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REVENUE
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
REVENUE REVENUE
Revenue recognition
The Company determines revenue recognition from contracts with customers through the following steps:
•identification of the contract, or contracts, with the customer;
•identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
•determination of the transaction price;
•allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
•recognition of the revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
The following table presents revenue of the Company disaggregated by revenue source (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
Net revenue
Transaction revenue
Consumer, net$274,505  $346,091 $936,944 $1,928,145 
Institutional, net14,070 19,777 53,442 105,973 
Total transaction revenue288,575 365,868 990,386 2,034,118 
Subscription and services revenue
Stablecoin revenue172,357 76,858 522,650 99,977 
Blockchain rewards74,461 62,759 235,824 213,064 
Interest income39,467 24,920 131,360 44,769 
Custodial fee revenue15,805 14,532 49,839 68,404 
Other subscription and services revenue32,339 31,438 91,843 83,537 
Total subscription and services revenue334,429 210,507 1,031,516 509,751 
Total net revenue623,004 576,375 2,021,902 2,543,869 
Other revenue
Corporate interest and other income51,144 13,964 132,686 21,231 
Total other revenue51,144 13,964 132,686 21,231 
Total revenue$674,148 $590,339 $2,154,588 $2,565,100 

Transaction revenue
Consumer transaction revenue represents transaction fees earned from customers that are primarily individuals, while institutional transaction revenue represents transaction fees earned from institutional customers, such as hedge funds, family offices, principal trading firms, and financial institutions.
The Company’s service is comprised of a single performance obligation to provide a crypto asset matching service when customers buy, sell or convert crypto assets, or trade derivatives. That is, the Company is an agent in transactions between customers and presents revenue for the fees earned on a net basis.
Judgment is required in determining whether the Company is the principal or the agent in transactions between customers. The Company evaluates the presentation of revenue on a gross or net basis based on whether it controls the crypto asset provided before it is transferred to the customer (gross) or whether it acts as an agent by arranging for other customers to provide the crypto asset to the customer (net). The Company does not control the crypto asset being provided before it is transferred to the buyer, does not have inventory risk related to the crypto asset, and is not responsible for the fulfillment of the crypto asset. The Company also does not set the price for the crypto asset as the price is a market rate established by users of the platform. As a result, the Company acts as an agent in facilitating the ability for a customer to purchase crypto assets from another customer.
The Company considers its performance obligation satisfied, and recognizes revenue, at the point in time the transaction is processed. Contracts with customers are usually open-ended and can be terminated by either party without a termination penalty. Therefore, contracts are defined at the transaction level and do not extend beyond the service already provided.
The Company charges a fee at the transaction level. The transaction price, represented by the transaction fee, is calculated based on volume and varies depending on payment type and the value of the transaction. Crypto asset purchase or sale transactions executed by a customer on the Company’s platform is based on tiered pricing that is driven primarily by transaction volume processed for a specific historical period. The Company has concluded that this volume-based pricing approach does not constitute a future material right since the discount is within a range typically offered to a class of customers with similar volume. The transaction fee is collected from the customer at the time the transaction is executed. In certain instances, the transaction fee can be collected in crypto assets, with revenue measured based on the amount of crypto assets received and the fair value of the crypto assets at the time of the transaction.
The transaction price includes estimates for reductions in revenue from transaction fee reversals that may not be recovered from customers. Such reversals occur when the customer disputes a transaction processed on their credit card or their bank account for a variety of reasons and seeks to have the charge reversed after the Company has processed the transaction. These amounts are estimated based upon the most likely amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled. All estimates are based on historical experience and the Company’s best judgment at the time to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. All estimates of variable consideration are reassessed periodically. The total transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. While the Company recognizes transaction fee reversals as a reduction of net revenue, crypto asset losses related to those same transaction reversals are included in transaction expense.
Stablecoin revenue
Since 2018, the Company has earned income on fiat funds under an arrangement with the issuer of USDC which was included in interest income within subscriptions and services revenue. On August 18, 2023, the Company entered into an updated arrangement with the same counterparty. Pursuant to the arrangement, the Company earns a pro rata portion of income earned on USDC reserves based on the amount of USDC held on each respective party’s platform, and from the distribution and usage of USDC after certain expenses. Revenue derived by the Company from this arrangement is dependent on various factors including the balance of USDC on the Company’s platform, the total market capitalization of USDC, and the prevailing interest rate environment. The agreement is treated as an executory contract accounted for on an accrual basis. Prior period revenue recognized under the previous arrangement was reclassified to the stablecoin revenue line within subscription and services revenue, to conform to current period presentation.
Blockchain rewards
Blockchain rewards are primarily comprised of staking revenue, in which the Company participates in networks with proof-of-stake consensus algorithms through creating or validating blocks on the network using the staking validators that it controls. Blockchain protocols, or the participants that form the protocol networks, reward users for performing various activities on the blockchain. The most common form today is participating in proof-of-stake networks, however, there are other consensus algorithms. The Company considers itself the principal in transactions with the blockchain networks, and therefore presents such blockchain rewards earned on a gross basis. In exchange for participating in the consensus mechanism of these networks, the Company recognizes revenue in the form of the native token of the network. Each block creation or validation is a performance obligation. Revenue is recognized at the point when the block creation or validation is complete and the rewards are transferred into a digital wallet that the Company controls. Revenue is measured based on the number of tokens received and the fair value of the token at contract inception. Blockchain services offered as part of Coinbase Cloud’s blockchain infrastructure solutions are included in other subscription and services revenue. The Company’s staking revenue is included within blockchain rewards.
Interest income and corporate interest income
The Company holds customer custodial funds and cash and cash equivalents at certain third-party banks which earn interest. Interest income earned from customer custodial funds, cash and cash equivalents and loans is calculated using the interest method and is not within the scope of Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Interest earned on customer custodial funds and loans is included in interest income within subscription and services revenue. Interest earned on the Company’s corporate cash and cash equivalents is included in corporate interest and other income within other revenue.
Custodial fee revenue
The Company provides a dedicated secure cold storage solution to customers and earns a fee, which is based on a contractual percentage of the daily value of assets under custody. The fee is collected on a monthly basis. These contracts typically have one performance obligation which is provided and satisfied over the term of the contracts as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the services. The contract may be terminated by a customer at any time, without incurring a penalty. Customers are billed on the last day of the month during which services were provided, with the amounts generally being due within thirty days of receipt of the invoice. Accounts receivable from customers for custodial fee revenue, net of allowance, were $10.0 million and $7.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The allowance recognized against these fees was not material for any of the periods presented.
Other subscription and services revenue
Other subscription and services revenue primarily comprises revenue from Coinbase One, Coinbase Cloud, which includes staking application, delegation, and infrastructure services, Learning Rewards campaign revenue, Prime Financing, and revenue from other subscription licenses. Generally, revenue from other subscription and services contains one performance obligation, may have variable and non-cash consideration, and is recognized at a point in time or over the period that services are provided. Accounts receivable from customers for other subscriptions and services revenue, net of allowance, were $14.6 million and $13.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The allowance recognized against these fees was not material for any of the periods presented.
Revenue by geographic location
In the table below are the revenues disaggregated by geography, based on domicile of the customers or booking location, as applicable (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
United States$603,648 $501,963 $1,928,278 $2,125,010 
Rest of the World(1)
70,500 88,376 226,310 440,090 
     Total revenue$674,148 $590,339 $2,154,588 $2,565,100 
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(1)No other individual country accounted for more than 10% of total revenue.