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Note 16 - Investments in joint ventures and associates | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates |
Investments in subsidiaries joint ventures and associates | 16. Investments in joint ventures and associates 16.1 Joint ventures and associates The breakdown of the balance of “Investments in joint ventures and associates” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:
Joint ventures and associates. Breakdown by entities (Millions of Euros)
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Joint ventures |  |  |
Altura Markets S.V., S.A. | 73 | 69 | 64
RCI Colombia | 37 | 32 | 19
Desarrollo Metropolitanos del Sur, S.L. | 14 | 13 | 12
Other | 30 | 59 | 160
Subtotal | 154 | 173 | 256
Associates |  |  |
Divarian Propiedad, S.A.U. | 630 | 591 | -
Metrovacesa, S.A. | 443 | 508 | 697
ATOM Bank PLC | 136 | 138 | 66
Solarisbank AG | 36 | 37 | -
Cofides | 23 | 22 | 21
Redsys servicios de procesamiento, S.L. | 14 | 12 | 10
Servicios Electrónicos Globales S.A. de CV | 11 | 9 | 6
Other | 41 | 88 | 533
Subtotal | 1,334 | 1,405 | 1,332
Total | 1,488 | 1,578 | 1,588
Details of the joint ventures and associates as of December 31, 2019 are shown in Appendix II. The following is a summary of the changes in the in December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 under this heading in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets:
Joint ventures and associates. Changes in the year (Millions of Euros)
| Notes | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Balance at the beginning |  | 1,578 | 1,588 | 765
Acquisitions and capital increases |  | 161 | 309 | 868
Disposals and capital reductions |  | (149) | (516) | (8)
Transfers and changes of consolidation method |  | (27) | 211 | -
Share of profit and loss | 39 | (42) | (7) | 4
Exchange differences |  | 10 | 2 | (29)
Dividends, valuation adjustments and others |  | (43) | (8) | (12)
Balance at the end |  | 1,488 | 1,578 | 1,588
The variation during the year 2017 was mainly explained by the increase of BBVA Group stakes in Testa Residencial, S.A. and Metrovacesa Suelo y Promoción, S.A. through its contribution to the capital incr eases carried out by both entities by contributing assets from the Bank’s real estate assets (see Note 21). The variation during the year 2018 was mainly explained by the decrease of BBVA Group stakes in Testa Residencial, S.A., Metrovacesa Suelo y Promoci ón, S.A. and the contribution of assets and subsequent sale to Cerberus of 80% of the capital stake in Divarian Propiedad, S.A.U., (see Note 3 and Appendix III). During the year 2019, there was no significant change in the heading “Investment in joint vent ures and associates”. Appendix III provides notifications on acquisitions and disposals of holdings in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, in compliance with article 155 of the Corporations Act and article 53 of the Securities Market Act 24/1988. 16.2 Other information about associates and joint ventures If these entities had been consolidated rather than accounted for using the equity method, the change in each of the lines of balance sheet and the consolidated income statement would not be sig nificant. As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 there was no financial support agreement or other contractual commitment to associates and joint ventures entities from the holding or the subsidiaries that are not recognized in the financial statements (se e Note 53.2). As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 there was no contingent liability in connection with the investments in joint ventures and associates (see Note 53.2). 16.3 Impairment As described in IAS 36, when there is indicator of impairment, t he book value of the associates and joint venture entities should be compared with their recoverable amount, being the latter calculated as the higher between the value in use and the fair value minus the cost of sale. As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 201 7, there were no significant impairments recognized.

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