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Derivatives | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Derivatives | DERIVATIVESThe Registrants are exposed to market risks, including commodity price risk, interest rate risk, weather risk, and occasionally foreign currency exchange rate risk. To manage the volatility attributable to these exposures, each company nets its exposures, where possible, to take advantage of natural offsets and enters into various derivative transactions for the remaining exposures pursuant to each company's policies in areas such as counterparty exposure and risk management practices. For the traditional electric operating companies, Southern Power, and Southern Company Gas' other businesses, each company's policy is that derivatives are to be used primarily for hedging purposes and mandates strict adherence to all applicable risk management policies. Derivative positions are monitored using techniques including, but not limited to, market valuation, value at risk, stress testing, and sensitivity analysis. Derivative instruments are recognized at fair value in the balance sheets as either assets or liabilities and are presented on a net basis. See Note (I) for additional fair value information. In the statements of cash flows, any cash impacts of settled energy-related and interest rate derivatives are recorded as operating activities. Any cash impacts of settled foreign currency derivatives are classified as operating or financing activities to correspond with the classification of the hedged interest or principal, respectively. See Note 1 to the financial statements under "Financial Instruments" in Item 8 of the Form 10-K for additional information. Energy-Related Derivatives The Subsidiary Registrants enter into energy-related derivatives to hedge exposures to electricity, natural gas, and other fuel price changes. However, due to cost-based rate regulations and other various cost recovery mechanisms, the traditional electric operating companies and the natural gas distribution utilities have limited exposure to market volatility in energy-related commodity prices. Each of the traditional electric operating companies and certain of the natural gas distribution utilities of Southern Company Gas manage fuel-hedging programs, implemented per the guidelines of their respective state PSCs or other applicable state regulatory agencies, through the use of financial derivative contracts, which are expected to continue to mitigate price volatility. The traditional electric operating companies (with respect to wholesale generating capacity) and Southern Power have limited exposure to market volatility in energy-related commodity prices because their long-term sales contracts shift substantially all fuel cost responsibility to the purchaser. However, the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Power may be exposed to market volatility in energy-related commodity prices to the extent any uncontracted capacity is used to sell electricity. Southern Company Gas retains exposure to price changes that can, in a volatile energy market, be material and can adversely affect its results of operations. Southern Company Gas also enters into weather derivative contracts as economic hedges in the event of warmer-than-normal weather. Exchange-traded options are carried at fair value, with changes reflected in operating revenues. Non-exchange-traded options are accounted for using the intrinsic value method. Changes in the intrinsic value for non-exchange-traded contracts are reflected in operating revenues. Energy-related derivative contracts are accounted for under one of three methods: •Regulatory Hedges – Energy-related derivative contracts designated as regulatory hedges relate primarily to the traditional electric operating companies' and the natural gas distribution utilities' fuel-hedging programs, where gains and losses are initially recorded as regulatory liabilities and assets, respectively, and then are included in fuel expense as the underlying fuel is used in operations and ultimately recovered through an approved cost recovery mechanism. •Cash Flow Hedges – Gains and losses on energy-related derivatives designated as cash flow hedges (which are mainly used to hedge anticipated purchases and sales) are initially deferred in accumulated OCI before being recognized in the statements of income in the same period and in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transactions. •Not Designated – Gains and losses on energy-related derivative contracts that are not designated or fail to qualify as hedges are recognized in the statements of income as incurred. Some energy-related derivative contracts require physical delivery as opposed to financial settlement, and this type of derivative is both common and prevalent within the electric and natural gas industries. When an energy-related derivative contract is settled physically, any cumulative unrealized gain or loss is reversed and the contract price is recognized in the respective line item representing the actual price of the underlying goods being delivered. At June 30, 2023, the net volume of energy-related derivative contracts for natural gas positions, together with the longest hedge date over which the respective entity is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions and the longest non-hedge date for derivatives not designated as hedges, were as follows:
