | (14) | - | - | - | 22,215 | 32%
Rest of European Union | 6,616 | 4,806 | 2,349 | 352 | 1,019 | 1 | (44) | 1,305 | 781 | (331) | 16,856 | 25%
Up to 1 Year | 2,212 | 1,663 | 1,895 | 54 | 466 | 1 | (6) | 744 | 756 | (252) | 3,614 | 11%
1 to 5 Years | 2,932 | 192 | - | 162 | 3 | - | - | 243 | 17 | (21) | 7,313 | 5%
Over 5 Years | 1,473 | 2,951 | 454 | 137 | 550 | - | (38) | 318 | 8 | (58) | 5,928 | 8%
Total Exposure to European Union Sovereign Counterparties | 13,681 | 18,835 | 8,103 | 22,453 | 2,533 | 64 | (59) | 1,896 | 1,863 | (1,104) | 68,265 | 100%

Maturities of Sovereign Risks European Union. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Debt securities | Loans and receivables | Derivatives | Total | %
| Direct exposure | Indirect exposure
| Financial Assets Held-for-Trading | Available-for-Sale Financial Assets | Held -to-maturity investment | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value - | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value -
Spain | 927 | 13,385 | 8,063 | 24,835 | 1,786 | 88 | (27) | (744) | 993 | (1,569) | 47,737 | 81%
Up to 1 Year | 913 | 889 | 1,989 | 9,087 | - | - | - | (736) | 993 | (1,564) | 11,571 | 20%
1 to 5 Years | 1,272 | 3,116 | 3,319 | 7,059 | 1,209 | 32 | (1) | (3) | - | - | 16,004 | 27%
Over 5 Years | (1,259) | 9,380 | 2,755 | 4,595 | 577 | 56 | (27) | (6) | - | (4) | 16,068 | 27%
Rest of European Union | 2,554 | 5,275 | 2,719 | 424 | 1,150 | - | (215) | (1,309) | 1,534 | (1,191) | 10,943 | 19%
Up to 1 Year | (395) | 38 | - | 2 | - | - | - | (1,721) | 1,507 | (1,054) | (1,623) | -3%
1 to 5 Years | 1,535 | 2,050 | 1,958 | 247 | 381 | - | (12) | 194 | 19 | (50) | 6,322 | 11%
Over 5 Years | 1,414 | 3,186 | 761 | 175 | 770 | - | (203) | 218 | 8 | (86) | 6,243 | 11%
Total Exposure to European Union Sovereign Counterparties | 3,482 | 18,660 | 10,783 | 25,259 | 2,936 | 88 | (242) | (2,053) | 2,527 | (2,759) | 58,680 | 100%

Maturities of Sovereign Risks European Union. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Debt securities | Loans and receivables | Derivatives | Total | %
| Direct exposure | Indirect exposure
| Financial Assets Held-for-Trading | Available-for-Sale Financial Assets | Held -to-maturity investment | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value - | Notional value | Fair value + | Fair value -
Spain | 5,293 | 31,621 | - | 26,111 | 1,871 | 125 | (37) | (1,785) | 82 | (84) | 63,112 | 86%
Up to 1 Year | 4,552 | 5,665 | - | 10,267 | 242 | 2 | (19) | (1,721) | 79 | (77) | 20,469 | 28%
1 to 5 Years | 662 | 11,890 | - | 10,693 | 932 | 25 | (1) | (48) | - | (1) | 23,269 | 32%
Over 5 Years | 79 | 14,067 | - | 5,151 | 698 | 98 | (17) | (17) | 3 | (7) | 19,373 | 26%
Rest of European Union | 2,396 | 7,825 | - | 580 | 1,161 | 2 | (225) | 702 | 32 | (88) | 10,522 | 14%
Up to 1 Year | 1,943 | 40 | - | 24 | 319 | 2 | (4) | 292 | 5 | (6) | 2,005 | 3%
1 to 5 Years | 237 | 4,150 | - | 245 | - | - | - | 161 | 23 | (29) | 4,626 | 6%
Over 5 Years | 216 | 3,635 | - | 311 | 842 | - | (221) | 248 | 4 | (53) | 3,891 | 5%
Total Exposure to European Union Sovereign Counterparties | 7,689 | 39,446 | - | 26,691 | 3,033 | 127 | (263) | (1,084) | 115 | (172) | 73,634 | 100%

F-260

b) Concentration of risk on activities in the real-estate market in Spain

Quantitative information on activities in the real-estate market in Spain

The following quantitative information on real-estate activities in Spain has been prepared using the reporting models required by Bank of Spain Circular 5/2011, of November 30.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, exposure to the construction sector and real-estate activities in Spain stood at €11,981, €15,285 and €18,744 million, respectively. Of that amount, risk from loans to construction and real-estate development activities accounted for €5,224, €7,930 and €9,681 million, respectively, representing 2.9%, 5.0% and 6.0% of loans and advances to customers of the balance of business in Spain (excluding the general governments) and 0.8%, 1.1% and 1.3% of the total assets of the Consolidated Group.

Lending for real estate development of the loans as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is shown below:

December 2017. Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase (Millions of euros)
| Gross Amount | Drawn Over the Guarantee Value | Accumulated impairment
Financing to construction and real estate development (including land) (Business in Spain) | 5,224 | 2,132 | (1,500)
Of which: Impaired assets | 2,660 | 1,529 | (1,461)
Memorandum item: |  |  |
Write-offs | 2,289 |  |
Memorandum item: |  |  |
Total loans and advances to customers, excluding the General Governments (Business in Spain) | 174,014 |  |
Total consolidated assets (total business) | 690,059 |  |
Impairment and provisions for normal exposures | (5,843) |  |

December 2016. Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase (Millions of euros)
| Gross Amount | Drawn Over the Guarantee Value | Accumulated impairment
Financing to construction and real estate development (including land) (Business in Spain) | 7,930 | 3,449 | (2,944)
Of which: Impaired assets | 5,095 | 2,680 | (2,888)
Memorandum item: |  |  |
Write-offs | 2,061 |  |
Memorandum item: |  |  |
Total loans and advances to customers, excluding the General Governments (Business in Spain) | 159,492 |  |
Total consolidated assets (total business) | 731,856 |  |
Impairment and provisions for normal exposures | (5,830) |  |

