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Property and Equipment
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property and Equipment

5.    Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as of December 31 consisted of the following (in millions):

    

2020

    

2019

Land

$

740

$

656

Landfills

 

16,842

 

15,910

Vehicles

 

6,219

 

5,344

Machinery and equipment

 

3,293

 

3,140

Containers

 

2,869

 

2,616

Buildings and improvements

 

3,529

 

3,174

Furniture, fixtures and office equipment

 

751

710

 

34,243

 

31,550

Less: Accumulated depreciation of tangible property and equipment

 

(10,403)

 

(9,331)

Less: Accumulated amortization of landfill airspace

 

(9,692)

(9,326)

Property and equipment, net

$

14,148

$

12,893

Depreciation and amortization expense, including amortization expense for assets recorded as financing leases, consisted of the following for the year ended December 31 (in millions):

    

2020

    

2019

    

2018

Depreciation of tangible property and equipment

$

996

$

893

$

838

Amortization of landfill airspace

 

568

575

538

Depreciation and amortization expense

$

1,564

$

1,468

$

1,376

We include capitalized costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software within long-term other assets, and these costs are amortized over the useful life of the relevant subscription period including any renewal options that are reasonably certain of being exercised. These costs include direct external costs of materials and services used in developing or obtaining the software and internal costs for employees directly associated with the software development project. As of December 31, 2020, total costs capitalized for our internal-use software were $21 million. Additionally, amortization expense for the period was immaterial as substantially all costs incurred to date are related to internal-use software that is currently under development.