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Acounting Policies - Principles Of Consoldiation, Acounting policies and measurement bases applied and recent IFRS pronouncements (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of significant accountig policies abstract |
Accounting Policy For Financial Instruments | 2.2 Accounting policies and valuation criteria applied The accounting standards and policies and the valuation criteria applied in preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements may differ from those used by some of the entities within the BBVA Group. For this reason, necessary adjustments and reclassifications have been made in the consolidation process to standardize these principles and criteria and comply with the IFRS-IASB. The accounting standards and policie s and valuation criteria used in preparing the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are as follows: 2.2.1 Financial instruments IFRS 9 became effective as of January 1, 2018 and replaced IAS 39 regarding the classification and measurement of fi nancial assets and liabilities, the impairment of financial assets and hedge accounting. Currently, the Group has elected to continue the application of IAS 39 for hedge accounting, as permitted by IFRS 9. The disclosures for the financial year 2017 relate d to the measurement of financial assets and liabilities, the definition of impaired financial assets, and the method for calculating the impairment on financial assets, which are presented for the purpose of comparability, are based on the accounting policies and valuation criteria applicable under IAS 39. The main aspects regarding IAS 39, applicable until December 31, 2017, are as follows: Measurement of financial instruments IAS 39 established the following three categories for the recognition of fi nancial assets, not applicable under IFRS 9, valued as follows: “Available-for-sale financial assets”: Assets recognized under this heading were measured at their fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value (gains or losses) were recognized temporarily ne t of tax effect, under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss -Available-for-sale financial assets”. “Loans and receivables” and “Held-to-maturity investments”: Assets and liabilities recognized under these headings were subsequently measured at “amortized cost” using the “effective interest rate” method. This was because the consolidated entities generally intend to hold such fin ancial instruments to maturity. Equity instruments whose fair valu e could not be determined in a sufficiently objective manner and financial derivatives that have those instruments as their underlying asset and are settled by delivery of those instruments were recorded at acquisition cost; adjusted, where appropriate, fo r any impairment loss. Impairment losses on financial assets The method for calculating the impairment of financial assets under IAS 39 was based on incurred losses; impairment losses were recognized only if there was objective evidence of impairment. In other words, an event of a loss had to occur after initial recognition, so that the impairment loss could have been recognized. First, the Group would determine whether there was objective evidence of impairment individually for individually significant de bt instrument s, and collectively for debt instrument s that were not individually significant. If the Group determined that there was no objective evidence of impairment, the assets were classified in groups of debt instrument s based on similar risk charact eristics and impairment was assessed collectively. The impairment on financial assets was determined by type of instrument and other circumstances that could have affected it, taking into account the guarantees received to assure (in part or in full) the p erfo rmance of the financial assets. The information used under such model was past information, adjusted in order to reflect the effect of the conditions in such reporting period, which did not affect the period matching past information, and avoid the eff ect of the conditions that did not exist. The model did not allow the use of prospective information. In the case of equity instruments classified as available for sale, valued at fair value, when there was objective evidence that the negative differences that arose on measurement of these equity instruments were due to impairment, they were no longer registered as “Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Available-for-sale financial assets” and were recog nized in the consolidated income statement. In general, the Group considered that there was objective evidence of impairment on equity instruments classified as available-for-sale when significant unrealized losses had existed over a sustained period of ti me due to a price reduction of at least 40% or over a period of more than 18 months. When applying this evidence of impairment, the Group took into account the volatility in the price of each individual equity instrument to determine whether it was a perce ntage that could be recovered through its sale in the market; other different thresholds could have existed for certain equity instruments or specific sectors. In addition, for individually significant investments, the Group compared the valuation of the m ost significant equity instruments against valuations performed by independent experts. Classification and measurement of financial assets Classification of financial assets IFRS 9 contains three main categories for financial assets classification: measured at amortized cost, measured at fair value with changes through other comprehensive income, and measured at fair value through profit or loss. The classification of financial assets measured at amortized cost or fair value must be carried out on th e basis of two tests: the entity's business model and the assessment of the contractual cash flow, commonly known as the "solely payments of principle and interest" criterion (hereinafter, the SPPI). A debt instrument will be classified in the amortized co st portfolio if the two following conditions are fulfilled: The financial asset is managed within a business model whose purpose is to maintain the financial assets to maturity, to receive contractual cash flows; and In accordance with the contractual characteristics of the instrument its cash flows only represent the return of the principal and interest, basically understood as consideration for the time value of money and the debtor's credit risk. A debt instrument will be classified in the portfolio of financial assets at fair value with changes through other comprehensive income if the two following conditions are fulfilled: The financial asset is managed with a business model whose purpose combines collection of the contractual cash flows and sale o f the assets, and The contractual characteristics of the instrument generate cash flows which only represent the return of the principal and interest. A debt instrument will be classified at fair value with changes in profit and loss provided that the enti ty's business model for their management or the contractual characteristics of its cash flows do not require classification into one of the portfolios described above. In general, equity instruments will be measured at fair value through profit or loss. Ho wever the Group may make an irrevocable election, at initial recognition to present subsequent changes in the fair value through “other comprehensive income”. Financial assets will only be reclassified when BBVA Group decides to change the business model. In this case, all of the financial assets assigned to this business model will be reclassified. The change of the objective of the business model should occur before the date of the reclassification. Measurement of financial assets All financial instruments are initial ly recognized at fair value, plu s those transaction costs which are directly attributable to the issue of the particular instrument for those cases in which financial assets are not classified at fai r value through profit or loss. Ex cluding all derivatives not considered as accounting or economic hedges, all the changes in the fair value of the financial instruments arising from the accrual of interest and similar items are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense”, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement in the period in which the change occurred (see Note 37). The changes in fair value after the initial recognition, for reasons other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are treated as described below, according to the categories of financial assets. “Financial assets held for trading”, “Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit and loss” and “Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss” Financial assets are recorded under the heading “Financial assets held for trading” if the objective of the business model is to generate gains by buying and selling these financial instruments or generate short-term results. The financial assets recorded in the heading “Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit and loss” are assigned to a business model which objective is to obtain the contractual cash flows and / or to sell those instruments but it s contractual cash flows do not comply with the requirements of the SPPI test. Financial assets are classified in “Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss” only if it eliminates or significantly reduces a measuremen t or recognition inconsistency (an ‘accounting mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring financial assets or financial liabilities, or recognizing gains or loss es on them, on different bases. The assets recognized under these headings of the consolidated balance sheet are measured upon acquisition at fair value and changes in the fair value (gains or losses) are recognized as their net value under the headings “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net”, “Gains (losses) on no n-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit and loss, net” and “Gains (losses) on financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss, net” in the accompanyi ng consolidated income statement (see Note 41). C hanges in fa ir value resulting from variations in foreign exchange rates are recognized under the heading Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net in the accompanying consolidated income statements (Note 41). ”Financial assets at fair value through othe r comprehensive income” Debt instruments Assets recognized under this heading in the consolidated balance sheets are measured at their fair value. This category of valuation implies the recognition of the information in the income statement as if it were an instrument valued at amortized cost, while the instrument is valued at fair value in the balance sheet. Thus, both the interests of these instruments and the exchange differences and impairment that arise in their case are recorded in the profit and loss account, while s ubsequent changes in its fair value (gains or losses) are recognized temporarily (by the amount net of tax effect) under the head ing “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Fair value changes of debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 30). The amounts recognized under the headings “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Fair value changes of financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income” continue to form part of the Group's consolidated equity until the corresponding asset is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet or until a loss allowance is recognized on the corresponding financial instrument. If these assets are sold, these amounts are derecognized and included under the headings “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net” (see Note 41). The net loss allowances in “Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income” over the year are recognized under the heading “Loss allowances on fi nancial assets, net – Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income” (see Note 47) in the consolidated income statement for that period. Interests of th ese instruments are recorded in the consolidated profit and loss account (see Note 37). Changes in foreign exchange rates are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 41). Equity instruments The BBVA Group, at the time of the initial recognition, may elect to present changes in the fair value in other comprehensive income of an investment in an equity instrument that is not held for trading. The election is irrevocable and can be made on an instru ment-by-instrument basis. Subsequent changes in fair value (gains or losses) are recognized under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss – Fair value changes of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income”. “Financial assets at amortized cost” The assets under this category are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method. Net loss allowances of assets recorded under these headings arising in each period are recognized under the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss – financial assets measured at cost” (see Note 47) in the consolidated income statement for that period. Classification and measurement of financial liabilities Classification of financial liabilities Under IFRS 9, financial liabilities are classified in the following categories: Financial liabilities at amortized cost; Financial liabilities that are held for trading, including derivatives, are financial instruments which are recorded in this category when the Group’s objective is to generate gains by buying and selling these financial instruments; Financi al liabilities that are designated at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition under the Fair Value Option. The Group has the option to designate irrevocably, on the initial moment of recognition, a financial liability as at fair value thro ugh profit or loss provided that doing so results in the elimination or significant reduction of measurement or recognition inconsistency, or if a group of financial liabilities, or a group of financial assets and financial liabilities, has to be managed, and its performance evaluated, on a fair value basis in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy. Measurement of financial liabilities All financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value except for those transaction costs which are directly attributable to the issue of the particular financial liability, for those cases in which financial liabilities are not classified at fai r value through profit or loss. Excluding all trading derivatives not c onsidered as accounting or economic hedges, all the changes in the fair value of the financial instruments arising from the accrual of interest and similar items are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense”, as approp riate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement in the period in which the change occurred (see Note 37). The changes in fair value after the initial recognition, for reasons other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are treated as de scribed below, according to the categories of financial liabilities. “Financial liabilities held for trading” and “Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss“ The subsequent changes in the fair value (gains or losses) of the liabilities recognized under these headings of the consolidated balance sheets are recognized as their net value under the headings “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net” and “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabi lities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net” in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 41), except for the financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit and loss under the fair value option for