| Net Purchased mmBtu |  | Longest Hedge Date |  | Longest Non-Hedge Date
| (in millions) |  |  |  |
Southern Company(*) | 422 |  | 2030 |  | 2028
Alabama Power | 108 |  | 2026 |  | 2023
Georgia Power | 109 |  | 2026 |  | 2023
Mississippi Power | 85 |  | 2027 |  | 2023
Southern Power | 10 |  | 2030 |  | 2024
Southern Company Gas(*) | 110 |  | 2028 |  | 2028
(*)Southern Company Gas' derivative instruments include both long and short natural gas positions. A long position is a contract to purchase natural gas and a short position is a contract to sell natural gas. Southern Company Gas' volume represents the net of 119.7 million mmBtu long natural gas positions and 9.4 million mmBtu short natural gas positions at June 30, 2023, which is also included in Southern Company's total volume. In addition to the volumes discussed above, the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Power enter into physical natural gas supply contracts that provide the option to sell back excess natural gas due to operational constraints. The maximum expected volume of natural gas subject to such a feature is 11 million mmBtu for Southern Company, which includes 3 million mmBtu for Alabama Power, 4 million mmBtu for Georgia Power, 1 million mmBtu for Mississippi Power, and 3 million mmBtu for Southern Power. For cash flow hedges of energy-related derivatives, the estimated pre-tax losses expected to be reclassified from accumulated OCI to earnings for the 12-month period ending June 30, 2024 are $33 million for Southern Company, $24 million for Southern Company Gas, and $9 million for Southern Power. Interest Rate Derivatives Southern Company and certain subsidiaries may enter into interest rate derivatives to hedge exposure to changes in interest rates. Derivatives related to existing variable rate securities or forecasted transactions are accounted for as cash flow hedges where the derivatives' fair value gains or losses are recorded in OCI and are reclassified into earnings at the same time and presented on the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged transactions. Derivatives related to existing fixed rate securities are accounted for as fair value hedges, where the derivatives' fair value gains or losses and hedged items' fair value gains or losses are both recorded directly to earnings on the same income statement line item. Fair value gains or losses on derivatives that are not designated or fail to qualify as hedges are recognized in the statements of income as incurred. At June 30, 2023, the following interest rate derivatives were outstanding:
| Notional Amount |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Paid | Interest Rate Received | Hedge Maturity Date | Fair Value Gain (Loss) at June 30, 2023
| (in millions) |  |  |  |  | (in millions)
Cash Flow Hedges of Forecasted Debt |  |  |  |  |
Southern Company Gas | $ | 250 |  |  | 3.40% | N/A | August 2033 | $ | 4 |
Fair Value Hedges of Existing Debt |  |  |  |  |
Southern Company parent | 400 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR + 0.68% | 1.75% | March 2028 | (56) |
Southern Company parent | 1,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR + 2.36% | 3.70% | April 2030 | (160) |
Southern Company Gas | 500 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR + 0.38% | 1.75% | January 2031 | (88) |
Southern Company | $ | 2,150 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (300) |
For cash flow hedges of interest rate derivatives, the estimated pre-tax gains (losses) expected to be reclassified from accumulated OCI to interest expense for the 12-month period ending June 30, 2024 are $(15) million for Southern Company and immaterial for the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Company Gas. Deferred gains and losses related to interest rate derivatives are expected to be amortized into earnings through 2052 for Southern Company, Alabama Power, and Georgia Power, 2028 for Mississippi Power, and 2046 for Southern Company Gas. Foreign Currency Derivatives Southern Company and certain subsidiaries, including Southern Power, may enter into foreign currency derivatives to hedge exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, such as that arising from the issuance of debt denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars. Derivatives related to forecasted transactions are accounted for as cash flow hedges where the derivatives' fair value gains or losses are recorded in OCI and are reclassified into earnings at the same time and on the same income statement line as the earnings effect of the hedged transactions, including foreign currency gains or losses arising from changes in the U.S. currency exchange rates. Derivatives related to existing fixed rate securities are accounted for as fair value hedges, where the derivatives' fair value gains or losses and hedged items' fair value gains or losses are both recorded directly to earnings on the same income statement line item, including foreign currency gains or losses arising from changes in the U.S. currency exchange rates. Southern Company has elected to exclude the cross-currency basis spread from the assessment of effectiveness in the fair value hedges of its foreign currency risk and record any difference between the change in the fair value of the excluded components and the amounts recognized in earnings as a component of OCI. At June 30, 2023, the following foreign currency derivatives were outstanding:
| Pay Notional | Pay Rate | Receive Notional | Receive Rate | Hedge Maturity Date | Fair Value Gain (Loss) at June 30, 2023
| (in millions) |  | (in millions) |  |  | (in millions)
Cash Flow Hedges of Existing Debt |  |  |  |  |
Southern Power | $ | 564 |  | 3.78% | € | 500 |  | 1.85% | June 2026 | $ | (28) |
Fair Value Hedges of Existing Debt |  |  |  |  |
Southern Company parent | 1,476 |  | 3.39% | 1,250 |  | 1.88% | September 2027 | (142) |
Southern Company | $ | 2,040 |  |  | € | 1,750 |  |  |  | $ | (170) |
For cash flow hedges of foreign currency derivatives, the estimated pre-tax losses expected to be reclassified from accumulated OCI to earnings for the 12-month period ending June 30, 2024 are $11 million for Southern Power. Derivative Financial Statement Presentation and Amounts The Registrants enter into derivative contracts that may contain certain provisions that permit intra-contract netting of derivative receivables and payables for routine billing and offsets related to events of default and settlements. Southern Company and certain subsidiaries also utilize master netting agreements to mitigate exposure to counterparty credit risk. These agreements may contain provisions that permit netting across product lines and against cash collateral. The fair value amounts of derivative assets and liabilities on the balance sheets are presented net to the extent that there are netting arrangements or similar agreements with the counterparties. The fair value of energy-related derivatives, interest rate derivatives, and foreign currency derivatives was reflected in the balance sheets as follows:
| At June 30, 2023 | At December 31, 2022
Derivative Category and Balance Sheet Location | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
| (in millions) | (in millions)
Southern Company |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Liabilities from risk management activities | $ | 46 |  | $ | 166 |  | $ | 123 |  | $ | 121 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 36 |  | 101 |  | 52 |  | 44 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes | 82 |  | 267 |  | 175 |  | 165 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments in cash flow and fair value hedges |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives: |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Liabilities from risk management activities | 1 |  | 32 |  | 3 |  | 27 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 3 |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 4 |
Interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Liabilities from risk management activities | 4 |  | 77 |  | 12 |  | 62 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | 227 |  | — |  | 240 |
Foreign currency derivatives: |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Liabilities from risk management activities | — |  | 35 |  | — |  | 34 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | 135 |  | — |  | 182 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments in cash flow and fair value hedges | 8 |  | 511 |  | 21 |  | 549 |
Energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Liabilities from risk management activities | 7 |  | 7 |  | 13 |  | 13 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | 1 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 7 |  | 7 |  | 15 |  | 14 |
Gross amounts recognized | 97 |  | 785 |  | 211 |  | 728 |
Gross amounts offset(a) | (40) |  | (92) |  | (70) |  | (111) |
Net amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets(b) | $ | 57 |  | $ | 693 |  | $ | 141 |  | $ | 617 |
| At June 30, 2023 | At December 31, 2022
Derivative Category and Balance Sheet Location | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
| (in millions) | (in millions)
Alabama Power(c) |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | $ | 20 |  | $ | 46 |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | 21 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 12 |  | 38 |  | 20 |  | 18 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes | 32 |  | 84 |  | 62 |  | 39 |
Gross amounts offset | (20) |  | (20) |  | (24) |  | (24) |
Net amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets | $ | 12 |  | $ | 64 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 15 |
Georgia Power |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Other current liabilities | $ | 7 |  | $ | 65 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 43 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 8 |  | 37 |  | 6 |  | 18 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes | 15 |  | 102 |  | 42 |  | 61 |
Energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Gross amounts recognized | 17 |  | 102 |  | 42 |  | 62 |
Gross amounts offset | (12) |  | (12) |  | (21) |  | (21) |
Net amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets | $ | 5 |  | $ | 90 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 41 |
Mississippi Power(c) |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |
Assets from risk management activities/Other current liabilities | $ | 11 |  | $ | 28 |  | $ | 33 |  | $ | 24 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 16 |  | 27 |  | 26 |  | 8 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes | 27 |  | 55 |  | 59 |  | 32 |
Gross amounts offset | (19) |  | (19) |  | (17) |  | (17) |
Net amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets | $ | 8 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | 15 |
