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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Description of business CVS Health Corporation, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “CVS Health,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), is the nation’s premier health innovation company helping people on their path to better health. Whether in one of its pharmacies or through its health services and plans, CVS Health is pioneering a bold new approach to total health by making quality care more affordable, accessible, simple and seamless. CVS Health is community-based and locally focused, engaging consumers with the care they need when and where they need it. The Company has more than 9,900 retail locations, approximately 1,100 walk-in medical clinics, a leading pharmacy benefits manager with approximately 94 million plan members, a dedicated senior pharmacy care business serving more than one million patients per year and expanding specialty pharmacy services. CVS Health also serves an estimated 38 million people through traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including rapidly expanding Medicare Advantage offerings and a leading standalone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan (“PDP”). The Company believes its innovative health care model increases access to quality care, delivers better health outcomes and lowers overall health care costs. On November 28, 2018 (the “Aetna Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired Aetna Inc. (“Aetna”). As a result of the acquisition of Aetna (the “Aetna Acquisition”), the Company added the Health Care Benefits segment. Certain aspects of Aetna’s operations, including products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers, such as large case pensions and long-term care insurance products, are included in the Company’s Corporate/Other segment. Effective for the first quarter of 2019, the Company realigned the composition of its segments to correspond with changes to its operating model and reflect how its Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) reviews information and manages the business. As a result of this realignment, the Company’s SilverScript® PDP moved from the Pharmacy Services segment to the Health Care Benefits segment. In addition, the Company moved Aetna’s mail order and specialty pharmacy operations from the Health Care Benefits segment to the Pharmacy Services segment. Segment financial information for the three months ended March 31, 2018, has been retrospectively adjusted to reflect these changes. The Company has four reportable segments: Pharmacy Services, Retail/LTC, Health Care Benefits and Corporate/Other, which are described below. Pharmacy Services Segment The Pharmacy Services segment provides a full range of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) solutions, including plan design offerings and administration, formulary management, retail pharmacy network management services, mail order pharmacy, specialty pharmacy and infusion services, clinical services, disease management services and medical spend management. The Pharmacy Services segment’s clients are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, PDPs, Medicaid managed care plans, plans offered on public health insurance exchanges (“Public Exchanges”) and private health insurance exchanges, other sponsors of health benefit plans and individuals throughout the United States. The Pharmacy Services segment operates retail specialty pharmacy stores, specialty mail order pharmacies, mail order dispensing pharmacies, compounding pharmacies and branches for infusion and enteral nutrition services. Retail/LTC Segment The Retail/LTC segment sells prescription drugs and a wide assortment of general merchandise, including over-the-counter drugs, beauty products, cosmetics and personal care products, provides health care services through its MinuteClinic® walk-in medical clinics and conducts long-term care (“LTC”) pharmacy operations, which distribute prescription drugs and provide related pharmacy consulting and other ancillary services to chronic care facilities and other care settings. As of March 31, 2019, the Retail/LTC segment operated more than 9,900 retail locations, approximately 1,100 MinuteClinic® locations as well as online retail pharmacy websites, LTC pharmacies and onsite pharmacies. Health Care Benefits Segment The Health Care Benefits segment is one of the nation’s leading diversified health care benefits providers, serving an estimated 38 million people as of March 31, 2019. The Health Care Benefits segment has the information and resources to help members, in consultation with their health care professionals, make more informed decisions about their health care. The Health Care Benefits segment offers a broad range of traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental, behavioral health, medical management capabilities, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans, PDPs, Medicaid health care management services, workers’ compensation administrative services and health information technology products and services. The Health Care Benefits segment’s customers include employer groups, individuals, college students, part-time and hourly workers, health plans, health care providers (“providers”), governmental units, government-sponsored plans, labor groups and expatriates. The Company refers to insurance products (where it assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “Insured” and administrative services contract products (where the plan sponsor assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “ASC.” Corporate/Other Segment The Company presents the remainder of its financial results in the Corporate/Other segment, which consists of:
• | Management and administrative expenses to support the overall operations of the Company, which include certain aspects of executive management and the corporate relations, legal, compliance, human resources, information technology and finance departments and acquisition-related transaction and integration costs; and
• | Products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers such as its large case pensions and long-term care insurance products.
Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of CVS Health Corporation and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. In accordance with such rules and regulations, certain information and accompanying note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been omitted, although the Company believes the disclosures included herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which are included in Exhibit 13.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “2018 Form 10‑K”). In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Because of the influence of various factors on the Company’s operations, including business combinations, certain holidays and other seasonal influences, net income for any interim period may not be comparable to the same interim period in previous years or necessarily indicative of income for the full year. Principles of Consolidation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CVS Health Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries and the variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company continually evaluates its investments to determine if they represent variable interests in a VIE. If the Company determines that it has a variable interest in a VIE, the Company then evaluates if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The evaluation is a qualitative assessment as to whether the Company has the ability to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. The Company consolidates a VIE if it is considered to be the primary beneficiary. Assets and liabilities of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary were not significant to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. VIE creditors do not have recourse against the general credit of the Company. Reclassifications Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. Restricted Cash Restricted cash included in other current assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held in escrow accounts in connection with certain recent acquisitions. Restricted cash included in other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held in a trust in one of the Company’s captive insurance companies to satisfy collateral requirements associated with the assignment of certain insurance polices. All restricted cash is invested in time deposits, money market funds or commercial paper. The following represents a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
In millions | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5,896 |  |  | $ | 4,059 |
Restricted cash (included in other current assets) | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Restricted cash (included in other assets) | 266 |  |  | 230 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statements of cash flows | $ | 6,168 |  |  | $ | 4,295 |
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for doubtful accounts, customer credit allowances, contractual allowances and estimated terminations. Accounts receivable, net is composed of the following:
In millions | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Trade receivables | $ | 7,158 |  |  | $ | 6,896 |
Vendor and manufacturer receivables | 8,901 |  |  | 7,655 |
Premium receivables | 2,582 |  |  | 2,259 |
Other receivables | 868 |  |  | 821 |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 19,509 |  |  | $ | 17,631 |
Revenue Recognition The following is a discussion of the Company’s revenue recognition policies by segment. Pharmacy Services Segment The Pharmacy Services segment sells prescription drugs directly through its mail service dispensing pharmacies and indirectly through the Company’s retail pharmacy network. The Company’s pharmacy benefit arrangements are accounted for in a manner consistent with a master supply arrangement as there are no contractual minimum volumes and each prescription is considered a separate purchasing decision and distinct performance obligation transferred at a point in time. PBM services performed in connection with each prescription claim are considered part of a single performance obligation which culminates in the dispensing of prescription drugs. The Company recognizes revenue using the gross method at the contract price negotiated with its clients when the Company has concluded it controls the prescription drug before it is transferred to the client plan members. The Company controls prescriptions dispensed indirectly through its retail pharmacy network because it has separate contractual arrangements with those pharmacies, has discretion in setting the price for the transaction and assumes primary responsibility for fulfilling the promise to provide prescription drugs to its client plan members while also performing the related PBM services. Revenues include (i) the portion of the price the client pays directly to the Pharmacy Services segment, net of any discounts earned on brand name drugs or other discounts and refunds paid back to the client (see “Drug Discounts” and “Guarantees” below), (ii) the price paid to the Pharmacy Services segment by client plan members for mail order prescriptions and the price paid to retail network pharmacies by client plan members for retail prescriptions (“Retail Co-Payments”), and (iii) claims based administrative fees for retail pharmacy network contracts. Sales taxes are not included in revenue. The Company recognizes revenue when control of the prescription drugs is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those prescription drugs. The following revenue recognition policies have been established for the Pharmacy Services segment:
• | Revenues generated from prescription drugs sold by mail service dispensing pharmacies are recognized when the prescription drug is delivered to the client plan member. At the time of delivery, the Company has performed substantially all of its performance obligations under its client contracts and does not experience a significant level of returns or reshipments.
• | Revenues generated from prescription drugs sold by third-party pharmacies in the Company’s retail pharmacy network and associated administrative fees are recognized at the Company’s point-of-sale, which is when the claim is adjudicated by the Company’s online claims processing system and the Company has transferred control of the prescription drug and performed all of its performance obligations.
