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Derivatives and Other Financial Instruments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2012
Derivatives and Other Financial Instruments | X. Derivatives and Other Financial Instruments Derivatives. Alcoa is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including financial, market, political, and economic risks. The following discussion provides information regarding Alcoa’s exposure to the risks of changing commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. Alcoa’s commodity and derivative activities are subject to the management, direction, and control of the Strategic Risk Management Committee (SRMC), which is composed of the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer, and other officers and employees that the chief executive officer selects. The SRMC meets on a periodic basis to review derivative positions and strategy and reports to Alcoa’s Board of Directors on the scope of its activities. The aluminum, energy, interest rate, and foreign exchange contracts are held for purposes other than trading. They are used primarily to mitigate uncertainty and volatility, and to cover underlying exposures. Alcoa is not involved in trading activities for energy, weather derivatives, or other nonexchange commodity trading activities. The fair values and corresponding classifications under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy of outstanding derivative contracts recorded as assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows:
Asset Derivatives |  | Level |  |  | December 31, 2012 |  |  | December 31, 2011 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 51 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 5 |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |
Other noncurrent assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6 |
Energy contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 37 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 109 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | - |
Other noncurrent assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 329 |  |  |  | 5 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Less margin held**: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |
Other noncurrent assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 7 |
Sub-total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Total Asset Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 94 |
* | See the “Other” section within Note X for additional information on Alcoa’s purpose for entering into derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and its overall risk management strategies.
** | All margin held is in the form of cash and is valued under a Level 1 technique. The levels that correspond to the margin held in the table above reference the level of the corresponding asset for which it is held. Alcoa elected to net the margin held against the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparties under master netting arrangements.
The fair values and corresponding classifications under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy of outstanding derivative contracts recorded as liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows:
Liability Derivatives |  | Level |  |  | December 31, 2012 |  |  | December 31, 2011 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 47 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 32 |
Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 570 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 622 |  |  | $ | 653 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 23 |
Embedded credit derivative |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |
Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 21 |
Embedded credit derivative |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 28 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 85 |
Less margin posted**: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
Total Liability Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 737 |
* | See the “Other” section within Note X for additional information on Alcoa’s purpose for entering into derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and its overall risk management strategies.
** | All margin posted is in the form of cash and is valued under a Level 1 technique. The levels that correspond to the margin posted in the table above reference the level of the corresponding liability for which it is posted. Alcoa elected to net the margin posted against the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparties under master netting arrangements.
The following table shows the net fair values of outstanding derivative contracts at December 31, 2012 and the effect on these amounts of a hypothetical change (increase or decrease of 10%) in the market prices or rates that existed at December 31, 2012:
|  | Fair value asset/(liability) |  |  | Index change of + / - 10% |
Aluminum contracts |  | $ | (85 | ) |  | $ | 111 |
Embedded credit derivative |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | 3 |
Energy contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 249 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 8 |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1 |
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
| • |  | Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
| • |  | Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
| • |  | Level 3—Inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by Alcoa to measure derivative contracts at fair value, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each instrument is generally classified. Where appropriate, the description includes details of the valuation models, the key inputs to those models, and any significant assumptions. These valuation models are reviewed and tested at least on an annual basis. Derivative contracts are valued using quoted market prices and significant other observable and unobservable inputs. Such financial instruments consist of aluminum, energy, interest rate, and foreign exchange contracts. The fair values for the majority of these derivative contracts are based upon current quoted market prices. These financial instruments are typically exchange-traded and are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy depending on whether the exchange is deemed to be an active market or not. For certain derivative contracts whose fair values are based upon trades in liquid markets, such as interest rate swaps, valuation model inputs can generally be verified through over-the-counter markets and valuation techniques do not involve significant management judgment. The fair values of such financial instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Alcoa has other derivative contracts that do not have observable market quotes. For these financial instruments, management uses significant other observable inputs (e.g., information concerning time premiums and volatilities for certain option type embedded derivatives and regional premiums for aluminum contracts). For periods beyond the term of quoted market prices for aluminum, Alcoa uses a model that estimates the long-term price of aluminum by extrapolating the 10-year London Metal Exchange (LME) forward curve. For periods beyond the term of quoted market prices for energy, management has developed a forward curve based on independent consultant market research. Where appropriate, valuations are adjusted for various factors such as liquidity, bid/offer spreads, and credit considerations. Such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence (Level 2). In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used (Level 3). If a significant input that is unobservable in one period becomes observable in a subsequent period, the related asset or liability would be transferred to the appropriate level classification (1 or 2) in the period of such change. The following table presents Alcoa’s derivative contract assets and liabilities that are measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy (there were no transfers in or out of Levels 1 and 2 during the periods presented):
