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Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill by reportable operating segment was:
|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (in millions) |
Latin America |  | $ | 901 |  |  | $ | 897 |
AMEA |  |  | 3,371 |  |  |  | 3,324 |
Europe |  |  | 7,880 |  |  |  | 7,170 |
North America |  |  | 8,933 |  |  |  | 8,885 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 21,085 |  |  | $ | 20,276 |
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (in millions) |
Non-amortizable intangible assets |  | $ | 17,671 |  |  | $ | 17,004 |
Amortizable intangible assets |  |  | 2,386 |  |  |  | 2,315 |
|  |  | 20,057 |  |  |  | 19,319 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (1,418 | ) |  |  | (1,218 | )
Intangible assets, net |  | $ | 18,639 |  |  | $ | 18,101 |
Non-amortizable intangible assets consist principally of brand names purchased through our acquisitions of Nabisco Holdings Corp., the Spanish and Portuguese operations of United Biscuits, the global LU biscuit business of Groupe Danone S.A. and Cadbury Limited. Amortizable intangible assets consist primarily of trademarks, customer-related intangibles, process technology, licenses and non-compete agreements. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $178 million in 2017, $176 million in 2016 and $181 million in 2015. For the next five years, we estimate annual amortization expense of approximately $175 million for the next three years and approximately $85 million in years four and five, reflecting December 31, 2017 exchange rates. Changes in goodwill and intangible assets consisted of:
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Goodwill |  |  | Intangible Assets, at cost |  |  | Goodwill |  |  | Intangible Assets, at cost |
|  | (in millions) |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 20,276 |  |  | $ | 19,319 |  |  | $ | 20,664 |  |  | $ | 19,847 |
Changes due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency |  |  | 909 |  |  |  | 954 |  |  |  | (464 | ) |  |  | (540 | )
Divestitures |  |  | (114 | ) |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Acquisitions |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 158 |
Asset impairments |  |  | – |  |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (137 | )
Other |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 21,085 |  |  | $ | 20,057 |  |  | $ | 20,276 |  |  | $ | 19,319 |
Changes to goodwill and intangibles were:
| • |  | Divestitures – During 2017, in connection with the divestiture of several manufacturing facilities, primarily in France, we divested $23 million of goodwill and $62 million of amortizable and non-amortizable intangible assets. In 2017, we also completed a sale of most of our grocery business in Australia and New Zealand and divested $86 million of related goodwill. Furthermore, we completed a sale of a confectionery business in Japan and divested $5 million of goodwill and $24 million of definite lived intangible assets. Finally, we divested $14 million of definite lived intangible asset as part of our sale of one of our equity method investments. During 2016, we divested $4 million of goodwill related to the sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica and we sold $8 million of non-amortizable intangible assets in Finland. See Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information.
| • |  | Acquisitions – During 2017, we recorded a $15 million adjustment to goodwill and a $7 million adjustment to indefinite lived assets in connection with finalizing the valuation and purchase price allocation for the Burton’s Biscuit Company purchase completed in the fourth quarter of 2016. In connection with the completion of the purchase of a Vietnam biscuit operation in 2016, we finalized the purchase price allocation of the consideration paid to the net assets acquired and recorded $25 million of amortizable intangible assets and $61 million of non-amortizable intangible assets related to acquired trademarks and customer-related intangible assets. A preliminary goodwill balance was recorded in 2015 and subsequently adjusted by $76 million to $385 million in 2016 to reflect finalized intangible asset and other asset fair valuations. See Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information.
| • |  | Asset impairments – We recorded $109 million of intangible asset impairments in 2017, $137 million in 2016 and $83 million in 2015. Charges related to our annual testing of non-amortizable intangible assets were $70 million in 2017, $98 million in 2016 and $71 million in 2015. During 2017, we also recorded a $38 million intangible asset impairment charge resulting from a category decline and lower than expected product growth related to a gum trademark in our North America segment and a $1 million intangible asset impairment charge related to a transaction. In 2016, we also recorded $20 million of impairment charges within our Europe segment related to the planned sale of a confectionery business in France (see Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions – Other Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information) and we also recorded $19 million of charges in our Europe, North America and AMEA segments resulting from the discontinuation of four biscuit products and one candy product. In 2015, we recorded $12 million of impairment charges within the loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela related to a biscuit trademark.
We have historically annually tested goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment as of October 1. This year, we voluntarily changed the annual impairment assessment date from October 1 to July 1. We believe this measurement date, which represents a change in the method of applying an accounting principle, is preferable because it better aligns with our strategic business planning process and financial forecasts, which are key components of the annual impairment tests. The change in the measurement date did not delay, accelerate or prevent an impairment charge. Each quarter, we have evaluated goodwill and intangible asset impairment risks and recognized any related impairments to date. As such, the change in the annual test date was applied on July 1, 2017. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no goodwill impairments and each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of its carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future. During our 2017 annual testing of non-amortizable intangible assets, we recorded $70 million of impairment charges in the third quarter related to five trademarks. We also noted thirteen brands, including the five impaired trademarks, with $963 million of aggregate book value as of December 31, 2017 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to continue to not be impaired, but if the product line expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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