December 2015. Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase (Millions of euros)
| Gross Amount | Drawn Over the Guarantee Value | Accumulated impairment
Financing to construction and real estate development (including land) (Business in Spain) | 9,681 | 4,132 | (3,801)
Of which: Impaired assets | 6,231 | 3,087 | (3,600)
Memorandum item: |  |  |
Write-offs | 1,741 |  |
Memorandum item: |  |  |
Total loans and advances to customers, excluding the General Governments (Business in Spain) | 161,416 |  |
Total consolidated assets (total business) | 749,855 |  |
Impairment and provisions for normal exposures | (4,549) |  |

F-261

The following is a description of the real estate credit risk based on the types of associated guarantees:

Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase (Millions of euros)
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Without secured loan | 552 | 801 | 1,157
With secured loan | 4,672 | 7,129 | 8,524
Terminated buildings | 2,904 | 3,875 | 4,941
Homes | 2,027 | 2,954 | 4,112
Other | 877 | 921 | 829
Buildings under construction | 462 | 760 | 688
Homes | 439 | 633 | 660
Other | 23 | 127 | 28
Land | 1,306 | 2,494 | 2,895
Urbanized land | 704 | 1,196 | 1,541
Rest of land | 602 | 1,298 | 1,354
Total | 5,224 | 7,930 | 9,681

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 55.6%,48.9% and 51.0% of loans to developers were guaranteed with buildings (76.4% and 76.2%, are homes), and only 25.0%, 31.5% and 29,9% by land, of which 53.9%, 48.0% and 52,2% are in urban locations, respectively.

The table below provides the breakdown of the financial guarantees given as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

Financial guarantees given (Millions of euros)
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Houses purchase loans | 64 | 62 | 57
Without mortgage | 12 | 18 | 23

The information on the retail mortgage portfolio risk (housing mortgage) as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase. December 2017(Millions of euros)
| Gross amount | Of which: impaired loans
Houses purchase loans | 83,505 | 4,821
Without mortgage | 1,578 | 51
With mortgage | 81,927 | 4,770

Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Gross amount | Of which: impaired loans
Houses purchase loans | 87,874 | 4,938
Without mortgage | 1,935 | 93
With mortgage | 85,939 | 4,845

F-262

Financing Allocated by credit institutions to Construction and Real Estate Development and lending for house purchase. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Gross amount | Of which: impaired loans
Houses purchase loans | 91,150 | 4,869
Without mortgage | 1,480 | 24
With mortgage | 89,670 | 4,845

The loan to value (LTV) ratio of the above portfolio is as follows:

LTV Breakdown of mortgage to households for the purchase of a home (Business in Spain) (Millions of euros)"
| Total risk over the amount of the last valuation available (Loan To Value-LTV)
| Less than or equal to 40% | Over 40% but less than or equal to 60% | Over 60% but less than or equal to 80% | Over 80% but less than or equal to 100% | Over 100% | Total
Gross amount 2017 | 14,485 | 18,197 | 20,778 | 14,240 | 14,227 | 81,927
of which: Impaired loans | 293 | 444 | 715 | 897 | 2,421 | 4,770
Gross amount 2016 | 13,780 | 18,223 | 20,705 | 15,967 | 17,264 | 85,939
of which: Impaired loans | 306 | 447 | 747 | 962 | 2,383 | 4,845
Gross amount 2015 | 18,294 | 27,032 | 30,952 | 7,489 | 5,903 | 89,670
of which: Impaired loans | 202 | 392 | 771 | 991 | 2,489 | 4,845

Outstanding home mortgage loans as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 had an average LTV of 51%, 47% and 46% respectively.

The breakdown of foreclosed, acquired, purchased or exchanged assets from debt from loans relating to business in Spain, as well as the holdings and financing to non-consolidated entities holding such assets is as follows:

F-263

Information about Assets Received in Payment of Debts (Business in Spain) (Millions of euros)
| December 2017
| Gross Value | Provisions | Of which: Valuation adjustments on impaired assets, from the time of foreclosure | Carrying Amount
Real estate assets from loans to the construction and real estate development sectors in Spain. |  | 6,429 | 4,350 | 2,542 | 2,079
Terminated buildings |  | 2,191 | 1,184 | 606 | 1,007
Homes |  | 1,368 | 742 | 366 | 626
Other |  | 823 | 442 | 240 | 381
Buildings under construction |  | 541 | 359 | 192 | 182
Homes |  | 521 | 347 | 188 | 174
Other |  | 20 | 12 | 4 | 8
Land |  | 3,697 | 2,807 | 1,744 | 890
Urbanized land |  | 1,932 | 1,458 | 1,031 | 474
Rest of land |  | 1,765 | 1,349 | 713 | 416
Real estate assets from mortgage financing for households for the purchase of a home |  | 3,592 | 2,104 | 953 | 1,488
Rest of foreclosed real estate assets |  | 1,665 | 905 | 268 | 760
Equity instruments, investments and financing to non-consolidated companies holding said assets |  | 1,135 | 325 | 273 | 810
Total |  | 12,821 | 7,684 | 4,036 | 5,137

Additionally, in March 2017, there was an increase of BBVA, S.A.’s stake in Testa Residencial, S.A. through its contribution to the capital increase carried out by the latter entity by contributing assets from the Bank’s real estate assets.

