On May 10, 2022, our stockholders approved the Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. 2022 Long-Term Incentive Plan (which we refer to as the LTIP), which replaced our previous stockholder-approved Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (which we refer to as the 2017 LTIP). The LTIP term began May 10, 2022 and terminates on the date of the annual meeting of stockholders in 2032, unless terminated earlier by our board of directors. All of our officers, employees and non-employee directors are eligible to receive awards under the LTIP. The compensation committee of our board of directors determines the annual number of shares delivered under the LTIP. The LTIP provides for non-qualified and incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units, any or all of which may be made contingent upon the achievement of performance criteria.

Shares of our common stock available for issuance under the LTIP include authorized and unissued shares of common stock or authorized and issued shares of common stock reacquired and held as treasury shares or otherwise, or a combination thereof. The number of available shares will be reduced by the aggregate number of shares that become subject to outstanding awards granted under the LTIP. A maximum of 3.5 million shares issued for full value awards (i.e., awards other than stock options or stock appreciation rights) will be counted one-for-one against the 13.5 million share pool, and every share subject to a full value award in excess of such limit will be counted as 3.8 shares against the pool. To the extent that shares subject to an outstanding award granted under either the LTIP or prior equity plans are not issued or delivered by reason of the expiration, termination, cancellation or forfeiture of such award or by reason of the settlement of such award in cash, then such shares will again be available for grant under the LTIP.

The maximum number of shares available under the LTIP for restricted stock, restricted stock unit awards and performance unit awards settled with stock (i.e., all awards other than stock options and stock appreciation rights) is 2.8 million as of December 31, 2023.

The LTIP provides for the grant of stock options, which may be either tax-qualified incentive stock options or non-qualified options and stock appreciation rights. The compensation committee determines the period for the exercise of a non-qualified stock option, tax-qualified incentive stock option or stock appreciation right, provided that no option can be exercised later than seven years after its date of grant. The exercise price of a non-qualified stock option or tax-qualified incentive stock option and the base price of a stock appreciation right cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant, provided that the base price of a stock appreciation right granted in tandem with an option will be the exercise price of the related option.

Upon exercise, the option exercise price may be paid in cash, by the delivery of previously owned shares of our common stock, through a net-exercise arrangement, or through a broker-assisted cashless exercise arrangement. The compensation committee determines all of the terms relating to the exercise, cancellation or other disposition of an option or stock appreciation right upon a termination of employment, whether by reason of disability, retirement, death or any other reason. Stock option and stock appreciation right awards under the LTIP are non-transferable.

On March 15, 2023, the compensation committee granted 1,131,000 options under the LTIP to our officers and key employees that become exercisable at the rate of 34%, 33% and 33% on the anniversary date of the grant in 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively. On February 1, 2022 and March 15, 2022, the compensation committee granted 1,197,000 and 1,141,000 options, respectively, under the 2017 LTIP to our officers and key employees that become exercisable at the rate of 34%, 33% and 33% on the anniversary date of the grant in 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively. On March 16, 2021, the compensation committee granted 1,640,000 options under the 2017 LTIP to our officers and key employees that become exercisable at the rate of 34%, 33% and 33% on the anniversary date of the grant in 2024, 2025 and 2026, respectively.

The 2023, 2022 and 2021 options expire seven years from the date of grant, or earlier in the event of certain terminations of employment. For our executive officers age 55 or older, stock options awarded in 2023, 2022 and 2021 are not subject to forfeiture upon such officers’ departure from the company after two years from the date of grant.

Our stock option plans provide for the immediate vesting of all outstanding stock option grants in the event of a change in control of our company, as defined in the applicable plan documents.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $33.5 million, $27.9 million and $17.5 million, respectively, of compensation expense related to our stock option grants.

Option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. The Black‑Scholes option pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. The weighted average fair value per option for all options granted during 2023, 2022 and 2021, as determined on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, was $46.48, $33.25 and $23.38, respectively.

The following is a summary of our stock option activity and related information for 2023 and 2022 (in millions, except exercise price and year data):


						Weighted
						Average
				Weighted		Remaining
	Shares			Average		Contractual		Aggregate
	Under			Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Option			Price		(in years)		Value
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Beginning balance		8.3		$	107.47
Granted		1.2			177.78
Exercised		(1.3	)		62.33
Forfeited or canceled		(0.3	)		143.78
Ending balance		7.9		$	123.85		3.97	$	793.9
Exercisable at end of year		1.8		$	73.04		1.63	$	266.4
Ending unvested and expected to vest		5.7		$	137.02		4.60	$	497.2
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Beginning balance		7.5		$	81.30
Granted		2.4			157.74
Exercised		(1.4	)		53.53
Forfeited or canceled		(0.2	)		109.10
Ending balance		8.3		$	107.47		4.18	$	668.9
Exercisable at end of year		1.8		$	61.11		1.56	$	230.8
Ending unvested and expected to vest		5.9		$	118.80		4.86	$	413.2

Options with respect to 12.2 million shares (less any shares of restricted stock issued under the LTIP - see Note 12 to these consolidated financial statements) were available for grant under the LTIP at December 31, 2023.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $181.6 million, $168.2 million and $127.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $106.6 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested options. We expect to recognize that cost over a weighted average period of approximately four years.

Other information regarding stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows (in millions, except exercise price and year data):


						Options Outstanding						Options Exercisable
								Weighted
								Average
								Remaining		Weighted				Weighted
								Contractual		Average				Average
						Number		Term		Exercise		Number		Exercise
Range of Exercise Prices						Outstanding		(in years)		Price		Exercisable		Price
$	55.94	$	—	$	56.86	$	0.4	$	0.21	$	56.86	$	0.4	$	56.86
	70.74		—		70.74		0.6		1.21		70.74		0.6		70.74
	79.59		—		79.59		0.8		2.20		79.59		0.5		79.59
	86.17		—		86.17		1.3		3.20		86.17		0.3		86.17
	127.90		—		127.90		1.5		4.21		127.90		—		—
	156.85		—		156.85		1.0		5.09		156.85		—		—
	158.56		—		161.14		1.1		5.21		158.65		—		—
	177.09		—		202.13		1.2		6.21		177.78		—		—
$	55.94	$	—	$	202.13	$	7.9	$	3.97	$	123.85	$	1.8	$	73.04