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Accounting Principles and Practices (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto (the “Financial Statements”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The Financial Statements include the accounts of Aon plc and all of its controlled subsidiaries (“Aon” or the “Company”). Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Financial Statements include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments and reclassifications) necessary to present fairly the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for all periods presented.Certain information and disclosures normally included in the Financial Statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted.
Use of Estimates | Use of EstimatesThe preparation of the accompanying Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Financial Statements, and the reported amounts of reserves and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment. Management believes its estimates to be reasonable given the current facts available. Aon adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Illiquid credit markets, volatile equity markets, and foreign currency exchange rate movements increase the uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment would, if applicable, be reflected in the Financial Statements in future periods.
New Accounting Standards | Adoption of New Accounting Standards Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income In February 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income. The guidance allowed a reclassification from accumulated comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The guidance was effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2019. There was no impact on the net income of the Company as Aon did not elect to reclassify stranded tax effects on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. It is the Company’s policy to release income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss using the portfolio approach. Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities In August 2017, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on targeted improvements to accounting for hedging activities. The new guidance amended its hedge accounting model to enable entities to better portray their risk management activities in the financial statements. The guidance eliminated the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and required the effect of a hedging instrument to be presented in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The new guidance was effective for Aon in the first quarter of 2019 and the Company adopted it on a modified retrospective basis with no cumulative effect adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income or corresponding adjustment to Retained earnings. Changes to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income and financial statement disclosures were applied prospectively. Under the new guidance, gains or losses on derivative hedges are recognized in revenue as compared to other income (expense) under the previous guidance. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on the net income of the Company. Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard on leases, which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases. Under the new standard, a lessee is required to recognize in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, liabilities to make future lease payments and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets representing its right to use the underlying assets for the lease term. The recognition, measurement, timing, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed from previous U.S. GAAP. The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the period of adoption. Under this approach, prior periods were not restated. Rather, lease balances and other disclosures for prior periods were provided in the notes to the financial statements as previously reported, and the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance was recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The modified retrospective approach includes several optional practical expedients available that entities may elect to apply upon transition. These practical expedients relate to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, initial direct costs for leases that commenced before the effective date, and the ability to use hindsight in evaluating lessee options to extend or terminate a lease or to purchase the underlying asset. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which allows a lessee to carryforward their population of existing leases, the classification of each lease, as well as the treatment of initial direct costs as of the period of adoption. In addition, the Company elected the practical expedient related to lease and non-lease components, as an accounting policy election for all asset classes, which allows a lessee to not separate non-lease from lease components and instead account for consideration paid in a contract as a single lease component. Lastly, the Company did not elect the practical expedient related to hindsight analysis which allows a lessee to use hindsight in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of the entity’s ROU assets. The Company has made a policy election to not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from leases with an initial term of twelve months or less on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. However, the Company will recognize these lease payments in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation is incurred. The Company has chosen to apply this accounting policy across all classes of underlying assets. Additionally, upon adoption, the Company utilized a discount rate to determine the present value of the lease payments based on information available as of January 1, 2019. Beginning January 1, 2019, operating ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Operating leases in effect prior to January 1, 2019 were recognized at the present value of the remaining payments on the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, the Company recognized ROU assets and lease liabilities of $1.1 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively. The standard had an insignificant impact on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and no impact on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Refer to Note 20 “Lease Commitments” for further information including significant assumptions and judgments made. As a result of applying the modified retrospective approach to adopt the new leasing standard, the following adjustments were made to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of January 1, 2019 (in millions):
| December 31, 2018 |  |  |  | January 1, 2019
| As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 1,021 |
Other non-current assets | $ | 448 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 526 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities | $ | 936 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 1,155 |
Non-current operating lease liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,014 |  |  | $ | 1,014 |
Other non-current liabilities | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | (134 | ) |  | $ | 963 |
Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans In August 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The guidance requires sponsors of these plans to provide additional disclosures, including weighted average interest rates used in the entity’s cash balance pension plans and a narrative description of reasons for any significant gains or losses impacting the benefit obligation for the period, and eliminates certain previous disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective for Aon in the first quarter of 2021 with early adoption permitted and will be applied retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the guidance will have on the Financial Statements and the period of adoption. Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment In January 2017, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on simplifying the test for goodwill impairment. Currently the standard requires an entity to perform a two-step test to determine the amount, if any, of goodwill impairment. In Step 1, an entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the entity performs Step 2 and compares the implied fair value of goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill for that reporting unit. An impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill for the reporting unit exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill is recorded, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The new guidance removes Step 2. An entity will apply a one-step quantitative test and record the amount of goodwill impairment as the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The new guidance does not amend the optional qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment. An entity will apply the new guidance on a prospective basis. The new guidance is effective for Aon in the first quarter of 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the period of adoption, but does not expect a significant impact on the Financial Statements. Credit Losses In June 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard on the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The new standard replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. An entity will apply the new standard through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the standard is effective. The standard is effective for Aon in the first quarter of 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on its Financial Statements and the period of adoption.