Information about Assets Received in Payment of Debts (Business in Spain) (Millions of euros)
| December 2016
| Gross Value | Provisions | Of which: Valuation adjustments on impaired assets, from the time of foreclosure | Carrying Amount
Real estate assets from loans to the construction and real estate development sectors in Spain. |  | 8,017 | 5,290 | 2,790 | 2,727
Terminated buildings |  | 2,602 | 1,346 | 688 | 1,256
Homes |  | 1,586 | 801 | 408 | 785
Other |  | 1,016 | 545 | 280 | 471
Buildings under construction |  | 665 | 429 | 203 | 236
Homes |  | 642 | 414 | 195 | 228
Other |  | 23 | 15 | 8 | 8
Land |  | 4,750 | 3,515 | 1,899 | 1,235
Urbanized land |  | 3,240 | 2,382 | 1,364 | 858
Rest of land |  | 1,510 | 1,133 | 535 | 377
Real estate assets from mortgage financing for households for the purchase of a home |  | 4,332 | 2,588 | 1,069 | 1,744
Rest of foreclosed real estate assets |  | 1,856 | 1,006 | 225 | 850
Equity instruments, investments and financing to non-consolidated companies holding said assets |  | 1,240 | 549 | 451 | 691
Total |  | 15,445 | 9,433 | 4,535 | 6,012

F-264

Information about Assets Received in Payment of Debts (Business in Spain) (Millions of euros)
| December 2015
| Gross Value | Provisions | Of which: Valuation adjustments on impaired assets, from the time of foreclosure | Carrying Amount
Real estate assets from loans to the construction and real estate development sectors in Spain. |  | 8,938 | 5,364 | 2,838 | 3,574
Finished buildings |  | 2,981 | 1,498 | 737 | 1,483
Homes |  | 1,606 | 767 | 388 | 839
Other |  | 1,375 | 731 | 349 | 644
Buildings under construction |  | 745 | 422 | 204 | 323
Homes |  | 714 | 400 | 191 | 314
Other |  | 31 | 22 | 13 | 9
Land |  | 5,212 | 3,444 | 1,897 | 1,768
Urbanized land |  | 3,632 | 2,404 | 1,366 | 1,228
Rest of land |  | 1,580 | 1,040 | 531 | 540
Real estate assets from mortgage financing for households for the purchase of a home |  | 4,937 | 2,687 | 1,143 | 2,250
Rest of foreclosed real estate assets |  | 1,368 | 678 | 148 | 690
Foreclosed equity instruments |  | 895 | 532 | 433 | 363
Total |  | 16,138 | 9,261 | 4,562 | 6,877

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the gross book value of the Group’s real-estate assets from corporate financing of real-estate construction and development was €6,429, €8,017 and €8,938 million, respectively, with an average coverage ratio of 67.7%, 66.0% and 60,0%, respectively.

The gross book value of real-estate assets from mortgage lending to households for home purchase as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, amounted to €3,592, €4,332 and €4,937 million, respectively, with an average coverage ratio of 58.6%, 59.7% and 54.4%.

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the gross book value of the BBVA Group’s total real-estate assets (business in Spain), including other real-estate assets received as debt payment, was €11,686, €14,205 and €15,243 million, respectively. The coverage ratio was 63.0%, 62.5% and 57.3%, respectively.

F-265

c) Concentration of risk by geography

Below is a breakdown of the balances of financial instruments registered in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets by their concentration in geographical areas and according to the residence of the customer or counterparty. It does not take into account impairment losses or loan-loss provisions:

Risks by Geographical Areas. December 2017 (millions of euros)
| Spain | Europe, Excluding Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | South America | Other | Total
Derivatives | 6,336 | 20,506 | 1,847 | 4,573 | 113 | 977 | 921 | 35,273
Equity instruments (*) | 3,539 | 4,888 | 2,050 | 991 | 36 | 333 | 71 | 11,908
Debt securities | 44,773 | 15,582 | 21,594 | 13,280 | 10,601 | 5,861 | 1,450 | 113,140
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | 2,685 | 49 | 2,734
General governments | 36,658 | 11,475 | 19,323 | 8,894 | 9,668 | 2,246 | 221 | 88,485
Credit institutions | 1,364 | 2,095 | 289 | 98 | 884 | 387 | 752 | 5,869
Other financial corporations | 6,492 | 994 | 337 | 3,026 | 7 | 315 | 194 | 11,365
Non-financial corporations | 259 | 1,018 | 1,645 | 1,262 | 42 | 228 | 234 | 4,688
Loans and advances | 185,597 | 41,426 | 50,352 | 54,315 | 56,062 | 42,334 | 4,585 | 434,670
Central banks | - | 626 | - | - | 5,299 | 1,375 | - | 7,300
General governments | 18,116 | 352 | 5,868 | 5,165 | 152 | 2,354 | 398 | 32,405
Credit institutions | 5,564 | 15,493 | 1,889 | 789 | 1,073 | 1,145 | 345 | 26,297
Other financial corporations | 7,769 | 6,231 | 588 | 1,732 | 1,297 | 664 | 270 | 18,551
Non-financial corporations | 54,369 | 14,615 | 19,737 | 29,396 | 31,691 | 19,023 | 3,345 | 172,175
Households | 99,780 | 4,110 | 22,269 | 17,233 | 16,550 | 17,773 | 227 | 177,942
Total Risk in Financial Assets | 240,245 | 82,401 | 75,842 | 73,159 | 66,812 | 49,504 | 7,027 | 594,991
Loan commitments given | 31,100 | 16,203 | 1,691 | 29,539 | 2,944 | 11,664 | 1,126 | 94,268
Financial guarantees given | 4,635 | 1,427 | 82 | 717 | 7,993 | 1,174 | 519 | 16,545
Other Commitments given | 25,279 | 9,854 | 1,582 | 1,879 | 1,591 | 3,750 | 1,804 | 45,738
Off-balance sheet exposures | 61,014 | 27,484 | 3,356 | 32,134 | 12,527 | 16,588 | 3,450 | 156,551
Total Risks in Financial Instruments | 301,259 | 109,885 | 79,198 | 105,293 | 79,339 | 66,092 | 10,477 | 751,542

(*) Equity instruments are shown net of valuation adjustment.