For contracts under which the Pharmacy Services segment acts as an agent or does not control the prescription drugs prior to transfer to the client plan member, revenue is recognized using the net method. Drug Discounts The Pharmacy Services segment records revenue net of manufacturers’ rebates earned by its clients based on their plan members’ utilization of brand name formulary drugs. The Pharmacy Services segment estimates these rebates at period-end based on actual and estimated claims data and its estimates of the manufacturers’ rebates earned by its clients. The estimates are based on the best available data at period-end and recent history for the various factors that can affect the amount of rebates due to the client. The Pharmacy Services segment adjusts its rebates payable to clients to the actual amounts paid when these rebates are paid or as significant events occur. Any cumulative effect of these adjustments is recorded against revenues as identified. Adjustments generally result from contract changes with clients or manufacturers that have retroactive rebate adjustments, differences between the estimated and actual product mix subject to rebates, or whether the brand name drug was included in the applicable formulary. The effect of adjustments between estimated and actual manufacturers’ rebate amounts has not been material to the Company’s operating results or financial condition. Guarantees The Pharmacy Services segment also adjusts revenues for refunds owed to clients resulting from pricing guarantees and performance against defined service and performance metrics. The inputs to these estimates are not subject to a high degree of subjectivity or volatility. The effect of adjustments between estimated and actual pricing and performance refund amounts has not been material to the Company’s operating results or financial condition. Retail/LTC Segment Retail Pharmacy The Company’s retail drugstores recognize revenue at the time the customer takes possession of the merchandise. For pharmacy sales, each prescription claim is its own arrangement with the customer and is a performance obligation, separate and distinct from other prescription claims under other retail network arrangements. Revenues are adjusted for refunds owed to third party payers for pricing guarantees and performance against defined value-based service and performance metrics. The inputs to these estimates are not subject to a high degree of subjectivity or volatility. The effect of adjustments between estimated and actual pricing and performance refund amounts has not been material to the Company’s operating results or financial condition. Revenue from Company gift cards purchased by customers is deferred as a contract liability until goods or services are transferred. Any amounts not expected to be redeemed by customers (i.e., breakage) are recognized based on historical redemption patterns. Customer returns are not material to the Company’s operating results or financial condition. Sales taxes are not included in revenue. Loyalty Program The Company’s customer loyalty program, ExtraCare®, consists of two components, ExtraSavingsTM and ExtraBucks® Rewards. ExtraSavings are coupons that are recorded as a reduction of revenue when redeemed as the Company has concluded that they do not represent a promise to the customer to deliver additional goods or services at the time of issuance because they are not tied to a specific transaction or spending level. ExtraBucks Rewards are accumulated by customers based on their historical spending levels. Thus, the Company has determined that there is an additional performance obligation to those customers at the time of the initial transaction. The Company allocates the transaction price to the initial transaction and the ExtraBucks Rewards transaction based upon the relative standalone selling price, which considers historical redemption patterns for the rewards. Revenue allocated to ExtraBucks Rewards is recognized as those rewards are redeemed. At the end of each period, unredeemed rewards are reflected as a contract liability. Long-term Care Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Each prescription claim represents a separate performance obligation of the Company, separate and distinct from other prescription claims under customer arrangements. A significant portion of Long-term Care revenue from sales of pharmaceutical and medical products is reimbursed by the federal Medicare Part D program and, to a lesser extent, state Medicaid programs. The Company monitors its revenues and receivables from these reimbursement sources, as well as other third-party insurance payors, and reduces revenue at the revenue recognition date to properly account for the variable consideration due to anticipated differences between billed and reimbursed amounts. Accordingly, the total revenues and receivables reported in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are recorded at the amount expected to be ultimately received from these payors. Patient co-payments associated with Medicare Part D, certain state Medicaid programs, Medicare Part B and certain third-party payors are typically not collected at the time products are delivered or services are rendered, but are billed to the individuals as part of normal billing procedures and subject to normal accounts receivable collections procedures. Walk-In Medical Clinics For services provided by the Company’s walk-in medical clinics, revenue recognition occurs for completed services provided to patients, with adjustments taken for third-party payor contractual obligations and patient direct bill historical collection rates. Health Care Benefits Segment Premium Revenue Premiums are recognized as revenue in the month in which the enrollee is entitled to receive health care services. Premiums are reported net of an allowance for estimated terminations and uncollectible amounts. Additionally, premium revenue subject to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010’s (as amended, collectively, the “ACA’s”) minimum medical loss ratio (“MLR”) rebate requirements is recorded net of the estimated minimum MLR rebates for the current calendar year. Premiums related to unexpired contractual coverage periods (unearned premiums) are reported as other insurance liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and recognized as revenue when earned. Some of the Company’s contracts allow for premiums to be adjusted to reflect actual experience or the relative health status of Insured members. Such adjustments are reasonably estimable at the outset of the contract, and adjustments to those estimates are made based on actual experience of the customer emerging under the contract and the terms of the underlying contract. Services Revenue Services revenue relates to contracts that can include various combinations of services or series of services which generally are capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Health Care Benefits segment services revenue consists of the following components:
• | ASC fees are received in exchange for performing certain claim processing and member services for ASC members. ASC fee revenue is recognized over the period the service is provided. Some of the Company’s administrative services contracts include guarantees with respect to certain functions, such as customer service response time, claim processing accuracy and claim processing turnaround time, as well as certain guarantees that a plan sponsor’s benefit claim experience will fall within a certain range. With any of these guarantees, the Company is financially at risk if the conditions of the arrangements are not met, although the maximum amount at risk is typically limited to a percentage of the fees otherwise payable to the Company by the customer involved. Each period the Company estimates its obligations under the terms of these guarantees and records its estimate as an offset to service revenues.
