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INCOME TAXES | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2015
INCOME TAXES |
INCOME TAXES | 25.INCOME TAXES INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION
Year ended December 31, |  | 2015 | 2014
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |  |
Earnings before income taxes and discontinued operations |  | 11 | 2,173
Canadian federal statutory income tax rate |  | 15% | 15%
Expected federal taxes at statutory rate |  | 2 | 326
Increase/(decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
Provincial and state income taxes 1 |  | (204) | (36)
Foreign and other statutory rate differentials |  | 310 | 394
Effects of rate-regulated accounting 2 |  | (52) | (97)
Foreign allowable interest deductions |  | (84) | (65)
Part VI.1 tax, net of federal Part I deduction |  | 55 | 47
Intercompany sale of investment 3 |  | 23 | 68
Valuation allowance 4 |  | 154 | 2
Noncontrolling interests |  | (28) | (28)
Other 5 |  | (6) | -
Income taxes on earnings before discontinued operations |  | 170 | 611
Effective income tax rate |  | 1,545.5% | 28.1%
1 | The higher provincial and state income tax recovery in 2015 reflected the decrease in earnings largely in the Company’s Canadian operations due to the depreciation in the Canadian dollar value against the U.S. dollar.
2 | The amount in 2015 included the federal component of the tax effect of the write-off of regulatory receivables.
3 | In September 2015 and November 2014, Enbridge sold certain assets to entities under common control. The intercompany gains realized on these transfers were eliminated. However, because these transactions involved the sale of partnership units, tax consequences have been recognized in earnings. This resulted in a tax expense of $39 million and $157 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively.
4 | The amount in 2015 represents the federal component of the tax effect of a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets related to an outside basis temporary difference that is no longer more likely than not to be realized.
5 | 2015 included $17 million recovery related to the federal component of the tax effect of adjustments related to prior periods.
COMPONENTS OF PRETAX EARNINGS AND INCOME TAXES
Year ended December 31, |  | 2015 | 2014
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |  |
Earnings before income taxes and discontinued operations |  |  |
Canada |  | (1,365) | 114
United States |  | 808 | 1,614
Other |  | 568 | 445
|  | 11 | 2,173
Current income taxes |  |  |
Canada |  | 157 | 35
United States |  | 3 | (15)
Other |  | 3 | 4
|  | 163 | 24
Deferred income taxes |  |  |
Canada |  | (558) | (193)
United States |  | 565 | 780
|  | 7 | 587
Income taxes on earnings before discontinued operations |  | 170 | 611
COMPONENTS OF DEFERRED INCOME TAXES Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Major components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
December 31, |  | 2015 |  | 2014
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |  |  |
Deferred income tax liabilities |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  | (3,423) |  | (2,668)
Investments |  | (3,024) |  | (2,469)
Regulatory assets |  | (354) |  | (240)
Other |  | (85) |  | (102)
Total deferred income tax liabilities |  | (6,886) |  | (5,479)
Deferred income tax assets |  |  |  |
Financial instruments |  | 1,374 |  | 644
Pension and OPEB plans |  | 202 |  | 203
Loss carryforwards |  | 848 |  | 390
Other |  | 274 |  | 246
Total deferred income tax assets |  | 2,698 |  | 1,483
Less valuation allowance |  | (538) |  | (42)
Total deferred income tax assets, net |  | 2,160 |  | 1,441
Net deferred income tax liabilities |  | (4,726) |  | (4,038)
Presented as follows: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable and other (Note 7) |  | 367 |  | 245
Deferred income taxes |  | 839 |  | 561
Total deferred income tax assets |  | 1,206 |  | 806
Accounts payable and other |  | (17) |  | (2)
Deferred income taxes |  | (5,915) |  | (4,842)
Total deferred income tax liabilities |  | (5,932) |  | (4,844)
Net deferred income tax liabilities |  | (4,726) |  | (4,038)
Valuation allowances have been established for certain loss and credit carryforwards, and outside basis temporary differences on investments that reduce deferred income tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. As at December 31, 2015, the Company recognized the benefit of unused tax loss carryforwards of $1,754 million (2014 - $826 million) in Canada which start to expire in 2025 and beyond. As at December 31, 2015, the Company recognized the benefit of unused tax loss carryforwards of $899 million (2014 - $394 million) in the United States which start to expire in 2030 and beyond. The Company has not provided for deferred income taxes on the difference between the carrying value of substantially all of its foreign subsidiaries and their corresponding tax basis as the earnings of those subsidiaries are intended to be permanently reinvested in their operations. As such these investments are not anticipated to give rise to income taxes in the foreseeable future. The difference between the carrying values of the investments and their tax bases is largely a result of unremitted earnings and currency translation adjustments. The unremitted earnings and currency translation adjustment for which no deferred taxes have been recognized in respect of foreign subsidiaries is $4.0 billion (2014 - $4.7 billion). If such earnings are remitted, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company may be subject to income taxes and foreign withholding taxes. The determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities on such amounts is not practicable. The Company and one or more of its subsidiaries are subject to taxation in Canada, the United States and other foreign jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to potential examinations include the United States (Federal and Texas) and Canada (Federal, Alberta and Ontario). The Company’s 2008 to 2015 taxation years are still open for audit in the Canadian and United States jurisdictions. T he Company is currently under examination for income tax matters in Canada for the 2011 and 2012 taxation years, and in the United States for the 2009 to 2013 taxation years. The Company is not currently under examination for income tax matters in any other jurisdiction where it is subject to income tax. UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS
Year ended December 31, |  | 2015 |  | 2014
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |  |  |
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year |  | 51 |  | 46
Gross increases for tax positions of current year |  | 5 |  | 5
Reduction for lapse of statute of limitations |  | - |  | (5)
Change in translation of foreign currency |  | 9 |  | 5
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year |  | 65 |  | 51
The unrecognized tax benefits as at December 31, 2015, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective income tax rate. The Company does not anticipate further adjustments to the unrecognized tax benefits during the next 12 months that would have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of Income taxes. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $2 million expense (2014 - nil) of interest and penalties. As at December 31, 2015, interest and penalties of $7 million (2014 - $5 million) have been accrued.

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