which the a mount of change in the fair value that is attributable to changes in the own credit risk which is presented in under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss – Fair value changes of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to changes in their credit risk”. However, changes in fair value resulting from variations in foreign exchange rates are recognized under the heading Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net in the accompanying consolidated income statements (Note 41). “Financial liabilities at amortized cost” The liabilities under this category are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the “effective interest rate” method. “Derivatives-Hedge Accounting” and “Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest-rate risk” Assets and liabilities recognized under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are measured at fair value. Changes occurring subsequent to the designation of the hedging relationship in the measurement of financial instruments designated as hedged items as well as financial instruments designated as hedge accounting instruments are recognized as follows: In fair value hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recogniz ed under the heading “Gains (l osses) from hedge accounting, net” in the consolidated income statement, with a corresponding offset under the headings where hedging items ("Hedging derivatives") and the hedged items are recognized, as applicable, except for interest-rate risks hedges (which are a lmost all of the hedges used by the Group), for which the valuation changes are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense”, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement (see Note 37). In fair value hedges of interest rate risk of a portfolio of financial instruments (portfolio-hedges), the gai ns or losses that arise in the measurement of the hedging instrument are recognized in the consolidated income statement, with counterpart on the headings “Derivatives-Hedge Accounting” and the gains or losses that arise from the change in the fair value o f the hedged item (attributable to the hedged risk) are also recognized in the consolidated income statement (in both ca ses under the heading “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net”, using, as a balancing item, the headings "Fair value changes of the h edged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk" in the consolidated balance sheets, as applicable). In cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the hedging instruments relating to the effective portion are recognized temporarily under the heading ”Accu mulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Hedging derivatives. Cash flow hedges” in the consolidated balance sheets, with a balancing entry under the heading “Hedging derivatives” of the Assets or Liabilities o f the consolidated balance sheets as applicable. These differences are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense” at the time when the gain or loss in the hedged instrument affects profit or loss, when the forecast tran saction is executed or at the maturity date of the hedged item (see Note 37). Differences in the measurement of the hedging items corresponding to the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are recognized di rectly in the heading “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net” in the consolidated income statement (see Note 41). In the hedges of net investments in foreign operations, the differences attributable to the effective portions of hedging items are recognized temporarily under the heading "A ccumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Hedging of net investments in foreign transactions" in the consolidated balance sheets with a balancing entry under the heading “Hedging derivatives” of the Assets o r Liabilities of the consolidated balance sheets as applicable. These differences in valuation are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the consolidated income statement when the investment in a foreign operation is disposed of or de recognized (see Note 41). Loss allowances on financial assets Definition of impaired financial assets The impairment model is applied to financial assets valued at amortized cost and to financial assets valued at fair value with changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, except for investments in equity instruments and contracts for financial guarantees and loan commitments unilaterally revocable by BBVA. Likewise, all the financial instruments valued at fair value with change through profit and loss are excluded from the impairment model. The standard classifies financial instruments into three categories, which depend on the evolution of their credit risk from the moment of initial recognition. The first category includes the transactions when they are initially recognized (Stage 1); the second comprises the financial assets for which a significant increase in credit risk has been identified since its initial recognition (Stage 2) and the third one, the impaired financial assets (Stage 3). The c alculation of the provisions for credit risk in each of these three categories must be done differently. In this way, expected loss up to 12 months for the financial assets classified in the first of the aforementioned categories must be recorded, while ex pected losses estimated for the remaining life of the financial assets classified in the other two categories must be recorded. Thus, IFRS 9 differentiates between the following concepts of expected loss: Expected loss at 12 months: expected credit loss that arises from possible default events within 12 months following the presentation date of the financial statements; and Expected loss during the life of the transaction: this is the expected credit loss that arises fr om all possible default events over the remaining life of the financial instrument. All this requires considerable judgment, both in the modeling for the estimation of the expected losses and in the forecasts, on how the economic factors affect such losses, which must be carried out o n a weighted probability basis. The BBVA Group has applied the following definitions: Default BBVA has applied a definition of default for financial instruments that is consistent with that used in internal credit risk ma nagement, as well as the indicators under applicable regulation. Both qualitative and quantitative indicators have been considered. The Group has considered there is a default when one of the following situations occurs: Payment past-due for more than 90 days; or there are reasonable doubts regarding the full reimbursement of the instrument. In accordance w ith IFRS 9, the 90-day past-due stipulation may be waived in cases where the entity considers it appropriate, based on reasonable and documented information that it is appropriate to use a longer term. As of December 31, 201 9, the Group has not considered periods higher than 90 days for any of the significant portfolios. Credit impaired asset An asset is credit-impaired according to IFRS 9 if one or more events have occurred and they have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the asset. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following events: Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower, A breach of contract (e.g. a default or past due event), A lender having granted a concession to the borrower – for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty – that the lender would not otherwise consider, I t becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization, T he disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties, or T he purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that refl ects the incurred credit losses. It may not be possi ble to identify a single discrete event. Instead, the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired. The definition of impaired financial assets in the Group is aligned with the definition of default explained in the above paragraphs. Significant increase in credit risk The objective of the impairment requirements is to recognize lifetime expected credit losses for financial instruments for which there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial r ecognition considering all reasonable and supportable information, including that which is forward-looking. The model developed by the Group for assessing the significant increase in credit risk has a two-prong approach that is applied globally, although t he specific characteristics of each geographic area are respected: Quantitative criterion: the Group uses a quantitative analysis based on comparing the current expected probability of default over the life of the transaction with the original adjusted exp ected probability of default, so that both values are comparable in terms of expected default probability for their residual life. The thresholds used for considering a significant increase in risk take into account special cases according to geographic ar eas and portfolios. Depending on the age of transactions at the time of implementation of the standard, some simplification s were made to compare the probabilities of default between the current and the initial moment, based on the best information availab le at that moment. Qualitative criterion: most indicators for detecting significant risk increase are included in the Group's systems through rating/scoring systems or macroeconomic scenarios, so the quantitative analysis covers the majority of circumstances. The Group will use additional qualitative criteria when it considers it necessary to include circumstances that are not reflected in the rating/score systems o r macroeconomic scenarios used. Additionally, instruments under one of the following circumstances are considere d Stage 2: More than 30 days past due. According to IFRS 9, default of more than 30 days is a presumption that can be rebutted in those cases in which the entity considers, based on reasonable and documented information, that such non-payment does not repr esent a significant increase in risk. As of December 31, 201 9, the Group has not considered periods higher than 30 days for any of the significant portfolios. Watch list: They are subject to special watch by the Risk units because they show negative signs in their credit quality, even though there may be no objective evidence of impairment. Refinance or restructuring that does not show evidence of impairment. Although the standard introduces a series of operational simplifications or practical solutions for analyzing the increase in significant risk, the Group does not use them as a general rule. However, for high-quality assets, mainly related to certain government institutions and bodies, the standard allows for considering that their credit risk has not i ncreased significantly because they have a low credit risk at the presentation date. Thus the classification of financial instruments subject to impairment under IFRS 9 is as follows: Stage 1– without significant increase in credit risk Financial assets which are not considered to have significantly increased in credit risk have loss allowances measured at an amount equal to 12 months expected credit losses derived from defaul t s. Stage 2– significant increases in credit risk When the credit risk of a fina ncial asset has increased significantly sin ce the initial recognition, the loss allowances of that financial instrument is calculated as the expected credit loss during the entire life of the asset. Stage 3 – Impaired When there is objective evidence that the instrument is credit impaired, the financial asset is transferred to this category in which the provision for losses of that financial instrument is calculated as the expected credit loss during the entire life of the asset. When the recovery of any r ecognized amount is considered remote, such amount is written-off on the consolidated balance sheet, without prejudice to any actions that may be taken in order to collect the amount until the rights extinguish in full either because it is time-barred debt, the debt is forgiven, or other reasons. Method for calculating e xpected credit loss Method for calculating expected loss In accordance with IFRS 9, the measurement of expected losses must reflect: A considered and unbiased amount, determined by evaluat ing a range of possible results; the time value of money, and reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort and that reflects current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The Group measures the exp ected losses both individually and collectively. The purpose of the Group's individual measurement is to estimate expected losses for significant impaired instruments, or instruments classified in Stage 2. In these cases, the amount of credit losses is cal culated as the difference between expected discounted cash flows at the effective interest rate of the transaction and the car rying amount of the instrument. For the collective measurement of expected losses the instruments are grouped into groups of asset s based on their risk characteristics. Exposure within each group is segmented according to the common credit risk characteristics, similar characteristics of the credit risk, indicative of the payment capacity of the borrower in accordance with their cont ractual conditions. These risk characteristics have to be relevant in estimating the future flows of each group. The characteristics of credit risk may consider, among others, the following factors: Type of instrument. Rating or scoring tools. Credit risk scoring or rating. Type of collateral. Amount of t ime at default for stage 3. Segment. Qualitative criteria which can have a significant increase in risk. Collateral value if it has an impact on the probability of a default event. The estimated losses are derived from the following parameters: PD: estimate of the probability of default in each period. EAD: estimate of the exposure in case of default at each future period, taking into account the changes in exposure after the presentation date of the financ ial statements. LGD: estimate of the loss in case of default, calculated as the difference between the contractual cash flows and rec eivables, including guarantees. In the case of debt securities, the Group supervises the changes in credit risk through mon itoring the external published credit ratings. To determine whether there is a significant increase in credit risk that is not reflected in the published ratings, the Group also monitor s the changes in bond yields, and when they are available, the prices of CDS, together with the news and regulatory inform ation available on the issuers. Use of present, past and future information IFRS 9 requires incorporation of present, past and future information to detect any significant increase in risk and measure ex pected loss. The standard does not require identification of all possible scenarios for measuring expected loss. However, the probability of a loss event occurring and the probability it will not occur have to be considered, even though the possibility of a loss may be very low. Also, when there is no linear relation between the different future economic scenarios and their associated expected losses, more than one future economic scenario mu st be used for the measurement. The approach used by the Group co nsists of using first the most probable scenario (baseline scenario) consistent with that used in the Group's internal management processes, and then applying an additional adjustment, calculated by considering the weighted average of expected losses in ot her economic scenarios (one more positive and the other more negative). The main macroeconomic variables that are valued in each of the scenarios for each of the geographies in which the Group operates are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), interest rates, unem ployment rate and price of real estate properties.