| At June 30, 2023 | At December 31, 2022
Derivative Category and Balance Sheet Location | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
| (in millions) | (in millions)
Southern Power |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments in cash flow and fair value hedges |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives: |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 3 |  | 1 |  | 5 |  | — |
Foreign currency derivatives: |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | — |  | 11 |  | — |  | 11 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | 17 |  | — |  | 36 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments in cash flow and fair value hedges | 3 |  | 38 |  | 5 |  | 59 |
Energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | — |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 1 |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |
Gross amounts recognized | 4 |  | 38 |  | 8 |  | 59 |
Gross amounts offset | (1) |  | (1) |  | — |  | — |
Net amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets | $ | 3 |  | $ | 37 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 59 |
Southern Company Gas |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives designated as hedging instruments for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | $ | 8 |  | $ | 27 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 33 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments in cash flow and fair value hedges |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives: |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | 1 |  | 23 |  | 3 |  | 15 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 4 |
Interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | 4 |  | 19 |  | — |  | 14 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | 69 |  | — |  | 72 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments in cash flow and fair value hedges | 5 |  | 115 |  | 4 |  | 105 |
Energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |
Other current assets/Other current liabilities | 4 |  | 6 |  | 11 |  | 12 |
Other deferred charges and assets/Other deferred credits and liabilities | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 4 |  | 6 |  | 12 |  | 13 |
Gross amounts recognized | 17 |  | 148 |  | 28 |  | 151 |
Gross amounts offset(a) | 14 |  | (38) |  | — |  | (41) |
Net amounts recognized in the Balance Sheets(b) | $ | 31 |  | $ | 110 |  | $ | 28 |  | $ | 110 |
(a)Gross amounts offset includes cash collateral held on deposit in broker margin accounts of $52 million and $41 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. (b)Net amounts of derivative instruments outstanding exclude immaterial premium and intrinsic value associated with weather derivatives for both periods presented. (c)Energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments were immaterial for Alabama Power and Mississippi Power for both periods presented. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the pre-tax effects of unrealized derivative gains (losses) arising from energy-related derivative instruments designated as regulatory hedging instruments and deferred were as follows:
Regulatory Hedge Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in the Balance Sheet
Derivative Category and Balance Sheet Location | Southern Company | Alabama Power | Georgia Power | Mississippi Power | Southern Company Gas
| (in millions)
At June 30, 2023: |  |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives: |  |  |  |  |
Other regulatory assets, current | $ | (141) |  | $ | (37) |  | $ | (60) |  | $ | (22) |  | $ | (22) |
Other regulatory assets, deferred | (71) |  | (27) |  | (30) |  | (14) |  | — |
Other regulatory liabilities, current | 29 |  | 11 |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | 12 |
Other regulatory liabilities, deferred | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | — |
Total energy-related derivative gains (losses) | $ | (177) |  | $ | (52) |  | $ | (87) |  | $ | (28) |  | $ | (10) |
At December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives: |  |  |  |  |
Other regulatory assets, current | $ | (71) |  | $ | (8) |  | $ | (26) |  | $ | (13) |  | $ | (24) |
Other regulatory assets, deferred | (23) |  | (7) |  | (14) |  | (2) |  | — |
Other regulatory liabilities, current | 72 |  | 29 |  | 19 |  | 22 |  | 2 |
Other regulatory liabilities, deferred | 31 |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 20 |  | — |
Total energy-related derivative gains (losses) | $ | 9 |  | $ | 23 |  | $ | (19) |  | $ | 27 |  | $ | (22) |
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the pre-tax effects of cash flow and fair value hedge accounting on accumulated OCI for the applicable Registrants were as follows:
Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivatives | For the Three Months Ended June 30, | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022
| (in millions) | (in millions)
Southern Company |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives | $ | (5) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (50) |  | $ | 41 |
Interest rate derivatives | 3 |  | 21 |  | (10) |  | 30 |
Foreign currency derivatives | 8 |  | (74) |  | 9 |  | (102) |
Fair value hedges(*): |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | 30 |  | (7) |  | 1 |  | (3) |
