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Financial Instruments
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments Note 9. Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:
Derivative instruments were recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as follows:
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
Asset
Derivatives
 
Liability
Derivatives
 
Asset
Derivatives
 
Liability
Derivatives
 
(in millions)
Derivatives designated as
accounting hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
59

 
$
359

 
$
15

 
$
509

Net investment hedge derivative contracts (1)
365

 
3

 
—

 
—

 
$
424

 
$
362

 
$
15

 
$
509

Derivatives not designated as
   accounting hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Currency exchange contracts
$
133

 
$
47

 
$
65

 
$
76

Commodity contracts
129

 
170

 
84

 
229

Interest rate contracts
—

 
—

 
15

 
11

 
$
262

 
$
217

 
$
164

 
$
316

Total fair value
$
686

 
$
579

 
$
179

 
$
825


(1)
Net investment hedge contracts consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts. We also designate some of our non-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investments in our non-U.S. operations. This debt is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt discussed in Note 8, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. Both net investment hedge derivative contracts and non-U.S. dollar denominated debt acting as net investment hedges are also disclosed in the Derivative Volume table and the Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations section appearing later in this footnote.

Derivatives designated as accounting hedges include cash flow, fair value and net investment hedge derivative contracts. Our economic hedges are derivatives not designated as accounting hedges. We record derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our asset derivatives is recorded within other current assets and the fair value of our liability derivatives is recorded within other current liabilities.

The fair values (asset/(liability)) of our derivative instruments were determined using:
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts
$
86

 
$
—

 
$
86

 
$
—

Commodity contracts
(41
)
 
4

 
(45
)
 
—

Interest rate contracts
(300
)
 
—

 
(300
)
 
—

Net investment hedge contracts
362

 
—

 
362

 
—

Total derivatives
$
107

 
$
4

 
$
103

 
$
—

 
As of December 31, 2017
 
Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts
$
(11
)
 
$
—

 
$
(11
)
 
$
—

Commodity contracts
(145
)
 
(138
)
 
(7
)
 
—

Interest rate contracts
(490
)
 
—

 
(490
)
 
—

Total derivatives
$
(646
)
 
$
(138
)
 
$
(508
)
 
$
—



Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist of exchange-traded commodity futures and listed options. The fair value of these instruments is determined based on quoted market prices on commodity exchanges.

Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily of over-the-counter (“OTC”) currency exchange forwards, options and swaps; commodity forwards and options; and interest rate swaps. Our currency exchange contracts are valued using an income approach based on observable market forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the observable market commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount or based on pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as commodity prices. Our calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the observable market interest rate curve. Our calculation of the fair value of financial instruments takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk. Our OTC derivative transactions are governed by International Swap Dealers Association agreements and other standard industry contracts. Under these agreements, we do not post nor require collateral from our counterparties. The majority of our derivative contracts do not have a legal right of set-off. We manage the credit risk in connection with these and all our derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties.

Derivative Volume:
The net notional values of our hedging instruments were:
 
Notional Amount
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts:
 
 
 
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments
$
3,797

 
$
7,089

Forecasted transactions
2,677

 
2,213

Commodity contracts
1,018

 
1,204

Interest rate contracts
8,205

 
6,532

Net investment hedges:
 
 
 
Net investment hedge derivative contracts
7,079

 
—

Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges
 
 
 
Euro notes
3,556

 
3,679

British pound sterling notes
343

 
459

Swiss franc notes
1,426

 
1,694

Canadian dollar notes
465

 
—



Cash Flow Hedges:
Cash flow hedge activity, net of taxes, within accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) included:
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Accumulated (loss)/gain at beginning of period
$
(133
)
 
$
(91
)
 
$
(113
)
 
$
(121
)
Transfer of realized (gains)/losses
   in fair value to earnings
—

 
(13
)
 
(9
)
 
(10
)
Unrealized gain/(loss) in fair value
25

 
(6
)
 
14

 
21

Accumulated (loss)/gain at end of period
$
(108
)
 
$
(110
)
 
$
(108
)
 
$
(110
)