Classification and measurement of financial assets under IFRS 9 | Classification and measurement of financial assets Classification of financial assets IFRS 9 contains three main categories for financial assets classification: measured at amortized cost, measured at fair value with changes through other comprehensive income, and measured at fair value through profit or loss. The classification of financial assets measured at amortized cost or fair value must be carried out on the basis of two tests: the entity's business model and the assessment of the contractual cash flow, commonly known as the "solely payments of principle and interest" criterion (hereinafter, the SPPI). A debt instrument will be classified in the amortized cost portfolio if the two following conditions are fulfilled: The financial asset is managed within a business model whose purpose is to maintain the financial assets to maturity, to receive contractual cash flows; and In accordance with the contractual characteristics of the instrument its cash flows only represent the return of the principal and interest, basically understood as consideration for the time value of money and the debtor's credit risk. A debt instrument will be classified in the portfolio of financial assets at fair value with changes through other comprehensive income if the two following conditions are fulfilled: The financial asset is managed with a business model whose purpose combines collection of the contractual cash flows and sale of the assets, and The contractual characteristics of the instrument generate cash flows which only represent the return of the principal and interest. A debt instrument will be classified at fair value with changes in profit and loss provided that the entity's business model for their management or the contractual characteristics of its cash flows do not require classification into one of the portfolios described above. In general, equity instruments will be measured at fair value through profit or loss. However the Group may make an irrevocable election, at initial recognition to present subsequent changes in the fair value through “other comprehensive income”. Financial assets will only be reclassified when BBVA Group decides to change the business model. In this case, all of the financial assets assigned to this business model will be reclassified. The change of the objective of the business model should occur before the date of the reclassification. Measurement of financial assets All financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value, plus those transaction costs which are directly attributable to the issue of the particular instrument for those cases in which financial assets are not classified at fair value through profit or loss. Excluding all derivatives not considered as accounting or economic hedges, all the changes in the fair value of the financial instruments arising from the accrual of interest and similar items are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense”, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement in the period in which the change occurred (see Note 37). The changes in fair value after the initial recognition, for reasons other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are treated as described below, according to the categories of financial assets. “Financial assets held for trading”, “Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit and loss” and “Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss” Financial assets are recorded under the heading “Financial assets held for trading” if the objective of the business model is to generate gains by buying and selling these financial instruments or generate short-term results. The financial assets recorded in the heading “Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit and loss” are assigned to a business model which objective is to obtain the contractual cash flows and / or to sell those instruments but its contractual cash flows do not comply with the requirements of the SPPI test. Financial assets are classified in “Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss” only if it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (an ‘accounting mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring financial assets or financial liabilities, or recognizing gains or losses on them, on different bases. The assets recognized under these headings of the consolidated balance sheet are measured upon acquisition at fair value and changes in the fair value (gains or losses) are recognized as their net value under the headings “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net”, “Gains (losses) on non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit and loss, net” and “Gains (losses) on financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss, net” in the accompanying consolidated income statement (see Note 41). Changes in fair value resulting from variations in foreign exchange rates are recognized under the heading Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net in the accompanying consolidated income statements (Note 41). ”Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income” Debt instruments Assets recognized under this heading in the consolidated balance sheets are measured at their fair value. This category of valuation implies the recognition of the information in the income statement as if it were an instrument valued at amortized cost, while the instrument is valued at fair value in the balance sheet. Thus, both the interests of these instruments and the exchange differences and impairment that arise in their case are recorded in the profit and loss account, while subsequent changes in its fair value (gains or losses) are recognized temporarily (by the amount net of tax effect) under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Fair value changes of debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 30). The amounts recognized under the headings “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Fair value changes of financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income” continue to form part of the Group's consolidated equity until the corresponding asset is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet or until a loss allowance is recognized on the corresponding financial instrument. If these assets are sold, these amounts are derecognized and included under the headings “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities, net” (see Note 41). The net loss allowances in “Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income” over the year are recognized under the heading “Loss allowances on financial assets, net – Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income” (see Note 47) in the consolidated income statement for that period. Interests of these instruments are recorded in the consolidated profit and loss account (see Note 37). Changes in foreign exchange rates are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the accompanying consolidated income statements (see Note 41). Equity instruments The BBVA Group, at the time of the initial recognition, may elect to present changes in the fair value in other comprehensive income of an investment in an equity instrument that is not held for trading. The election is irrevocable and can be made on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Subsequent changes in fair value (gains or losses) are recognized under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss – Fair value changes of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income”. “Financial assets at amortized cost” The assets under this category are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method. Net loss allowances of assets recorded under these headings arising in each period are recognized under the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss – financial assets measured at cost” (see Note 47) in the consolidated income statement for that period.
Measurement of financial assets and liabilities under IAS 39 applicable in the financial years 2017 and 2016 | Financial instruments IFRS 9 became effective as of January 1, 2018 and replaced IAS 39 regarding the classification and measurement of fi nancial assets and liabilities, the impairment of financial assets and hedge accounting. Currently, the Group has elected to continue the application of IAS 39 for hedge accounting, as permitted by IFRS 9. The disclosures for the financial year 2017 relate d to the measurement of financial assets and liabilities, the definition of impaired financial assets, and the method for calculating the impairment on financial assets, which are presented for the purpose of comparability, are based on the accounting policies and valuation criteria applicable under IAS 39. The main aspects regarding IAS 39, applicable until December 31, 2017, are as follows: Measurement of financial instruments IAS 39 established the following three categories for the recognition of fi nancial assets, not applicable under IFRS 9, valued as follows: “Available-for-sale financial assets”: Assets recognized under this heading were measured at their fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value (gains or losses) were recognized temporarily ne t of tax effect, under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income- Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss -Available-for-sale financial assets”. “Loans and receivables” and “Held-to-maturity investments”: Assets and liabilities recognized under these headings were subsequently measured at “amortized cost” using the “effective interest rate” method. This was because the consolidated entities generally intend to hold such fin ancial instruments to maturity. Equity instruments whose fair valu e could not be determined in a sufficiently objective manner and financial derivatives that have those instruments as their underlying asset and are settled by delivery of those instruments were recorded at acquisition cost; adjusted, where appropriate, fo r any impairment loss.
Derivatives hedge accounting and fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk applicable in the financial years 2018 2017 and 2016 | “Derivatives-Hedge Accounting” and “Fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest-rate risk” Assets and liabilities recognized under these headings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are measured at fair value. Changes occurring subsequent to the designation of the hedging relationship in the measurement of financial instruments designated as hedged items as well as financial instruments designated as hedge accounting instruments are recognized as follows: In fair value hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recogniz ed under the heading “Gains (l osses) from hedge accounting, net” in the consolidated income statement, with a corresponding offset under the headings where hedging items ("Hedging derivatives") and the hedged items are recognized, as applicable, except for interest-rate risks hedges (which are a lmost all of the hedges used by the Group), for which the valuation changes are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense”, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated income statement (see Note 37). In fair value hedges of interest rate risk of a portfolio of financial instruments (portfolio-hedges), the gai ns or losses that arise in the measurement of the hedging instrument are recognized in the consolidated income statement, with counterpart on the headings “Derivatives-Hedge Accounting” and the gains or losses that arise from the change in the fair value o f the hedged item (attributable to the hedged risk) are also recognized in the consolidated income statement (in both ca ses under the heading “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net”, using, as a balancing item, the headings "Fair value changes of the h edged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk" in the consolidated balance sheets, as applicable). In cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the hedging instruments relating to the effective portion are recognized temporarily under the heading ”Accu mulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Hedging derivatives. Cash flow hedges” in the consolidated balance sheets, with a balancing entry under the heading “Hedging derivatives” of the Assets or Liabilities o f the consolidated balance sheets as applicable. These differences are recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” or “Interest expense” at the time when the gain or loss in the hedged instrument affects profit or loss, when the forecast tran saction is executed or at the maturity date of the hedged item (see Note 37). Differences in the measurement of the hedging items corresponding to the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are recognized di rectly in the heading “Gains (losses) from hedge accounting, net” in the consolidated income statement (see Note 41). In the hedges of net investments in foreign operations, the differences attributable to the effective portions of hedging items are recognized temporarily under the heading "A ccumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Hedging of net investments in foreign transactions" in the consolidated balance sheets with a balancing entry under the heading “Hedging derivatives” of the Assets o r Liabilities of the consolidated balance sheets as applicable. These differences in valuation are recognized under the heading “Exchange differences, net" in the consolidated income statement when the investment in a foreign operation is disposed of or de recognized (see Note 41).
