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Significant Accounting Policies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business CVS Health Corporation, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “CVS Health” or the “Company”), has more than 9,000 retail locations, more than 1,000 walk-in medical clinics, 207 primary care medical clinics, a leading pharmacy benefits manager with approximately 90 million plan members and expanding specialty pharmacy solutions, and a dedicated senior pharmacy care business serving more than 800,000 patients per year. The Company also serves an estimated more than 36 million people through traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including expanding Medicare Advantage offerings and a leading standalone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan (“PDP”). The Company is creating new sources of value through its integrated model allowing it to expand into personalized, technology driven care delivery and health services, increasing access to quality care, delivering better health outcomes and lowering overall health care costs. The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Health Services, Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness and Corporate/Other, which are described below. Health Care Benefits Segment The Health Care Benefits segment operates as one of the nation’s leading diversified health care benefits providers. The Health Care Benefits segment has the information and resources to help members, in consultation with their health care professionals, make more informed decisions about their health care. The Health Care Benefits segment offers a broad range of traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental and behavioral health plans, medical management capabilities, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans, PDPs and Medicaid health care management services. The Health Care Benefits segment’s customers include employer groups, individuals, college students, part-time and hourly workers, health plans, health care providers (“providers”), governmental units, government-sponsored plans, labor groups and expatriates. The Company refers to insurance products (where it assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “Insured” and administrative services contract products (where the plan sponsor assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “ASC.” The Company sold Insured plans directly to individual consumers through the individual public health insurance exchanges (“Public Exchanges”) in 17 states as of June 30, 2024. Health Services Segment The Health Services segment provides a full range of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) solutions, delivers health care services in its medical clinics, virtually, and in the home, and offers provider enablement solutions. PBM solutions include plan design offerings and administration, formulary management, retail pharmacy network management services, and specialty and mail order pharmacy services. In addition, the Company provides clinical services, disease management services, medical spend management and pharmacy and/or other administrative services for providers and federal 340B drug pricing program covered entities (“Covered Entities”). The Company operates a group purchasing organization that negotiates pricing for the purchase of pharmaceuticals and rebates with pharmaceutical manufacturers on behalf of its participants and provides various administrative, management and reporting services to pharmaceutical manufacturers. During 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of two key health care delivery assets – Signify Health, Inc. (“Signify Health”), a leader in health risk assessments, value-based care and provider enablement services, and Oak Street Health, Inc. (“Oak Street Health”), a leading multi-payor operator of value-based primary care centers serving Medicare eligible patients. The Company also launched Cordavis TM, a wholly owned subsidiary that works directly with pharmaceutical manufacturers to commercialize and/or co-produce high quality biosimilar products. The Health Services segment’s clients and customers are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, PDPs, Medicaid managed care plans, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), plans offered on Insurance Exchanges and other sponsors of health benefit plans throughout the U.S., patients who receive care in the Health Services segment’s medical clinics, virtually or in the home, as well as Covered Entities. Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness Segment The Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment dispenses prescriptions in its retail pharmacies and through its infusion operations, provides ancillary pharmacy services including pharmacy patient care programs, diagnostic testing and vaccination administration, and sells a wide assortment of health and wellness products and general merchandise. The segment also conducts long-term care pharmacy (“LTC”) operations, which distribute prescription drugs and provide related pharmacy consulting and ancillary services to long-term care facilities and other care settings, and provides pharmacy fulfillment services to support the Health Services segment’s specialty and mail order pharmacy offerings. As of June 30, 2024, the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment operated more than 9,000 retail locations, as well as online retail pharmacy websites, LTC pharmacies and on-site pharmacies, retail specialty pharmacy stores, compounding pharmacies and branches for infusion and enteral nutrition services. Corporate/Other Segment The Company presents the remainder of its financial results in the Corporate/Other segment, which primarily consists of: •Management and administrative expenses to support the Company’s overall operations, which include certain aspects of executive management and the corporate relations, legal, compliance, human resources and finance departments, information technology, digital, data and analytics, as well as acquisition-related transaction and integration costs; and •Products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers, such as its large case pensions and long-term care insurance products. Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of CVS Health and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. In accordance with such rules and regulations, certain information and accompanying note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been omitted, although the Company believes the disclosures included herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”). In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Because of the influence of various factors on the Company’s operations, including business combinations, certain holidays and other seasonal influences, net income for any interim period may not be comparable to the same interim period in previous years or necessarily indicative of income for the full year. Principles of Consolidation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company continually evaluates its investments to determine if they represent variable interests in a VIE. If the Company determines that it has a variable interest in a VIE, the Company then evaluates if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The evaluation is a qualitative assessment as to whether the Company has the ability to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. The Company consolidates a VIE if it is considered to be the primary beneficiary. Assets and liabilities of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary were not significant to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. VIE creditors do not have recourse against the general credit of the Company. Restricted Cash Restricted cash included in other current assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily represents funds held on behalf of members and funds held in escrow in connection with agreements with accountable care organizations. Restricted cash included in other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held in a trust in one of the Company’s captive insurance companies to satisfy collateral requirements associated with the assignment of certain insurance policies. All restricted cash is invested in demand deposits, time deposits and money market funds. The following is a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
In millions | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 12,507 |  |  | $ | 8,196 |  |  |
Restricted cash (included in other current assets) | 54 |  |  | 90 |  |  |
Restricted cash (included in other assets) | 259 |  |  | 239 |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statements of cash flows | $ | 12,820 |  |  | $ | 8,525 |  |  |
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for credit losses, customer credit allowances, contractual allowances and estimated terminations. Accounts receivable, net at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was composed of the following:
In millions | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Trade receivables | $ | 9,793 |  |  | $ | 11,908 |
Vendor and manufacturer receivables | 13,528 |  |  | 15,711 |
Premium receivables | 4,430 |  |  | 3,714 |
Other receivables | 4,634 |  |  | 3,894 |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 32,385 |  |  | $ | 35,227 |
The Company’s allowance for credit losses was $355 million and $343 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. When developing an estimate of the Company’s expected credit losses, the Company considers all available relevant information regarding the collectability of cash flows, including historical information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company’s accounts receivable are short duration in nature and typically settle in less than 30 days. Health Care Contract Acquisition Costs Insurance products included in the Health Care Benefits segment are cancellable by either the customer or the member monthly upon written notice. Acquisition costs related to prepaid health care and health indemnity contracts are generally expensed as incurred. For certain long-duration insurance contracts, acquisition costs directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract, including commissions, are deferred and are recorded as other current assets or other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Contracts are grouped by product and issue year into cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the associated liability and are amortized on a constant level basis based on the remaining in-force policies over the estimated term of the contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. Changes to the Company’s assumptions, including assumptions related to persistency, are reflected at the cohort level at the time of change and are recognized prospectively over the estimated terms of the contract. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs is recorded in operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following is a roll forward of deferred acquisition costs for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:
|  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred acquisition costs, beginning of the period |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,502 |  | $ | 1,219
Capitalizations |  |  |  |  | 271 |  | 274
Amortization expense |  |  |  |  | (146) |  | (128)
Deferred acquisition costs, end of the period |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,627 |  | $ | 1,365
Revenue Recognition Disaggregation of Revenue The following tables disaggregate the Company’s revenue by major source in each segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:
In millions | Health Care Benefits |  | Health Services |  | Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness |  | Corporate/ Other |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  | Consolidated Totals
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,499 |  |  | $ | 24,013 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12,532) |  |  | $ | 50,980 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,281 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,281 |
Premiums | 30,654 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,667 |
Net investment income (loss) | 300 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 394 |
Other | 1,521 |  |  | 2,674 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (829) |  |  | 3,912 |
Total | $ | 32,475 |  |  | $ | 42,171 |  |  | $ | 29,838 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | (13,361) |  |  | $ | 91,234 |
Health Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 21,848 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail & specialty (2) |  |  | 17,651 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 2,674 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 42,171 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,706 |  |  | $ | 22,614 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12,258) |  |  | $ | 55,062 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,629 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,629 |
Premiums | 25,095 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,108 |
