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Significant Accounting Policies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business CVS Health Corporation (“CVS Health”), together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), has more than 9,900 retail locations, approximately 1,100 walk-in medical clinics, a leading pharmacy benefits manager with approximately 108 million plan members, a dedicated senior pharmacy care business serving more than one million patients per year and expanding specialty pharmacy services. The Company also serves an estimated 34 million people through traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including expanding Medicare Advantage offerings and a leading standalone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan (“PDP”). The Company believes its innovative health care model increases access to quality care, delivers better health outcomes and lowers overall health care costs. The coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) continues to impact the economies of the U.S. and other countries around the world. The impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s businesses, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, as well as information regarding certain expected impacts of COVID-19 on the Company, is discussed throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Pharmacy Services, Retail/LTC and Corporate/Other, which are described below. Health Care Benefits Segment The Health Care Benefits segment is one of the nation’s leading diversified health care benefits providers. The Health Care Benefits segment has the information and resources to help members, in consultation with their health care professionals, make more informed decisions about their health care. The Health Care Benefits segment offers a broad range of traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental and behavioral health plans, medical management capabilities, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans, PDPs, Medicaid health care management services and health information technology products and services. The Health Care Benefits segment also provided workers’ compensation administrative services through its Coventry Health Care Workers’ Compensation business (“Workers’ Compensation business”) prior to the sale of this business on July 31, 2020. The Health Care Benefits segment’s customers include employer groups, individuals, college students, part-time and hourly workers, health plans, health care providers (“providers”), governmental units, government-sponsored plans, labor groups and expatriates. The Company refers to insurance products (where it assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “Insured” and administrative services contract products (where the plan sponsor assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “ASC.” Pharmacy Services Segment The Pharmacy Services segment provides a full range of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) solutions, including plan design offerings and administration, formulary management, retail pharmacy network management services, mail order pharmacy, specialty pharmacy and infusion services, clinical services, disease management services, medical spend management and pharmacy and/or other administrative services for providers and federal 340B drug pricing program covered entities (“Covered Entities”). The Pharmacy Services segment’s clients are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, PDPs, Medicaid managed care plans, plans offered on public health insurance exchanges (“Public Exchanges”) and private health insurance exchanges, other sponsors of health benefit plans throughout the United States and Covered Entities. The Pharmacy Services segment operates retail specialty pharmacy stores, specialty mail order pharmacies, mail order dispensing pharmacies, compounding pharmacies and branches for infusion and enteral nutrition services. Retail/LTC Segment The Retail/LTC segment sells prescription drugs and a wide assortment of health and wellness products and general merchandise, provides health care services through its MinuteClinic® walk-in medical clinics, provides medical diagnostic testing, administers vaccinations for illnesses such as influenza, COVID-19 and shingles and conducts long-term care pharmacy (“LTC”) operations, which distribute prescription drugs and provide related pharmacy consulting and other ancillary services to long-term care facilities and other care settings. As of June 30, 2021, the Retail/LTC segment operated more than 9,900 retail locations, approximately 1,100 MinuteClinic locations as well as online retail pharmacy websites, LTC pharmacies and on-site pharmacies. Corporate/Other Segment The Company presents the remainder of its financial results in the Corporate/Other segment, which primarily consists of: •Management and administrative expenses to support the Company’s overall operations, which include certain aspects of executive management and the corporate relations, legal, compliance, human resources, information technology and finance departments, expenses associated with the Company’s investments in its transformation and enterprise modernization programs and acquisition-related integration costs; and •Products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers such as its large case pensions and long-term care insurance products. Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of CVS Health and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. In accordance with such rules and regulations, certain information and accompanying note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been omitted, although the Company believes the disclosures included herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Form 10-K”). In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Because of the influence of various factors on the Company’s operations, including business combinations, certain holidays and other seasonal influences, net income for any interim period may not be comparable to the same interim period in previous years or necessarily indicative of income for the full year. Principles of Consolidation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company continually evaluates its investments to determine if they represent variable interests in a VIE. If the Company determines that it has a variable interest in a VIE, the Company then evaluates if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The evaluation is a qualitative assessment as to whether the Company has the ability to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. The Company consolidates a VIE if it is considered to be the primary beneficiary. Assets and liabilities of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary were not significant to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. VIE creditors do not have recourse against the general credit of the Company. Restricted Cash Restricted cash included in other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held in a trust in one of the Company’s captive insurance companies to satisfy collateral requirements associated with the assignment of certain insurance policies. All restricted cash is invested in time deposits, money market funds or commercial paper. The following is a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