Impairment losses on financial assets | Loss allowances on financial assets Definition of impaired financial assets The impairment model is applied to financial assets valued at amortized cost and to financial assets valued at fair value with changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, except for investments in equity instruments and contracts for financial guarantees and loan commitments unilaterally revocable by BBVA. Likewise, all the financial instruments valued at fair value with change through profit and loss are excluded from the impairment model. The standard classifies financial instruments into three categories, which depend on the evolution of their credit risk from the moment of initial recognition. The first category includes the transactions when they are initially recognized (Stage 1); the second comprises the financial assets for which a significant increase in credit risk has been identified since its initial recognition (Stage 2) and the third one, the impaired financial assets (Stage 3). The c alculation of the provisions for credit risk in each of these three categories must be done differently. In this way, expected loss up to 12 months for the financial assets classified in the first of the aforementioned categories must be recorded, while ex pected losses estimated for the remaining life of the financial assets classified in the other two categories must be recorded. Thus, IFRS 9 differentiates between the following concepts of expected loss: Expected loss at 12 months: expected credit loss that arises from possible default events within 12 months following the presentation date of the financial statements; and Expected loss during the life of the transaction: this is the expected credit loss that arises fr om all possible default events over the remaining life of the financial instrument. All this requires considerable judgment, both in the modeling for the estimation of the expected losses and in the forecasts, on how the economic factors affect such losses, which must be carried out o n a weighted probability basis. The BBVA Group has applied the following definitions: Default BBVA has applied a definition of default for financial instruments that is consistent with that used in internal credit risk ma nagement, as well as the indicators under applicable regulation. Both qualitative and quantitative indicators have been considered. The Group has considered there is a default when one of the following situations occurs: Payment past-due for more than 90 days; or there are reasonable doubts regarding the full reimbursement of the instrument. In accordance w ith IFRS 9, the 90-day past-due stipulation may be waived in cases where the entity considers it appropriate, based on reasonable and documented information that it is appropriate to use a longer term. As of December 31, 201 9, the Group has not considered periods higher than 90 days for any of the significant portfolios. Credit impaired asset An asset is credit-impaired according to IFRS 9 if one or more events have occurred and they have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the asset. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following events: Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower, A breach of contract (e.g. a default or past due event), A lender having granted a concession to the borrower – for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty – that the lender would not otherwise consider, I t becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization, T he disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties, or T he purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that refl ects the incurred credit losses. It may not be possi ble to identify a single discrete event. Instead, the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired. The definition of impaired financial assets in the Group is aligned with the definition of default explained in the above paragraphs. Significant increase in credit risk The objective of the impairment requirements is to recognize lifetime expected credit losses for financial instruments for which there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial r ecognition considering all reasonable and supportable information, including that which is forward-looking. The model developed by the Group for assessing the significant increase in credit risk has a two-prong approach that is applied globally, although t he specific characteristics of each geographic area are respected: Quantitative criterion: the Group uses a quantitative analysis based on comparing the current expected probability of default over the life of the transaction with the original adjusted exp ected probability of default, so that both values are comparable in terms of expected default probability for their residual life. The thresholds used for considering a significant increase in risk take into account special cases according to geographic ar eas and portfolios. Depending on the age of transactions at the time of implementation of the standard, some simplification s were made to compare the probabilities of default between the current and the initial moment, based on the best information availab le at that moment. Qualitative criterion: most indicators for detecting significant risk increase are included in the Group's systems through rating/scoring systems or macroeconomic scenarios, so the quantitative analysis covers the majority of circumstances. The Group will use additional qualitative criteria when it considers it necessary to include circumstances that are not reflected in the rating/score systems o r macroeconomic scenarios used. Additionally, instruments under one of the following circumstances are considere d Stage 2: More than 30 days past due. According to IFRS 9, default of more than 30 days is a presumption that can be rebutted in those cases in which the entity considers, based on reasonable and documented information, that such non-payment does not repr esent a significant increase in risk. As of December 31, 201 9, the Group has not considered periods higher than 30 days for any of the significant portfolios. Watch list: They are subject to special watch by the Risk units because they show negative signs in their credit quality, even though there may be no objective evidence of impairment. Refinance or restructuring that does not show evidence of impairment. Although the standard introduces a series of operational simplifications or practical solutions for analyzing the increase in significant risk, the Group does not use them as a general rule. However, for high-quality assets, mainly related to certain government institutions and bodies, the standard allows for considering that their credit risk has not i ncreased significantly because they have a low credit risk at the presentation date. Thus the classification of financial instruments subject to impairment under IFRS 9 is as follows: Stage 1– without significant increase in credit risk Financial assets which are not considered to have significantly increased in credit risk have loss allowances measured at an amount equal to 12 months expected credit losses derived from defaul t s. Stage 2– significant increases in credit risk When the credit risk of a fina ncial asset has increased significantly sin ce the initial recognition, the loss allowances of that financial instrument is calculated as the expected credit loss during the entire life of the asset. Stage 3 – Impaired When there is objective evidence that the instrument is credit impaired, the financial asset is transferred to this category in which the provision for losses of that financial instrument is calculated as the expected credit loss during the entire life of the asset. When the recovery of any r ecognized amount is considered remote, such amount is written-off on the consolidated balance sheet, without prejudice to any actions that may be taken in order to collect the amount until the rights extinguish in full either because it is time-barred debt, the debt is forgiven, or other reasons.
Explanation Of Credit Risk Management Practices And How They Relate To Recognition And Measurement Of Expected Credit Losses | Method for calculating e xpected credit loss Method for calculating expected loss In accordance with IFRS 9, the measurement of expected losses must reflect: A considered and unbiased amount, determined by evaluat ing a range of possible results; the time value of money, and reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort and that reflects current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The Group measures the exp ected losses both individually and collectively. The purpose of the Group's individual measurement is to estimate expected losses for significant impaired instruments, or instruments classified in Stage 2. In these cases, the amount of credit losses is cal culated as the difference between expected discounted cash flows at the effective interest rate of the transaction and the car rying amount of the instrument. For the collective measurement of expected losses the instruments are grouped into groups of asset s based on their risk characteristics. Exposure within each group is segmented according to the common credit risk characteristics, similar characteristics of the credit risk, indicative of the payment capacity of the borrower in accordance with their cont ractual conditions. These risk characteristics have to be relevant in estimating the future flows of each group. The characteristics of credit risk may consider, among others, the following factors: Type of instrument. Rating or scoring tools. Credit risk scoring or rating. Type of collateral. Amount of t ime at default for stage 3. Segment. Qualitative criteria which can have a significant increase in risk. Collateral value if it has an impact on the probability of a default event. The estimated losses are derived from the following parameters: PD: estimate of the probability of default in each period. EAD: estimate of the exposure in case of default at each future period, taking into account the changes in exposure after the presentation date of the financ ial statements. LGD: estimate of the loss in case of default, calculated as the difference between the contractual cash flows and rec eivables, including guarantees. In the case of debt securities, the Group supervises the changes in credit risk through mon itoring the external published credit ratings. To determine whether there is a significant increase in credit risk that is not reflected in the published ratings, the Group also monitor s the changes in bond yields, and when they are available, the prices of CDS, together with the news and regulatory inform ation available on the issuers. Use of present, past and future information IFRS 9 requires incorporation of present, past and future information to detect any significant increase in risk and measure ex pected loss. The standard does not require identification of all possible scenarios for measuring expected loss. However, the probability of a loss event occurring and the probability it will not occur have to be considered, even though the possibility of a loss may be very low. Also, when there is no linear relation between the different future economic scenarios and their associated expected losses, more than one future economic scenario mu st be used for the measurement. The approach used by the Group co nsists of using first the most probable scenario (baseline scenario) consistent with that used in the Group's internal management processes, and then applying an additional adjustment, calculated by considering the weighted average of expected losses in ot her economic scenarios (one more positive and the other more negative). The main macroeconomic variables that are valued in each of the scenarios for each of the geographies in which the Group operates are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), interest rates, unem ployment rate and price of real estate properties.
Accounting Policy For Derecognition Of Financial Instruments | Transfers and derecognition of financial assets and liabilities The accounting treatment of transfers of financial assets is determined by the form in which risks and benefits associated with the financial assets involved are transferred to third parties. Thus the financial assets are only derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet when the cash flows that they generate are extinguished, when their implicit risks and benefits have been substa ntially transferred to third parties or when the control of financial asset is transferred even in case of no physical transfer or substantial retention of such assets. In the latter case, the financial asset transferred is derecognized from the consolidat ed balance sheet, and any right or obligation retained or created as a result of the transfer is simultaneously recognized. Similarly, financial liabilities are derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet only if their obligations are extinguished or acquired (with a view to subsequent cancellation or renewed placement). The Group is considered to have transferred substantially all the risks and benefits if such risks and benefits account for the majority of the risks and benefits involved in ownership of the transferred financial assets. If substantially all the risks and benefits associated with the transferred financial asset are retained: The transferred financial asset is not derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet and continues to be meas ured using the same criteria as those used before the transfer. A financial liability is recognized at the amount equal to the amount received, which is subsequently measured at amortized cost or fair value with changes in the income statement, whichever t he case. Both the income generated on the transferred (but not derecognized) financial asset and the expense of the new financial liability continue to be recognized. Treatment of securitizations The securitizations to which the Group entities transfer their credit portfolios are consolidated entities of the Group. For more information, refer to Note 2.1 “Principles of consolidation”. The Group considers that the risks and benefits of the securitizations are substantially retained if the subordinated bon ds are held and/ or if subordination funding has been granted to those securitization funds, which means that the credit loss risk of the securitized assets will be assumed. Consequently, the Group is not derecognizing those transferred loan portfolios. On the other hand, the Group has carried out synthetic securitizations, which are transactions where risk is transferred through derivatives or financial guarantees and in which the exposure of these securitizations remains in the balance sheet of the Group. The Group has established the synthetic securitizations through received financial guarantees. As for the commissions paid, they are accrued during the term of the financial guarantee.