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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Compensation And Retirement Disclosure [Abstract] |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits | W. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Alcoa maintains pension plans covering most U.S. employees and certain employees in foreign locations. Pension benefits generally depend on length of service, job grade, and remuneration. Substantially all benefits are paid through pension trusts that are sufficiently funded to ensure that all plans can pay benefits to retirees as they become due. Most salaried and non-bargaining hourly U.S. employees hired after March 1, 2006 participate in a defined contribution plan instead of a defined benefit plan. Alcoa also maintains health care and life insurance benefit plans covering eligible U.S. retired employees and certain retirees from foreign locations. Generally, the medical plans pay a percentage of medical expenses, reduced by deductibles and other coverages. These plans are generally unfunded, except for certain benefits funded through a trust. Life benefits are generally provided by insurance contracts. Alcoa retains the right, subject to existing agreements, to change or eliminate these benefits. All salaried and certain non-bargaining hourly U.S. employees hired after January 1, 2002 and certain bargaining hourly U.S. employees hired after July 1, 2010 are not eligible for postretirement health care benefits. All salaried and certain hourly U.S. employees that retire on or after April 1, 2008 are not eligible for postretirement life insurance benefits. The funded status of all of Alcoa’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans are measured as of December 31 each calendar year. Obligations and Funded Status
|  | Pension benefits |  |  | Other postretirement benefits |
December 31, |  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 14,751 |  |  | $ | 13,526 |  |  | $ | 2,863 |  |  | $ | 2,844 |
Service cost |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 14 |
Interest cost |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | 647 |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 132 |
Amendments |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Actuarial (gains) losses |  |  | (849 | ) |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  | 107 |
Settlements |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Benefits paid, net of participants’ contributions |  |  | (841 | ) |  |  | (833 | ) |  |  | (249 | ) |  |  | (256 | )
Medicare Part D subsidy receipts |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 21 |
Foreign currency translation impact |  |  | (224 | ) |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Benefit obligation at end of year* |  | $ | 13,730 |  |  | $ | 14,751 |  |  | $ | 2,592 |  |  | $ | 2,863 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | $ | 11,043 |  |  | $ | 10,311 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8 |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 925 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Employer contributions |  |  | 473 |  |  |  | 571 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Participants’ contributions |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Benefits paid |  |  | (825 | ) |  |  | (822 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (8 | )
Administrative expenses |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Settlements |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign currency translation impact |  |  | (190 | ) |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year* |  | $ | 10,580 |  |  | $ | 11,043 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Funded status* |  | $ | (3,150 | ) |  | $ | (3,708 | ) |  | $ | (2,592 | ) |  | $ | (2,863 | )
Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Net funded status |  | $ | (3,125 | ) |  | $ | (3,668 | ) |  | $ | (2,588 | ) |  | $ | (2,859 | )
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Current liabilities |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (234 | ) |  |  | (256 | )
Noncurrent liabilities |  |  | (3,183 | ) |  |  | (3,722 | ) |  |  | (2,354 | ) |  |  | (2,603 | )
Net amount recognized |  | $ | (3,125 | ) |  | $ | (3,668 | ) |  | $ | (2,588 | ) |  | $ | (2,859 | )
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | $ | 5,198 |  |  | $ | 5,880 |  |  | $ | 389 |  |  | $ | 593 |
Prior service cost (benefit) |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (76 | )
Total, before tax effect |  |  | 5,292 |  |  |  | 5,999 |  |  |  | 332 |  |  |  | 517 |
Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Net amount recognized, before tax effect |  | $ | 5,254 |  |  | $ | 5,945 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 518 |
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gain) loss |  | $ | (193 | ) |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | (169 | ) |  | $ | 107 |
Amortization of accumulated net actuarial loss |  |  | (489 | ) |  |  | (384 | ) |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | (25 | )
Prior service cost |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Amortization of prior service (cost) benefit |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 16 |
Total, before tax effect |  |  | (707 | ) |  |  | 679 |  |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | 98 |
Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net amount recognized, before tax effect |  | $ | (691 | ) |  | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | (185 | ) |  | $ | 98 |
* | At December 31, 2013, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $10,643, $7,909, and $(2,734), respectively. At December 31, 2012, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $11,521, $8,437, and $(3,084), respectively.
