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SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Financial Statements and Business Activities The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), and include the accounts of United Parcel Service, Inc., and all of its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively “UPS” or the “Company”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. UPS concentrates its operations in the field of transportation services, primarily domestic and international letter and package delivery. Through our Supply Chain & Freight subsidiaries, we are also a global provider of specialized transportation, logistics and financial services. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingencies. Estimates have been prepared on the basis of the most current and best information, and actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Revenue Recognition U.S. Domestic and International Package Operations—Revenue is recognized over time as we perform the services in the contract. Forwarding —Freight forwarding revenue and the expense related to the transportation of freight are recognized over time as we perform the services. Truckload brokerage revenue and related transportation costs are recognized over time as we perform the services. Customs brokerage revenue is recognized upon completing documents necessary for customs entry purposes. Logistics —In our Logistics business we have a right to consideration from customers in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customers of our performance completed to date, and as such we recognize revenue in the amount to which we have a right to invoice the customer. UPS Freight—Revenue is recognized over time as we perform the services in the contract. In our transportation businesses, we utilize independent contractors and third-party carriers in the performance of some transportation services. U.S. GAAP requires us to evaluate whether our businesses themselves promise to transfer services to the customer (as the principal) or to arrange for services to be provided by another party (as the agent) using a control model. Based on our evaluation of the control model, we determined that all of our major businesses act as the principal rather than the agent within their revenue arrangements. Revenue and the associated purchased transportation costs are reported on a gross basis within our statements of consolidated income. Financial Services—Income on loans and direct finance leases is recognized on the effective interest method. Accrual of interest income is suspended at the earlier of the time at which collection of an account becomes doubtful or the account becomes 90 days delinquent. Income on operating leases is recognized on the straight-line method over the terms of the underlying leases. Refer to note 2 of our audited consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our revenue recognition policies. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash. We consider securities with maturities of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. The carrying amount of these securities approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. Investments Marketable securities are either classified as trading or available-for-sale securities and are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are reported as investment income (expense) and other on the statements of consolidated income. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), a separate component of shareowners’ equity. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion is included in investment income (expense) and other, along with interest and dividends. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method; realized gains and losses resulting from such sales are included in investment income (expense) and other. We periodically review our available-for-sale investments for indications of other-than-temporary impairment considering many factors, including the extent and duration to which a security’s fair value has been less than its cost, overall economic and market conditions and the financial condition and specific prospects for the issuer. Impairment of available-for-sale securities results in a charge to income when a market decline below cost is other-than-temporary. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable, net, include amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value. Losses on accounts receivable are recognized when they are incurred, which requires us to make our best estimate of the probable losses inherent in our customer receivables at each balance sheet date. These estimates require consideration of historical loss experience, adjusted for current conditions, trends in customer payment frequency and judgments about the probable effects of relevant observable data, including present economic conditions and the financial health of specific customers and market sectors. Our risk management process includes standards and policies for reviewing major account exposures and concentrations of risk. Our total allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $94 and $104 million, respectively. Our total provision for doubtful accounts charged to expense before recoveries during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $118, $133 and $116 million, respectively. Inventories Fuel and other materials and supplies inventories are recognized as inventory when purchased, and then charged to expense when used in our operations. Jet fuel, diesel and unleaded gasoline inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or market. Total inventories were $421 and $404 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in “other current assets” on the consolidated balance sheets. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. We evaluate the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment based on our usage, maintenance and replacement policies, and taking into account physical and economic factors that may affect the useful lives of the assets. As part of our ongoing investment in transformation in 2018, we revised our estimates of useful lives for building improvements, vehicles and plant equipment based on our current assessment of these factors. In general, the change in estimate had the effect of lengthening the useful lives of building improvements, vehicles and plant equipment. Depreciation and amortization are provided by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are as follows: Vehicles—6 to 15 years; Aircraft—12 to 30 years; Buildings—20 to 40 years; Leasehold Improvements—lesser of asset useful life or lease term; Plant Equipment—3 to 20 years; Technology Equipment—3 to 5 years. For substantially all of our aircraft, the costs of major airframe and engine overhauls, as well as routine maintenance and repairs, are charged to expense as incurred. Interest incurred during the construction period of certain property, plant and equipment is capitalized until the underlying assets are placed in service, at which time amortization of the capitalized interest begins, straight-line, over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Capitalized interest was $97, $49 and $14 million for 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. We review long-lived assets for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable based on the undiscounted future cash flows of the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset is determined not to be recoverable, a write-down to fair value is recorded. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows, or external appraisals, as appropriate. We review long-lived assets for impairment at the individual asset or the asset group level for which the lowest level of independent cash flows can be identified. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Costs of purchased businesses in excess of net identifiable assets acquired (goodwill), and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, unless changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred sooner. We are required to test goodwill on a “reporting unit” basis. A reporting unit is the operating segment unless, for businesses within that operating segment, discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management, in which case such a component business is the reporting unit. In assessing goodwill for impairment, we initially evaluate qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. We consider several factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, changes in management, strategy or customers and relevant reporting unit-specific events such as a change in the carrying amount of net assets, a more likely than not expectation of selling or disposing all, or a portion, of a reporting unit, and the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. If this qualitative assessment results in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, then no further testing is performed for that reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment is not conclusive and it is necessary to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit, then we utilize a two-step process to test goodwill for impairment. First, a comparison of the fair value of the applicable reporting unit with the aggregate carrying value, including goodwill, is performed. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its calculated fair value, then the second step is performed, and an impairment charge is recognized for the amount, if any, by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. We primarily determine the fair value of our reporting units using a discounted cash flow model and supplement this with observable valuation multiples for comparable companies, as appropriate. A trade name with a carrying value of $200 million and licenses with a carrying value of $5 million as of December 31, 2018 are considered to be indefinite-lived intangibles, and therefore are not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually. We determined that the income approach, specifically the relief from royalty method, is the most appropriate valuation method to estimate the fair value of the trade name. The estimated fair value of the trade name is compared to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the trade name exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Finite-lived intangible assets, including trademarks, licenses, patents, customer lists, non-compete agreements and franchise rights are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 2 to 22 years. Capitalized software is generally amortized over 7 years. Self-Insurance Accruals We self-insure costs associated with workers’ compensation claims, automobile liability, health and welfare and general business liabilities, up to certain limits. Insurance reserves are established for estimates of the loss that we will ultimately incur on reported claims, as well as estimates of claims that have been incurred but not yet reported. Recorded balances are based on reserve levels, which incorporate historical loss experience and judgments about the present and expected levels of cost per claim. Trends in actual experience are a significant factor in the determination of such reserves. Workers’ compensation, automobile liability and general liability insurance claims may take several years to completely settle. Consequently, actuarial estimates are required to project the ultimate cost that will be incurred to fully resolve the claims. A number of factors can affect the actual cost of a claim, including the length of time the claim remains open, trends in healthcare costs and the results of related litigation. Furthermore, claims may emerge in future years for events that occurred in a prior year at a rate that differs from previous actuarial projections. Changes in state legislation with respect to workers' compensation can affect the adequacy of our self-insurance accruals. All of these factors can result in revisions to prior actuarial projections and produce a material difference between estimated and actual operating results. Prior to 2017, outside actuarial studies were performed semi-annually and we used the studies to estimate the liability in intervening quarters. Beginning in 2017, outside actuarial studies are now performed quarterly as we believe this provides us with better quarterly estimates of our outstanding workers' compensation liability. We sponsor a number of health and welfare insurance plans for our employees. These liabilities and related expenses are based on estimates of the number of employees and eligible dependents covered under the plans, anticipated medical usage by participants and overall trends in medical costs and inflation. Pension and Postretirement Benefits We incur certain employment-related expenses associated with pension and postretirement medical benefits. These pension and postretirement medical benefit costs for company-sponsored benefit plans are calculated using various actuarial assumptions and methodologies, including discount rates, expected returns on plan assets, healthcare cost trend rates, inflation, compensation increase rates, mortality rates and coordination of benefits with plans not sponsored by UPS. Actuarial assumptions are reviewed on an annual basis, unless circumstances require an interim remeasurement for any of our plans. We recognize changes in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses in excess of a corridor (defined as 10% of the greater of the fair value of plan assets or the plans' projected benefit obligations) in pension expense annually at December 31st each year. The remaining components of pension expense, primarily service and interest costs and the expected return on plan assets, are recorded on a quarterly basis. Effective July 1, 2016, the UPS Retirement Plan was closed to new non-union participants. For eligible employees hired after July 1, 2016, UPS contributes annually to a defined contribution plan. We recognize expense for the required contribution quarterly, and we recognize a liability for any contributions due and unpaid (included in “other current liabilities”). During June 2017, we amended the UPS Retirement Plan and Excess Coordinating Plan to cease accrual of additional benefits for future service for non-union participants effective January 1, 2023. We remeasured plan assets and pension benefit obligations for the affected pension plans as of June 30, 2017 to recognize the impact of this change. We participate in a number of trustee-managed multiemployer pension and health and welfare plans for employees covered under collective bargaining agreements. Our contributions to these plans are determined in accordance with the respective collective bargaining agreements. We recognize expense for the contractually required contribution for each period, and we recognize a liability for any contributions due and unpaid (included in “other current liabilities”). Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for on an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, we generally consider all expected future events other than proposed changes in the tax law or rates. Valuation allowances are provided if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Once it is determined that the position meets the recognition threshold, the second step requires us to estimate and measure the largest amount of tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The difference between the amount of recognizable tax benefit and the total amount of tax benefit from positions filed or to be filed with the tax authorities is recorded as a liability for uncertain tax benefits. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we have to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We reevaluate uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. Such a change in recognition or measurement could result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision. In January 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") released guidance on the accounting for tax on the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). The GILTI provisions impose U.S. tax on certain foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The guidance indicates that either accounting for deferred taxes related to GILTI inclusions or treating any taxes on GILTI inclusions as period costs are both acceptable methods subject to an accounting policy election. We elect to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as period costs. Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement We translate the results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries using average exchange rates during each period, whereas balance sheet accounts are translated using exchange rates at the end of each period. Balance sheet currency translation adjustments are recorded in AOCI. Pre-tax foreign currency transaction gains (losses) from remeasurement, net of hedging, included in investment income (expense) and other were $(19), $3 and $5 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation All share-based awards to employees are measured based on their fair values and expensed over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award (the vesting period), less estimated forfeitures. We issue employee share-based awards under the UPS Incentive Compensation Plan that are subject to specific vesting conditions; including service conditions, where the awards cliff vest or vest ratably over a three or five year period (the "nominal vesting period”) or at the date the employee retires (as defined by the plan), if earlier. Compensation cost is generally recognized immediately for awards granted to retirement-eligible employees, or over the period from the grant date to the date retirement eligibility is achieved, if that is expected to occur during the nominal vesting period. We estimate forfeiture rates based on historical rates of forfeitures for awards with similar characteristics, historical rates of employee turnover and the nature and terms of the vesting conditions of the awards. We reevaluate our forfeiture rates on an annual basis. Fair Value Measurements Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy. Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are based on other observable market data, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rates and yield curves. Level 3 inputs are developed from unobservable data reflecting our own assumptions, and include situations where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability. Certain non-financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including property, plant, and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets. These assets are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis; however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of an impairment. A general description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is included in each footnote with fair value measurements present. For acquisitions, we allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired customers, acquired technology and trade names from a market participant perspective, useful lives and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, which is one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings. Derivative Instruments All financial derivative instruments are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Derivatives not designated as hedges must be adjusted to fair value through income. If a derivative is designated as a hedge, changes in its fair value that are considered to be effective, as defined, either (depending on the nature of the hedge) offset the change in fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities or firm commitments through income, or are recorded in AOCI until the hedged item is recorded in income. Any portion of a change in a hedge’s fair value that is considered to be ineffective, or is excluded from the measurement of effectiveness, is recorded immediately in income. Adoption of New Accounting Standards In May 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standards update ("ASU") that changes the revenue recognition for companies that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services ("Revenue from Contracts with Customers"). The standard is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner depicting the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB has also issued a number of updates to this standard. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of this ASU using the full retrospective method. See note 2 for required disclosures pertaining to the new ASU. In January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU which addresses certain aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. This accounting standards update does not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that simplifies the income tax accounting and cash flow presentation related to share-based compensation by requiring the recognition of all excess tax benefits and deficiencies directly on the income statement and classification as cash flows from operating activities on the statement of cash flows. This new guidance became effective for us in the first quarter of 2017 and we adopted the statements of consolidated cash flows and statements of consolidated income presentation on a prospective basis. The impact to income tax expense in the statements of consolidated income was a benefit of $38 and $71 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, we have elected to continue estimating forfeitures expected to occur to determine the amount of compensation cost to be recognized each period. In August 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that addresses the classification and presentation of specific cash flow issues that resulted in diverse practices. The guidance also clarifies how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The guidance was applied retrospectively. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. This standard did not have a material impact on our statements of consolidated cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that is intended to reduce diversity in practice by adding or clarifying guidance on classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows ("Restricted Cash"). Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of this ASU retrospectively. As a result of this update, restricted cash is included within cash and cash equivalents on our statements of consolidated cash flows. In March 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost ("Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost"). The update requires employers to report the current service cost component in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented separately from service cost and outside of income from operations. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of this ASU retrospectively, as required. As a result of this update, the net amount of interest cost, prior service cost and expected return on plan assets is now presented as other income. In May 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to provide clarity and reduce complexity on when to apply modification accounting to existing share-based payment awards. The guidance will be applied prospectively. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. This accounting standards update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In February 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). Effective January 1, 2018, we early adopted this ASU and elected to reclassify the income tax effects of the Tax Act from AOCI to retained earnings. This resulted in a $735 million increase to retained earnings and a $735 million decrease to AOCI. Our current accounting policy for releasing income tax effects from other comprehensive income is based on a portfolio approach. In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. The update eliminates the disclosures for amounts in AOCI expected to be recognized as components of net periodic cost over the next fiscal year and the effects of a one-percentage-point change in the assumed healthcare cost trend rate. The update adds disclosure requirements to include the weighted-average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans and a narrative description of the significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. We have early adopted this standard for the year ended 2018 with retrospective application. This accounting standards update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We have recast our consolidated financial statements from amounts previously reported due to the adoption of new revenue recognition, pension and restricted cash standards. Impacted consolidated balance sheet line items, which reflect the adoption of the new ASUs, are as follows (in millions):
| December 31, 2017
| As previously reported |  | Adjustments (a) |  | Adjustments (b) |  | Adjustments (c) |  | As Recast
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets | $ | 1,133 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,303 |
Total current assets | 15,548 |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,718 |
Deferred income tax assets | 265 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 266 |
Total Assets | $ | 45,403 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,574 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 3,872 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,934 |
Accrued wages and withholdings | 2,521 |  |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,608 |
Other current liabilities(1) | 905 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 934 |
Total current liabilities | 12,708 |  |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,886 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 757 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 756 |
Shareowners' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retained earnings | 5,858 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,852 |
Total Shareowners' Equity | 1,030 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,024 |
Total Liabilities and Shareowners' Equity | $ | 45,403 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,574 |
(1) The caption "Other current liabilities" was presented separately from "Hedge margin liabilities" of $17 million in the Form 10-K at December 31, 2017. These captions have been collapsed in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included within this Form 10-K. (a) Recast to reflect the adoption of Revenue from Contracts with Customers. (b) Recast to reflect the adoption of Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. (c) Recast to reflect the adoption of Restricted Cash. The unaudited consolidated statements of operations, which reflects the adoption of the new ASUs, are as follows (in millions):
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2016
| As Previously Reported |  | Adjustments (a) |  | Adjustments (b) |  | Adjustments (c) |  | As Recast
Revenue | $ | 60,906 |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,610 |
Operating Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 34,770 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | 32,534 |
Repairs and maintenance | 1,538 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,542 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,224 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,224 |
Purchased transportation | 9,129 |  |  | 719 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,848 |
Fuel | 2,118 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,118 |
Other occupancy | 1,037 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,037 |
Other expenses | 4,623 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,619 |
Total Operating Expenses | 55,439 |  |  | 719 |  |  | (2,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | 53,922 |
Operating Profit | 5,467 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 2,236 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,688 |
Other Income and (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income (expense) and other | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,186 | )
Interest expense | (381 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (381 | )
Total Other Income and (Expense) | (331 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,567 | )
Income Before Income Taxes | 5,136 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,121 |
Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | 1,705 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,699 |
Net Income | $ | 3,431 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,422 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 3.89 |  |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.88 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | $ | 3.87 |  |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.86 |
(a) Recast to reflect the adoption of Revenue from Contracts with Customers. (b) Recast to reflect the adoption of Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. (c) Recast to reflect the adoption of Restricted Cash.
