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Note 8 - Fair Value | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Abstract |
Fair Value Measurement | 8. Fair Value of financial instruments Framework and processes control As part of the process established in the Group for determining the fair value in order to ensure that financial assets and liabilities are properly valued, BBVA has established, at a geographic level, a structure of Risk Operational Admission and Product Governance Committees responsible for validating and approving new products or types of financial assets and liabilities before being contracted. Local management responsible for valuation, which are independent from the business (see Note 7) are members o f these committees. These areas are required to ensure, prior to the approval stage, the existence of not only technical and human resources, but also adequate informational sources to measure the fair value of these financial assets and liabilities, in ac cordance with the rules established by the Group and using models that have been validated and approved by the responsible areas. Fair value hierarchy The fair value of financial instrument is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It is therefore a market-based measurement and not specific to each entity. All financial instruments, both assets and liabilities are initially re cognized at fair value, which at that point is equivalent to the transaction price, unless there is evidence to the contrary in the market. Subsequently, depending on the type of financial instrument, it may continue to be recognized at amortized cost or f air value through adjustments in the consolidated income statement or equity. When possible, the fair value is determined as the market price of a financial instrument. However, for many of the financial assets and liabilities of the Group, especially in t he case of derivatives, there is no market price available, so its fair value is estimated on the basis of the price established in recent transactions involving similar instruments or, in the absence thereof, by using mathematical measurement models that are sufficiently tried and trusted by the international financial community. The estimates of the fair value derived from the use of such models take into consideration the specific features of the asset or liability to be measured and, in particular, the various types of risk associated with the asset or liability. However, the limitations inherent in the measurement models and possible inaccuracies in the assumptions and parameters required by these models may mean that the estimated fair value of an asse t or liability does not exactly match the price for which the asset or liability could be exchanged or settled on the date of its measurement. Additionally, for financial assets and liabilities that show significant uncertainty in inputs or model parameter s used for valuation, criteria is established to measure said uncertainty and activity limits are set based on these. Finally, these measurements are compared, as much as possible, against other sources such as the measurements obtained by the business tea ms or those obtained by other market participants. The process for determining the fair value requires the classification of the financial assets and liabilities according to the measurement processes used as set forth below: Level 1: Valuation using direc tly the quotation of the instrument, observable and readily and regularly available from independent price sources and referenced to active markets that the entity can access at the measurement date. The instruments classified within this level are fixed-i ncome securities, equity instruments and certain derivatives. Level 2: Valuation of financial instruments with commonly accepted techniques that use inputs obtained from observable data in markets. Level 3: Valuation of financial instruments with valuati on techniques that use significant unobservable inputs in the market. As of December 31, 2018, the affected instruments at fair value accounted for approximately 0.56% of financial assets and 0.46% of the Group’s financial liabilities recorded at fair valu e. Model selection and validation is undertaken by control areas outside the business areas. 8.1 Fair value of financial instrument Below is a comparison of the carrying amount of the Group’s financial instruments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and their respective fair values.
Fair Value and Carrying Amount (Millions of euros)
|  | 2018
| Notes | Carrying Amount | Fair Value
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 9 | 58,196 | 58,196
Financial assets held for trading | 10 | 90,117 | 90,117
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 5,135 | 5,135
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | 1,313 | 1,313
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 13 | 56,337 | 56,337
Financial assets at amortized cost | 14 | 419,660 | 419,857
Hedging derivatives | 15 | 2,892 | 2,892
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 10 | 80,774 | 80,774
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | 6,993 | 6,993
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 22 | 509,185 | 510,300
Hedging derivatives | 15 | 2,680 | 2,680
Fair Value and Carrying Amount (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016
| Notes | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 9 | 42,680 | 42,680 | 40,039 | 40,039
Financial assets held for trading | 10 | 64,695 | 64,695 | 74,950 | 74,950
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | 2,709 | 2,709 | 2,062 | 2,062
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 69,476 | 69,476 | 79,221 | 79,221
Loans and receivables |  | 431,521 | 438,991 | 465,977 | 468,844
Held-to-maturity investments |  | 13,754 | 13,865 | 17,696 | 17,619
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 2,485 | 2,485 | 2,833 | 2,833