December 31, |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 1 |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 57 |
Level 2 |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 47 |
Level 3 |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 12 |
Margin held |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (22 | )
Total |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 94 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 1 |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 64 |
Level 2 |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 44 |
Level 3 |  |  | 638 |  |  |  | 630 |
Margin posted |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 737 |
Financial instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy represent derivative contracts in which management has used at least one significant unobservable input in the valuation model. The following tables present a reconciliation of activity for such derivative contracts:
|  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |
2012 |  | Aluminum contracts |  |  | Energy contracts |  |  | Aluminum contracts |  |  | Embedded credit derivative |  |  | Energy contracts |
Opening balance—January 1, 2012 |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | - |
Total gains or losses (realized and unrealized) included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (33 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |
Other income, net |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements* |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfers into and (or) out of Level 3* |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Closing balance—December 31, 2012 |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | - |
Change in unrealized gains or losses included in earnings for derivative contracts held at December 31, 2012: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other income, net |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |
* | In July 2012, two embedded derivatives contained within existing power contracts became subject to derivative accounting under GAAP (see below). The amount reflected in this table represents the initial fair value of these embedded derivatives and was classified as an issuance of Level 3 financial instruments. There were no purchases, sales or settlements of Level 3 financial instruments. Additionally, there were no transfers of financial instruments into or out of Level 3.
|  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |
2011 |  | Aluminum contracts |  |  | Energy contracts |  |  | Aluminum contracts |  |  | Embedded credit derivative |  |  | Energy contracts |
Opening balance—January 1, 2011 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 62 |
Total gains or losses (realized and unrealized) included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (63 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
Other income, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (48 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements** |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfers into and (or) out of Level 3** |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Closing balance—December 31, 2011 |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | - |
Change in unrealized gains or losses included in earnings for derivative contracts held at December 31, 2011: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other income, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |
** | In 2011, there was an issuance of a Level 3 financial instrument related to a natural gas supply contract (see below). There were no purchases, sales, or settlements of Level 3 financial instruments. Additionally, there were no transfers of financial instruments into or out of Level 3.
As reflected in the table above, the net unrealized loss on derivative contracts using Level 3 valuation techniques was $88 and $618 as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. These losses were mainly attributed to embedded derivatives in power contracts that index the price of power to the LME price of aluminum. These embedded derivatives are primarily valued using observable market prices; however, due to the length of the contracts, the valuation model also requires management to estimate the long-term price of aluminum based upon an extrapolation of the 10-year LME forward curve. Significant increases or decreases in the actual LME price beyond 10 years would result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. An increase of actual LME price over the inputs used in the valuation model will result in a higher cost of power and a corresponding increase to the liability. The embedded derivatives have been designated as hedges of forward sales of aluminum and related realized gains and losses were included in Sales on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. In July 2012, as provided for in the arrangements, management elected to modify the pricing for two existing power contracts, which end in 2014 and 2016 (see directly below), for Alcoa’s two smelters in Australia and the Point Henry rolling mill in Australia. These contracts contain an LME-linked embedded derivative, which previously was not recorded as an asset in Alcoa’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Beginning on January 1, 2001, all derivative contracts were required to be measured and recorded at fair value on an entity’s balance sheet under GAAP; however, an exception existed for embedded derivatives upon meeting certain criteria. The LME-linked embedded derivative in these two contracts met such criteria at that time. Management’s election to modify the pricing of these contracts qualifies as a significant change to the contracts thereby requiring that the contracts now be evaluated under derivative accounting as if they were new contracts. As a result, Alcoa recorded a derivative asset in the amount of $596 (reflects the finalization of the valuation model) with an offsetting liability (deferred credit) recorded in Other current and non-current liabilities. Unrealized gains and losses from the embedded derivative were included in Other (income) expenses, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations, while realized gains and losses