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Revenue from Contracts with Customers Disaggregation of Revenue The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers by principal service line (in millions):
|  | Three Months Ended March 31
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Commercial Risk Solutions |  | $ | 1,118 |  |  | $ | 1,184 |
Reinsurance Solutions |  | 788 |  |  | 742 |
Retirement Solutions |  | 420 |  |  | 424 |
Health Solutions |  | 486 |  |  | 451 |
Data & Analytic Services |  | 336 |  |  | 294 |
Elimination |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | )
Total revenue |  | $ | 3,143 |  |  | $ | 3,090 |
Consolidated revenue from contracts with customers by geographic area, which is attributed on the basis of where the services are performed, is as follows (in millions):
|  | Three Months Ended March 31
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
United States |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |
Americas other than United States |  | 226 |  |  | 237 |
United Kingdom |  | 452 |  |  | 484 |
Europe, Middle East, & Africa other than United Kingdom |  | 1,009 |  |  | 979 |
Asia Pacific |  | 295 |  |  | 274 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 3,143 |  |  | $ | 3,090 |
Contract Costs An analysis of the changes in the net carrying amount of costs to fulfill contracts with customers are as follows (in millions):
As of |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 329 |  |  | $ | 298 |
Additions |  | 346 |  |  | 1,504 |
Amortization |  | (439 | ) |  | (1,465 | )
Impairment |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation and other |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 329 |
An analysis of the changes in the net carrying amount of costs to obtain contracts with customers are as follows (in millions):
As of |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 145 |
Additions |  | 9 |  |  | 53 |
Amortization |  | (11 | ) |  | (41 | )
Impairment |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation and other |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Derivatives | The Company is exposed to market risks, including changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. To manage the risk related to these exposures, the Company enters into various derivative instruments that reduce these risks by creating offsetting exposures. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading or speculative purposes. Foreign Exchange Risk Management The Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk when it earns revenues, pays expenses, enters into monetary intercompany transfers or other transactions denominated in a currency that differs from its functional currency. The Company uses foreign exchange derivatives, typically forward contracts, options and cross currency swaps, to reduce its overall exposure to the effects of currency fluctuations on cash flows. These exposures are hedged, on average, for less than 2 years. These derivatives are accounted for as hedges, and changes in fair value are recorded each period in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company also uses foreign exchange derivatives, typically forward contracts and options, to economically hedge the currency exposure of the Company’s global liquidity profile, including monetary assets or liabilities that are denominated in a non-functional currency of an entity, typically on a rolling 30-day basis, but may be for up to 1 year in the future. These derivatives are not accounted for as hedges, and changes in fair value are recorded each period in Other income (expense) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
Fair Value Measurement | The following methods and assumptions are used to estimate the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments: Money market funds consist of institutional prime, treasury, and government money market funds. The Company reviews treasury and government money market funds to obtain reasonable assurance that the fund net asset value is $1 per share, and reviews the floating net asset value of institutional prime money market funds for reasonableness. Equity investments consist of domestic and international equity securities and equity derivatives valued using the closing stock price on a national securities exchange. Over the counter equity derivatives are valued using observable inputs such as underlying prices of the underlying security and volatility. On a sample basis the Company reviews the listing of Level 1 equity securities in the portfolio and agrees the closing stock prices to a national securities exchange, and independently verifies the observable inputs for Level 2 equity derivatives and securities. Fixed income investments consist of certain categories of bonds and derivatives. Corporate, government, and agency bonds are valued by pricing vendors who estimate fair value using recently executed transactions and proprietary models based on observable inputs, such as interest rate spreads, yield curves, and credit risk. Asset-backed securities are valued by pricing vendors who estimate fair value using discounted cash flow models utilizing observable inputs based on trade and quote activity of securities with similar features. Fixed income derivatives are valued by pricing vendors using observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves. The Company obtains an understanding of the models, inputs, and assumptions used in developing prices provided by its vendors through discussions with the fund managers. The Company independently verifies the observable inputs, as well as assesses assumptions used for reasonableness based on relevant market conditions and internal Company guidelines. If an assumption is deemed unreasonable, based on the Company’s guidelines, it is then reviewed by management and the fair value estimate provided by the vendor is adjusted, if deemed appropriate. These adjustments do not occur frequently and historically are not material to the fair value estimates used in the Financial Statements. Derivatives are carried at fair value, based upon industry standard valuation techniques that use, where possible, current market-based or independently sourced pricing inputs, such as interest rates, currency exchange rates, or implied volatilities. Debt is carried at outstanding principal balance, less any unamortized issuance costs, discount or premium. Fair value is based on quoted market prices or estimates using discounted cash flow analyses based on current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

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