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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2012
Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
14.   Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Derivative Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to global market risks, including the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. To manage these risks, we may enter into various derivative contracts. We may use foreign currency contracts, including forwards and options, to manage foreign currency exposure. We may use interest rate swaps or caps to manage the effect of interest rate fluctuations. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. The majority of our derivative financial instruments are customized derivative transactions and are not exchange-traded. Management reviews our hedging program, derivative positions, and overall risk management strategy on a regular basis. We only enter into transactions that we believe will be effective at offsetting the underlying risk.

 

Our use of derivatives does involve the risk that counterparties may default on a derivative contract. We establish exposure limits for each counterparty to minimize this risk and provide counterparty diversification. Substantially all of our derivative exposures are with counterparties that have long-term credit ratings of single-A or better. We enter into master agreements with counterparties that generally allow for netting of certain exposures; therefore, the actual loss we would recognize if all counterparties failed to perform as contracted would be significantly lower. To mitigate pre-settlement risk, minimum credit standards become more stringent as the duration of the derivative financial instrument increases. To minimize the concentration of credit risk, we enter into derivative transactions with a portfolio of financial institutions. Based on these factors, we consider the risk of counterparty default to be minimal.

All derivatives are recognized at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets within the line items Other Assets or Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses, as applicable. We do not net our derivative position by counterparty for purposes of balance sheet presentation and disclosure. The accounting for gains and losses that result from changes in the fair values of derivative instruments depends on whether the derivatives are designated as, and qualify as, hedging instruments. Derivatives can be designated as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or hedges of net investments in foreign operations.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We reclassify changes in the fair value of derivatives into the applicable line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period that the underlying hedged items affect earnings. Due to the high degree of effectiveness between the hedging instruments and the underlying exposures hedged, fluctuations in the value of the derivative instruments will generally be offset by changes in the fair values or cash flows of the underlying exposures being hedged. The changes in fair values of derivatives that were not designated and/or did not qualify as hedging instruments are immediately recognized in earnings.

For derivatives that will be accounted for as hedging instruments in accordance with the accounting standards, we formally designate and document, at inception, the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, the risk management objective and the strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. In addition, we formally assess both at inception and at least quarterly thereafter, whether the derivatives used in hedging transactions are effective at offsetting changes in either the fair values or cash flows of the related underlying exposures. Any ineffective portion of a derivative financial instrument’s change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations but do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements.

Our interest rate risk management strategy is to limit the impact of future interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows as well as to stabilize interest expense and manage our exposure to interest rate movements. To achieve this objective, we have entered into interest rate swap and cap agreements, which allow us to borrow on a fixed rate basis for longer-term debt issuances. The maximum length of time that we hedge our exposure to future cash flows is typically less than 10 years. We use cash flow hedges to minimize the variability in cash flows of assets or liabilities or forecasted transactions caused by fluctuations in interest rates. We also have entered into interest rate swap agreements which allow us to receive variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments over the life of our agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. We had 41 interest rate swap contracts, including 33 contracts denominated in euro, five contracts denominated in Japanese yen, two contracts denominated in British pound sterling and one contract denominated in U.S. dollar, outstanding at June 30, 2012.

We had $35.9 million and $28.5 million accrued in Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses in our Consolidated Balance Sheets relating to these unsettled derivative contracts at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.

We typically designate our interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements as cash flow hedges as these derivative instruments may be used to manage the interest rate risk on potential future debt issuances or to fix the interest rate on a variable rate debt issuance. The effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and reclassified to Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the corresponding period of the hedged item. Losses on the derivative representing hedge ineffectiveness are recognized in Interest Expense at the time the ineffectiveness occurred.

The amounts reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income to interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 were $2.5 million and $5.1 million, respectively. The amounts reclassified to interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2011 were not considered material. For the next twelve months from June 30, 2012, we estimate that an additional $13.0 million will be reclassified to interest expense. We recorded a gain of $2.3 million and $1.4 million for ineffectiveness during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively. We did not have ineffectiveness during the three and six months ended June 30, 2011. Amounts included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 were losses of $47.1 million and $51.7 million, respectively.

 

The following table summarizes the activity in our derivative instruments (in millions) for the six months ended June 30:

 

                                 
    2012     2011  
    Interest Rate
Swaps		     Interest Rate
Caps		     Interest Rate
Swaps		     Interest Rate
Caps		  

Notional amounts at January 1

   $ 1,496.5     $ —       $ 268.1     $ —    

New contracts

     444.2       —         —         —    

Acquired contracts

     71.0       —         1,337.3       25.7  

Matured or expired contracts

     (456.0 )      —         (9.6 )      —    
   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

Notional amounts at June 30

   $ 1,555.7     $ —       $ 1,595.8     $ 25.7  
   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

Fair Value Measurements

We have estimated the fair value of our financial instruments using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. Considerable judgment and a high degree of subjectivity are involved in developing these estimates and, accordingly, they are not necessarily indicative of amounts that we would realize upon disposition.

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring and Non-recurring Basis

At June 30, 2012, other than the derivatives discussed above and in Note 7, we do not have any significant financial assets or financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis in our consolidated financial statements.

Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in our consolidated financial statements consist of real estate assets and investments in and advances to unconsolidated entities that were subject to impairment charges. We do not have any significant non-financial assets measured at fair value at June 30, 2012.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

At June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the carrying amounts of certain of our financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and notes receivable and accounts payable and accrued expenses were representative of their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments and the recent acquisition of these items.

At June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the fair value of our senior notes and exchangeable senior notes, has been estimated based upon quoted market prices for the same (Level 1) or similar (Level 2) issues when current quoted market prices are available, the fair value of our Credit Facilities has been estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates and borrowing spreads currently available to us (Level 3), and the fair value of our secured mortgage debt and assessment bonds that do not have current quoted market prices available has been estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates currently available to us for debt with similar terms and maturities (Level 3). The fair value of our derivative financial instruments is determined through widely accepted valuation techniques, such as a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows and a Black Scholes option pricing model (Level 2). The differences in the fair value of our debt from the carrying value in the table below are the result of differences in interest rates and/or borrowing spreads that were available to us at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, as compared with those in effect when the debt was issued or acquired. The senior notes and many of the issues of secured mortgage debt contain pre-payment penalties or yield maintenance provisions that could make the cost of refinancing the debt at lower rates exceed the benefit that would be derived from doing so.

The following table reflects the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our debt (in thousands):

 

                                 
    June 30, 2012     December 31, 2011  
    Carrying Value     Fair Value     Carrying Value     Fair Value  

Debt:

                                

Credit Facilities

   $ 1,138,414     $ 1,143,735     $ 936,796     $ 940,334  

Senior notes

     4,684,152       5,201,866       4,772,607       5,038,678  

Exchangeable senior notes

     877,776       994,694       1,315,448       1,431,805  

Secured mortgage debt

     3,115,437       3,248,920       1,699,363       1,832,931  

Secured mortgage debt of consolidated entities

     1,366,837       1,361,701       1,495,047       1,485,808  

Other debt of consolidated entities

     602,938       612,456       775,763       751,075  

Other debt

     648,031       650,729       387,384       389,804  
   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

Total debt

   $ 12,433,585     $ 13,214,101     $ 11,382,408     $ 11,870,435