Total | $ | 36 |  | $ | (61) |  | $ | (50) |  | $ | (34) |
Georgia Power |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives | $ | (1) |  | $ | 19 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | 31 |
Southern Power |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives | $ | (2) |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (13) |  | $ | 7 |
Foreign currency derivatives | 8 |  | (74) |  | 9 |  | (102) |
Total | $ | 6 |  | $ | (72) |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (95) |
Southern Company Gas |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |
Energy-related derivatives | $ | (3) |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | (37) |  | $ | 35 |
Interest rate derivatives | 3 |  | (5) |  | 4 |  | (5) |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | (7) |  | $ | (33) |  | $ | 30 |
(*)Represents amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness for which the difference between changes in fair value and periodic amortization is recorded in OCI. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the pre-tax effects of energy-related derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments on accumulated OCI were immaterial for Alabama Power and Mississippi Power. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the pre-tax effects of cash flow and fair value hedge accounting on income were as follows:
Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Cash Flow and Fair Value Hedging Relationships | For the Three Months Ended June 30, | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022
| (in millions) | (in millions)
Southern Company |  |  |  |
Total cost of natural gas | $ | 199 |  | $ | 452 |  | $ | 1,097 |  | $ | 1,546 |
Gain (loss) on energy-related cash flow hedges(a) | (9) |  | 10 |  | (29) |  | 18 |
Total depreciation and amortization | 1,112 |  | 913 |  | 2,222 |  | 1,805 |
Gain (loss) on energy-related cash flow hedges(a) | (4) |  | 4 |  | (13) |  | 6 |
Total interest expense, net of amounts capitalized | (610) |  | (488) |  | (1,192) |  | (950) |
Gain (loss) on interest rate cash flow hedges(a) | (5) |  | (6) |  | (9) |  | (13) |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency cash flow hedges(a) | (2) |  | (7) |  | (5) |  | (13) |
Gain (loss) on interest rate fair value hedges(b) | (45) |  | (76) |  | (3) |  | (198) |
Total other income (expense), net | 142 |  | 139 |  | 286 |  | 283 |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency cash flow hedges(a)(c) | — |  | (73) |  | 10 |  | (97) |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency fair value hedges | 29 |  | (96) |  | 26 |  | (121) |
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings | (29) |  | 7 |  | (1) |  | 3 |
Southern Power |  |  |  |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 122 |  | $ | 131 |  | $ | 250 |  | $ | 251 |
Gain (loss) on energy-related cash flow hedges(a) | (4) |  | 4 |  | (13) |  | 6 |
Total interest expense, net of amounts capitalized | (33) |  | (36) |  | (66) |  | (73) |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency cash flow hedges(a) | (2) |  | (7) |  | (5) |  | (13) |
Total other income (expense), net | 2 |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | 3 |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency cash flow hedges(a)(c) | — |  | (73) |  | 10 |  | (97) |
Southern Company Gas |  |  |  |
Total cost of natural gas | $ | 199 |  | $ | 452 |  | $ | 1,097 |  | $ | 1,546 |
Gain (loss) on energy-related cash flow hedges(a) | (9) |  | 10 |  | (29) |  | 18 |
Total interest expense, net of amounts capitalized | (73) |  | (61) |  | (150) |  | (122) |
Gain (loss) on interest rate cash flow hedges(a) | — |  | (1) |  | (1) |  | (1) |
Gain (loss) on interest rate fair value hedges(b) | (15) |  | (22) |  | (2) |  | (57) |
(a)Reclassified from accumulated OCI into earnings. (b)For fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative contracts are generally equal to changes in the fair value of the underlying debt and have no material impact on income. (c)The reclassification from accumulated OCI into other income (expense), net completely offsets currency gains and losses arising from changes in the U.S. currency exchange rates used to record the euro-denominated notes. The pre-tax effects of cash flow and fair value hedge accounting on income for energy-related derivatives and interest rate derivatives were immaterial for the traditional electric operating companies for all periods presented. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the following amounts were recorded on the balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:
| Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment included in Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item
Balance Sheet Location of Hedged Items | At June 30, 2023 | At December 31, 2022 |  | At June 30, 2023 | At December 31, 2022
| (in millions) |  | (in millions)
Southern Company |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | $ | (2,970) |  | $ | (2,927) |  |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | 282 |
Southern Company Gas |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | $ | (417) |  | $ | (415) |  |  | $ | 80 |  | $ | 81 |
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the pre-tax effects of energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the statements of income of Southern Company and Southern Company Gas were as follows:
|  | Gain (Loss)