Risks by Geographical Areas. December 2016 (Millions of euros)
| Spain | Europe, Excluding Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | South America | Other | Total
Derivatives | 7,143 | 26,176 | 2,719 | 4,045 | 175 | 1,359 | 1,339 | 42,955
Equity instruments (*) | 4,641 | 2,303 | 2,383 | 831 | 57 | 316 | 706 | 11,236
Debt securities | 49,355 | 20,325 | 22,380 | 18,043 | 11,695 | 7,262 | 1,923 | 130,983
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | 2,237 | 16 | 2,253
General governments | 40,172 | 14,282 | 19,771 | 11,446 | 10,258 | 2,257 | 240 | 98,426
Credit institutions | 1,781 | 2,465 | 257 | 112 | 1,331 | 1,459 | 869 | 8,275
Other financial corporations | 6,959 | 1,181 | 352 | 4,142 | 15 | 347 | 379 | 13,376
Non-financial corporations | 443 | 2,397 | 2,000 | 2,343 | 90 | 961 | 418 | 8,653
Loans and advances | 187,717 | 45,075 | 52,230 | 61,739 | 61,090 | 58,020 | 5,067 | 470,938
Central banks | - | 158 | 21 | - | 5,722 | 2,994 | - | 8,894
General governments | 20,741 | 424 | 7,262 | 4,593 | 217 | 1,380 | 256 | 34,873
Credit institutions | 5,225 | 19,154 | 1,967 | 1,351 | 1,194 | 1,515 | 1,011 | 31,416
Other financial corporations | 5,339 | 6,213 | 1,171 | 1,648 | 1,620 | 886 | 214 | 17,091
Non-financial corporations | 54,112 | 14,818 | 19,256 | 34,330 | 34,471 | 26,024 | 3,371 | 186,384
Households | 102,299 | 4,308 | 22,552 | 19,818 | 17,866 | 25,221 | 216 | 192,281
Total Risk in Financial Assets | 248,856 | 93,880 | 79,712 | 84,657 | 73,016 | 66,956 | 9,036 | 656,112
Loan commitments given | 31,477 | 19,219 | 13,060 | 34,449 | 2,912 | 5,161 | 976 | 107,254
Financial guarantees given | 1,853 | 3,504 | 121 | 819 | 9,184 | 2,072 | 714 | 18,267
Other Commitments given | 16,610 | 14,154 | 1,364 | 2,911 | 2,002 | 3,779 | 1,771 | 42,592
Off-balance sheet exposures | 49,940 | 36,878 | 14,545 | 38,179 | 14,098 | 11,012 | 3,461 | 168,113
Total Risks in Financial Instruments | 298,796 | 130,757 | 94,257 | 122,836 | 87,114 | 77,968 | 12,497 | 824,225

F-266

(*) Equity instruments are shown net of valuation adjustment.

Risks by Geographical Areas. December 2015 (Millions of euros)
| Spain | Europe, Excluding Spain | Mexico | USA | Turkey | South America | Other | Total
Derivatives | 7,627 | 25,099 | 1,707 | 2,989 | 139 | 2,116 | 1,225 | 40,902
Equity instruments (*) | 5,061 | 2,103 | 2,328 | 1,077 | 65 | 317 | 987 | 11,937
Debt securities | 62,668 | 21,589 | 25,464 | 19,132 | 13,388 | 7,317 | 2,302 | 151,859
Central banks | - | - | - | - | - | 2,504 | 16 | 2,519
General governments | 50,877 | 13,571 | 22,199 | 11,373 | 11,760 | 2,330 | 321 | 112,432
Credit institutions | 3,123 | 2,706 | 419 | 92 | 1,450 | 1,183 | 999 | 9,971
Other financial corporations | 8,352 | 1,818 | 536 | 4,606 | 26 | 311 | 425 | 16,074
Non-financial corporations | 317 | 3,494 | 2,309 | 3,061 | 152 | 990 | 541 | 10,864
Loans and advances | 196,141 | 38,270 | 56,668 | 64,410 | 63,277 | 55,663 | 5,751 | 480,180
Central banks | - | 911 | - | 2,900 | 7,281 | 6,737 | - | 17,830
General governments | 23,549 | 580 | 8,241 | 4,443 | 271 | 1,318 | 209 | 38,611
Credit institutions | 3,914 | 14,032 | 4,825 | 2,833 | 1,744 | 1,064 | 1,017 | 29,429
Other financial corporations | 3,946 | 4,215 | 1,824 | 1,483 | 1,820 | 811 | 270 | 14,368
Non-financial corporations | 59,576 | 14,132 | 17,525 | 32,605 | 33,647 | 24,060 | 4,043 | 185,588
Households | 105,157 | 4,400 | 24,252 | 20,147 | 18,514 | 21,673 | 212 | 194,353
Total Risk in Financial Assets | 271,497 | 87,062 | 86,167 | 87,607 | 76,868 | 65,413 | 10,264 | 684,878
Loan commitments given | 30,006 | 16,878 | 22,702 | 33,183 | 13,108 | 6,618 | 1,124 | 123,620
Financial guarantees given | 1,524 | 4,736 | 161 | 949 | 9,126 | 2,087 | 593 | 19,176
Other Commitments given | 16,866 | 14,646 | 327 | 3,409 | 2,527 | 3,822 | 1,216 | 42,813
Off-balance sheet exposures | 48,396 | 36,260 | 23,191 | 37,541 | 24,762 | 12,527 | 2,933 | 185,609
Total Risks in Financial Instruments | 319,893 | 123,321 | 109,357 | 125,148 | 101,630 | 77,940 | 13,197 | 870,487

F-267

The breakdown of the main figures in the most significant foreign currencies in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is set forth in Appendix VII

The breakdown of loans and advances in the heading of Loans and receivables, impaired by geographical area as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Impaired Financial Assets by geographic area (Millions of euros)
| December 2017 | December 2016 | December 2015
Spain | 13,318 | 16,812 | 19,921
Rest of Europe | 549 | 704 | 790
Mexico | 1,124 | 1,152 | 1,277
South America | 1,468 | 1,589 | 1,162
The United States | 631 | 975 | 579
Turkey | 2,311 | 1,693 | 1,628
Rest of the world | - | - | -
IMPAIRED RISKS | 19,401 | 22,925 | 25,358