After-tax gains/(losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net earnings were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts –
    forecasted transactions
$
—

 
$
(3
)
 
$
—

 
$
(2
)
Commodity contracts
$
—

 
$
16

 
$
—

 
$
12

Interest rate contracts
—

 
—

 
9

 
—

Total
$
—

 
$
13

 
$
9

 
$
10


After-tax gains/(losses) recognized in other comprehensive earnings/(losses) were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts –
    forecasted transactions
$
—

 
$
(11
)
 
$
—

 
$
(37
)
Commodity contracts
—

 
25

 
—

 
31

Interest rate contracts
25

 
(20
)
 
14

 
27

Total
$
25

 
$
(6
)
 
$
14

 
$
21



We recognized a gain of $1 million in the three months and $10 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 in interest and other expense, net related to certain forward-starting interest rate swaps for which the planned timing of the related forecasted debt was changed.

We record pre-tax (i) gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into earnings, (ii) gains or losses on ineffectiveness and (iii) gains or losses on amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in:
•
cost of sales for currency exchange contracts related to forecasted transactions;
•
cost of sales for commodity contracts; and
•
interest and other expense, net for interest rate contracts and currency exchange contracts related to intercompany loans.

Based on current market conditions, we would expect to transfer gains of $1 million (net of taxes) for interest rate cash flow hedges to earnings during the next 12 months.

Cash Flow Hedge Coverage:
As of September 30, 2018, our longest dated cash flow hedges were interest rate swaps that hedge forecasted interest rate payments over the next 5 years and 1 month.

Fair Value Hedges:
Pre-tax gains/(losses) due to changes in fair value of our interest rate swaps and related hedged long-term debt were recorded in interest and other expense, net:
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Borrowings
$
—

 
$
2

 
$
1

 
$
4

Derivatives
—

 
(2
)
 
(1
)
 
(4
)
Total
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—


The carrying amount of our hedged fixed interest rate debt at December 31, 2017 was $801 million and was recorded in the current portion of long-term debt until this debt matured during the third quarter of 2018.
 
As of September 30,
2018
 
As of December 31,
2017
 
(in millions)
Notional value of borrowings (and related derivatives)
$
—

 
$
(801
)
Cumulative fair value hedging adjustments
—

 
—

Carrying amount of borrowings
$
—

 
$
(801
)


Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations:

Net investment hedge derivative contracts:
Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. The aggregate notional value as of September 30, 2018 was $7.1 billion. The after-tax gain/(loss) on these net investment hedge contracts was recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and was $(2) million for the three months and $257 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. In addition, the after-tax gain on net investment hedge contracts settled in the current period was recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and was $24 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018. There were no after-tax gains/(losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net earnings in the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018. We elected to record changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in net earnings. Amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness were $34 million for the three months and $84 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and were recorded as income in interest and other expense, net. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as other investing activities in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges:
After-tax gains/(losses) related to hedges of net investments in international operations in the form of euro, British pound sterling, Swiss franc and Canadian dollar-denominated debt were recorded within the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Euro notes
$
18

 
$
(83
)
 
$
94

 
$
(279
)
British pound sterling notes
5

 
(8
)
 
13

 
(23
)
Swiss franc notes
(10
)
 
12

 
6

 
(53
)
Canadian notes
(6
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
—



Economic Hedges:
Pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded in net earnings for economic hedges were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
Location of
Gain/(Loss)
Recognized
in Earnings
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
(in millions)
 
 
Currency exchange contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intercompany loans and
   forecasted interest payments
$
16

 
$
(13
)
 
$
30

 
$
(8
)
 
Interest and other expense, net
Forecasted transactions
53

 
(1
)
 
118

 
—

 
Cost of sales
Forecasted transactions
(1
)
 
1

 
(6
)
 
(1
)
 
Interest and other expense, net
Forecasted transactions
2

 
—

 
(2
)
 
2

 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commodity contracts
(123
)
 
(17
)
 
(22
)
 
(176
)
 
Cost of sales
Total
$
(53
)
 
$
(30
)
 
$
118

 
$
(183
)