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
Derivatives in Non-Designated Hedging Relationships | Statements of Income Location | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022
|  | (in millions) |  | (in millions)
Energy-related derivatives: | Natural gas revenues(*) | $ | — |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | (13) |
| Cost of natural gas | 16 |  | (25) |  |  | 29 |  | (5) |
Total derivatives in non-designated hedging relationships | $ | 16 |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | 29 |  | $ | (18) |
(*)Excludes $14 million of gains for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and immaterial amounts for all other periods presented, recorded in natural gas revenues associated with weather derivatives. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the pre-tax effects of energy-related derivatives not designated as hedging instruments were immaterial for the other Registrants. Contingent Features The Registrants do not have any credit arrangements that would require material changes in payment schedules or terminations as a result of a credit rating downgrade. There are certain derivatives that could require collateral, but not accelerated payment, in the event of various credit rating changes of certain Southern Company subsidiaries. Generally, collateral may be provided by a Southern Company guaranty, letter of credit, or cash. At June 30, 2023, the Registrants had no collateral posted with derivative counterparties to satisfy these arrangements. For Southern Company and Southern Power, the fair value of interest rate derivative liabilities with contingent features and the maximum potential collateral requirements arising from the credit-risk-related contingent features, at a rating below BBB- and/or Baa3, were $65 million and $13 million, respectively, at June 30, 2023. For the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Power, energy-related derivative liabilities with contingent features and the maximum potential collateral requirements arising from the credit-risk-related contingent features, at a rating below BBB- and/or Baa3, were immaterial at June 30, 2023. The maximum potential collateral requirements arising from the credit-risk-related contingent features for the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Power include certain agreements that could require collateral in the event that one or more Southern Company power pool participants has a credit rating change to below investment grade. Alabama Power and Southern Power maintain accounts with certain regional transmission organizations to facilitate financial derivative transactions and they may be required to post collateral based on the value of the positions in these accounts and the associated margin requirements. At June 30, 2023, cash collateral posted in these accounts was $15 million for Southern Power and immaterial for Alabama Power. Southern Company Gas maintains accounts with brokers or the clearing houses of certain exchanges to facilitate financial derivative transactions. Based on the value of the positions in these accounts and the associated margin requirements, Southern Company Gas may be required to deposit cash into these accounts. At June 30, 2023, cash collateral held on deposit in broker margin accounts was $52 million. The Registrants are exposed to losses related to financial instruments in the event of counterparties' nonperformance. The Registrants only enter into agreements and material transactions with counterparties that have investment grade credit ratings by Moody's and S&P or with counterparties who have posted collateral to cover potential credit exposure. The Registrants have also established risk management policies and controls to determine and monitor the creditworthiness of counterparties in order to mitigate their exposure to counterparty credit risk. Southern Company Gas uses established credit policies to determine and monitor the creditworthiness of counterparties, including requirements to post collateral or other credit security, as well as the quality of pledged collateral. Collateral or credit security is most often in the form of cash or letters of credit from an investment-grade financial institution, but may also include cash or U.S. government securities held by a trustee. Prior to entering a physical transaction, Southern Company Gas assigns its counterparties an internal credit rating and credit limit based on the counterparties' Moody's, S&P, and Fitch ratings, commercially available credit reports, and audited financial statements. Southern Company Gas may require counterparties to pledge additional collateral when deemed necessary. Southern Company Gas utilizes netting agreements whenever possible to mitigate exposure to counterparty credit risk. Netting agreements enable Southern Company Gas to net certain assets and liabilities by counterparty across product lines and against cash collateral, provided the netting and cash collateral agreements include such provisions. While the amounts due from, or owed to, counterparties are settled net, they are recorded on a gross basis on the balance sheet as energy marketing receivables and energy marketing payables. The Registrants do not anticipate a material adverse effect on their respective financial statements as a result of counterparty nonperformance.

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