Pension Plan Benefit Obligations
|  | Pension benefits |
|  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |
The projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 13,730 |  |  | $ | 14,751 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  |  | 13,324 |  |  |  | 14,186 |
The aggregate projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation |  |  | 12,180 |  |  |  | 13,973 |
Fair value of plan assets |  |  | 8,930 |  |  |  | 10,142 |
The aggregate accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  |  | 11,776 |  |  |  | 13,421 |
Fair value of plan assets |  |  | 8,890 |  |  |  | 10,123 |
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
|  | Pension benefits(1) |  |  | Other postretirement benefits(2) |
|  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Service cost |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 17 |
Interest cost |  |  | 602 |  |  |  | 639 |  |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 158 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (788 | ) |  |  | (808 | ) |  |  | (806 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | )
Recognized net actuarial loss |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 26 |
Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (17 | )
Settlements(3) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Curtailments(4) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Special termination benefits(5) |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net periodic benefit cost(6) |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 182 |
(1) | In 2013, 2012, and 2011, net periodic benefit cost for U.S pension plans was $391, $288, and $190, respectively.
(2) | In 2013, 2012, and 2011, net periodic benefit cost for other postretirement benefits reflects a reduction of $55, $64, and $43, respectively, related to the recognition of the federal subsidy awarded under Medicare Part D.
(3) | In all periods presented, settlements were due to the payment of significant lump sum benefits and/or purchases of annuity contracts.
(4) | In each period presented, curtailments were due to elimination of benefits or workforce reductions (see Note D).
(5) | In 2013, special termination benefits were due to workforce reductions (see Note D).
(6) | Amounts attributed to joint venture partners are not included.
Amounts Expected to be Recognized in Net Periodic Benefit Cost
|  | Pension benefits |  |  | Other postretirement benefits |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2014 |
Net actuarial loss recognition |  | $ | 384 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Prior service cost (benefit) recognition |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (18 | )
Assumptions Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations for U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (assumptions for non-U.S plans did not differ materially):
December 31, |  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |
Discount rate |  |  | 4.80 | % |  |  | 4.15 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
The discount rate is determined using a Company-specific yield curve model (above-median) developed with the assistance of an external actuary. The cash flows of the plans’ projected benefit obligations are discounted using a single equivalent rate derived from yields on high quality corporate bonds, which represent a broad diversification of issuers in various sectors, including finance and banking, consumer products, transportation, insurance, and pharmaceutical, among others. The yield curve model parallels the plans’ projected cash flows, which have an average duration of 10 years, and the underlying cash flows of the bonds included in the model exceed the cash flows needed to satisfy the Company’s plans’ obligations multiple times. The rate of compensation increase is based upon actual experience. For 2014, the rate of compensation increase will be 3.5%, which approximates the five-year average. Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (assumptions for non-U.S plans did not differ materially):
|  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Discount rate* |  |  | 4.15 | % |  |  | 4.90 | % |  |  | 5.75 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  | 8.50 |
Rate of compensation increase |  |  | 3.50 |  |  |  | 3.50 |  |  |  | 3.50 |
* | In all periods presented, the respective discount rates were used to determine net periodic benefit cost for most U.S. pension plans for the full annual period. However, the discount rates for a limited number of plans were updated during 2013 and 2011 to reflect the remeasurement of these plans due to new union labor agreements, settlements, and/or curtailments. The updated discount rates used were not significantly different from the discount rates presented.
