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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Note 15. Income Taxes

As of the second quarter of 2019, our estimated annual effective tax rate, which excludes discrete tax impacts, was 25.5%. This rate reflected the impact of unfavorable foreign provisions under U.S. tax laws and our tax related to earnings from equity method investments (the earnings are reported separately on our statement of earnings and thus not included in earnings before income taxes), partially offset by favorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our 2019 second quarter effective tax rate of 23.1% was impacted by a discrete net tax benefit of $8 million. The discrete net tax benefit primarily consisted of a $24 million net benefit from the release of uncertain tax positions due to the expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions, partially offset by $15 million expense from U.S. state legislative changes. Our effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2019 of 21.2% was favorably impacted by discrete net tax benefits of $71 million, primarily driven by a $84 million net benefit from the release of liabilities for uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions.

As of the second quarter of 2018, our estimated annual effective tax rate, which excluded discrete tax impacts, was 21.9%. This rate reflected our tax related to earnings from equity method investments (the earnings are reported separately on our statement of earnings and thus not included in earnings before income taxes), partially offset by favorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our 2018 second quarter effective tax rate of 6.0% was favorably impacted by a discrete net tax benefit of $32 million. The discrete net tax benefit primarily consisted of a $27 million net benefit from the release of uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 of 25.1% was unfavorably impacted by net tax expense of $41 million from discrete one-time events. The discrete net tax expense primarily consisted of $86 million of additional transition tax liability recognized as an adjustment to the prior provisional estimate, offset by a $43 million net benefit from the release of uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in various jurisdictions and a $22 million benefit from Argentinean refund claims.