were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as electricity purchases are made under the contracts. The deferred credit is recognized in Other (income) expenses, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as power is received over the life of the contracts. The embedded derivative is valued using the probability and interrelationship of future LME prices, Australian dollar to U.S. dollar exchange rates, and the U.S. consumer price index. Significant increases or decreases in the LME price would result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. An increase in actual LME price over the inputs used in the valuation model will result in a higher cost of power and a decrease to the embedded derivative asset. In 2010, Alcoa entered into derivative contracts that will hedge the anticipated power requirements at Alcoa’s two smelters in Australia once the existing contracts expire in 2014 and 2016. These derivatives hedge forecasted power purchases through December 2036. Beyond the term where market information is available, management has developed a forward curve, for valuation purposes, based on independent consultant market research. The effective portion of gains and losses on these contracts were recorded in Other comprehensive (loss) income on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet until the designated hedge periods begin in 2014 and 2016. Once the hedge periods begin, realized gains and losses will be recorded in Cost of goods sold. Significant increases or decreases in the power market may result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. Higher prices in the power market would cause the derivative asset to increase in value. Also, Alcoa has a six-year natural gas supply contract, which has an LME-linked ceiling. This contract is valued using probabilities of future LME aluminum prices and the price of Brent crude oil (priced on Platts), including the interrelationships between the two commodities subject to the ceiling. Any change in the interrelationship would result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. An LME ceiling was embedded into the contract price to protect against an increase in the price of oil without a corresponding increase in the price of LME. An increase in oil prices with no similar increase in the LME price would limit the increase of the price paid for natural gas. At inception, this contract had a fair value of $5. Unrealized gains and losses from this contract were included in Other (income) expenses, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations, while realized gains and losses will be included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as gas purchases are made under the contract. Additionally, an embedded derivative in a power contract that indexes the difference between the long-term debt ratings of Alcoa and the counterparty from any of the three major credit rating agencies is included in Level 3. Management uses market prices, historical relationships, and forecast services to determine fair value. Significant increases or decreases in any of these inputs would result in a lower or higher fair value measurement. A wider credit spread between Alcoa and the counterparty would result in an increase of the future liability and a higher cost of power. Realized gains and losses for this embedded derivative were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations and unrealized gains and losses were included in Other (income) expenses, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Furthermore, included within Level 3 measurements are derivative financial instruments that hedge the cost of electricity. Transactions involving on-peak power are observable as there is an active market. However, there are certain off-peak times when there is not an actively traded market for electricity. Therefore, management utilizes market prices, historical relationships, and various forecast services to determine the fair value. Management utilized these same valuation techniques for an existing power contract associated with a smelter in the U.S. that no longer qualified for the normal purchase normal sale exception under derivative accounting in late 2009. Unrealized gains and losses for this physical power contract were included in Other (income) expenses, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations, while realized gains and losses were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Additionally, a financial contract related to the same U.S. smelter utilized by management to hedge the price of electricity of the aforementioned power contract no longer qualified for cash flow hedge accounting near the end of 2009. Realized gains and losses of this financial contract were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. In periods prior to January 1, 2010, unrealized gains and losses were included in Other comprehensive (loss) income; in periods subsequent to December 31, 2009, such changes were included in Other (income) expenses, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Both the physical power contract and the financial contract related to this U.S. smelter expired in September 2011. The following table presents quantitative information for Level 3 derivative contracts:
|  | Fair value at December 31, 2012* |  |  | Valuation technique |  | Unobservable input |  | Range ($ in full amounts)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contract |  | $ | 2 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Interrelationship of future aluminum and oil prices |  | Aluminum: $2,037 per metric ton in 2013 to $2,542 per metric ton in 2018 Oil: $90 to $111 per barrel
Aluminum contract |  |  | 537 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Interrelationship of future aluminum prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and the U.S. consumer price index (CPI) |  | Aluminum: $2,046 per metric ton in 2013 to $2,400 per metric ton in 2016 Foreign currency: A$1 = $1.03 in 2013 to $0.94 in 2016 CPI: 1982 base year of 100 and 232 in 2013 to 254 in 2016
Energy contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Price of electricity beyond forward curve |  | $78 per megawatt hour in 2013 to $170 per megawatt hour in 2036
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | 600 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Price of aluminum beyond forward curve |  | $2,790 per metric ton in 2023 to $3,002 per metric ton in 2027
Embedded credit derivative |  |  | 30 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Credit spread between Alcoa and counterparty |  | 1.63% to 1.91% (1.77% median)
* | The fair value of aluminum contracts reflected as assets and liabilities in this table are both lower by $8 compared to the respective amounts reflected in the Level 3 reconciliation presented above. This is due to the fact that Alcoa has a contract that is in an asset position for the current portion but is in a liability position for the long-term portion, and is reflected as such on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. However, this contract is reflected as a net liability in this table for purposes of presenting the fair value technique and assumptions utilized to measure the contract as a whole.
