Goodwill and Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Changes in goodwill consisted of:


	Latin America		AMEA		Europe		North America		Total
January 1, 2022	$	674	$	3,365	$	7,830	$	10,109	$	21,978
Currency	41		(233)		(550)		(15)		(757)
Acquisitions (1)	714		—		795		1,020		2,529
Held for Sale (1)	—		—		(66)		(226)		(292)
Divestitures	(8)		—		—		—		(8)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,421	$	3,132	$	8,009	$	10,888	$	23,450
Currency	95		(18)		73		4		154


Balance at March 31, 2023	$	1,516	$	3,114	$	8,082	$	10,892	$	23,604

(1)Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures for more information.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following:


	As of March 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
Definite-life intangible assets	$	3,389	$	(2,110)	$	1,279	$	3,354	$	(2,057)	$	1,297
Indefinite-life intangible assets (1)	18,531		—		18,531		18,413		—		18,413
Total	$	21,920	$	(2,110)	$	19,810	$	21,767	$	(2,057)	$	19,710

(1)In 2022, we recorded $101 million of intangible asset impairment charges related to two biscuit brands in AMEA segment, of which $78 million was recorded in the first quarter and $23 million was recorded in the third quarter.

Indefinite-life intangible assets consist principally of brand names purchased through our acquisitions of Nabisco Holdings Corp., the global LU biscuit business of Groupe Danone S.A., Cadbury Limited and Clif Bar. Definite-life intangible assets consist primarily of trademarks, customer-related intangibles, process technology, licenses and non-compete agreements.

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $39 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $32 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. For the next five years, we currently estimate annual amortization expense of approximately $150 million in 2023-2025, approximately $95 million in 2026 and approximately $90 million in 2027 (reflecting March 31, 2023 exchange rates).

Impairment Assessment

We test our reporting units and brands for impairment annually as of July 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or brand is less than its carrying amount.During the first quarter of 2023, we evaluated our goodwill impairment and intangible asset impairment risk through an assessment of potential triggering events. We considered qualitative and quantitative information in our assessment. We concluded there were no impairment indicators.

During our 2022 annual indefinite-life intangible asset testing, we identified eight brands that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. The aggregate book value of the eight brands was $1.6 billion as of March 31, 2023. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to not be impaired, but if the brand earnings expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future.