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INCOME TAXES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
INCOME TAXES | INCOME TAXES INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION
Year ended December 31, | 2021 | 2020 | 2019
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |  |
Earnings before income taxes | 7,729 | 4,190 |  | 7,535 |
Canadian federal statutory income tax rate | 15 | % | 15 | % | 15 | %
Expected federal taxes at statutory rate | 1,159 | 629 |  | 1,130 |
Increase/(decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
Provincial and state income taxes 1 | 228 |  | 288 |  | 415 |
Foreign and other statutory rate differentials 2 | 134 |  | (53) |  | 129 |
Effects of rate-regulated accounting 3 | (139) |  | (145) |  | (63) |
Foreign allowable interest deductions 4 | — |  | (4) |  | (29) |
Part VI.1 tax, net of federal Part I deduction 5 | 73 |  | 76 |  | 78 |
US Minimum Tax 6 | — |  | 44 |  | 67 |
Non-taxable portion of gain on sale of investment 7 | (23) |  | — |  | — |
Valuation allowance 8 | 5 |  | (6) |  | 26 |
Intercorporate investments 9 | — |  | — |  | (14) |
Noncontrolling interests | (17) |  | (8) |  | (13) |
Other | (5) |  | (47) |  | (18) |
Income tax expense | 1,415 |  | 774 |  | 1,708 |
Effective income tax rate | 18.3% | 18.5% | 22.7%
1 The change in provincial and state income taxes from 2020 to 2021 reflects the 2020 impact of state tax apportionment and rate changes in both the US and Canada offset by the increase in earnings from US and Canadian operations in 2021. 2 The change in foreign and other statutory rate differentials from 2020 to 2021 reflects the increase in earnings from US operations partially offset by higher rate benefits from foreign operations. 3 The amount in 2019 included the federal component of the tax benefit of the write-off of regulatory assets. 4 The decrease in foreign allowable interest deductions from 2019 to 2021 was due to changes in the related loan portfolio. 5 Part VI.1 tax is a tax levied on preferred share dividends paid in Canada. 6 There was no US Minimum Tax in 2021 as a result of tax losses from bonus tax depreciation. 7 The amount in 2021 relates to the federal impact of the gain on sale of the investment in Noverco. 8 The increase in 2021 is due to the federal component of the tax effect of a valuation allowance on additional deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized. 9 The amount in 2019 relates to the federal component of changes in assertions regarding the manner of recovery of intercorporate investments such that deferred tax related to outside basis temporary differences was required to be recorded for MATL. COMPONENTS OF PRETAX EARNINGS AND INCOME TAXES
Year ended December 31, | 2021 | 2020 | 2019
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |  |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  |
Canada | 3,399 |  | 2,789 |  | 3,560 |
US | 3,336 |  | 407 |  | 3,115 |
Other | 994 |  | 994 |  | 860 |
| 7,729 |  | 4,190 |  | 7,535 |
Current income taxes |  |  |
Canada | 162 |  | 165 |  | 347 |
US | 80 |  | 64 |  | 107 |
Other | 82 |  | 98 |  | 98 |
| 324 |  | 327 |  | 552 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |
Canada | 344 |  | 378 |  | 490 |
US | 741 |  | 66 |  | 672 |
Other | 6 |  | 3 |  | (6) |
| 1,091 |  | 447 |  | 1,156 |
Income tax expense | 1,415 |  | 774 |  | 1,708 |
COMPONENTS OF DEFERRED INCOME TAXES Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Major components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
December 31, | 2021 | 2020
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |
Deferred income tax liabilities |  |
Property, plant and equipment | (8,721) |  | (7,786) |
Investments | (6,097) |  | (4,649) |
Regulatory assets | (1,245) |  | (1,156) |
Other | (208) |  | (127) |
Total deferred income tax liabilities | (16,271) |  | (13,718) |
Deferred income tax assets |  |
Financial instruments | 315 |  | 518 |
Pension and OPEB plans | 110 |  | 251 |
Loss carryforwards | 3,081 |  | 2,005 |
Other | 1,648 |  | 1,461 |
Total deferred income tax assets | 5,154 |  | 4,235 |
Less valuation allowance | (84) |  | (79) |
Total deferred income tax assets, net | 5,070 |  | 4,156 |
Net deferred income tax liabilities | (11,201) |  | (9,562) |
Presented as follows: |  |
Total deferred income tax assets | 488 |  | 770 |
Total deferred income tax liabilities | (11,689) |  | (10,332) |
Net deferred income tax liabilities | (11,201) |  | (9,562) |
A valuation allowance has been established for certain loss and credit carryforwards, and outside basis temporary differences on investments that reduce deferred income tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. As at December 31, 2021, we recognized the benefit of unused tax loss carryforwards of $1.9 billion (2020 - $2.6 billion) in Canada which expire in 2026 and beyond. As at December 31, 2021, we recognized the benefit of unused tax loss carryforwards of $11.0 billion (2020 - $5.8 billion) in the US. Unused tax loss carryforwards of $3.5 billion (2020 - $2.4 billion) begin to expire in 2023, and unused tax loss carryforwards of $7.5 billion (2020 - $3.4 billion) have no expiration. We have not provided for deferred income taxes on the difference between the carrying value of substantially all of our foreign subsidiaries and their corresponding tax basis as the earnings of those subsidiaries are intended to be permanently reinvested in their operations. As such, these investments are not anticipated to give rise to income taxes in the foreseeable future. The difference between the carrying values of the investments and their tax bases is largely a result of unremitted earnings and currency translation adjustments. The unremitted earnings and currency translation adjustment for which no deferred taxes have been recognized in respect of foreign subsidiaries were $4.3 billion and $5.5 billion for the periods December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. If such earnings are remitted, in the form of dividends or otherwise, we may be subject to income taxes and foreign withholding taxes. The determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities on such amounts is not practicable. Enbridge and certain of our subsidiaries are subject to taxation in Canada, the US and other foreign jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions in which we are subject to potential examinations include the US (Federal) and Canada (Federal, Alberta and Ontario). We are open to examination by Canadian tax authorities for the 2012 to 2021 tax years and by US tax authorities for the 2018 to 2021 tax years. We are currently under examination for income tax matters in Canada for the 2014 to 2018 tax years. We are not currently under examination for income tax matters in any other material jurisdiction where we are subject to income tax. UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS
Year ended December 31, | 2021 | 2020
(millions of Canadian dollars) |  |
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year | 121 |  | 129 |
Gross increases for tax positions of current year | 1 |  | 1 |
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior year | (26) |  | (1) |
Change in translation of foreign currency | (1) |  | (3) |
Lapses of statute of limitations | (19) |  | (5) |
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year | 76 |  | 121 |
The unrecognized tax benefits as at December 31, 2021, if recognized, would impact our effective income tax rate. We do not anticipate further adjustments to the unrecognized tax benefits during the next 12 months that would have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income taxes. Interest and penalties included in income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were a $5 million recovery and $3 million expense, respectively. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, interest and penalties of $12 million and $17 million, respectively, have been accrued.

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