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 10 | 46,182 | 46,182 | 54,675 | 54,675
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | 2,222 | 2,222 | 2,338 | 2,338
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 22 | 543,713 | 544,604 | 589,210 | 594,190
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 2,880 | 2,880 | 2,347 | 2,347
2017 and 2016 are presented separately due to the implementation of IFRS 9. Not all financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value, so below we provide the information on financial instruments recorded at fair value and subsequently the information of those recorded at amortized cost (including their fair value), although this value is not used when accounting for these instruments. 8.1.1 Fair value of financial instrument recognized at fair value, according to valuation criteria Below are the different elements used in the valuation technique of financial instruments. Active Market BBVA considers active market as “a market that allows the observation of bid and offer prices representative of the levels to which the market participants are willing to negotiate an asset, with sufficient frequency and volume”. By default, BBVA would consider all internally approved “Organized Markets” as activ e markets, without considering this an unchangeable list. Furthermore, BBVA would consider as traded in an “Organized Market” quotations for assets or liabilities from OTC markets when they are obtained from independent sources, observable on a daily basi s and fulfil certain conditions. The following table shows the financial instruments carried at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, broken down by the measurement technique used to determine their fair value:
Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels (Millions of euros)
|  | 2018
| Notes | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
ASSETS- |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 10 | 26,730 | 62,983 | 404
Loans and advances to customers |  | 47 | 28,642 | 60
Debt securities |  | 17,884 | 7,494 | 199
Equity instruments |  | 5,194 | - | 60
Derivatives |  | 3,605 | 26,846 | 85
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 3,127 | 78 | 1,929
Loans and advances |  | 25 | - | 1,778
Debt securities |  | 90 | 71 | 76
Equity instruments |  | 3,012 | 8 | 75
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | 1,313 | - | -
Debt securities |  | 1,313 | - | -
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 13 | 45,824 | 9,323 | 1,190
Loans and advances |  | 33 | - | -
Debt securities |  | 43,788 | 9,211 | 711
Equity instruments |  | 2,003 | 113 | 479
Hedging derivatives | 15 | 7 | 2,882 | 3
LIABILITIES- |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 10 | 22,932 | 57,573 | 269
Deposits |  | 7,989 | 29,945 | -
Trading derivatives |  | 3,919 | 27,628 | 267
Other financial liabilities |  | 11,024 | - | 1
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | - | 4,478 | 2,515
Customer deposits |  | - | 976 | -
Debt certificates |  | - | 2,858 | -
Other financial liabilities |  | - | 643 | 2,515
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 223 | 2,454 | 3
Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels (Millions of euros)
|  | 2017 | 2016
| Notes | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
ASSETS- |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 10 | 29,057 | 35,349 | 289 | 32,544 | 42,221 | 184
Loans and advances to customers |  | - | 56 | - | - | 154 | -
Debt securities |  | 21,107 | 1,444 | 22 | 26,720 | 418 | 28
Equity instruments |  | 6,688 | 33 | 80 | 4,570 | 9 | 96
Derivatives |  | 1,262 | 33,815 | 187 | 1,254 | 41,640 | 60
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss | 11 | 2,061 | 648 | - | 2,062 | - | -
Loans and advances to customers |  | - | 648 | - | - | - | -
Debt securities |  | 174 | - | - | 142 | - | -
Equity instruments |  | 1,888 | - | - | 1,920 | - | -
Available-for-sale financial assets |  | 57,381 | 11,082 | 544 | 62,125 | 15,894 | 637
Debt securities |  | 54,850 | 10,948 | 454 | 58,372 | 15,779 | 429
Equity instruments |  | 2,531 | 134 | 90 | 3,753 | 115 | 208
Hedging derivatives | 15 | - | 2,483 | 2 | 41 | 2,792 | -
LIABILITIES- |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 10 | 11,191 | 34,866 | 125 | 12,502 | 42,120 | 53
Derivatives |  | 1,183 | 34,866 | 119 | 952 | 42,120 | 47
Short positions |  | 10,008 | - | 6 | 11,550 | - | 6
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 12 | - | 2,222 | - | - | 2,338 | -
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 15 | 274 | 2,606 | - | 94 | 2,189 | 64
The years 2017 and 2016 are presented separately due to the implementation of IFRS 9. Financial instruments carried at fair value corresponding to the companies that belong to Banco Provincial Group in Venezuela whose balanc e is denominated in “bolivares fuertes” are classified under Level 3 in the above tables (see Note 2.2.20). The following table sets forth the main valuation techniques, hypothesis and inputs used in the estimation of fair value of the financial instrument s classified under Levels 2 and 3, based on the type of financial asset and liability and the corresponding balances as of December 31, 2018:
Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels. December 2018 (Millions of euros)
| Level 2 | Level 3 | Valuation technique(s) | Observable inputs | Unobservable inputs
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 62,983 | 404 |  |  |
Loans and advances | 28,642 | 60 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk- Current market interest rates | - Prepayment rates- Issuer´s credit risk- Recovery rates
Debt securities | 7,494 | 199 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows)Observed prices in non active markets | - Issuer´s credit risk- Current market interest rates- Non active markets prices | - Prepayment rates- Issuer´s credit risk- Recovery rates