F-268

Glossary

Additional Tier 1 Capital | Includes: Preferred stock and convertible perpetual securities and deductions.
Adjusted acquisition cost | The acquisition cost of the securities less accumulated amortizations, plus interest accrued, but not net of any other valuation adjustments.
Amortized cost | The amortized cost of a financial asset is the amount at which it was measured at initial recognition minus principal repayments, plus or minus, as warranted, the cumulative amount taken to profit or loss using the effective interest rate method of any difference between the initial amount and the maturity amount, and minus any reduction for impairment or change in measured value.
Associates | Companies in which the Group has a significant influence, without having control. Significant influence is deemed to exist when the Group owns 20% or more of the voting rights of an investee directly or indirectly.
Available-for-sale financial assets | Available-for-sale (AFS) financial assets are debt securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity investments or as financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) and equity instruments that are not subsidiaries, associates or jointly controlled entities and have not been designated as at FVTPL.
Basic earnings per share | Calculated by dividing “Profit attributable to Parent Company” corresponding to ordinary shareholders of the entity by the weighted average number of shares outstanding throughout the year (i.e., excluding the average number of treasury shares held over the year).
Basis risk | Risk arising from hedging exposure to one interest rate with exposure to a rate that reprices under slightly different conditions.
Business combination | A business combination is a transaction, or any other event, through which a single entity obtains the control of one or more businesses.
Cash flow hedges | Those that hedge the exposure to variability in cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect profit or loss.
Commissions | Income and expenses relating to commissions and similar fees are recognized in the consolidated income statement using criteria that vary according to their nature. The most significant income and expense items in this connection are: · Fees and commissions relating linked to financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, which are recognized when collected. · Fees and commissions arising from transactions or services that are provided over a period of time, which are recognized over the life of these transactions or services. · Fees and commissions generated by a single act are accrued upon execution of that act.
Consolidated statements of cash flows | The indirect method has been used for the preparation of the consolidated statement of cash flows. This method starts from the entity’s consolidated profit and adjusts its amount for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with cash flows classified as investment or finance. As well as cash, short-term, highly liquid investments subject to a low risk of changes in value, such as cash and deposits in central banks, are classified as cash and equivalents. When preparing these financial statements the following definitions have been used: · Cash flows: Inflows and outflows of cash and equivalents. · Operating activities: The typical activities of credit institutions and other activities that cannot be classified as investment or financing activities. · Investing activities: The acquisition, sale or other disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash and cash equivalents or in operating activities. · Financing activities: Activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the Group’s equity and of liabilities that do not form part of operating activities.
Consolidated statements of changes in equity | The consolidated statements of changes in equity reflect all the movements generated in each year in each of the headings of the consolidated equity, including those from transactions undertaken with shareholders when they act as such, and those due to changes in accounting criteria or corrections of errors, if any. The applicable regulations establish that certain categories of assets and liabilities are recognized at their fair value with a charge to equity. These charges, known as “Valuation adjustments” (see Note 31), are included in the Group’s total consolidated equity net of tax effect, which has been recognized as deferred tax assets or liabilities, as appropriate.
Consolidated statements of recognized income and expenses | The consolidated statements of recognized income and expenses reflect the income and expenses generated each year. Such statement distinguishes between income and expenses recognized in the consolidated income statements and “Other recognized income (expenses)” recognized directly in consolidated equity. “Other recognized income (expenses)” include the changes that have taken place in the year in the “Valuation adjustments” broken down by item. The sum of the changes to the heading “Other comprehensive income ” of the consolidated total equity and the consolidated profit for the year comprise the “Total recognized income/expenses of the year”.
Consolidation method | Method used for the consolidation of the accounts of the Group’s subsidiaries. The assets and liabilities of the Group entities are incorporated line-by-line on the consolidate balance sheets, after conciliation and the elimination in full of intragroup balances, including amounts payable and receivable. Group entity income statement income and expense headings are similarly combined line by line into the consolidated income statement, having made the following consolidation eliminations: a) income and expenses in respect of intragroup transactions are eliminated in full. b) profits and losses resulting from intragroup transactions are similarly eliminated. The carrying amount of the parent's investment and the parent's share of equity in each subsidiary are eliminated.
Contingencies | Current obligations of the entity arising as a result of past events whose existence depends on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future events independent of the will of the entity.
Contingent commitments | Possible obligations of the entity that arise from past events and whose existence depends on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future events independent of the entity’s will and that could lead to the recognition of financial assets.
Control | An investor controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. An investor controls an investee if and only if the investor has all the following: a) Power; An investor has power over an investee when the investor has existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities, i.e. the activities that significantly affect the investee’s returns. b) Returns; An investor is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee when the investor’s returns from its involvement have the potential to vary as a result of the investee’s performance. The investor’s returns can be only positive, only negative or both positive and negative. c) Link between power and returns; An investor controls an investee if the investor not only has power over the investee and exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee, but also has the ability to use its power to affect the investor’s returns from its involvement with the investee.
Correlation risk | Correlation risk is related to derivatives whose final value depends on the performance of more than one underlying asset (primarily, stock baskets) and indicates the existing variability in the correlations between each pair of assets.
Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) | An adjustment to the valuation of OTC derivative contracts to reflect the creditworthiness of OTC derivative counterparties.
Current service cost | Current service cost is the increase in the present value of a defined benefit obligation resulting from employee service in the current period.
Current tax assets | Taxes recoverable over the next twelve months.
Current tax liabilities | Corporate income tax payable on taxable profit for the year and other taxes payable in the next twelve months.
Debit Valuation Adjustment (DVA) | An adjustment made by an entity to the valuation of OTC derivative liabilities to reflect within fair value the entity’s own credit risk.
Debt certificates | Obligations and other interest-bearing securities that create or evidence a debt on the part of their issuer, including debt securities issued for trading among an open group of investors, that accrue interest, implied or explicit, whose rate, fixed or benchmarked to other rates, is established contractually, and take the form of securities or book-entries, irrespective of the issuer.
Deferred tax assets | Taxes recoverable in future years, including loss carry forwards or tax credits for deductions and tax rebates pending application.
Deferred tax liabilities | Income taxes payable in subsequent years.