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Financial Guarantees | Financial guarantees Financial guarantees are considered to be those contracts that require their issuer to make specific payments to reimburse the holder of the financial guarantee for a loss incurred when a specific borrower breaches its payment obligations on the terms – whether original or subsequently modified – of a debt instrument, irrespective of the legal form it may take. Financial guarantees may take the form of a deposit, bank guarantee, insurance contract or credit derivative, among others. In their initial recognition, financial guarantees are recognized as liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, which is generally the present value of the fees, commissions and interest receivable from these contracts over the term thereof, and the Group simultaneously recognize s a corresponding asset in the consolidated balance sheet for the amount of the fees and commissions received at the inception of the transactions and the amounts receivable at the present value of the fees, commissions and interest outstanding. Financial guarantees, irrespectiv e of the guarantor, instrumentation or other circumstances, are reviewed periodically so as to determine the credit risk to which they are exposed and, if appropriate, to consider whether a provision is required for them. The credit risk is determined by a pplication of criteria similar to those established f or quantifying loss allowances on debt instruments measured at amortized cost (see Note 2.2.1). The provisions recognized for financial guarantees are recognized under the heading “Provisions - Provision s for contingent risks and commitments” on the liability side in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 24). These provisions are recognized and reversed with a charge or credit, respectively to “Provisions or reversal of provision” in the consolidated income statements (see Note 46). Income from financial guarantees is recorded under the heading “Fee and commission income” in the consolidated income statement and is calculated by applying the rate established in the related contract to the nominal amoun t of the guarantee (see Note 40). Synthetic securitizations made by the Group to date meet the requirements of the accounting regulations for accounting as guarantees. Consideration as a financial guarantee means recognition of the commission paid for it o ver the period.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Non current Assets Or Disposal Groups Classified As Held For Sale | 2.2.4 Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale and liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale The headings “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” and “Liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale” in the consolidated balance sheet include the carrying amount of assets that are not part of the BBVA Group’s operating activities. The recovery of this carrying amount is expected to ta ke place through the price obtained on its disposal (see Note 21). These headings include individual items and groups of items (“disposal groups”) and disposal groups that form part of a major operating segment and are being held for sale as part of a disp osal plan (“discontinued operations”). The heading “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” include the assets received by the subsidiaries from their debtors, in full or partial settlement of the debtors’ payment obligations (a ssets foreclosed or received in payment of debt and recovery of lease finance transactions), unless the Group has decided to make continued use of these assets. The BBVA Group has units that specialize in real estate management and the sale of this type of asset. Symmetrically, the heading “Liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale” in the consolidated balance sheet reflects the balances payable arising from disposal grou ps and discontinued operations. Non-current assets and dispos al groups classified as held for sale are generally measured, at the acquisition date and at any later date deemed necessary, at either their carrying amount or the fair value of the property (less costs to sell), whichever is lower. In the case of real es tate assets foreclosed or received in payment of debts, they are initially recognized at the lower of: the restated carrying amount of the financial asset and the fair value at the time of the foreclosure or receipt of the asset less estimated sales costs. The carrying amount of the financial asset is updated at the time of the foreclosure, treating the real property received as a secured collateral and taking into account the credit risk coverage that would correspond to it according to its classification prior to the delivery. For these purposes, the collateral will be valued at its current fair value (less sale costs) at the time of foreclosure. This carrying amount will be compared with the previous carrying amount and the difference will be recognized a s a provision increase, if applicable. On the other hand, the fair value of the foreclosed asset is obtained by appraisal, evaluating the need to apply a discount on the asset derived from the specific conditions of the asset or the market situation for th ese assets, and in any case, deducting the company’s estimated sale costs. At the time of the initial recognition, these real estate assets foreclosed or received in payment of debts, classified as “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale” and “Liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale” are valued at the lower of: their restated fair value less estimated sale costs and their carrying amount; a deterioration or impairment reversal can be recognized for the difference if applicable. Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale groups classified as held for sale are not depreciated while included under the heading “Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale”. Fair value of non-current assets held for sale from foreclosures or recoveries is based, mainly, in appraisals or valuations made by independent experts on an annual basis or more frequently, should the re be indicators of impairment. Gains and losses generated on the dispos al of assets and liabilities classified as non-current held for sale, and liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale as well as impairment losses and, where pertinent, the related recoveries, are recognized in “Gains (losses) from non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale not qualifying as discontinued operations” in the consolidated income statement (see Note 50). The remaining income and expense items associated with these assets and liabilities are classi fied within the relevant consolidated income statement headings. Income and expense for discontinued operations, whatever their nature, generated during the year, even if they have occurred before their classification as discontinued operations, are presented net of the tax effect as a single amount under the heading “Profit (loss) after tax from discontinued operations” in the consolidated income statement, whether the business remains on the consolidated balance sheet or is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet. As long as an asset remains in this category, it will not be amortized. This heading includes the earnings from their sale or other disposal.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Property Plant And Equipment Explanatory | Property, plant and equipment for own use This heading includes the assets under ownership or acquired under lease terms (right to use), intended for future or current use by the BBVA Group and that it expects to hold for more than one year. It also includes tangible assets received by the consolidated entities in full or partial settlement of financial assets representing receivables from third parties which are expected to be held for continuing use. For more information regarding the accounting treatment of right to use assets under lease terms, see Note 2.2.19 "Leases". Property, plant and equipment for own use are presented in the consolidated balance sheets at acquisition cost, less any accumulated depreciation and, where appropriate, any estimated impairment losses resulting from comparing this net carrying amount of each item with its corresponding recoverable amount (see Note 17). Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method, during the useful life of the asset, on the basis of the acquisition cost of the assets less their residual value; the land is con sidered to have an indefinite life and is therefore not depreciated. The tangible asset depreciation charges are recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statements under the heading "Depreciation and Amortization" (see Note 45) and are based on the application of the following depreciation rates (determined on the basis of the average years of estimated useful life of the various assets):
Depreciation rates for tangible assets
Type of assets | Annual Percentage
Buildings for own use | 1% - 4%
Furniture | 8% - 10%
Fixtures | 6% - 12%
Office supplies and hardware | 8% - 25%
At each reporting date, the Group entities analyze whether there are internal or exte rnal indicators that a tangible asset may be impaired. When there is evidence of impairment, the Group analyzes whether this impairment actually exists by comparing the asset’s net carrying amount with its recoverable amount (defined as the higher between its recoverable amount less disposal costs and its value in use). When the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, the carrying amount is written down to the recoverable amount and depreciation charges going forward are adjusted to reflect the asse t’s remaining useful life. Similarly, if there is any indication that the value of a previously impaired tangible asset is now recoverable, the consolidated entities will estimate the recoverable amounts of the asset and recognize it in the consolidated in come statement, recording the reversal o f the impairment loss recognized in previous years and thus adjusting future depreciation charges. Under no circumstances may the reversal of an impairment loss on an asset raise its carrying amount above that which it would have if no impairment losses had been recognized in prior years. In the BBVA Group, most of the buildings held for own use are assigned to the different Cash-Generating-Units (CGU) to which they belong. The corresponding impairment analyses are pe rformed for these CGUs to check whether sufficient cash flows are generated to support the value of the assets comprised within. Operatin g and maintenance expense relating to tangible assets held for own use are recognized as an expense in the year they are incurred and recognized in the consolidated income statements under the heading "Administration costs - Other admin istrative expense - Property, fixtures and materials" (see Note 44.2). Other assets leased out under an operating lease The criteria used to recognize the acquisition cost of assets leased out under operating leases, to calculate their depreciation and their respective estimated useful lives and to recognize the impairment losses on them, are the same as those described in relation to tangible assets for own use. Investment properties The heading “Tangible assets - Investment properties” in the consolidated balance sheets reflects the net values (purchase cost minus the corresponding accumulated depreciation and, if appropri ate, estimated impairment losses) of the land, buildings and other structures that are held either to earn rentals or for capital appreciation through sale and that are neither expected to be sold off in the ordinary course of business nor are destined for own use (see Note 17). The criteria used to recognize the acquisition cost of investment properties, calculate their depreciation and their respective estimated useful lives and recognize the impairment losses on them, are the same as those described in r elation to tangible assets held for own use. The BBVA Group determines periodically the fair value of its investment properties in such a way that, at the end of the financial year, the fair value reflects the market conditions of investment property asset s’ market at s uch date. This fair value will be determined taking as references the valuations performed by independent experts.
Descripition Of Accounting Policy For Inventories Explanatory | Inventories The balance under the heading “Other assets - Inventories” in the consolidated balance sheets mainly includes the land and other properties that the BBVA Group’s real estate entities hold for development and sale as part of their real estate development activities (see Note 20). The cost of inventories includes those costs incurred in their acquisition and development, as well as other direct and indirect costs incurred in getting them to their current condition and location. In the case of the cost of real estate assets accounted for as inventories, the cost is comprised of: the acquisition cost of the land, the cost of urban planning and construction, non-recoverable taxes and costs corresponding to construction supervision, coordination and management. Financing cost incurred during the year form part of cost, provided that the inventories require more than a year to be in a condition to be sold. Properties purchased from customers in distress, which the Group manages for sale, are measured at the acquisition date and any subsequent time, at either their related carrying amount or the net realizable val ue of the property, whichever is lower. The carrying amount at acquisition date of these properties is defined as the balance pending collection on those assets that originated said purchases (net of provisions).
Description Of Accounting Policy For Measuring Inventories | Inventory sales In sale transactions, the carrying amount of inventories is derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet and recognized as an expense under the income statement h eading "Other operating expense – Change in inventories” in the year in which the income from its sale is recognized. This income is recognized under the heading “Other operating income – Gains from sales of non-financial services” in the consolidated income statements (see Note 42).
