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Significant Accounting Policies | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business CVS Health Corporation, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “CVS Health” or the “Company”), is a leading health solutions company building a world of health around every consumer it serves and connecting care so that it works for people wherever they are. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had more than 9,000 retail locations, more than 1,000 walk-in and primary care medical clinics, a leading pharmacy benefits manager with approximately 88 million plan members and expanding specialty pharmacy solutions, and a dedicated senior pharmacy care business serving more than 800,000 patients per year. The Company also serves an estimated more than 37 million people through traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including expanding Medicare Advantage offerings and a leading standalone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan (“PDP”). The Company is creating new sources of value through its integrated model allowing it to expand into personalized, technology driven care delivery and health services, increasing access to quality care, delivering better health outcomes and lowering overall health care costs. The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Health Services, Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness and Corporate/Other, which are described below. Health Care Benefits Segment The Health Care Benefits segment operates as one of the nation’s leading diversified health care benefits providers through its Aetna® operations. The Health Care Benefits segment has the information and resources to help members, in consultation with their health care professionals, make more informed decisions about their health care. The Health Care Benefits segment offers a broad range of traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental and behavioral health plans, medical management capabilities, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans, PDPs and Medicaid health care management services. The Health Care Benefits segment’s primary customers, its members, primarily access the segment’s products and services through employer groups, government-sponsored plans or individually. The Health Care Benefits segment also serves customers who purchase products and services that are ancillary to its health insurance products. The Company refers to insurance products (where it assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “Insured” and administrative services contract products (where the plan sponsor assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “ASC.” The Company also sells Insured plans directly to individual consumers through the individual public health insurance exchanges (“Public Exchanges”). Health Services Segment The Health Services segment provides a full range of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) solutions through its CVS Caremark® operations and delivers health care services in its medical clinics, virtually, and in the home. PBM solutions include plan design offerings and administration, formulary management, retail pharmacy network management services, and specialty and mail order pharmacy services. In addition, the Company provides clinical services, disease management services, medical spend management and pharmacy and/or other administrative services for providers and federal 340B drug pricing program covered entities (“Covered Entities”). The Company operates a group purchasing organization that negotiates pricing for the purchase of pharmaceuticals and rebates with pharmaceutical manufacturers on behalf of its participants and provides various administrative, management and reporting services to pharmaceutical manufacturers. The segment also works directly with pharmaceutical manufacturers to commercialize and/or co-produce high quality biosimilar products through its Cordavis TM subsidiary. The Health Services segment’s health care delivery assets include Signify Health, Inc. (“Signify Health”), a leader in health risk assessments and value-based care, and Oak Street Health, Inc. (“Oak Street Health”), a leading multi-payor operator of value-based primary care centers serving Medicare eligible patients. The Health Services segment’s clients and customers are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, PDPs, Medicaid managed care plans, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), plans offered on public and private health insurance exchanges and other sponsors of health benefit plans throughout the U.S., patients who receive care in the Health Services segment’s medical clinics, virtually or in the home, as well as Covered Entities. Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness Segment The Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment dispenses prescriptions in its CVS Pharmacy® retail locations and through its infusion operations, provides ancillary pharmacy services including pharmacy patient care programs, diagnostic testing and vaccination administration, and sells a wide assortment of health and wellness products and general merchandise. The segment also conducts long-term care pharmacy (“LTC”) operations, which distribute prescription drugs and provide related pharmacy consulting and ancillary services to long-term care facilities and other care settings, and provides pharmacy fulfillment services to support the Health Services segment’s specialty and mail order pharmacy offerings. As of March 31, 2025, the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment operated more than 9,000 retail locations, as well as online retail pharmacy websites, LTC pharmacies and on-site pharmacies, retail specialty pharmacy stores, compounding pharmacies and branches for infusion and enteral nutrition services. Corporate/Other Segment The Company presents the remainder of its financial results in the Corporate/Other segment, which primarily consists of: •Management and administrative expenses to support the Company’s overall operations, which include certain aspects of executive management and the corporate relations, legal, compliance, human resources and finance departments, information technology, digital, data and analytics, as well as acquisition-related integration costs; and •Products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers, such as its large case pensions and long-term care insurance products. Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of CVS Health and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. In accordance with such rules and regulations, certain information and accompanying note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been omitted, although the Company believes the disclosures included herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”). In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Because of the influence of various factors on the Company’s operations, including business combinations, certain holidays and other seasonal influences, net income for any interim period may not be comparable to the same interim period in previous years or necessarily indicative of income for the full year. Principles of Consolidation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company continually evaluates its investments to determine if they represent variable interests in a VIE. If the Company determines that it has a variable interest in a VIE, the Company then evaluates if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The evaluation is a qualitative assessment as to whether the Company has the ability to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. The Company consolidates a VIE if it is considered to be the primary beneficiary. Assets and liabilities of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary were not significant to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. VIE creditors do not have recourse against the general credit of the Company. Restricted Cash Restricted cash included in other current assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily represents funds held on behalf of members. Restricted cash included in other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held in a trust in one of the Company’s captive insurance companies to satisfy collateral requirements associated with the assignment of certain insurance policies. All restricted cash is invested in demand deposits, time deposits and money market funds. The following is a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