The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is generally applied to a five-year market-related value of plan assets (a four-year average or the fair value at the plan measurement date is used for certain non-U.S. plans). The process used by management to develop this assumption is one that relies on a combination of historical asset return information and forward-looking returns by asset class. As it relates to historical asset return information, management focuses on the annual, 10-year moving, and 20-year moving averages when developing this assumption. Management also incorporates expected future returns on current and planned asset allocations using information from various external investment managers and consultants, as well as management’s own judgment. For 2013, 2012, and 2011, management used 8.50% as its expected long-term rate of return, which was based on the prevailing and planned strategic asset allocations, as well as estimates of future returns by asset class. This rate falls within the respective range of the 20-year moving average of actual performance and the expected future return developed by asset class. For 2014, management determined that 8.00% will be the expected long-term rate of return. The decrease of 50 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return is due to a combination of a decrease in the 20-year moving average of actual performance and lower future expected market returns. Assumed health care cost trend rates for U.S. other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (assumptions for non-U.S plans did not differ materially):
|  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year |  |  | 5.5 | % |  |  | 6.0 | % |  |  | 6.5 | %
Rate to which the cost trend rate gradually declines |  |  | 4.5 | % |  |  | 4.5 | % |  |  | 5.0 | %
Year that the rate reaches the rate at which it is assumed to remain |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 2016 |
The assumed health care cost trend rate is used to measure the expected cost of gross eligible charges covered by Alcoa’s other postretirement benefit plans. For 2014, a 5.5% trend rate will be used, reflecting management’s best estimate of the change in future health care costs covered by the plans. The plans’ actual annual health care cost trend experience over the past three years has ranged from (7.5)% to 3.5%. Management does not believe this three-year range is indicative of expected increases for future health care costs over the long-term. Assumed health care cost trend rates have an effect on the amounts reported for the health care plan. A one-percentage point change in these assumed rates would have the following effects:
|  | 1% increase |  |  | 1% decrease |
Effect on other postretirement benefit obligations |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | (130 | )
Effect on total of service and interest cost components |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (6 | )
Plan Assets Alcoa’s pension plans’ investment policy and weighted average asset allocations at December 31, 2013 and 2012, by asset class, were as follows:
|  |  |  |  | Plan assets at December 31, |
Asset class |  | Policy range |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |
Equities |  |  | 20–55 | % |  |  | 37 | % |  |  | 33 | %
Fixed income |  |  | 25–55 | % |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 50 |
Other investments |  |  | 15–35 | % |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 17 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %
The principal objectives underlying the investment of the pension plans’ assets are to ensure that Alcoa can properly fund benefit obligations as they become due under a broad range of potential economic and financial scenarios, maximize the long-term investment return with an acceptable level of risk based on such obligations, and broadly diversify investments across and within the capital markets to protect asset values against adverse movements. Specific objectives for long-term investment strategy include reducing the volatility of pension assets relative to pension liabilities and achieving risk factor diversification across the balance of the asset portfolio. A portion of the assets are matched to the interest rate profile of the benefit obligation through long duration fixed income investments and exposure to broad equity risk has been decreased and diversified through investments in discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds, long/short equity hedge funds, and global and emerging market equities. Investments are further diversified by strategy, asset class, geography, and sector to enhance returns and mitigate downside risk. A large number of external investment managers are used to gain broad exposure to the financial markets and to mitigate manager-concentration risk. Investment practices comply with the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) and other applicable laws and regulations. The use of derivative instruments is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives. Currently, the use of derivative instruments is not significant when compared to the overall investment portfolio. In the course of managing the pension plans’ assets, trustees of the plans may loan securities to brokers/dealers in exchange for a fee. The securities are subsequently returned to the plans in accordance with the brokerage agreement. In support of these transactions, the brokers/dealers provide collateral, which exceeds the value of the securities loaned (102%-105%). The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the trustees to measure the fair value of pension plan assets, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each type of asset is generally classified (see Derivatives in Note X for the definition of fair value and a description of the fair value hierarchy). Equities. These securities consist of: (i) direct investments in the stock of publicly traded U.S. and non-U.S. companies and are valued based on the closing price reported in an active market on which the individual securities are traded (generally classified in Level 1); (ii) the plans’ share of commingled funds that are invested in the stock of publicly traded companies and are valued at the net asset value of shares held at December 31(included in Level 1 if quoted in an active market, otherwise these investments are included in Level 2); and (iii) direct investments in long/short equity hedge funds and private equity (limited partnerships and venture capital partnerships) and are valued by investment managers based on the most recent financial information available, which typically represents significant unobservable data (generally classified as Level 3). Fixed income. These securities consist of: (i) U.S. government debt and are generally valued using quoted prices (included in Level 1); (ii) publicly traded U.S. and non-U.S. fixed interest obligations (principally corporate bonds and debentures) and are valued through consultation and evaluation with brokers in the institutional market using quoted prices and other observable market data (included in Level 2); (iii) cash and cash equivalents, which consist of government securities in commingled funds, and are generally valued using observable market data (included in Level 2); and (iv) commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and are valued by investment managers based on the most recent financial information available, which typically represents significant unobservable