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Taxation - Reconciliation of differences between statutory and effective income tax rates (Details)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of the differences between the statutory income tax rate and the Group's effective income tax rate      
Statutory income tax rate 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%
Permanent differences (5.00%) (2.70%) (1.90%)
Effect due to different tax rates applicable to overseas entities 0.20% (1.80%) (0.50%)
Effect of lower tax rate applicable to Software Enterprises, Key Software Enterprise and HNTEs (10.10%) (10.10%) (16.50%)
Change in valuation allowance 1.80% 3.90% 6.80%
Effect of withholding income tax 8.80% 5.30% 6.90%
Effective income tax rate 20.70% 19.60% 19.80%