In millions | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 10,076 |  |  | $ | 8,586 |  |  |
Restricted cash (included in other current assets) | 65 |  |  | 95 |  |  |
Restricted cash (included in other assets) | 205 |  |  | 203 |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statements of cash flows | $ | 10,346 |  |  | $ | 8,884 |  |  |
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for credit losses, customer credit allowances, contractual allowances and estimated terminations. Accounts receivable, net at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was composed of the following:
In millions | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Trade receivables | $ | 10,450 |  |  | $ | 9,881 |
Vendor and manufacturer receivables | 14,205 |  |  | 13,891 |
Premium receivables | 6,210 |  |  | 4,731 |
Other receivables | 8,760 |  |  | 7,966 |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 39,625 |  |  | $ | 36,469 |
The Company’s allowance for credit losses was $392 million and $407 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. When developing an estimate of the Company’s expected credit losses, the Company considers all available relevant information regarding the collectability of cash flows, including historical information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company’s accounts receivable are short duration in nature and typically settle in less than 30 days. Health Care Contract Acquisition Costs Insurance products included in the Health Care Benefits segment are cancellable by either the customer or the member monthly upon written notice. Acquisition costs related to prepaid health care and health indemnity contracts are generally expensed as incurred. For certain long-duration insurance contracts, acquisition costs directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract, including commissions, are deferred and are recorded as other current assets or other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Contracts are grouped by product and issue year into cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the associated liability and are amortized on a constant level basis based on the remaining in-force policies over the estimated term of the contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. Changes to the Company’s assumptions, including assumptions related to persistency, are reflected at the cohort level at the time of change and are recognized prospectively over the estimated terms of the contract. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs is recorded in operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following is a roll forward of deferred acquisition costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
In millions |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Deferred acquisition costs, beginning of the period |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,747 |  | $ | 1,502
Capitalization |  |  |  |  | 133 |  | 134
Amortization expense |  |  |  |  | (86) |  | (76)
Deferred acquisition costs, end of the period |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,794 |  | $ | 1,560
Premium Deficiency Reserves The Company evaluates its short-duration insurance contracts to determine if it is probable that a loss will be incurred. For purposes of determining premium deficiency reserves, contracts are grouped consistent with the Company’s method of acquiring, servicing and measuring the profitability of such contracts. For each contract grouping, a premium deficiency reserve is recognized when it is probable that expected future incurred claims, including costs to maintain the contract grouping, exceed anticipated future premiums and reinsurance recoveries. Anticipated investment income is not considered in the calculation of premium deficiency reserves. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to operating expenses, and to the extent the premium deficiency is greater than the unamortized acquisition costs, a premium deficiency reserve liability is established and reflected in health care costs payable on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Losses recognized as a premium deficiency reserve result in a beneficial effect in subsequent periods as subsequent costs under these contracts are then charged to this previously established liability. During the first quarter of 2025, the Company determined it had a premium deficiency in its individual exchange product line related to the 2025 coverage year. Accordingly, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded a premium deficiency reserve of $448 million consisting of a $17 million charge of unamortized acquisition costs, which was recorded in operating expenses, and the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve of $431 million, which was recorded in health care costs. The Company did not establish a premium deficiency reserve for any other product line during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Company did not establish any premium deficiency reserves during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Revenue Recognition Disaggregation of Revenue The following tables disaggregate the Company’s revenue by major source in each segment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
In millions | Health Care Benefits |  | Health Services |  | Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness |  | Corporate/ Other |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  | Consolidated Totals
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,182 |  |  | $ | 26,076 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14,751) |  |  | $ | 52,507 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,243 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,243 |
Premiums | 32,808 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,820 |
Net investment income | 387 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | 520 |
Other | 1,615 |  |  | 2,266 |  |  | 593 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (978) |  |  | 3,498 |
Total | $ | 34,810 |  |  | $ | 43,462 |  |  | $ | 31,912 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | (15,729) |  |  | $ | 94,588 |