Net investment income | 205 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |
Other | 1,447 |  |  | 1,509 |  |  | 540 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (650) |  |  | 2,848 |
Total | $ | 26,747 |  |  | $ | 46,215 |  |  | $ | 28,784 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (12,908) |  |  | $ | 88,921 |
Health Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 27,477 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail & specialty (2) |  |  | 17,229 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 1,509 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 46,215 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In millions | Health Care Benefits |  | Health Services |  | Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness |  | Corporate/ Other |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  | Consolidated Totals
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77,225 |  |  | $ | 46,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,645) |  |  | $ | 99,377 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,651 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,651 |
Premiums | 61,033 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,058 |
Net investment income (loss) | 653 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 197 |  |  | — |  |  | 848 |
Other | 3,025 |  |  | 5,233 |  |  | 1,115 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1,640) |  |  | 7,737 |
Total | $ | 64,711 |  |  | $ | 82,456 |  |  | $ | 58,563 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | (26,285) |  |  | $ | 179,671 |
Health Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 42,312 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail & specialty (2) |  |  | 34,913 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 5,233 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 82,456 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88,443 |  |  | $ | 44,394 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,990) |  |  | $ | 107,847 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,226 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,226 |
Premiums | 49,434 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,460 |
Net investment income (loss) | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 241 |  |  | — |  |  | 608 |
Other | 2,821 |  |  | 2,363 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1,218) |  |  | 5,058 |
Total | $ | 52,624 |  |  | $ | 90,806 |  |  | $ | 56,706 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | (26,208) |  |  | $ | 174,199 |
Health Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 55,069 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail & specialty (2) |  |  | 33,374 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 2,363 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 90,806 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
_____________________________________________ (1)Health Services pharmacy network is defined as claims filled at retail and specialty retail pharmacies, including the Company’s retail pharmacies and LTC pharmacies, as well as activity associated with Maintenance Choice®, which permits eligible client plan members to fill their maintenance prescriptions through mail order delivery or at a CVS pharmacy retail store for the same price as mail order. (2)Health Services mail & specialty is defined as specialty mail claims inclusive of Specialty Connect® claims picked up at a retail pharmacy, as well as mail order and specialty claims fulfilled by the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment. Contract Balances Contract liabilities primarily represent the Company’s obligation to transfer additional goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration, and primarily include ExtraBucks® Rewards and unredeemed Company gift cards. The consideration received remains a contract liability until goods or services have been provided to the customer. In addition, the Company recognizes breakage on Company gift cards based on historical redemption patterns. The following table provides information about receivables and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:
In millions | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Trade receivables (included in accounts receivable, net) | $ | 9,793 |  |  | $ | 11,908 |
Contract liabilities (included in accrued expenses) | 128 |  |  | 149 |
New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Segment Reporting In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This standard requires the Company to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) and are included within each reported measure of segment operating results. The standard also requires the Company to disclose the total amount of any other items included in segment operating results which were not deemed to be significant expenses for separate disclosure, along with a qualitative description of the composition of these other items. In addition, the standard also requires disclosure of the CODM’s title and position, as well as detail on how the CODM uses the reported measure of segment operating results to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. The standard also aligns interim segment reporting disclosure requirements with annual segment reporting disclosure requirements. The Company adopted the standard for its annual reporting effective January 1, 2024. While the standard requires additional disclosures related to the Company’s reportable segments in its 2024 annual reporting, adoption of the standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows. The standard requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented. The standard is effective for interim reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Income Taxes In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The standard requires the Company to provide further disaggregated income tax disclosures for specific categories on the effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as additional information about federal, state/local and foreign income taxes. The standard also requires the Company to annually disclose its income taxes paid (net of refunds received), disaggregated by jurisdiction. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The standard is to be applied on a prospective basis, although optional retrospective application is permitted. While the standard will require additional disclosures related to the Company’s income taxes, the standard is not expected to have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

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