Description Of Accounting Policy For The Impairment Of Inventories | Impairment The amount of any subsequent adj ustment due to inventory valuation for reasons such as damage, obsolescence, reduction in sale price to its net realizable value, as well as losses for other reasons and, if appropriate, subsequent recoveries of value up to the limit of the initial cost va lue, are recognized under the heading "Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets” in the accompanying consolidated income statements for the year in which they are incurred (see Note 48). In the case of the above mentioned real-estate as sets, if the net realizable value is lower than the carrying amount of the loan recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, a loss is recognized under the heading "Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets" in the consolidated income s tatement for the year. In the case of real-estate assets accounted for as inventories, the BBVA Group’s criterion for determining their net realizable value is mainly based on independent appraisals no more than one year old, or less if there are indicatio ns of impairment.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Business Combinations Explanatory | Business combinations A business combination is a transaction, or any other deal, by which the Group obtains control of one or more businesses. It is accounted for by applying the “acquisition method”. According to this method, the acquirer has to recognize the ass ets acquired and the liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed, including those that the acquired entity had not recognized in the accounts. The method involves the measurement of the consideration received for the business combination and its allocat ion to the assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities measured according to their fair value, at the purchase date, as well as the recognition of any non-controlling participation (minority interests) that may arise from the transaction. In a business combination achieved in stages, the acquirer shall measure its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss under the heading “Gains (losses) on derec ognition of non-financial assets and subsidiaries, net” of the consolidated income statements. In prior reporting periods, the acquirer may have recognized changes in the value of its equity interest in the acquiree in other comprehensive income. If so, th e amount that was recognized in other comprehensive income shall be recognized on the same basis as would be required if the acquirer had disposed directly of the previously held equity interest. In addition, the acquirer shall recognize an asset in the co nsolidated balance sheet under the heading “Intangible asset - Goodwill” if on the acquisition date there is a positive difference between: t he sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of all the non-controlling interests and the fair value of stock previously hel d in the acquired business; and the net fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If this difference is negative, it shall be recognized directly in the income statement under the heading “Negative goodwill recognized in pr ofit or loss”. Non-controlling interests in the acquired entity may be measured in two ways: either at their fair value; or at the proportional percentage of net assets identified in the acquired entity. The method of valuing non-controlling interest may be elected in each business combination. BBVA Group has always elected for the second method.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Goodwill Explanatory | Goodwill Goodwill represents a portion of consideration transferred in advance by the acquiring entity for the future economic benefits from assets that cannot be individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is never amortized. It is subject periodically to an impairment analysis, and is written off if there has been impairment (see Note 18). Goodwill is assigned to one or m ore CGU s that expect to be the beneficiaries of the synergies derived from the business combinations. The CGU s represent the Group’s smallest identifiable asset groups that generate cash flows for the Group and that are largely independent of the flows gen erated from the Group’s other assets or groups of assets. Each unit or units to which goodwill is allocated: Is the lowest level at which the entity manages goodwill internally. Is not larger than an operating segment. The cash generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment (including the allocated goodwill in their carrying amount). This analysis is performed at least annually or more frequently if there is any indication of impairment. For the purpose of determining the impairment of a cash-generating unit to which a part of goodwill has been allocated, the carrying amount of that cash-generating unit, adjusted by the theoretical amount of the goodwill attributable to the non-controlling interests, in the event they are not valued at fair value, is compar ed with its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit is equal to the fair value less sale costs or its value in use, whichever is greater. Value in use is calculated as the disco unted value of the cash flow projections that the unit’s management estimates and is based on the latest budgets approved for the coming years. The main assumptions used in its calculation are: a sustainable growth rate to extrapolate the cash flows indefi nitely, and the discount rate used to discount the cash flows, which is equal to the cost of the capital assigned to each cash-generating unit, and equivalent to the sum of the risk-free rate plus a risk premium inherent to the cash-generating unit being e valuated for impairment. If the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit exceeds the related recoverable amount, the Group recognizes an impairment loss; the resulting loss is apportioned by reducing, first, the carrying amount of the goodwill allocated to that unit and, second, if there are still impairment losses remaining to be recognized, the carrying amount of the remainder of the assets. This is done by allocating the remaining loss in proportion to the carrying amount of each of the assets in the unit. In the event the non-controlling interests are measured at fair value, the deterioration of goodwill attributable to non-controlling interests will be recognized. In any case, an impairment loss recognized for goodwill shall not be reversed in a subs equent period. Goodwill impairment losses are recognized under the heading "Impairment or reversal of impairment on non-financial assets – Intangible assets” in the consolidated income statements (see Note 48).
Description Of Accounting Policy For Intangible Assets Other Than Goodwill Explanatory | Other intangible assets These assets may have an indefinite useful life if, based on an analysis of all relevant factors, it is concluded that there is no foreseeable limit to the period over which the asset is expected to generate net cash flows for the consolidated entities. In all other cases they have a finite useful life (see Note 18). Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized according to the duration of this useful life, using methods similar to those used to depreciate tangible assets. The defined useful life intangible asset i s made up mainly of IT applications acquisition costs which have a useful life of 3 to 5 years. The amortiz ation charge of these assets is recognized in the accompanying consolidated income statements under the heading "Depreciation and amortization" (see Note 45). The consolidated entities recognize any impairment losses on the carrying amount of these assets with charge to the heading “Impairment or reversal of impairment on non - financial assets- Intangible assets” in the accompanying consolidated incom e statements (see Note 48). The criteria used to recognize the impairment losses on these assets and, where applicable, the recovery of impairment losses recognized in prior years, are similar to those used for tangible assets.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Insurance Contracts | Insurance and reinsurance contracts The assets and liabilities of the BBVA Group’s insurance subsidiaries are recognized according to their nature under the corresponding headings of the consolidated balance sheets, and the initial recognition and valuation is carried o ut according to the criteria set out in IFRS 4. The heading “Insurance and reinsurance assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the amounts that the consolidated insurance subsidiaries are entitled to receive under the reinsurance c ontracts entered into by them with third parties and, more specifically, the reinsurer´s share of the technical provisions recognized by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries. The heading “Liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts” in the acc ompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the technical provisions for direct insurance and inward reinsurance recognized by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries to cover claims arising from insurance contracts open at period-end (see Note 23). The income or expense reported by the BBVA Group’s consolidated insurance subsidiaries on their insurance activities is recognized, in accordance with their nature, in the corresponding items of the consolidated income statements. The consolidated insurance e ntities of the BBVA Group recognize the amounts of the premiums written and a charge for the estimated cost of the claims that will be incurred at their final settlement to their consolidated income statements. At the close of each year the amounts collect ed and unearned, as well as the costs incurred and unpaid, are accrued. The most significant provisions recorded by consolidated insurance entities with respect to insurance policies issued by them are set out by their nature in Note 23. According to the t ype of product, the provisions may be as follows: Life insurance provisions: Represents the value of the net obligations undertaken with the life insurance policyholder. These provisions include: Provisions for unearned premiums. These are intended for the accrual, at the date of calculation, of the premiums written. Their balance reflects the portion of the premiums received until the closing date that has to be allocated to the period from year-e nd to the end of the insurance policy period. Mathematical reserves: Represents the value of the life insurance obligations of the insurance entities at year-end, net of the policyholder’s obligations, arising from life insurance contracted. Non-life insur ance provisions: Provisions for unearned premiums. These provisions are intended for the accrual, at the date of calculation, of the premiums written. Their balance reflects the portion of the premiums received until the closing date that has to be allocat ed to the period between the year-end and the end of the policy period. Provisions for unexpired risks: The provision for unexpired risks supplements the provision for unearned premiums by the amount by which that provision is not sufficient to reflect the assessed risks and expenses to be covered by the consolidated insurance subsidiaries in the policy period not elapsed at year-end. Provision for claims: This reflects the total amount of the outstanding obligations arising from claims incurred prior to ye ar-end. Insurance subsidiaries calculate this provision as the difference between the total estimated or certain cost of the claims not yet reported, settled or paid, and the total amounts already pa id in relation to these claims. Provision for bonuses and rebates: This provision includes the amount of the bonuses accruing to policyholders, insurees or beneficiaries and the premiums to be returned to policyholders or insurees, as the case may be, based on the behavior of the risk insured, to the extent that such amounts have not been individually assigned to each of them. Technical provisions for reinsurance ceded: Calculated by applying the criteria indicated above for direct insurance, taking account of the assignment conditions established in the open rei nsurance contracts. Other technical provisions: Insurance entities have recognized provisions to cover the probable mismatches in the market reinvestment interest rates with respect to those used in the valuation of the technical provisions. The BBVA Group controls and monitors the exposure of the insurance subsidiaries to financial risk and, to this end, uses internal methods and tools that enable it to measure credit risk and market risk and to establish the limits for these risks.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Income Tax Explanatory | Tax assets and liabilities Expenses on corporate income tax applicable to the BBVA Group’s Spanish entities and on similar income taxes applicable to consolidated foreign entities are recognized in the consolidated income statement, except when they result from transact ions on which the profits or losses are recognized directly in equity, in which case the related tax effec t is also recognized in equity. The total corporate income tax expense is calculated by aggregating the current tax arising from the application of the corresponding tax rate as per the tax base for the year (after deducting the tax credits or discounts allowable for tax purposes) and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized in the consolidated income statement.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Deferred Income Tax Explanatory | Deferred tax assets and liabilities include temporary differences, defined as the amounts to be payable or recoverable in future years arising from the differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax bases (the “tax value”), and tax loss and t ax credit or discount carry forwards. These amounts are registered by applying to each temporary difference the tax rates that are expected to apply when the asset is realized or the liability settled (see Note 19). The "Tax Assets" line item in the accomp anying consolidated balance sheets includes the amount of all the assets of a tax nature, broken down into: "Current” (amounts of tax recoverable in the next twelve months) and "Deferred" (which includes the amount of tax to be recovered in future years, i ncluding those arising from tax losses or credits for deductions or rebates that can be compensated). The "Tax Liabilities" line item in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes the amount of all the liabilities of a tax nature, except for pro visions for taxes, broken down into: "Current” (income tax payable on taxable profit for the year and other taxes payable in the next twelve months) and "Deferred" (the amount of corporate tax payable in subsequent years). Deferred tax liabilities attribut able to taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates or joint venture entities are recognized as such, except where the Group can control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is unlikely tha t it will reverse in the future. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that the consolidated entities will generate enough taxable profits to make deferred tax assets settle and do not correspond to those from initial recogni tion (except in the case of business combinations), which also does not affect the fiscal outcome. The deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized are reassessed by the consolidated entities at each balance sheet date in order to ascertain whether they still qualify as deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the appropriate adjustments are made on the basis of the findings of the analyses performed. In those circumstances in which it is unclear how a specific requirement of the tax law applies to a part icular transaction or circumstance, and the acceptability of the definitive tax treatment depends on the decisions taken by the relevant taxation authority in future, the entity recognizes current and deferred tax liabilities and assets considering whether it is probable or not that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. Thus, if the entity concludes that it is not probable that the taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment, the entity uses the amount expected to be pai d to (recovered from) the taxation authorities.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Taxes Other Than Income Tax Explanatory | The income and expense directly recognized in consolidated equity that do not increase or decrease taxable income are accounted for as temporary differences.
