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EMPLOYEE STOCK BENEFIT PLANS
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
EMPLOYEE STOCK BENEFIT PLANS EMPLOYEE STOCK BENEFIT PLANS
Stock-based compensation expense was as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
Dollars in millions20242023
Cost of products sold$14 $11 
Marketing, selling and administrative53 51 
Research and development66 60 
Total Stock-based compensation expense$133 $122 
Income tax benefit(a)
$28 $25 
(a)    Income tax benefit excludes excess tax (deficiencies)/benefits from share-based compensation awards that were vested or exercised of $(17) million and $18 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

The number of units granted and the weighted-average fair value on the grant date for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows:
Units in millionsUnitsWeighted-Average Fair Value
Restricted stock units12.2 $48.17 
Market share units1.3 $58.63 
Performance share units1.9 $53.08 
Dollars in millionsRestricted Stock UnitsMarket Share UnitsPerformance Share Units
Unrecognized compensation cost$1,213 $111 $157 
Expected weighted-average period in years of compensation cost to be recognized3.02.82.2