• | Workers’ compensation administrative services consist of fee-based managed care services. Workers’ compensation administrative services revenue is recognized once the service is provided.
Disaggregation of Revenue The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue by major source in each segment for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:
| Pharmacy |  | Retail/ |  | Health Care |  | Corporate/ |  | Intersegment |  | Consolidated
In millions | Services |  | LTC |  | Benefits |  | Other |  | Eliminations |  | Totals
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | 33,413 |  |  | $ | 16,118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (11,007 | ) |  | $ | 38,524 |
Front Store | — |  |  | 4,799 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,799 |
Premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,259 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,282 |
Net investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |
Other | 145 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 1,447 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,792 |
Total | $ | 33,558 |  |  | $ | 21,115 |  |  | $ | 17,870 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | (11,007 | ) |  | $ | 61,646 |
Pharmacy Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) | $ | 21,574 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail choice (2) | 11,839 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 145 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 33,558 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | 32,406 |  |  | $ | 15,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,601 | ) |  | $ | 39,305 |
Front Store | — |  |  | 4,726 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,726 |
Premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,306 |
Net investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Other | 140 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 356 |
Total | $ | 32,546 |  |  | $ | 20,432 |  |  | $ | 1,318 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (8,601 | ) |  | $ | 45,743 |
Pharmacy Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) | $ | 21,198 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail choice (2) | 11,208 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 140 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 32,546 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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(1) | Pharmacy Services pharmacy network is defined as claims filled at retail and specialty retail pharmacies, including the Company’s retail pharmacies and LTC pharmacies, but excluding Maintenance Choice® activity, which is included within the mail choice category.
(2) | Pharmacy Services mail choice is defined as claims filled at a Pharmacy Services mail facility, which includes specialty mail claims inclusive of Specialty Connect® claims picked up at a CVS Pharmacy retail store, as well as prescriptions filled at the Company’s retail pharmacies under the Maintenance Choice program, which permits eligible client plan members to fill their maintenance prescriptions through mail order delivery or at a CVS Pharmacy retail store for the same price as mail order.
Contract Balances Contract liabilities primarily represent the Company’s obligation to transfer additional goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration, for example ExtraBucks® Rewards and unredeemed Company gift cards. The consideration received remains a contract liability until goods or services have been provided to the customer. In addition, the Company recognizes breakage on Company gift cards based on historical redemption patterns. The following table provides information about receivables and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:
In millions | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Trade receivables (included in accounts receivable, net) | $ | 7,158 |  |  | $ | 6,896 |
Contract liabilities (included in accrued expenses) | 75 |  |  | 67 |
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the contract liabilities balance includes increases related to customers’ earnings in ExtraBucks Rewards or issuances of Company gift cards and decreases for revenues recognized during the period as a result of the redemption of ExtraBucks Rewards or Company gift cards and breakage of Company gift cards. Below is a summary of such changes:
In millions |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 67 |
Loyalty program earnings and gift card issuances | 90 |
Redemption and breakage | (82 | )
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 75 |
Related Party Transactions The Company has an equity method investment in SureScripts, LLC (“SureScripts”), which operates a clinical health information network. The Company utilizes this clinical health information network in providing services to its client plan members and retail customers. The Company expensed fees for the use of this network of approximately $10 million and $22 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company’s investment in and equity in the earnings of SureScripts for all periods presented is immaterial. The Company has an equity method investment in Heartland Healthcare Services (“Heartland”). Heartland operates several LTC pharmacies in four states. Heartland paid the Company approximately $25 million and $35 million for pharmaceutical inventory purchases during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, the Company performs certain collection functions for Heartland and then passes those customer cash collections back to Heartland. The Company’s investment in and equity in the earnings of Heartland for all periods presented is immaterial. New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Leases In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The liability is equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset is based on the liability, subject to certain adjustments, such as for initial direct costs. For income statement purposes, a dual model was retained, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance leases. Operating leases result in straight-line expense (similar to operating leases under the prior accounting standard) while finance leases result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to capital leases under the prior accounting standard). Lessor accounting is similar to the prior model, but updated to align with certain changes to the lessee model (e.g., certain definitions, such as initial direct costs, have been updated) and the new revenue recognition standard that was adopted in 2018. The Company adopted this new accounting standard on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and applied the new standard to all leases through a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. As a result, comparative financial information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which includes, among other things, the ability to carry forward the existing lease classification. On January 1, 2019, the Company recorded an after-tax transition adjustment to increase retained earnings by approximately $178 million ($241 million prior to tax effect). The new standard had a material impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, but did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated operating results and had no impact on the Company’s cash flows. The following is a discussion of the Company’s lease policy under the new lease accounting standard: The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at the inception of a contract. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the remaining future minimum lease payments. As the interest rate implicit in the Company’s leases is not readily determinable, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate, determined by class of underlying asset, to discount the lease payments. The operating lease right-of-use assets also include lease payments made before commencement and exclude lease incentives. The Company’s real estate leases typically contain options that permit renewals for additional periods of up to five years each. For real estate leases, the options to extend are not considered reasonably certain at lease commencement because the Company reevaluates each lease on a regular basis to consider the economic and strategic incentives of exercising the renewal options, and regularly opens or closes stores to align with its operating strategy. Generally, the renewal option periods are not included within the lease term and the associated payments are not included in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Similarly, renewal options are not included in the lease term for non-real estate leases because they are not considered reasonably certain of being exercised at lease commencement. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheets and lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the short-term lease. For real estate leases, the Company accounts for lease components and nonlease components as a single lease component. Certain real estate leases require additional payments based on sales volume, as well as reimbursement for real estate taxes, common area maintenance and insurance, which are expensed as incurred as variable lease costs. Other real estate leases contain one fixed lease payment that includes real estate taxes, common area maintenance and insurance. These fixed payments are considered part of the lease payment and included in the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. See Note 5 ‘‘Leases’’ for additional information. Impact of New Lease Standard on Balance Sheet Line Items As a result of applying the new lease standard using a modified retrospective method, the following adjustments were made to accounts on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019:
|  | Impact of Change in Accounting Policy
|  | As Reported |  |  |  | Adjusted
In millions |  | December 31, 2018 |  | Adjustments |  | January 1, 2019
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  | $ | 4,581 |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | 4,533 |
Total current assets |  | 45,243 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | 45,195 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 11,349 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11,360 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | — |  |  | 20,987 |  |  | 20,987 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 36,524 |  |  | (217 | ) |  | 36,307 |
Other assets |  | 5,046 |  |  | (521 | ) |  | 4,525 |
Total assets |  | 196,456 |  |  | 20,212 |  |  | 216,668 |
Accrued expenses |  | 10,711 |  |  | (52 | ) |  | 10,659 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  | — |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | 1,803 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | 1,265 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,267 |
Total current liabilities |  | 44,009 |  |  | 1,753 |  |  | 45,762 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities |  | — |  |  | 18,832 |  |  | 18,832 |
Long-term debt |  | 71,444 |  |  | (96 | ) |  | 71,348 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 7,677 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 7,740 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 2,780 |  |  | (518 | ) |  | 2,262 |
Total liabilities |  | 137,913 |  |  | 20,034 |  |  | 157,947 |
Retained earnings |  | 40,911 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 41,089 |
Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity |  | 58,225 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 58,403 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 58,543 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 58,721 |
Accounting for Interest Associated with the Purchase of Callable Debt Securities In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Accounting for Interest Associated with the Purchase of Callable Debt Securities (Topic 310). Under this standard, premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to the earliest call date rather than to the contractual maturity date. Callable debt securities held at a discount will continue to be amortized to the contractual maturity date. The Company adopted this new accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and recorded an immaterial cumulative effect adjustment from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). This standard requires the use of a forward-looking expected loss impairment model for trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments. This standard also requires impairments and recoveries for available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance account and revises certain disclosure requirements. The standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that implementation of this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated operating results, cash flows, financial condition and related disclosures. Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and other - Internal-Use Software (Topic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract. This standard requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in Topic 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets. The standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that implementation of this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated operating results, cash flows, financial condition and related disclosures. Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (Topic 944). This standard requires the Company to review cash flow assumptions for its long-duration insurance contracts at least annually and recognize the effect of changes in future cash flow assumptions in net income. This standard also requires the Company to update discount rate assumptions quarterly and recognize the effect of changes in these assumptions in other comprehensive income. The rate used to discount the Company’s liability for future policy benefits will be based on an estimate of the yield for an upper-medium-grade fixed-income instrument. In addition, this standard changes the amortization method for deferred acquisition costs and requires additional disclosures regarding the long duration insurance contract liabilities in the Company’s interim and annual financial statements. The standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that implementation of this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated operating results, cash flows, financial condition and related disclosures.

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