Description of Accounting Policy for Provisions | Provisions, contingent assets and contingent liabilities The heading “Provisions” in the consolidated balance sheets includes amounts recognized to cover the BBVA Group’s current obligations arising as a result of past events. These are certain in terms of nature but uncertain in terms of amount and/or settlement date. The settlement of these obligations is deemed likely to entail an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits (see Note 24). The obligations may arise in connection with legal or contractual provisions, valid expectations forme d by Group entities relative to third parties in relation to the assumption of certain responsibilities or through virtually certain developments of particular aspects of the regulations applicable to the operation of the entities; and, specifically, futur e legislation to which the Group will certainly be subject. The provisions are recognized in the consolidated balance sheets when each and every one of the following requirements is met: They represent a current obligation that has arisen from a past event. At the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements, there is more probability that the obligation will have to be met than that it will not. It is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligati on. The amount of the obligation can be reasonably estimated. Among other items, these provisions include the commitments made to employees by some of the Group entities mentioned in Note 2.2.12, as well as provisions for tax and legal litigation. Continge nt assets are possible assets that arise from past events and whose existence is conditional on, and will be confirmed only by, the occurrence or non-occurrence of events beyond the control of the Group. Contingent assets are not recognized in the consolid ated balance sheet or in the consolidated income statement; however, they will be disclosed, should they exist, in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, provided that it is probable will give rise to an increase in resources embodying economi c benefits. Contingent liabilities are possible obligations of the Group that arise from past events and whose existence is conditional on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future events beyond the control of the Group. They also include the existing obligations of the Group when it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle them; or when, in extremely rare cases, their amount cannot be measur ed with sufficient reliability. Contingent li abilities are not recognized in the consolidated balance sheet or the income statement (excluding contingent liabilities from business combination) but are disclosed in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, unless the possibility of an outflo w of resources embodying economic benefits is remote.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Employee Benefits Explanatory | Pensions and other post-employment commitments Below we provide a description of the most significant accounting policies relating to post-employment and other employee benefit commitments assumed by BBVA Group entities (see Note 25). Short-term employee benefits Benefits for current active employees which are accrued and settled during the year and for which a provision is not required in the entity´s accounts. These include wages and salar ies, social security char ges and other personnel expense. Costs are charged and recognized under the heading “Administr ation costs – Personnel expense – Other personnel expense” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 44.1). Post-employment benefits – Defined-contribution plans The Group sponsors defined-contribution plans for the majority of its active employees. The amount of these benefits is established as a percentage of remuneration and/or as a fixed amount. The contributions made to these plan s in each year by BBVA Group entities are charged and recognized under the heading “Administra tion costs – Personnel expense– Defined-contribution plan expense” of the consolidated in come statement (see Note 44.1). Post-employment benefits – Defined-benefi t plans Some Group entities maintain pension commitments with employees who have already retired or taken early retirement, certain closed groups of active employees still accruing defined benefit pensions, and in-service death and disability benefits prov ided to most active employees. These commitments are covered by insurance contracts, pension funds and internal provisions. In addition, some of the Spanish entities have offered certain employees the option to retire before their normal retirement age, recognizing the necessary provisions to cover the costs of the associated benefit commitments, which include both the liability for the benefit payments due as well as the contributions payable to external pension funds during the early retirement period. Furthermore, certain Group entities provide welfare and medical benefits which extend beyond the date of retirement of the employees entitled to the benefits. All of these commitments are quantified based on actuarial valuations, with the amounts recorded under the heading “Provisions – Provisions for pensions and similar obligations” in the consolidated balance sheet and determined as the difference between the value of the defined-benefit commitments and the fair value of plan assets at the date of the Co nsolidated Financial Statements (see Note 25). Current service cost is charged and recognized under the heading “Administration costs – Personnel expense – Defined-benefit plan expense” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 44.1). Interest credits/charges relating to these commitments are charged and recognized under the headings “Interest and other income” and “Interest expense” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 37). Past service costs arising from benefit plan changes as well as e arly retirements granted during the year are recognized under the heading “Provisions or reversals of provisions” of the consolidated income statement (see Note 46). Other long-term employee benefits In addition to the above commitments, certain Group enti ties provide long-term service awards to their employees, consisting of monetary amounts or periods of vacation granted upon completion of a number of years of qualifying service. These commitments are quantified based on actuarial valuations and the amoun ts recorded under the heading “Provisions – Other long-term employee benefits” of the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 24). Valuation of commitments: actuarial assumptions and recognition of gains/losses The present value of these commitments is determ ined based on individual member data. Active employee costs are determined using the “projected unit credit” method, which treats each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of benefit and values each unit separately. In establishing the ac tuarial assumptions we take into account that: They should be unbiased, i.e. neither unduly optimistic nor excessively conservative. Each assumption does not contradict the others and adequately reflect the existing relationship between economic variables such as price inflation, expected wage increases, discount rates and the expected return on plan assets, etc. Future wage and benefit levels should be based on market expectations, at the balance sheet date, for the period over which the obligations are to be settled. The interest rate used to discount benefit commitments is determined by reference to market yields, at the balance sheet date, on high quality bonds. The BBVA Group recognizes actuarial gains/losses relating to early retirement benefits, long service awards and other similar items under the heading “Provisions or reversal of provisions” of the consolidated income statement for the period in which they arise (see Note 46). Actuarial gains/losses relating to pension and medical benefits are direc tly charged and recognized under the heading "Accumulated other comprehensive income – Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss – Actuarial gains or losses on defined benefit pension plans" of equity in the consolidated balance sheet (see Note 30).
Description Of Accounting Policy For Share based Payment Transactions Explanatory | Equity-settled share-based payment transactions Equity –settled share-based payment transactions, provided they constitute the delivery of such equity instruments once completion of a specific period of services has occurred, are recognized as an expense for services being provided by employees, by way of a balancing entry under the heading “Shareholders’ funds – Other equity instruments” in the consolidated balance sheet. These services are measured at fair value for the employees services r eceived, unless such fair value cannot be calculated reliably. In such case, they are measured by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments granted, taking into account the date on which the commitments were granted and the terms and other cond itions included in the commitments. When the initial compensation agreement includes what may be considered market conditions among its terms, any changes in these conditions will not be reflected in the consolidated income statement, as these have already been accounted for in calculating the initial fair value of the equity instruments. Non-market vesting conditions are not taken into account when estimating the initial fair value of equity instruments, but they are taken into account when determining the number of equity instruments to be issued. This will be recognized on the consolidated income statement with the corresponding increase in total consolidated equity.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Termination Benefits | Termination benefits Termination benefits are recognized in the financial statem ents when the BBVA Group agrees to terminate employment contracts with its employees and h as established a detailed plan.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Treasury Shares Explanatory | Treasury shares The value of common stock issued by the BBVA Group’s entities and held by them - basically, shares and deri vatives on the Bank’s shares held by some consolidated entities that comply with the requirements to be recognized as equity instruments - are recognized as a decrease to net equity, under the heading "Shareholders’ funds - Treasury stock" in the consolida ted balance sheets (see Note 29). These financial assets are recognized at acquisition cost, and the gains or losses arising on their disposal are credited or debited, as appropriate, to the heading “Shareholders’ funds - Retained earnings” in the consolid ated balance sheets (see Note 28).
Description Of Accounting Policy For Foreign Currency Translation and Exchange Differences Balance Sheet Explanatory | Foreign-currency transactions and exchange differences The BBVA Group’s functional currency, and thus the currency in which the Consolidated Financial Statements are presented, is the euro. As such, all balances and transactions denominated in currencies other than the euro are deemed to be denominated in “foreign currency”. Conversion to euros of the balances held in foreign currency is performed in two consecutive stages: Conversion of the foreign currency to th e entity’s functional currency (currency of the main economic environment in which the entity operates); and Conversion to euros of the balances held in the functional currencies of the entities whose functional currency is not the euro.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Functional Currency Balance Sheet Explanatory | Conversion of the foreign currency to the entity’s functional currency Transactions denominated in foreign currencies carried out by the consolidated entities (or entities accounted for using the equity method) are initially accounted for in their respective currencies. Sub sequently, the monetary balances in foreign currencies are converted to their respective functional currencies using the exchange rate at the close of the financial year. In addition, Non-monetary items valued at their historical cost are converted to the functional currency at the exchange rate applicable on the purchase date. Non-monetary items valued at their fair value are converted at the exchange rate in force on the date on which such fair value was determined. Monetary items are converted to the fun ctional currency at the closing exchange rate. Income and expense are converted at the period’s average exchange rates for all the operations carried out during the year. When applying this criterion the BBVA Group considers whether significant variations have taken place in exchange rates during the year which, owing to their impact on the statements as a whole, may require the application of exchange rates as of the date of the transaction instead of such average exchange rates. The exchange differences produced when converting the balances in foreign currency to the functional currency of the consolidated entities are generally recognized under the heading "Exchange differences, net" in the consolidated income statements (see Note 41). However, the excha nge differences in non-monetary items measured at fair value are recorded to equity under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss - Items not subject to reclassification to income statement - Fair value changes of equity instruments mea sured at fair value through other comprehensive income” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 30). Conversion of functional currencies to euros The balances in the financial statements of consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the eu ro are converted to euros as follows: Assets and liabilities: at the closing spot exchange rates as of the date of each of the consolidated balance sheets. Income and expense and cash flows are converted by applying the exchange rate applicable on the date of the transaction, and the average exchange rate for the financial year may be used, unless it has undergone sign ificant variations during the year. Equity items: at the hi storical exchange rates. The exchange differences arising from the conversion to euros of balances in the functional currencies of the consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the euro are recognized under the heading “Accumulated other compr ehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Exchange differences” in the consolidated balance sheets (Notes 30 and 31 respectively). Meanwhile, the differences arising from the conversion to euros of the financial statements of ent ities accounted for by the equity method are recognized under the heading “Accumulated other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Entities accounted for using the equity method" (Note 30) until the item to which they re late is derecognized, at which time they are recognized in the income statement. The financial statements of companies of hyperinflationary economies are restated for the effects of changes in prices before their conversion to euros following the provision s of IAS 29 "Financial information in hyperinflationary economies" (see Note 2.2.20). Both these adjustments for inflation and the exchange differences that arise when converting the financial statements of companies into hyperinflationary economies are ac counted for in Reserves. The breakdown of the main consolidated balances in foreign currencies, with reference to the most significant foreign currencies, is set forth in Appendix VII. Venezuela Local financial statements of the Group subsidiaries in Venez uela are expressed in Venezuelan Bolivar, and converted into euros for the consolidated financial statements. Venezuela is a country with strong exchange restrictions that has different rates officially published, and, since December 31, 2015, the Board of Directors considers that the use of these exchanges rates for converting bolivars into euros in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements does not reflect the true picture of the financial statements of the Group and the financial position of the Gr oup subsidiaries in this country. Therefore, since the year ended December 31, 2015, the exchange rate for converting bolivars into euros is an estimation taking into account the evolution of the es timated inflation in Venezuela. As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the impact on the financial statements that would have resulted by applying the last published official exchange rate instead of the exchange rate estimated by BBVA Group was not significant (see Note 2.2.20).