Fair Value Hedges For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. The gain or loss on the hedged items are included in the same line items as the loss or gain on the related derivative contracts as follows (there were no contracts that ceased to qualify as a fair value hedge in any of the periods presented):
Derivatives in Fair Value Hedging Relationships |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |  |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
Aluminum contracts* |  |  | Sales |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | (126 | ) |  | $ | 38 |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | Interest expense |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 90 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | 128 |
Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationships |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Hedged Items |  |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Hedged Items |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
Aluminum contracts |  |  | Sales |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | (41 | )
Interest rate contracts |  |  | Interest expense |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | (62 | )
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | (103 | )
* | In 2012, 2011, and 2010, the amount of gain or (loss) recognized in earnings represents $(18), $7, and $(3), respectively, related to the ineffective portion of the hedging relationships.
Aluminum. Alcoa is a leading global producer of primary aluminum and fabricated aluminum products. As a condition of sale, customers often require Alcoa to enter into long-term, fixed-price commitments. These commitments expose Alcoa to the risk of fluctuating aluminum prices between the time the order is committed and the time that the order is shipped. Alcoa’s aluminum commodity risk management policy is to manage, principally through the use of futures and contracts, the aluminum price risk associated with a portion of its firm commitments. These contracts cover known exposures, generally within three years. As of December 31, 2012, Alcoa had 386 kmt of aluminum futures designated as fair value hedges. The effects of this hedging activity will be recognized over the designated hedge periods in 2013 to 2016. Interest Rates. Alcoa uses interest rate swaps to help maintain a strategic balance between fixed- and floating-rate debt and to manage overall financing costs. As of December 31, 2012, the Company had pay floating, receive fixed interest rate swaps that were designated as fair value hedges. These hedges effectively convert the interest rate from fixed to floating on $200 of debt through 2018. In January 2012, interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $315 expired in conjunction with the repayment of 6% Notes, due 2012 (see Note K). In 2011, Alcoa terminated interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $550 in conjunction with the early retirement of the related debt (see Note K). At the time of termination, the swaps were “in-the-money” resulting in a gain of $33, which was recorded in Interest expense on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. In 2010, Alcoa terminated all or a portion of various interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $825 in conjunction with the early retirement of the related debt. At the time of termination, the swaps were “in-the-money” resulting in a gain of $28, which was recorded in Interest expense on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Cash Flow Hedges For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings.
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivatives (Effective Portion) |  |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Earnings (Effective Portion) |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Earnings (Effective Portion)* |  |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing) |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)** |
| 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
Aluminum contracts |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | Sales |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | (114 | ) |  | $ | (106 | ) |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |
Energy contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (10 | ) |  | Cost of goods sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  | Sales |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  | Interest expense |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Interest rate contracts |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | - |  |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | (121 | ) |  | $ | (138 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |
* | Assuming market rates remain constant with the rates at December 31, 2012, a loss of $23 is expected to be recognized in earnings over the next 12 months.