Equity instruments | - | 60 | Comparable pricing (Observable price in a similar market)Present-value method | - Brokers quotes- Market operations- NAVs published | - NAV provided by the administrator of the fund
Derivatives | 26,846 | 85 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Beta- Implicit correlations between tenors- interest rates volatility
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility- Implicit assets correlations- Long term implicit correlations- Implicit dividends and long term repos
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility- Implicit assets correlations- Long term implicit correlations
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Correlation default- Credit spread- Recovery rates- Interest rate yield- Default volatility
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss | 78 | 1,929 |  |  |
Loans and advances | - | 1,778 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows)Specific criteria for the liquidation of losses established by the EPA protocol |  | - Prepayment rates- Issuer credit risk- Recovery rates- PD and LGD
Debt securities | 71 | 76 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer credit risk- Current market interest rates | - Prepayment rates- Issuer credit risk- Recovery rates
Equity instruments | 8 | 75 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer credit risk- Current market interest rates | - Prepayment rates- Issuer credit risk- Recovery rates
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 9,323 | 1,190 |  |  |
Debt securities | 9,211 | 711 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows)Observed prices in non active markets | - Issuer´s credit risk- Current market interest rates- Non active market prices | - Prepayment rates- Issuer credit risk- Recovery rates
Equity instruments | 113 | 479 | Comparable pricing (Observable price in a similar market)Present-value method | - Brokers quotes- Market operations- NAVs published | - NAV provided by the administrator of the fund
Hedging derivatives | 2,882 | 3 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Fair Value of financial Instruments by Levels. December 2018 (Millions of euros)
|  |  | Valuation technique(s) | Observable inputs | Unobservable inputs
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 57,573 | 269 |  |  |
Deposits | 29,945 | - |  |  |
Derivatives | 27,628 | 267 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Beta- Correlation between tenors- interest rates volatility
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility- Assets correlation
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility- Assets correlation
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Correlation default- Credit spread- Recovery rates- Interest rate yield- Default volatility
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Short positions | - | 1 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) |  | - Correlation default- Credit spread- Recovery rates- Interest rate yield
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss | 4,478 | 2,515 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Prepayment rates- Issuer´s credit risk- Current market interest rates | - Prepayment rates- Issuer´s credit risk- Current market interest rates
Derivatives – Hedge accounting | 2,454 | 3 |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | Interest rate products (Interest rate swaps, Call money Swaps y FRA): Discounted cash flows Caps/Floors: Black, Hull-White y SABR Bond options: Black Swaptions: Black, Hull-White y LGM Other Interest rate options: Black, Hull-White y LGM Constant Maturity Swaps: SABR | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Beta- Implicit correlations between tenors- interest rates volatility
Equity |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Equity Options: Local Volatility, Momentum adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility- Implicit assets correlations- Long term implicit correlations- Implicit dividends and long term repos
Foreign exchange and gold |  |  | Future and Equity Forward: Discounted future cash flows Foreign exchange Options: Local Volatility, moments adjustment | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Volatility of volatility- Implicit assets correlations- Long term implicit correlations
Credit |  |  | Credit Derivatives: Default model and Gaussian copula | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations | - Correlation default- Credit spread- Recovery rates- Interest rate yield- Default volatility
Commodities |  |  | Commodities: Momentum adjustment and Discounted cash flows | - Exchange rates- Market quoted future prices- Market interest rates- Underlying assets prices: shares, funds, commodities- Market observable volatilities - Issuer credit spread levels- Quoted dividends- Market listed correlations |
Main valuation techniques The main techniques used for the assessment of the majority of the financial instruments classified in Level 3, and its main unobservable inputs, are described below: The net present value (net present value method): This technique uses the future cash flows of eac h debt security, which are established in the different contracts, and discounted to their present value. This technique often includes many observable inputs, but may also include unobservable inputs, as described below: - Credit Spread: This input repres ents the difference in yield of a debt security and the reference rate, reflecting the additional return that a market participant would require to take the credit risk of that debt security. Therefore, the credit spread of the debt security is part of the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the future cash flows. - Recovery rate: This input represents the percentage of principal and interest recovered from a debt instrument that has defaulted. Comparable prices (similar asset prices): This input represents the prices of comparable financial instruments and