In millions | June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 7,119 |  |  | $ | 7,854 |
Restricted cash (included in other assets) | 218 |  |  | 276 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statements of cash flows | $ | 7,337 |  |  | $ | 8,130 |
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for credit losses, customer credit allowances, contractual allowances and estimated terminations. Accounts receivable, net is composed of the following:
In millions | June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Trade receivables | $ | 8,021 |  |  | $ | 7,101 |
Vendor and manufacturer receivables | 10,955 |  |  | 9,815 |
Premium receivables | 2,942 |  |  | 2,628 |
Other receivables | 2,246 |  |  | 2,198 |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 24,164 |  |  | $ | 21,742 |
The Company’s allowance for credit losses was $367 million and $358 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. When developing an estimate of the Company’s expected credit losses, the Company considers all available relevant information regarding the collectability of cash flows, including historical information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company’s accounts receivable are short duration in nature and typically settle in less than 30 days. Revenue Recognition Disaggregation of Revenue The following tables disaggregate the Company’s revenue by major source in each segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:
In millions | Health Care Benefits |  | Pharmacy Services |  | Retail/ LTC |  | Corporate/ Other |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  | Consolidated Totals
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,153 |  |  | $ | 18,873 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (11,094) |  |  | $ | 45,932 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,254 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,254 |
Premiums | 18,968 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,983 |
Net investment income | 137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 289 |
Other | 1,420 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 601 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (39) |  |  | 2,158 |
Total | $ | 20,525 |  |  | $ | 38,314 |  |  | $ | 24,728 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | (11,133) |  |  | $ | 72,616 |
Pharmacy Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 22,918 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail choice (2) |  |  | 15,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 161 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 38,314 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,645 |  |  | $ | 16,870 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9,741) |  |  | $ | 41,774 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,653 |
Premiums | 16,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,927 |
Net investment income | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 184 |
Other | 1,428 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 1,803 |
Total | $ | 18,468 |  |  | $ | 34,889 |  |  | $ | 21,662 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | (9,764) |  |  | $ | 65,341 |
Pharmacy Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 20,536 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail choice (2) |  |  | 14,109 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 244 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 34,889 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In millions | Health Care Benefits |  | Pharmacy Services |  | Retail/ LTC |  | Corporate/ Other |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  | Consolidated Totals
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74,294 |  |  | $ | 36,758 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (22,168) |  |  | $ | 88,884 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,896 |
Premiums | 37,910 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,943 |
Net investment income | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | 255 |  |  | — |  |  | 586 |
Other | 2,813 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 1,302 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (81) |  |  | 4,404 |
Total | $ | 41,008 |  |  | $ | 74,635 |  |  | $ | 48,002 |  |  | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | (22,249) |  |  | $ | 141,713 |
Pharmacy Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 44,811 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail choice (2) |  |  | 29,483 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 341 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 74,635 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 69,419 |  |  | $ | 34,225 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19,998) |  |  | $ | 83,646 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,861 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,861 |
Premiums | 34,534 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,567 |
Net investment income | 220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | 346 |
Other | 2,912 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (31) |  |  | 3,676 |
Total | $ | 37,666 |  |  | $ | 69,872 |  |  | $ | 44,411 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | (20,029) |  |  | $ | 132,096 |
Pharmacy Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 41,636 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail choice (2) |  |  | 27,783 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 69,872 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