Description Of Accounting Policy For Recognition Of Revenue And Expenses Explanatory | Recognition of income and expense The most significant policies used by the BBVA Group to recognize its income and expense are as follows.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Interest Income And Expense Explanatory | Interest income and expense and similar items: As a general rule, interest income and expense and similar items are recognized on the basis of their period of accrual using the effective interest ra te method. T hey shall be recognized within the consolidated income statement according to the following criteria, independently from the financial instruments’ portfolio which generates the income or expense: The interest income past-due before the initial recognition and pending to be received will form part of the gross carrying amount of the debt instrument. The interest income accrued after the initial recognition will form part of the gross carrying amount of the debt instrument until it will be received. The financial fees and commissions that arise on the arrangement of loans and advances (basically origin ation and analysis fees) are deferred and recognized in the income statement over the expected life of the loan. From that amount, the transaction costs identified as directly attributable to the arrangement of the loans and advances will be deducted. Thes e fees are part of the effective interest r ate for the loans and advances. Once a debt instrument has been impaired, interest income is recognized applying the effective interest rate used to discount the estimated recoverable cash flows on the carrying am ount of the asset. Income from dividends received: Dividends shall be recognized within the consolidated income statement according to the following criteria, independently from the financial instruments’ portfolio which generates this income: When the right to receive payment has been declared before the initial recognition and when the payment is pending to be received, the dividends will not form part of the gross carrying amount of the equity instrument and will not be recognized as income. Those div idends are accounted for as financial assets separately from the net equity instrument. If the right to receive payment is received after the initial recognition, the dividends from the net equity instruments will be recognized within the consolidated inco me statement. If the dividends correspond indubitable to the profits of the issuer before the date of initial recognition, they will not be recognized as income but as reduction of the gross carrying amount of the equity instrument because it represents a partly recuperation of the investment. Amongst other circumstances, the generation date can be considered to be prior to the date of initial recognition if the amounts distributed by the issuer as from the initial recognition are higher than its profits du ring the same period.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Fee And Commission Income And Expense Explanatory | Commissions, fees and similar items: Income and expense relating to commissions and similar fees are recognized in the consolidated income statement using criteria that vary according to the nature of such items. The most significant items in this connection are: Those relating to financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, which are recognized when collected/paid. Those arising f rom transactions or services that are provided over a period of time, which are recognized over the life o f these transactions or services. Those relating to a singular transaction, which are recognized when this singular transaction is carried out.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Recognising Difference Between Fair Value At Initial Recognition And Amount Determined Using Valuation Technique Explanatory | N on-financial income and expense: These are recognized for accounting purposes on an accrual basis. Deferred col lections and payments: These are recognized for accounting purposes at the amount resulting from discounting the expected cash flows at market rates.
Description Of Accounting Policy For Recognition Of Non Financial Services Revenue Explanatory | Sales of assets and income from the provision of non-financial services The heading “Other operating income” in the consolidated income statements includes the proceeds of the sales of assets and income from the services provided by the Group entities that are not financial institutions. In the case of the Group, these entities are mainly real e state and service entities (see Note 42).
Description Of Accounting Policy For Leases Explanatory | Leases Effective January 1, 2019, IFRS 16 replaced IAS 17 “Leases” (see Note 2.3). The single lessee accounting model requires the lessee to record assets and liabilities for all lease contracts. The stand ard provides two exceptions to the recognition of lease assets and liabilities that can be applied in the case of short-term contracts and those in which the underlying assets have low value. BBVA has elected to apply both exceptions. A lessee is required to recognize a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset, which is recorded under the headings ‘‘ Tangible assets – Property plants and equipment’’ and‘‘ Tangible assets – Investment properties’’ of the consolidated balan ce sheet (see Note 17) and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments which is recorded under the heading ‘‘ Financial liabilities at amortized cost – Other financial liabilities’’ in the consolida ted balance sheet (see Note 22.5). At the initial date of the lease, the lease liability represents the present value of all lease unpaid payments. The liabilities registered under this heading of the consolidated balance sheets are measured after their initial recognition at amortized co st, this being determined in accordance with the “effective interest rate” method. The right to use assets are initially recorded at cost. This cost consists of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any payment made before the initial date less a ny lease incentives received, all direct initial expenses incurred, as well as an estimate of the expenses to be incurred by the lessee, such as expenses related to the removal and dismantling of the underlying asset. The right to use assets recorded under this heading of the consolidated balance sheets are measured after their initial recognition at cost less: The accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment Any remeasurement of the lease liability. The interest expense on the lease liability is recorded in the consolidated income statements under the heading “Interest expense” (see note 37). Variable payments not included in the initial measurement of the lease liability are re corded under the heading “Administration costs – Other administrative expense” (see N ote 44). Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the lifetime of the lease contract, on the basis of the cost of the assets. The tangible asset depreciation charges are recognized in the accompanying consolidated incom e statements under the heading "Depreciation and Amortization" (see Note 45). In case of electing one of the exceptions in order not to recognize the corresponding right to use and the liability in the consolidated balance sheets, payments related to the c orresponding lease are recognized in the consolidated income statements, over the contract period, lineally, or in the way that best represents the structure of the lease operation, under the heading "Other administrative expense” (see Note 4 4). Operating lease and sublease incomes are recognized in the consolidated income statements under the headings “Other operating income” (see Note 42). As a lessor, lease contracts are classified as finance leases from the inception of the transaction if they substantially transfer all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the asset forming the subject-matter of the contract. Leases other than finance leases are classified as operating leases. When the consolidated entities act as the lessor of an asset under finance leases, the aggregate present values of the lease payments receivable from the lessee plus the guaranteed residual value (normally the exercise price of the lessee’s purchase option on expiration of the lease agreement) are recognized as financing provided to third parties and, therefore, are included under the heading “Loans and receivables” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (see Note 14). When the consolidated entities act as lessors of an asset in operating leases, the acquisition cost of the leased assets is recognized under "Tangible assets – Property, plant and equipment – Other assets leased out under an operating lease" in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 17). These assets are depreciated in line with the criteria adopted for items of tangible assets for own use, while the income arising from the lease arrangements is recognized in the consolidated income statements on a straight-line basis within “Other operating income” and "Other operating expense" (see Note 42). If a fair value sale and leaseback results in a lease, the profit or loss generated from the effectively transferred part of the sale is recog nized in the consolidated income statement at the time of sale (only for t he effective transmitted part). The assets leased out under operating lease contracts to other entities in the Group are treated in the Consolidated Financial Statements as for own u se, and thus rental expense and income is eliminated in consolidation and the corresponding depreciation is recognized.
Description of Accounting Policies for Entities and Branches Located in Countries With Hiperinflationary Economies | Entities and branches located in countries with hyperinflationary economies In accordance with the IFRS-IASB criteria, to determine whether an economy has a high inflation rate the country's economic situation is examined, analyzing whether certain circumstances are fulfilled, such as whether the population prefers to keep its wealth or savings in non-monetary a ssets or in a relatively stable foreign currency, whether prices can be set in that currency, whether interest rates, wages and prices are pegged to a price index or whether the accumulated inflation rate over three years reaches or exceeds 100%. The fact that any of these circumstances is fulfilled will not be a decisive factor in considering an economy hyperinflationary, but it does provide some reasons to consider it as such. Argentina Since 2018, the economy of Argentina has been considered hyperinflat ionary under the above criteria. As a result, the financial statements of the BBVA Group’s entities located in Argentina have therefore been adjusted to correct for the effects of inflation in accordance with IAS 29 “Financial reporting in hyperinflationar y economies“. During 2019 and 2018, the increase in the reserves of Group entities located in Argentina derived from the re-expression for hyperinflation (IAS 29) amounts to €470 and €703 million, respectively, of which €313 and €463 million, respectively, have been recorded within “Shareholders’ funds - Retained earnings” and €157 and €240 million, respectively, within “Minority interests – Other”. Furthermore, during 201 9 and 2018 the decrease in the reserves of Group entities located in Argentina derive d from the co nversion (IAS 21) amounted to €460 and €773 million, respectively, of which €305 and €515 million, respectively, have been recorded within “Shareholders’ funds - Retained earnings”, and €155 and €258 million, respectively, within “Minority int erests – Other”. The net impact of both effects is presented under the caption “Other increases or (-) decreases in equity” in the consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The net loss in the profit attrib utable to the parent company of the Group in 2019 and 2018 derived from the application of IAS 29 amounted to €190 and €209 million, respectively. In addition, there is a net loss in the profit attributable to the parent company of the Group in 2019 and 2018 derived from the application of IAS 21 which amounted to €34 and €57 million, respectively. The breakdown of the General Price Index (“GPI”) and the inflation index used as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 for the inflation restatement of the financial statements of the Group companies located in Argentina is as follows:
General Price Index
| 2019 | 2018
GPI | 285 | 184
Average GPI | 233 | 152
Inflation of the period | 55% | 48%
Venezuela Since 2009, the economy of Venezuela has been considered hyperinflationary under the above criteria. As a result, the financial statements of the BBVA Group’s entities located in Venezuela have therefore been adjusted to correct for the effects of inflation in accordance with IAS 29 “Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies“. The losses recognized under the heading “Profit attributable to the p arent company” in the accompanying consolidated income statement as a result of the adjustment for inflation on net monetary position of the Group entities in Venezuela amounted to €8, €12 and €13 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively (see Note 2.2.16).

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