benchmarks used to calculate a reference yield based on relative movements from the entry price or current market levels. Further adjustments to account for differences that may exis t between financial instrument being valued and the comparable financial instrument may be added. It can also be assumed that the price of the financial instrument is equivalent to the comparable instrument. Net asset value: This input represents the total value of the financial assets and liabilities of a fund and is published by the fund manager thereof. Gaussian copula: This model is used to integrate default probabilities of credit instruments referenced to more than one underlying CDS. The joint densi ty function used to value the instrument is constructed by using a Gaussian copula that relates the marginal densities by a normal distribution, usually extracted from the correlation matrix of events approaching default by CDS issuers. Black 76: variant o f Black Scholes model, whose main application is the valuation of bond options, cap floors and swaptions where the behavior of the Forward and not the Spot itself, is directly modeled. Black Scholes: The Black Scholes model postulates log-normal distributi on for the prices of securities, so that the expected return under the risk neutral measure is the risk free interest rate. Under this assumption, the price of vanilla options can be obtained analytically, so that inverting the Black- Scholes formula, the implied volatility for process of the price can be calculated. Heston: This model, typically applied to equity OTC options, assumes stochastic behavior of volatility. According to which, the volatility follows a process that reverts to a long-term level an d is correlated with the underlying equity instrument. As opposed to local volatility models, in which the volatility evolves deterministically, the Heston model is more flexible, allowing it to be similar to that observed in the short term today. Libor ma rket model: This model assumes that the dynamics of the interest rate curve can be modeled based on the set of forward contracts that compose the underlying interest rate. The correlation matrix is parameterized on the assumption that the correlation betwe en any two forward contracts decreases at a constant rate, beta, to the extent of the difference in their respective due dates. The input “Credit default volatility” is a volatility input of the credit factor dynamic. The multifactorial frame of this model makes it ideal for the valuation of instruments sensitive to the slope or curve, including interest rate option. Local Volatility: In the local volatility models of the volatility, instead of being static, evolves over time according to the level of money ness of the underlying, capturing the existence of smiles. These models are appropriate for pricing path dependent options when use Monte Carlo simulation technique is used. Adjustments to the valuation for risk of default Under IFRS 13 the credit risk val uation adjustments must be considered in the classification of assets and liabilities within fair value hierarchy, because of the absence of observables data of probabilities of default used in the calculation. The credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”) and debit valuation adjustments (“DVA”) are a part of derivative instrument valuations, both financial assets and liabilities, to reflect the impact in the fair value of the credit risk of the counterparty and BBVA, respectively. These adjustments are calculated by estimating Exposure At Default, Probability of Default and Loss Given Default, for all derivative products on any instrument at the legal entity level (all counterparties under a same ISDA / CMOF) in which BBVA has exposure. As a general rule, the calculation of CVA is done through simulations of market and credit variables to calculate the expected positive exposure, given the Exposure at Default and multiplying the result by the Loss Given Default of the counterparty. Consequently, the DVA i s calculated as the result of the expected negative exposure given the Exposure at Default and multiplying the result by the Loss Given Default of the counterparty. Both calculations are performed throughout the entire period of potential exposure. The in formation needed to calculate the exposure at default and the loss given default come from the credit markets (Credit Default Swaps or iTraxx Indexes), where rating is available. For those cases where the rating is not available, BBVA implements a mapping process based on the sector, rating and geography to assign probabilities of both probability of default and loss given default, calibrated directly to market or with an adjustment market factor for the probability of default and the historical expected lo ss. The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 related to the valuation adjustments to the credit assessment of the derivative asset as “Credit Valuation Adjustments” (“CVA”) was €-163 million and €-153 milli on respectively, and the valuation adjustments to the derivative liabilities as “Debit Valuation Adjustment” (DVA) was €214 million and €138 million respectively . The impact recorded under “Gains or (-) losses on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” in the consolidated income statement as for the years ended 2018 and 2017 corresponding to the mentioned adjustments was a net impact of €-24 million and €-23 million respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018, €-12 million related t o the “Funding Valuation Adjustments” (“FVA”) were recognized in the consolidated balance sheet. Unobservable inputs Quantitative information of unobservable inputs used to calculate Level 3 valuations is presented below as of December 31, 2018:
Financial instrument | Valuation technique(s) | Significant unobservable inputs | Min | Average | Max | Units
Debt Securities | Net Present Value | Credit Spread | 37 | 152.22 | 385.00 | b.p.