Defined benefit plans | Post-employment obligation under which the entity, directly or indirectly via the plan, retains the contractual or implicit obligation to pay remuneration directly to employees when required or to pay additional amounts if the insurer, or other entity required to pay, does not cover all the benefits relating to the services rendered by the employees when insurance policies do not cover all of the corresponding post-employees benefits.
Defined contribution plans | Defined contribution plans are retirement benefit plans under which amounts to be paid as retirement benefits are determined by contributions to a fund together with investment earnings thereon. The employer's obligations in respect of its employees current and prior years' employment service are discharged by contributions to the fund.
Deposits from central banks | Deposits of all classes, including loans and money market operations, received from the Bank of Spain and other central banks.
Deposits from credit institutions | Deposits of all classes, including loans and money market operations received, from credit entities.
Deposits from customers | Redeemable cash balances received by the entity, with the exception of debt certificates, money market operations through counterparties and subordinated liabilities, which are not received from either central banks or credit entities. This category also includes cash deposits and consignments received that can be readily withdrawn.
Derivatives | The fair value in favor (assets) or again (liabilities) of the entity of derivatives not designated as accounting hedges.
Derivatives - Hedging derivatives | Derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an accounting hedge. The fair value or future cash flows of those derivatives is expected to offset the differences in the fair value or cash flows of the items hedged.
Diluted earnings per share | Calculated by using a method similar to that used to calculate basic earnings per share; the weighted average number of shares outstanding, and the profit attributable to the parent company corresponding to ordinary shareholders of the entity, if appropriate, is adjusted to take into account the potential dilutive effect of certain financial instruments that could generate the issue of new Bank shares (share option commitments with employees, warrants on parent company shares, convertible debt instruments, etc.).
Dividends and retributions | Dividend income collected announced during the year, corresponding to profits generated by investees after the acquisition of the stake.
Early retirements | Employees that no longer render their services to the entity but which, without being legally retired, remain entitled to make economic claims on the entity until they formally retire.
Economic capital | Methods or practices that allow banks to consistently assess risk and attribute capital to cover the economic effects of risk-taking activities.
Effective interest rate | Discount rate that exactly equals the value of a financial instrument with the cash flows estimated over the expected life of the instrument based on its contractual period as well as its anticipated amortization, but without taking the future losses of credit risk into consideration.
Employee expenses | All compensation accrued during the year in respect of personnel on the payroll, under permanent or temporary contracts, irrespective of their jobs or functions, irrespective of the concept, including the current costs of servicing pension plans, own share based compensation schemes and capitalized personnel expenses. Amounts reimbursed by the state Social Security or other welfare entities in respect of employee illness are deducted from personnel expenses.
Equity | The residual interest in an entity's assets after deducting its liabilities. It includes owner or venturer contributions to the entity, at incorporation and subsequently, unless they meet the definition of liabilities, and accumulated net profits or losses, fair value adjustments affecting equity and, if warranted, non-controlling interests.
Equity instruments | An equity instrument that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity, that is after deducting all of its liabilities.
Equity instruments issued other than capital | Includes equity instruments that are financial instruments other than “Capital” and “Equity component of compound financial instruments”.
Equity Method | Is a method of accounting whereby the investment is initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in the investor’s share of the investee’s net assets. The investor’s profit or loss includes its share of the investee’s profit or loss and the investor’s other comprehensive income includes its share of the investee’s other comprehensive income.
Exchange/translation differences | Exchange differences (P&L): Includes the earnings obtained in currency trading and the differences arising on translating monetary items denominated in foreign currency to the functional currency. Exchange differences (valuation adjustments): those recorded due to the translation of the financial statements in foreign currency to the functional currency of the Group and others recorded against equity.
Exposure at default | EAD is the amount of risk exposure at the date of default by the counterparty.
Fair value | The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
Fair value hedges | Derivatives that hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities or firm commitments that have not be recognized, or of an identified portion of said assets, liabilities or firm commitments, attributable to a specific risk, provided it could affect the income statement.
Financial guarantees | Contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs when a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument, irrespective of its instrumentation. These guarantees may take the form of deposits, technical or financial guarantees, insurance contracts or credit derivatives.
Financial guarantees given | Transactions through which the entity guarantees commitments assumed by third parties in respect of financial guarantees granted or other types of contracts.
Financial instrument | A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and to a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | Financial liabilities that do not meet the definition of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss and arise from the financial entities' ordinary activities to capture funds, regardless of their instrumentation or maturity.
Goodwill | Goodwill acquired in a business combination represents a payment made by the acquirer in anticipation of future economic benefits from assets that are not able to be individually identified and separately recognized.
Gross Income | Sum of net interest income, dividend income, share of profit or loss entities accounted for using the equity method, net fee and commission income, net gains and losses on financial assets and liabilities, net exchange differences and net other operating income.
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations | Foreign currency hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.
Held for trading (assets and liabilities) | Financial assets and liabilities acquired or incurred primarily for the purpose of profiting from variations in their prices in the short term. This category also includes financial derivatives not qualifying for hedge accounting, and in the case of borrowed securities, financial liabilities originated by the firm sale of financial assets acquired under repurchase agreements or received on loan (“short positions”).
Held-to-maturity investments | Held-to-maturity investments are financial assets traded on an active market, with fixed maturity and fixed or determinable payments and cash flows that an entity has the positive intention and financial ability to hold to maturity.
Impaired financial assets | A financial asset is deemed impaired, and accordingly restated to fair value, when there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that give rise to: a) A measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows since the initial recognition of those assets in the case of debt instruments (loans and receivables and debt securities). b) A significant or prolonged drop in fair value below cost in the case of equity instruments.
Income from equity instruments | Dividends and income on equity instruments collected or announced during the year corresponding to profits generated by investees after the ownership interest is acquired. Income is recognized gross, i.e., without deducting any withholdings made, if any.
Insurance contracts linked to pensions | The fair value of insurance contracts written to cover pension commitments.
Inventories | Assets, other than financial instruments, under production, construction or development, held for sale during the normal course of business, or to be consumed in the production process or during the rendering of services. Inventories include land and other properties held for sale at the real estate development business.