_____________________________________________ (1)Pharmacy Services pharmacy network is defined as claims filled at retail and specialty retail pharmacies, including the Company’s retail pharmacies and LTC pharmacies, but excluding Maintenance Choice® activity, which is included within the mail choice category. Maintenance Choice permits eligible client plan members to fill their maintenance prescriptions through mail order delivery or at a CVS Pharmacy retail store for the same price as mail order. (2)Pharmacy Services mail choice is defined as claims filled at a Pharmacy Services mail order facility, which includes specialty mail claims inclusive of Specialty Connect® claims picked up at a retail pharmacy, as well as prescriptions filled at the Company’s retail pharmacies under the Maintenance Choice program. Contract Balances Contract liabilities primarily represent the Company’s obligation to transfer additional goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration, and include ExtraBucks® Rewards and unredeemed Company gift cards. The consideration received remains a contract liability until goods or services have been provided to the customer. In addition, the Company recognizes breakage on Company gift cards based on historical redemption patterns. The following table provides information about receivables and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:
In millions | June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Trade receivables (included in accounts receivable, net) | $ | 8,021 |  |  | $ | 7,101 |
Contract liabilities (included in accrued expenses) | 79 |  |  | 71 |
During the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the contract liabilities balance includes increases related to customers’ earnings in ExtraBucks Rewards or issuances of Company gift cards and decreases for revenues recognized during the period as a result of the redemption of ExtraBucks Rewards or Company gift cards and breakage of Company gift cards. Below is a summary of such changes:
| Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions | 2021 |  | 2020
Contract liabilities, beginning of the period | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Rewards earnings and gift card issuances | 183 |  |  | 179 |
Redemption and breakage | (175) |  |  | (174) |
Contract liabilities, end of the period | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 78 |
Health Insurer Fee Since January 1, 2014, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “ACA”) has imposed an annual premium-based health insurer fee (the “HIF”). The HIF, which is payable each September, is not deductible for federal income tax purposes. In December 2019, the HIF was repealed for calendar years after 2020, therefore there was no expense related to the HIF in the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, operating expenses included $248 million and $519 million, respectively, related to the Company’s estimated share of the 2020 HIF. Related Party Transactions The Company has an equity method investment in SureScripts, LLC (“SureScripts”), which operates a clinical health information network. The Company utilizes this clinical health information network in providing services to its client plan members and retail customers. The Company expensed fees for the use of this network of $10 million and $3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and expensed fees for the use of this network of approximately $19 million and $23 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company’s investment in and equity in the earnings of SureScripts for all periods presented is immaterial. The Company has an equity method investment in Heartland Healthcare Services, LLC (“Heartland”). Heartland operates several LTC pharmacies in four states. Heartland paid the Company $19 million and $22 million for pharmaceutical inventory purchases during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $37 million and $43 million for pharmaceutical inventory purchases during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Additionally, the Company performs certain collection functions for Heartland and then transfers those customer cash collections to Heartland. The Company’s investment in and equity in the earnings of Heartland for all periods presented is immaterial. New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). This standard simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The standard also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The Company adopted this new accounting standard on January 1, 2021. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, cash flows, financial condition or related disclosures. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (Topic 944). This standard requires the Company to review cash flow assumptions for its long-duration insurance contracts at least annually and recognize the effect of changes in future cash flow assumptions in net income. This standard also requires the Company to update discount rate assumptions quarterly and recognize the effect of changes in these assumptions in other comprehensive income. The rate used to discount the Company’s liability for future policy benefits will be based on an estimate of the yield for an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument with a duration profile matching that of the Company’s liabilities. In addition, this standard changes the amortization method for deferred acquisition costs and requires additional disclosures regarding the long duration insurance contract liabilities in the Company’s interim and annual financial statements. The standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective transition method as of the earliest period presented for changes to the liability for future policy benefits and deferred acquisition costs. While the Company is still evaluating the impact of the new standard on its financial statements, the Company anticipates an increase to its liability for future policy benefits with a corresponding change in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of updating the rate used to discount the liabilities to reflect the yield for an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument compared to the Company’s expected investment yield under the existing guidance.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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