data (generally classified as Level 3). Other investments. These investments include, among others: (i) exchange traded funds, such as gold, and real estate investment trusts and are valued based on the closing price reported in an active market on which the investments are traded (included in Level 1); (ii) the plans’ share of commingled funds that are invested in real estate investment trusts and are valued at the net asset value of shares held at December 31 (generally included in Level 3, however, if fair value is able to be determined through the use of quoted market prices of similar assets or other observable market data, then the investments are classified in Level 2); and (iii) direct investments of discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds and private real estate (includes limited partnerships) and are valued by investment managers based on the most recent financial information available, which typically represents significant unobservable data (generally classified as Level 3, however, if fair value is able to be determined through the use of quoted market prices of similar assets or other observable market data, then the investments are classified in Level 2). The fair value methods described above may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Additionally, while Alcoa believes the valuation methods used by the plans’ trustees are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. The following table presents the fair value of pension plan assets classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy:
December 31, 2013 |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,360 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 2,588 |
Long/short equity hedge funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | 744 |
Private equity |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 520 |
|  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,360 |  |  | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 3,852 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate and long duration government/credit |  | $ | 2,251 |  |  | $ | 1,551 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,802 |
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 469 |
|  | $ | 2,251 |  |  | $ | 2,020 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,271 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 636 |
Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,287 |  |  |  | 1,287 |
Other |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 375 |
|  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 2,013 |  |  | $ | 2,298 |
Total* |  | $ | 3,602 |  |  | $ | 3,398 |  |  | $ | 3,421 |  |  | $ | 10,421 |
December 31, 2012 |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 2,329 |
Long/short equity hedge funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 756 |  |  |  | 756 |
Private equity |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 550 |
|  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 3,635 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate and long duration government/credit |  | $ | 1,169 |  |  | $ | 3,689 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 5,073 |
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 507 |
|  | $ | 1,169 |  |  | $ | 4,196 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 5,580 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | 573 |
Discretionary macro hedge funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 796 |  |  |  | 796 |
Other |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 459 |
|  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 1,481 |  |  | $ | 1,828 |
Total |  | $ | 2,510 |  |  | $ | 5,414 |  |  | $ | 3,119 |  |  | $ | 11,043 |
* | As of December 31, 2013, the total fair value of pension plans’ assets excludes a net receivable of $159, which represents securities sold not yet settled plus interest and dividends earned on various investments.
Pension plan assets classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy represent investments in which the trustees have used significant unobservable inputs in the valuation model. The following table presents a reconciliation of activity for such investments:
|  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 3,119 |  |  | $ | 2,816 |
Realized gains |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 56 |
Unrealized gains |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 140 |
Purchases |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 636 |
Sales |  |  | (626 | ) |  |  | (538 | )
Issuances |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Settlements |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign currency translation impact |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 9 |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3* |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 3,421 |  |  | $ | 3,119 |
* | In 2013 and 2012, there were no transfers of financial instruments into or out of Level 3
Funding and Cash Flows It is Alcoa’s policy to fund amounts for pension plans sufficient to meet the minimum requirements set forth in applicable country benefits laws and tax laws, including the Pension Protection Act of 2006, the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery Act of 2008, and the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21 st Century Act for U.S. plans. From time to time, Alcoa contributes additional amounts as deemed appropriate. In 2013 and 2012, cash contributions to Alcoa’s pension plans were $462 and $561. The minimum required contribution to pension plans in 2014 is estimated to be $625 (includes approximately $90 for employees affected by the shutdown of capacity at a smelter in Canada – see Note D), of which $435 is for U.S. plans. Benefit payments expected to be paid to pension and other postretirement benefit plans’ participants and expected Medicare Part D subsidy receipts are as follows:
Year ended December 31, |  | Pension benefits |  |  |  |  | Gross Other post- retirement benefits |  |  | Medicare Part D subsidy receipts |  |  | Net Other post- retirement benefits |
2014 |  | $ | 880 |  |  |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 235 |
2015 |  |  | 880 |  |  |  |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 235 |
2016 |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 235 |
2017 |  |  | 910 |  |  |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 225 |
2018 |  |  | 920 |  |  |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 225 |
2019 through 2023 |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 1,050 |
|  | $ | 9,170 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,485 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 2,205 |
Defined Contribution Plans Alcoa sponsors savings and investment plans in several countries, including the U.S. and Australia. Expenses related to these plans were $149 in 2013, $146 in 2012, and $139 in 2011. In the U.S., employees may contribute a portion of their compensation to the plans, and Alcoa matches, mostly in company stock, a portion of these contributions. Effective January 1, 2014, Alcoa’s match will equal the employee’s investment elections instead of company stock.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for pension and other postretirement benefits. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 715 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2235017 + Details
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