** | In 2012 and 2011, the amount of gain or (loss) recognized in earnings represents $(1) and $3, respectively, related to the amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. There was also $(1) and less than $1 recognized in earnings related to the ineffective portion of the hedging relationships in 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Aluminum and Energy. Alcoa anticipates the continued requirement to purchase aluminum and other commodities, such as electricity and natural gas, for its operations. Alcoa enters into forwards, futures, and options contracts to reduce volatility in the price of these commodities. Alcoa has also entered into power supply and other contracts that contain pricing provisions related to the LME aluminum price. The LME-linked pricing features are considered embedded derivatives. A majority of these embedded derivatives have been designated as cash flow hedges of future sales of aluminum. In 2010, Alcoa entered into contracts to hedge the anticipated power requirements at two smelters in Australia. These derivatives hedge forecasted power purchases through December 2036. Interest Rates. Alcoa had no outstanding cash flow hedges of interest rate exposures as of December 31, 2012, 2011 or 2010. An investment accounted for on the equity method by Alcoa has entered into interest rate contracts, which are designated as cash flow hedges. Alcoa’s share of the activity of these cash flow hedges is reflected in the table above. Foreign Exchange. Alcoa is subject to exposure from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Contracts may be used from time to time to hedge the variability in cash flows from the forecasted payment or receipt of currencies other than the functional currency. These contracts cover periods consistent with known or expected exposures through 2013. Alcoa had the following outstanding forward contracts that were entered into to hedge forecasted transactions:
December 31, |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Aluminum contracts (kmt) |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | 1,294 |
Energy contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity (megawatt hours) |  |  | 100,578,295 |  |  |  | 100,578,295 |
Natural gas (million British thermal units) |  |  | 19,160,000 |  |  |  | - |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | - |
Other Alcoa has certain derivative contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and, therefore, the fair value gains and losses on these contracts are recorded in earnings as follows:
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
Aluminum contracts |  | Sales |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 5 |
Aluminum contracts |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (18 | )
Embedded credit derivative |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Energy contract |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | (23 | )
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Other (income) expenses, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 6 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | (32 | )
The aluminum contracts relate to derivatives (recognized in Sales) and embedded derivatives (recognized in Other (income) expenses, net) entered into to minimize Alcoa’s price risk related to other customer sales and certain pricing arrangements. The embedded credit derivative relates to a power contract that indexes the difference between the long-term debt ratings of Alcoa and the counterparty from any of the three major credit rating agencies. If the counterparty’s lowest credit rating is greater than one rating category above Alcoa’s credit ratings, an independent investment banker would be consulted to determine a hypothetical interest rate for both parties. The two interest rates would be netted and the resulting difference would be multiplied by Alcoa’s equivalent percentage of the outstanding principal of the counterparty’s debt obligation as of December 31 of the year preceding the calculation date. This differential would be added to the cost of power in the period following the calculation date. The energy contract is associated with a smelter in the U.S. for a power contract that no longer qualified for the normal purchase normal sale exception and a financial contract that no longer qualified as a hedge under derivative accounting in late 2009. Alcoa’s obligations under the contracts expired in September 2011. Alcoa has a forward contract to purchase $58 (C$58) to mitigate the foreign currency risk related to a Canadian-denominated loan due in 2014. All other foreign exchange contracts were entered into and settled within each of the periods presented. Material Limitations The disclosures with respect to commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange risk do not take into account the underlying commitments or anticipated transactions. If the underlying items were included in the analysis, the gains or losses on the futures contracts may be offset. Actual results will be determined by a number of factors that are not under Alcoa’s control and could vary significantly from those factors disclosed. Alcoa is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties on the above instruments, as well as credit or performance risk with respect to its hedged customers’ commitments. Although nonperformance is possible, Alcoa does not anticipate nonperformance by any of these parties. Contracts are with creditworthy counterparties and are further supported by cash, treasury bills, or irrevocable letters of credit issued by carefully chosen banks. In addition, various master netting arrangements are in place with counterparties to facilitate settlement of gains and losses on these contracts. Other Financial Instruments. The carrying values and fair values of Alcoa’s other financial instruments were as follows:
December 31, |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
| Carrying value |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Carrying value |  |  | Fair value |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 1,939 |  |  | $ | 1,939 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 25 |
Noncurrent receivables |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 30 |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 92 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 62 |
Commercial paper |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 224 |  |  |  | 224 |
Long-term debt due within one year |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 445 |
Long-term debt, less amount due within one year |  |  | 8,311 |  |  |  | 9,028 |  |  |  | 8,640 |  |  |  | 9,274 |
The following methods were used to estimate the fair values of other financial instruments: Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, Short-term borrowings, Commercial paper, and Long-term debt due within one year. The carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments. The fair value amounts for Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, and Commercial paper were classified in Level 1; Short-term borrowings were classified in Level 2; and Long-term debt due within one year was classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy for public debt ($422) and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for non-public debt ($43). Noncurrent receivables. The fair value of noncurrent receivables was based on anticipated cash flows, which approximates carrying value, and was classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Available-for-sale securities. The fair value of such securities was based on quoted market prices. These financial instruments consist of exchange-traded fixed income and equity securities, which are carried at fair value and were classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Long-term debt, less amount due within one year. The fair value was based on quoted market prices for public debt and on interest rates that are currently available to Alcoa for issuance of debt with similar terms and maturities for non-public debt. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, $8,456 and $8,576, respectively, was classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy for public debt and $572 and $698, respectively, was classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for non-public debt.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the entity's entire derivative instruments and hedging activities. 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