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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] |
Schedule of Obligations and Funded Status | Obligations and Funded Status
| Pension benefits |  | Other postretirement benefits
December 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 1,599 |  |  | $ | 2,296 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 165 |
Service cost | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Interest cost | 80 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |
Amendments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |
Actuarial losses (gains)(1) | 50 |  |  | (553) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (38) |
Settlements | (31) |  |  | (72) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Curtailments | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (118) |  |  | (102) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (13) |
Foreign currency translation impact | 9 |  |  | (23) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at end of year(2) | $ | 1,592 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 120 |
Change in plan assets(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 1,531 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Actual return (loss) on plan assets | 57 |  |  | (383) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employer contributions | 36 |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (101) |  |  | (87) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Administrative expenses | (13) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlement payments | (32) |  |  | (98) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation impact | 8 |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year(2) | $ | 925 |  |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Funded status | $ | (667) |  |  | $ | (629) |  |  | $ | (103) |  |  | $ | (120) |
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncurrent assets | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current liabilities | (16) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (11) |
Noncurrent liabilities | (664) |  |  | (633) |  |  | (92) |  |  | (109) |
Net amount recognized | $ | (667) |  |  | $ | (629) |  |  | $ | (103) |  |  | $ | (120) |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | $ | 960 |  |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  | $ | (28) |
Prior service cost (benefit) | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (41) |  |  | (40) |
Net amount recognized, before tax effect | $ | 962 |  |  | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | (67) |  |  | $ | (68) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial cost (benefit) | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | (53) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (38) |
Amortization of accumulated net actuarial (loss) benefit | (33) |  |  | (107) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |
Prior service benefit | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service benefit | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Net amount recognized, before tax effect | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | (161) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (30) |
(1)As of December 31, 2023, the actuarial losses impacting the benefit obligation were primarily due to changes in the discount rate as well as asset returns being lower than expected. At December 31, 2022, the actuarial gains impacting the benefit obligation were primarily due to changes in the discount rate as well as the alternative interest cost method. (2)As of December 31, 2023, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $1,434, $780, and $(654), respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $1,459, $833, and $(626), respectively.
Schedule of Pension Plan Benefit Obligations | Pension Plan Benefit Obligations
| Pension benefits
| 2023 |  | 2022
The projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans were as follows: |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 1,592 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,591 |  |  | 1,598 |
The aggregate projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were as follows: |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation | 1,459 |  |  | 1,482 |
Fair value of plan assets | 780 |  |  | 833 |
The aggregate accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were as follows: |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,459 |  |  | 1,481 |
Fair value of plan assets | 780 |  |  | 833 |
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost | Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
| Pension benefits(1) |  | Other postretirement benefits(2)
For the year ended December 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Service cost | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Interest cost | 80 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Expected return on plan assets | (74) |  |  | (80) |  |  | (90) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Recognized net actuarial loss (gain) | 28 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |
Settlements(3) | 5 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Curtailment(4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost(5) | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (2) |
(1)In 2023, 2022, and 2021, net periodic benefit cost for U.S. pension plans was $40, $79, and $61, respectively. (2)In 2021, net periodic benefit cost for other postretirement benefits reflects a reduction of less than $1 related to the recognition of the federal subsidy awarded under Medicare Part D. (3)In 2023, settlements were related to U.S. and Canadian actions including an annuity buyout and lump sum benefit payments. In 2022, settlements were related to U.S. and U.K. lump sum benefit payments. In 2021, settlements were related to U.S. and U.K. actions including the purchase of group annuity contracts and lump sum benefit payments. See Note D for further details. (4)In 2021, the curtailment was due to plan termination. (5)Service cost was included within Cost of goods sold, Selling, general administrative, and other expenses; curtailment and settlements were included in Restructuring and other charges; and all other cost components were recorded in Other expense, net in the Statement of Consolidated Operations.
Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations and Net Periodic Benefit Cost | Assumptions Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations for pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:
December 31, | 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rate | 5.10 | % |  | 5.40 | %
Cash balance plan interest crediting rate | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rate to calculate service cost(1) | 5.50 | % |  | 2.80 | % |  | 2.80 | %
Discount rate to calculate interest cost(1) | 5.30 | % |  | 2.50 | % |  | 2.10 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets | 6.70 | % |  | 6.70 | % |  | 6.20 | %
Cash balance plan interest crediting rate | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | %
(1)In all periods presented, the respective global discount rates were used to determine net periodic benefit cost for most pension plans for the full annual period. The discount rates for certain plans were updated during 2023, 2022, and 2021 to reflect the remeasurement of these plans due to settlements and/or curtailments. The weighted-average rates reflecting these remeasurements does not significantly differ from the rates presented.
Schedule of Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates | Assumed health care cost trend rates for U.S. other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year | 5.50 | % |  | 5.50 | % |  | 5.50 | %
Rate to which the cost trend rate gradually declines | 4.50 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.50 | %
Year that the rate reaches the rate at which it is assumed to remain | 2026 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Schedule of Pension and Postretirement Plans Investment Policy and Weighted Average Asset Allocations | Howmet’s pension plans’ investment policy as of December 31, 2023 by asset class, were as follows:
Asset class | Policy range(1) |  |  |
Equities | 20–55% |  |  |
Fixed income | 25–55% |  |  |
Other investments | 15–35% |  |  |
(1)Policy range is for U.S. plan assets only, as both the U.K. and Canadian asset investment allocations are controlled by a third-party trustee with input from Howmet.
Schedule of Fair Value of Pension Plan Assets | The following table presents the fair value of pension plan assets classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy or net asset value:
December 31, 2023 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Net Asset Value |  | Total
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 310 |
Long/short equity hedge funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Private equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | 108 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | 436 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate and long duration government/credit | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 350 |
Other | 6 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
| $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 419 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Net plan assets(1) | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 960 |
December 31, 2022 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Net Asset Value |  | Total
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 416 |
Long/short equity hedge funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Private equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107 |  |  | 107 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 408 |  |  | $ | 541 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate and long duration government/credit | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 255 |
Other | 6 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
| $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 320 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 65 |
Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 101 |
Net plan assets(2) | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 962 |
(1)As of December 31, 2023, the total fair value of pension plans’ assets excludes a net payable of $35, which represents securities purchased and sold but not yet settled plus interest and dividends earned on various investments. (2)As of December 31, 2022, the total fair value of pension plans’ assets excludes a net receivable of $8, which represents securities purchased and sold but not yet settled plus interest and dividends earned on various investments.
Schedule of Benefit Payments Expected to be Paid and Expected Medicare Part D Subsidy Receipts | Benefit payments expected to be paid to pension and other postretirement benefit plans’ participants utilizing the current assumptions outlined above are as follows:
For the year ended December 31, | Pension benefits paid |  |  |  |  |  | Other post- retirement benefits
2024 | $ | 134 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11 |
2025 | 130 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |
2026 | 129 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |
2027 | 127 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |
2028 | 129 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |
2029 - 2033 | 589 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41 |
Total | $ | 1,238 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 90 |

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