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Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill by segment reflects our current segment structure for both periods presented:
|  | As of September 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (in millions) |
Latin America |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | 897 |
AMEA |  |  | 3,349 |  |  |  | 3,324 |
Europe |  |  | 7,837 |  |  |  | 7,170 |
North America |  |  | 8,938 |  |  |  | 8,885 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 21,071 |  |  | $ | 20,276 |
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
|  | As of September 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (in millions) |
Non-amortizable intangible assets |  | $ | 17,625 |  |  | $ | 17,004 |
Amortizable intangible assets |  |  | 2,414 |  |  |  | 2,315 |
|  |  | 20,039 |  |  |  | 19,319 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (1,401 | ) |  |  | (1,218 | )
Intangible assets, net |  | $ | 18,638 |  |  | $ | 18,101 |
Non-amortizable intangible assets consist principally of brand names purchased through our acquisitions of Nabisco Holdings Corp., the Spanish and Portuguese operations of United Biscuits, the global LU biscuit business of Groupe Danone S.A. and Cadbury Limited. Amortizable intangible assets consist primarily of trademarks, customer-related intangibles, process technology, licenses and non-compete agreements. At September 30, 2017, the weighted-average life of our amortizable intangible assets was 13.6 years. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $45 million for the three months and $133 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and $44 million for the three months and $132 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. For the next five years, we currently estimate annual amortization expense of approximately $180 million for the next four years and approximately $90 million in year five, reflecting September 30, 2017 exchange rates. Changes in goodwill and intangible assets consisted of:
|  | Goodwill |  |  | Intangible Assets, at cost |
|  | (in millions) |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  | $ | 20,276 |  |  | $ | 19,319 |
Currency |  |  | 889 |  |  |  | 898 |
Divestitures |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (62 | )
Acquisition |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (7 | )
Asset impairments |  |  | – |  |  |  | (109 | )
Balance at September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 21,071 |  |  | $ | 20,039 |
Changes to goodwill and intangibles were:
| • |  | Divestitures – During 2017, we divested several manufacturing facilities, primarily in France, and as a result of the divestiture, $23 million of goodwill and $62 million of amortizable and non-amortizable intangible assets. In the third quarter, we also completed a sale of most of our grocery business in Australia and New Zealand resulting in a goodwill decrease of $86 million. See Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information.
| • |  | Acquisition – During 2017, we recorded a $15 million adjustment to goodwill and a $7 million adjustment to indefinite lived assets in connection with finalizing the valuation and purchase price allocation for the Burton’s Biscuit Company purchase completed in the fourth quarter of 2016. See Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information.
| • |  | Asset impairments – During the third quarter of 2017, we recorded $70 million of intangible asset impairments related to our annual testing of non-amortizable intangible assets as described further below and a $1 million impairment related to a transaction. During the second quarter of 2017, we recorded a $38 million intangible asset impairment charge resulting from a category decline and lower than expected product growth related to a gum trademark in our North America segment.
We have historically annually tested goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment as of October 1. This year, we voluntarily changed the annual impairment assessment date from October 1 to July 1. We believe this measurement date, which represents a change in the method of applying an accounting principle, is preferable because it better aligns with our strategic business planning process and financial forecasts which are key components of the annual impairment tests. The change in the measurement date did not delay, accelerate or prevent an impairment charge. Each quarter, we have evaluated goodwill and intangible asset impairment risks and recognized any related impairments to date. As such, the change in the annual test date was applied on July 1, 2017. As part of our goodwill quantitative annual impairment testing, we compare a reporting unit’s estimated fair value with its carrying value to evaluate the risk of potential goodwill impairment. We estimate a reporting unit’s fair value using a discounted cash flow method which incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. This year, for our Europe and North America reporting units, we used a market-based, weighted-average cost of capital of 7.2% to discount the projected cash flows of those operations. For our Latin America and AMEA reporting units, we used a risk-rated discount rate of 10.2%. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans and industry and economic conditions, and our actual results and conditions may differ over time. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its fair value, we would record an impairment based on the difference between the carrying value and fair value of the reporting unit. In 2017 and 2016, there were no goodwill impairments and each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of its carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future. During our 2017 annual testing of non-amortizable intangible assets, we recorded $70 million of impairment charges in the third quarter of 2017 related to five trademarks. The impairments arose due to lower than expected product growth in part driven by decisions to redirect support from these trademarks to other regional and global brands. We recorded charges related to candy and gum trademarks of $52 million in AMEA, $11 million in Europe, $5 million in Latin America and $2 million in North America. The impairment charges were calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the intangible assets on a global basis and were recorded within asset impairment and exit costs. We primarily use a relief of royalty valuation method, which utilizes estimates of future sales, growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates in determining a brand’s global fair value. We also noted thirteen brands, including the five impaired trademarks, with $965 million of aggregate book value as of September 30, 2017 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to continue to not be impaired, but if the product line expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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