Health Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 23,114 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail & specialty (2) |  |  | 18,068 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 2,266 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 43,462 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Major goods/services lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,726 |  |  | $ | 22,784 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12,113) |  |  | $ | 48,397 |
Front Store | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,370 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,370 |
Premiums | 30,379 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,391 |
Net investment income | 353 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |
Other | 1,504 |  |  | 2,559 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (811) |  |  | 3,825 |
Total | $ | 32,236 |  |  | $ | 40,285 |  |  | $ | 28,725 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (12,924) |  |  | $ | 88,437 |
Health Services distribution channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmacy network (1) |  |  | $ | 20,464 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mail & specialty (2) |  |  | 17,262 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 2,559 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 40,285 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
_____________________________________________ (1)Health Services pharmacy network is defined as claims filled at retail and specialty retail pharmacies, including the Company’s retail pharmacies and LTC pharmacies, as well as activity associated with Maintenance Choice®, which permits eligible client plan members to fill their maintenance prescriptions through mail order delivery or at a CVS pharmacy retail store for the same price as mail order. (2)Health Services mail & specialty is defined as specialty mail claims inclusive of Specialty Connect® claims picked up at a retail pharmacy, as well as mail order and specialty claims fulfilled by the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment. Contract Balances Contract liabilities primarily represent the Company’s obligation to transfer additional goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration, and primarily include ExtraBucks® Rewards and unredeemed Company gift cards. The consideration received remains a contract liability until goods or services have been provided to the customer. In addition, the Company recognizes breakage on Company gift cards based on historical redemption patterns. The following table provides information about receivables and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:
In millions | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Trade receivables (included in accounts receivable, net) | $ | 10,450 |  |  | $ | 9,881 |
Contract liabilities (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities) | 65 |  |  | 144 |
ACO REACH and MSSP Exit Prior to the first quarter of 2025, the Company’s Health Services segment provided enablement services to health systems primarily through two programs administered by CMS: the Accountable Care Organization Realizing Equity, Access and Community Health (“ACO REACH”) program and the Medicare Shared Savings Program (“MSSP”). During the first quarter of 2025, the Company determined that it would substantially exit both the ACO REACH program and the MSSP as further described below. In connection with these actions, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded a loss on Accountable Care assets of $247 million, which is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment. ACO REACH In February 2025, the Company informed CMS of its plans to voluntarily terminate substantially all of its participation in the ACO REACH program effective March 31, 2025. In connection with the commencement of the wind down of its ACO REACH operations, the Company incurred costs of $11 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025. MSSP In March 2025, the Company also divested its MSSP operations to Wellvana Health, LLC. The Company recorded a pre-tax loss on the divestiture of $236 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025, which includes the removal of intangible assets and goodwill totaling $342 million. The consideration received related to this agreement was not material. New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Segment Reporting In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This standard requires the Company to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and are included within each reported measure of segment operating results. The standard also requires the Company to disclose the total amount of any other items included in segment operating results which were not deemed to be significant expenses for separate disclosure, along with a qualitative description of the composition of these other items. In addition, the standard also requires disclosure of the CODM’s title and position, as well as detail on how the CODM uses the reported measure of segment operating results to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. The standard also aligns interim segment reporting disclosure requirements with annual segment reporting disclosure requirements. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2024 for fiscal year reporting and the standard became effective for interim reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The standard requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented. While the standard requires additional disclosures related to the Company’s reportable segments, the standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows as of the date of adoption. Refer to Note 10 ‘‘Segment Reporting’’ for the Company’s segment reporting disclosures, including those newly required by this standard. Income Taxes In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The standard requires the Company to provide further disaggregated income tax disclosures for specific categories on the effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as additional information about federal, state/local and foreign income taxes. The standard also requires the Company to annually disclose its income taxes paid (net of refunds received), disaggregated by jurisdiction. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2025 for fiscal year reporting. The standard is to be applied on a prospective basis, although optional retrospective application is permitted. While the standard will require additional disclosures related to the Company’s income taxes within the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, the standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires the Company to provide further disaggregated information of relevant expense captions within its consolidated statements of operations, including the purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization, as well as the inclusion of other specific expenses, gains and losses required by existing GAAP. The new standard also requires the Company to disclose its total selling expenses and, on an annual basis, provide a qualitative description of its selling expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The standard may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. While the standard will require additional disclosures related to certain expenses included in the consolidated statements of operations, the standard is not expected to have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 235 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/235/tableOfContent + Details
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