Recovery Rate | 0.00% | 32.06% | 40.00% | %
Comparable pricing |  | 1.00% | 88.00% | 275.00% | %
Equity instruments | Net Asset Value |  |
Comparable pricing |
Credit Option | Gaussian Copula | Correlation Default | 0.00% | 37.98% | 60.26% | %
Equity OTC Option | Heston | Forward Volatility Skew | 47.05 | 47.05 | 47.05 | Vegas
Local Volatility | Dividends |
Volatility | 13.79 | 27.24 | 65.02 | vegas
FX OTC Options | Black Scholes/Local Vol | Volatility | 5.05 | 7.73 | 9.71 | vegas
Interest Rate Option | Libor Market Model | Beta | 0.25 | 9.00 | 18.00 | %
Correlation Rate/Credit | (100) | - | 100 | %
Credit Default Volatility | - | - | - | Vegas
Financial assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 The changes in the balance of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets during 2018, 2017 and 2016, are as follows:
Financial Assets Level 3: Changes in the Period (Millions of euros)
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016
| Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
Balance at the beginning | 835 | 125 | 822 | 116 | 463 | 182
Changes in fair value recognized in profit and loss (*) | (167) | (95) | (24) | (21) | 33 | (86)
Changes in fair value not recognized in profit and loss | (4) | - | (45) | - | (81) | (3)
Acquisitions, disposals and liquidations (**) | 2,102 | 2,710 | 32 | 320 | 438 | (25)
Net transfers to Level 3 | 761 | 47 | 106 | (39) | 16 | -
Exchange differences and others | - | - | (55) | (250) | (47) | 49
Balance at the end | 3,527 | 2,787 | 835 | 125 | 822 | 116
(*) Profit or loss that is attributable to gains or losses relating to those financial assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Valuation adjustments are recorded under the heading “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabili ties, net”. (**) Of which, in 2018, the assets roll forward is comprised of €2,400 million of acquisitions, €254 millions of disposals and €44 millions of liquidations. The liabilities roll forward is comprised of €2,716 million of acquisitions and €5 mill ions of liquidations. As of December 31, 2018, the profit/loss on sales of financial instruments classified as Level 3 recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statement was not material. Transfers between levels The Global Valuation Area, in collaboration with BBVA Group, has established the rules for a proper financials instruments held for trading classification according to the fair value hierarchy defined by international accounting standards. On a monthly basis, any new assets added to th e portfolio are classified, according to this criterion, by the accounting subsidiary. Then, there is a quarterly review of the portfolio in order to analyze the need for a change in classification of any of these assets. The financial instruments transfer red between the different levels of measurement for the year ended December 31, 2018 are recorded at the following amounts in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018:
Transfer Between Levels. December 2018 (Millions of euros)
| From: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
| To: | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level2
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading |  | 1,171 | 2 | 2 | 6 | - | 2
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss |  | - | - | 9 | 67 | - | 24
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 134 | 72 | - | 515 | - | -
Derivatives |  | - | - | - | 52 | 118 | 49
Total |  | 1,305 | 74 | 11 | 641 | 118 | 75
LIABILITIES- |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading |  | - | - | - | 138 | - | 37
Total |  | - | - | - | 138 | - | 37
The amount of financial instrume nts that were transferred between levels of valuation for the year ended December 31, 2018 is not material relative to the total portfolios, and corresponds to the above changes in the classification between levels these financial instruments modified some of their features, specifically: Transfers between Levels 1 and 2 represent mainly debt and equity instruments, which are either no longer listed on an active market (transfer from Level 1 to 2) or have just started to be listed (transfer from Level 2 to 1). Transfers from Level 2 to Level 3 are mainly due to derivative transactions. Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 generally affect derivative and debt instruments transactions, for which inputs observable in the market have been obtained. Sensitivity Ana lysis Sensitivity analysis is performed on financial instruments with significant unobservable inputs (financial instruments included in level 3), in order to obtain a reasonable range of possible alternative valuations. This analysis is carried out on a m onthly basis, based on the criteria defined by the Global Valuation Area taking into account the nature of the methods used for the assessment and the reliability and availability of inputs and proxies used. In order to establish, with a sufficient degree of certainty, the valuating risk that is incurred in such assets without applying diversification criteria between them. As of December 31, 2018, the effect on profit for the period and total equity of changing the main unobservable inputs used for the mea surement of Level 3 financial instruments for other reasonably possible unobservable inputs, taking the highest (most favorable input) or lowest (least favorable input) value of the range deemed probable, would be as follows:
Financial Assets Level 3: Sensitivity Analysis (Millions of euros)