Investment properties | Investment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for own use or sale in the ordinary course of business.
Joint arrangement | An arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control.
Joint control | The contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.
Joint operation | A joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets of the arrangement and obligations for the liabilities. A joint venturer shall recognize the following for its participation in a joint operation: a) its assets, including any share of the assets of joint ownership; b) its liabilities, including any share of the liabilities incurred jointly; c) income from the sale of its share of production from the joint venture; d) its share of the proceeds from the sale of production from the joint venturer; and e) its expenses, including any share of the joint expenses. A joint venturer shall account for the assets, liabilities, income and expenses related to its participation in a joint operation in accordance with IFRS applicable to the assets, liabilities, income and expenses specific question.
Joint venture | A joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement. A joint venturer shall recognize its interest in a joint venture as an investment and shall account for that investment using the equity method in accordance with IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures.
Leases | A lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time, a stream of cash flows that is essentially equivalent to the combination of principal and interest payments under a loan agreement. a) A lease is classified as a finance lease when it substantially transfers all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the asset forming the subject-matter of the contract. b) A lease will be classified as operating lease when it is not a financial lease.
Liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale | The balance of liabilities directly associated with assets classified as non-current assets held for sale, including those recognized under liabilities in the entity's balance sheet at the balance sheet date corresponding to discontinued operations.
Liabilities under insurance contracts | The technical reserves of direct insurance and inward reinsurance recorded by the consolidated entities to cover claims arising from insurance contracts in force at period-end.
Loans and advances to customers | Loans and receivables, irrespective of their type, granted to third parties that are not credit entities.
Loans and receivables | Financial instruments with determined or determinable cash flows and in which the entire payment made by the entity will be recovered, except for reasons attributable to the solvency of the debtor. This category includes both the investments from the typical lending activity (amounts of cash available and pending maturity by customers as a loan or deposits lent to other entities, and unlisted debt certificates), as well as debts contracted by the purchasers of goods, or users of services, that form part of the entity’s business. It also includes all finance lease arrangements in which the consolidated subsidiaries act as lessors.
Loss given default (LGD) | It is the estimate of the loss arising in the event of default. It depends mainly on the characteristics of the counterparty, and the valuation of the guarantees or collateral associated with the asset.
Net Operating Income | Gross income less administrative costs and amortization
Mortgage-covered bonds | Financial asset or security created from mortgage loans and backed by the guarantee of the mortgage loan portfolio of the entity.
Non performing financial guarantees given | The balance of non performing risks, whether for reasons of default by customers or for other reasons, for financial guarantees given. This figure is shown gross: in other words, it is not adjusted for value corrections (loan loss reserves) made.
Non Performing Loans (NPL) | The balance of non performing risks, whether for reasons of default by customers or for other reasons, for exposures on balance loans to customers. This figure is shown gross: in other words, it is not adjusted for value corrections (loan loss reserves) made.
Non-controlling interests | The net amount of the profit or loss and net assets of a subsidiary attributable to associates outside the group (that is, the amount that is not owned, directly or indirectly, by the parent), including that amount in the corresponding part of the consolidated earnings for the period.
Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale | A non-current asset or disposal group, whose carrying amount is expected to be realized through a sale transaction, rather than through continuing use, and which meets the following requirements: a) it is immediately available for sale in its present condition at the balance sheet date, i.e. only normal procedures are required for the sale of the asset. b) the sale is considered highly probable.
Non-monetary assets | Assets and liabilities that do not provide any right to receive or deliver a determined or determinable amount of monetary units, such as tangible and intangible assets, goodwill and ordinary shares subordinate to all other classes of capital instruments.
Option risk | Risks arising from options, including embedded options.
Other financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss | Instruments designated by the entity from the inception at fair value with changes in profit or loss. An entity may only designate a financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss, if doing so more relevant information is obtained, because: a) It eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes called "accounting mismatch") that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains and losses on them on different bases. It might be acceptable to designate only some of a number of similar financial assets or financial liabilities if doing so a significant reduction (and possibly a greater reduction than other allowable designations) in the inconsistency is achieved. b) The performance of a group of financial assets or financial liabilities is managed and evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the group is provided internally on that basis to the entity´s key management personnel. These are financial assets managed jointly with “Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts” measured at fair value, in combination with derivatives written with a view to significantly mitigating exposure to changes in these contracts' fair value, or in combination with financial liabilities and derivatives designed to significantly reduce global exposure to interest rate risk. These headings include customer loans and deposits effected via so-called unit-linked life insurance contracts, in which the policyholder assumes the investment risk.
Other Reserves | This heading is broken down as follows: i) Reserves or accumulated losses of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associate: include the accumulated amount of income and expenses generated by the aforementioned investments through profit or loss in past years. ii) Other: includes reserves different from those separately disclosed in other items and may include legal reserve and statutory reserve.
Other retributions to employees long term | Includes the amount of compensation plans to employees long term.
Own/treasury shares | The amount of own equity instruments held by the entity.
Past service cost | It is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation for employee service in prior periods, resulting in the current period from the introduction of, or changes to, post-employment benefits or other long-term employee benefits.
Post-employment benefits | Retirement benefit plans are arrangements whereby an enterprise provides benefits for its employees on or after termination of service.
Probability of default (PD) | It is the probability of the counterparty failing to meet its principal and/or interest payment obligations. The PD is associated with the rating/scoring of each counterparty/transaction.
Property, plant and equipment/tangible assets | Buildings, land, fixtures, vehicles, computer equipment and other facilities owned by the entity or acquired under finance leases.
Provisions | Provisions include amounts recognized to cover the Group’s current obligations arising as a result of past events, certain in terms of nature but uncertain in terms of amount and/or cancellation date.
Provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments | Provisions recorded to cover exposures arising as a result of transactions through which the entity guarantees commitments assumed by third parties in respect of financial guarantees granted or other types of contracts, and provisions for contingent commitments, i.e., irrevocable commitments which may arise upon recognition of financial assets.
Provisions for pensions and similar obligation | Constitutes all provisions recognized to cover retirement benefits, including commitments assumed vis-à-vis beneficiaries of early retirement and analogous schemes.
