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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Earnings from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes | Components of earnings before income taxes are as follows:
Years ended December 31 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
United States | $ | 1,705 |  |  | $ | 1,744 |  |  | $ | 1,312 |
Other nations | 267 |  |  | 402 |  |  | 203 |
| $ | 1,972 |  |  | $ | 2,146 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |
Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | Components of income tax expense are as follows:
Years ended December 31 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
United States Federal | $ | 434 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 240 |
Other nations | 38 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 159 |
States (U.S.) | 133 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 83 |
Current income tax expense | 605 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 482 |
United States Federal | (221) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (179) |
Other nations | 40 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (118) |
States (U.S.) | (34) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (37) |
Deferred income tax benefit | (215) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (334) |
Total income tax expense | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 432 |  |  | $ | 148 |
Federal Statutory Tax Rate and Income Tax Expense | Differences between income tax expense computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% and income tax expense as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows:
Years ended December 31 | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income tax expense at statutory rate | $ | 414 |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 450 |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 318 |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 66 |  | 3.3 | % |  | 71 |  | 3.3 | % |  | 76 |  | 5.0 | %
Non-U.S. tax expense on non-U.S. earnings | 24 |  | 1.2 | % |  | 15 |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1 |  | 0.1 | %
U.S. tax expense (benefit) on undistributed non-U.S. earnings | (27) |  | (1.4) | % |  | (44) |  | (2.1) | % |  | (43) |  | (2.8) | %
IP reorganization | (171) |  | (8.7) | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | (77) |  | (5.1) | %
Extinguishment of Silver Lake convertible debt | 148 |  | 7.5 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | %
Stock compensation | (45) |  | (2.3) | % |  | (33) |  | (1.5) | % |  | (68) |  | (4.5) | %
Valuation allowances | 5 |  | 0.3 | % |  | (13) |  | (0.6) | % |  | (51) |  | (3.4) | %
Research credits | (24) |  | (1.2) | % |  | (19) |  | (0.9) | % |  | (16) |  | (1.1) | %
Reserve for uncertain tax positions | (6) |  | (0.3) | % |  | (3) |  | (0.1) | % |  | (6) |  | (0.4) | %
Other tax expense (benefit) | 6 |  | 0.3 | % |  | 8 |  | 0.4 | % |  | 14 |  | 0.9 | %
| $ | 390 |  | 19.8 | % |  | $ | 432 |  | 20.1 | % |  | $ | 148 |  | 9.8 | %
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | Significant components of deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:
December 31 | 2024 |  | 2023
Inventory | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 30 |
Accrued liabilities and allowances | 87 |  |  | 77 |
Employee benefits | 221 |  |  | 270 |
Capitalized items | 391 |  |  | 146 |
Tax basis differences on investments | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Depreciation tax basis differences on fixed assets | (31) |  |  | (2) |
Undistributed non-U.S. earnings | (23) |  |  | (28) |
Tax attribute carryforwards | 98 |  |  | 115 |
Business reorganization | 7 |  |  | 9 |
Warranty and customer liabilities | 24 |  |  | 22 |
Deferred revenue and costs | 420 |  |  | 406 |
Valuation allowances | (62) |  |  | (63) |
Operating lease assets | (128) |  |  | (120) |
Operating lease liabilities | 134 |  |  | 129 |
Other | 24 |  |  | 10 |
| $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |
Summary of Tax Credit Carryforwards | Tax attribute carryforwards are as follows:
December 31, 2024 | Gross Tax Loss |  | Tax Effected |  | Expiration Period
United States: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. tax losses | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | 2025-2037
General business credits | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2030-2036
State tax losses | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 2027-2044
State tax credits | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2025-2043
Non-U.S. subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |
United Kingdom tax losses | 143 |  |  | 36 |  |  | Unlimited
Canada tax losses | 17 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2034-2044
Canada tax credits | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2038-2044
Other subsidiaries tax losses | 66 |  |  | 13 |  |  | Various
|  |  | $ | 98 |  |  |
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Including Those Attributable to Discontinued Operations | A roll-forward of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
(in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at January 1 | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Additions based on tax positions related to current year | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 18 |  |  | 1 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Settlements and agreements | (5) |  |  | — |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (3) |  |  | (4) |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 32 |
Summary of Open Tax Years by Major Jurisdiction | A summary of open tax years by major jurisdiction is presented below:
Jurisdiction | Tax Years
United States | 2021-2024
Australia | 2020-2024
Canada | 2020-2024
Germany | 2018-2024
India | 1997-2024
Israel | 2019-2024
Poland | 2019-2024
Malaysia | 2017-2024
United Kingdom | 2022-2024

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