| Potential Impact on Consolidated Income Statement | Potential Impact on Total Equity
| Most Favorable Hypothesis | Least Favorable Hypothesis | Most Favorable Hypothesis | Least Favorable Hypothesis
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Financial assets held for trading | 6 | (13) | - | -
Debt securities | 2 | (3) | - | -
Equity instruments | 3 | (9) | - | -
Derivatives | 1 | (1) | - | -
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss | 291 | (181) | - | -
Loans and Advances | 285 | (161) | - | -
Debt securities | 3 | (12) | - | -
Equity instruments | 3 | (8) | - | -
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | - | - | 1 | (1)
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities held for trading | 1 | (1) | 1 | (1)
Total | 297 | (194) | 1 | (1)
8.2 Fair value of financial instruments carried at cost The valuation technique used to calculate the fair value of financial assets and liabilities carried at cost as of December 31, 2018, are presented below: Financial assets Cash, balances at central banks and other demand deposits / loans to central banks / short-term loans to credit institutions / Repurchase agreements: in general, their fair value is assimilated to their book value, due to the nature of the counterparty and because they are mainly short-term balances in which the book value is the most reasonable estimation of the value of the asset. Loans to credit institutions which are not short-term and loans to customers: In general, the fair value of these financial assets is determined by the discount of expected future cash flows, using market interest rates at the time of valuation adjusted by the credit spread and taking all kind of behavior hypothesis if it is considered to be relevant (prepayment fees, optionality, etc.). Debt secu rities: Fair value estimated based on the available market price or by using internal valuation methodologies. Financial liabilities Deposits from central banks: for recurrent liquidity auctions and other monetary policy instruments of central banks, / sho rt-term deposits from credit institutions / repurchase agreements / short-term customer deposits: their book value is considered to be the best estimation of their fair value. Deposits of credit institutions which are not short-term and term customer depo sits: these deposits will be valued by discounting future cash flows using the interest rate curve in effect at the time of the adjustment adjusted by the credit spread and incorporating any behavioral assumptions if this proves relevant (early repayments , optionalities, etc.). Debt certificate (Issuances): The fair value estimation of these liabilities depend on the availability of market prices or by using the present value method: discount of future cash flows, using market interest rates at valuation t ime and taking into account the credit spread. The following table presents the fair value of key financial instruments carried at amortized cost in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, broken down according to the method of valuation used for the estimation:
Fair Value of financial Instruments at amortized cost by Levels (Millions of euros)
|  | June 2018 | December 2017
| Notes | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits | 9 | 58,024 | - | 172 | 41,969 | - | 711
Financial assets at amortized cost | 13 | 21,419 | 204,619 | 193,819 | - | 9,475 | 429,517
Held-to-maturity investments |  |  |  |  | 13,708 | 138 | 19
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 22 | 58,225 | 269,128 | 182,948 | - | - | 562,230
The main valuation techniques and inputs used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments accounted for at cost and classified in levels 2 and 3 is shown below. These are broken down by type of financial instrument and the balances correspond to those as of December 31, 2018:
Fair Value of financial Instruments at amortized cost by valuation technique. December 2018 (Millions of euros)
| Level 2 | Level 3 | Valuation technique(s) | Main inputs used
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Financial assets at amortized cost | 204,619 | 193,819 |  |
Central Banks | - | 1 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to credit institutions | 4,934 | 4,291 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to customers | 190,666 | 183,645 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Debt securities | 9,019 | 5,881 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Credit spread- Interest rate yield
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 269,128 | 182,948 |  |
Central Banks | 196 | - | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to credit institutions | 22,281 | 9,852 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Loans and advances to customers | 240,547 | 135,270 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Debt securities | 6,104 | 25,096 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Other financial liabilities | - | 12,730 | Present-value method(Discounted future cash flows) | - Issuer´s credit risk- Prepayment rates- Interest rate yield
Equity instruments at cost Until 2017, there were equity instruments and discretionary profit-sharing arrangements in some entities which were recognized at cost in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets because their fair value could not be estimated in a sufficiently reliable manner for the amount of €469 and €565 million, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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