Provisions or (-) reversal of provisions | Provisions recognized during the year, net of recoveries on amounts provisioned in prior years, with the exception of provisions for pensions and contributions to pension funds which constitute current or interest expense.
Refinanced Operation | An operation which is totally or partially brought up to date with its payments as a result of a refinancing operation made by the entity itself or by another company in its group.
Refinancing Operation | An operation which, irrespective of the holder or guarantees involved, is granted or used for financial or legal reasons related to current or foreseeable financial difficulties that the holder(s) may have in settling one or more operations granted by the entity itself or by other companies in its group to the holder(s) or to another company or companies of its group, or through which such operations are totally or partially brought up to date with their payments, in order to enable the holders of the settled or refinanced operations to pay off their loans (principal and interest) because they are unable, or are expected to be unable, to meet the conditions in a timely and appropriate manner.
Renegotiated Operation | An operation whose financial conditions are modified when the borrower is not experiencing financial difficulties, and is not expected to experience them in the future, i.e. the conditions are modified for reasons other than restructuring.
Repricing risk | Risks related to the timing mismatch in the maturity and repricing of assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet short and long-term positions.
Restructured Operation | An operation whose financial conditions are modified for economic or legal reasons related to the holder's (or holders') current or foreseeable financial difficulties, in order to enable payment of the loan (principal and interest), because the holder is unable, or is expected to be unable, to meet those conditions in a timely and appropriate manner, even if such modification is provided for in the contract. In any event, the following are considered restructured operations: operations in which a haircut is made or assets are received in order to reduce the loan, or in which their conditions are modified in order to extend their maturity, change the amortization table in order to reduce the amount of the installments in the short term or reduce their frequency, or to establish or extend the grace period for the principal, the interest or both; except when it can be proved that the conditions are modified for reasons other than the financial difficulties of the holders and, are similar to those applied on the market on the modification date for operations granted to customers with a similar risk profile.
Retained earnings | Accumulated net profits or losses recognized in the income statement in prior years and retained in equity upon distribution.
Securitization fund | A fund that is configured as a separate equity and administered by a management company. An entity that would like funding sells certain assets to the securitization fund, which, in turn, issues securities backed by said assets.
Share premium | The amount paid in by owners for issued equity at a premium to the shares' nominal value.
Shareholders' funds | Contributions by stockholders, accumulated earnings recognized in the income statement and the equity components of compound financial instruments.
Short positions | Financial liabilities arising as a result of the final sale of financial assets acquired under repurchase agreements or received on loan.
Significant influence | Is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control of those policies. If an entity holds, directly or indirectly (i.e. through subsidiaries), 20 per cent or more of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the entity has significant influence, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. Conversely, if the entity holds, directly or indirectly (i.e. through subsidiaries), less than 20 per cent of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the entity does not have significant influence, unless such influence can be clearly demonstrated. A substantial or majority ownership by another investor does not necessarily preclude an entity from having significant influence. The existence of significant influence by an entity is usually evidenced in one or more of the following ways: a) representation on the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the investee; b) participation in policy-making processes, including participation in decisions about dividends or other distributions; c) material transactions between the entity and its investee; d) interchange of managerial personnel; or e) provision of essential technical information.
Structured credit products | Special financial instrument backed by other instruments building a subordination structure.
Structured Entities | A structured entity is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements. A structured entity often has some or all of the following features or attributes: a) restricted activities. b) a narrow and well-defined objective, such as to effect a tax-efficient lease, carry out research and development activities, provide a source of capital or funding to an entity or provide investment opportunities for investors y passing on risks and rewards associated with the assets of the structured entity to investors. c) insufficient equity to permit the structured entity to finance its activities without subordinated financial support. d) financing in the form of multiple contractually linked instruments to investors that create concentrations of credit or other risks (tranches).
Subordinated liabilities | Financing received, regardless of its instrumentation, which ranks after the common creditors in the event of a liquidation.
Subsidiaries | Companies over which the Group exercises control. An entity is presumed to have control over another when it possesses the right to oversee its financial and operational policies, through a legal, statutory or contractual procedure, in order to obtain benefits from its economic activities. Control is presumed to exist when the parent owns, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, more than one half of an entity's voting power, unless, exceptionally, it can be clearly demonstrated that ownership of more than one half of an entity's voting rights does not constitute control of it. Control also exists when the parent owns half or less of the voting power of an entity when there is: a) an agreement that gives the parent the right to control the votes of other shareholders; b) power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity under a statute or an agreement; power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or equivalent governing body and control of the entity is by that board or body; c) power to cast the majority of votes at meetings of the board of directors or equivalent governing body and control of the entity is by that board or body.
Tax liabilities | All tax related liabilities except for provisions for taxes.
Territorial bonds | Financial assets or fixed asset security issued with the guarantee of portfolio loans of the public sector of the issuing entity.
Tier 1 Capital | Mainly includes: Common stock, parent company reserves, reserves in consolidated companies, non-controlling interests, deductions and others and attributed net income.
Tier 2 Capital | Mainly includes: Subordinated, preferred shares and non- controlling interest.
Unit-link | This is life insurance in which the policyholder assumes the risk. In these policies, the funds for the technical insurance provisions are invested in the name of and on behalf of the policyholder in shares of Collective Investment Institutions and other financial assets chosen by the policyholder, who bears the investment risk.
Value at Risk (VaR) | Value at Risk (VaR) is the basic variable for measuring and controlling the Group’s market risk. This risk metric estimates the maximum loss that may occur in a portfolio’s market positions for a particular time horizon and given confidence level VaR figures are estimated following two methodologies: a) VaR without smoothing, which awards equal weight to the daily information for the immediately preceding last two years. This is currently the official methodology for measuring market risks vis-à-vis limits compliance of the risk. b) VaR with smoothing, which weighs more recent market information more heavily. This is a metric which supplements the previous one. VaR with smoothing adapts itself more swiftly to the changes in financial market conditions, whereas VaR without smoothing is, in general, a more stable metric that will tend to exceed VaR with smoothing when the markets show less volatile trends, while it will tend to be lower when they present upturns in uncertainty.
Yield curve risk | Risks arising from changes in the slope and the shape of the yield curve.

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