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2017
| As Previously Reported |  | Adjustments (a) |  | Adjustments (b) |  | Adjustments (c) |  | As Recast
Revenue | $ | 65,872 |  |  | $ | 713 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,585 |
Operating Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 34,588 |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | 34,577 |
Repairs and maintenance | 1,600 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,601 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,282 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,282 |
Purchased transportation | 10,989 |  |  | 707 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,696 |
Fuel | 2,690 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,690 |
Other occupancy | 1,155 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,155 |
Other expenses | 5,039 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,055 |
Total Operating Expenses | 58,343 |  |  | 724 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | 59,056 |
Operating Profit | 7,529 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,529 |
Other Income and (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income (expense) and other | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | 61 |
Interest expense | (453 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (453 | )
Total Other Income and (Expense) | (381 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | (392 | )
Income Before Income Taxes | 7,148 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,137 |
Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | 2,238 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,232 |
Net Income | $ | 4,910 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,905 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 5.64 |  |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.63 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | $ | 5.61 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.61 |
(a) Recast to reflect the adoption of Revenue from Contracts with Customers. (b) Recast to reflect the adoption of Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. (c) Recast to reflect the adoption of Restricted Cash. The unaudited impacted consolidated statement of cash flows line items, which reflect the adoption of the new ASUs, are as follows (in millions):
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2016
| As Previously Reported |  | Adjustments (a) |  | Adjustments (b) |  | Adjustments (c) |  | As Recast
Net Income | $ | 3,431 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,422 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense | 123 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Other assets | (14 | ) |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Accounts payable | 461 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 460 |
Accrued wages and withholdings | 109 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |
Other liabilities | (561 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (546 | )
Cash flows from operating activities | 6,473 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,473 |
Purchase of marketable securities | (4,816 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (4,813 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (2,566 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (2,563 | )
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 746 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 749 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of period | 2,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | 3,172 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period | $ | 3,476 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | 3,921 |
(a) Recast to reflect the adoption of Revenue from Contracts with Customers. (b) Recast to reflect the adoption of Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. (c) Recast to reflect the adoption of Restricted Cash.
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017
| As Previously Reported |  | Adjustments (a) |  | Adjustments (b) |  | Adjustments (c) |  | As Recast
Net Income | $ | 4,910 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,905 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense | 1,230 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,224 |
Other assets | (982 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (984 | )
Accounts payable | 592 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 599 |
Accrued wages and withholdings | 193 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |
Other liabilities | (241 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (243 | )
Other operating activities | 47 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48 |
Cash flows from operating activities | 1,479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,479 |
Purchase of marketable securities | (1,634 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1,630 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (4,975 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (4,971 | )
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (156 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (152 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of period | 3,476 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 445 |  |  | 3,921 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period | $ | 3,320 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | 3,769 |
(a) Recast to reflect the adoption of Revenue from Contracts with Customers. (b) Recast to reflect the adoption of Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. (c) Recast to reflect the adoption of Restricted Cash. Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective In August 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to enhance recognition of the economic results of hedging activities in the financial statements. In addition, this update makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance and increase transparency regarding the scope and results of hedging activities. The guidance will generally be applied prospectively and becomes effective for us in the first quarter of 2019, but early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating this update to determine the full impact of its adoption but do not expect this accounting standards update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to require the premium on callable debt securities to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amortization period for callable debt securities purchased at a discount would not be impacted by the proposed update. Under current GAAP, premiums on callable debt securities are generally amortized over the contractual life of the security. Only in cases when an entity has a large number of similar securities is it allowed to consider estimates of principal prepayments. Amortization of the premium over the contractual life of the instrument can result in losses being recorded for the unamortized premium if the issuer exercises the call feature prior to maturity. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2019, but early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating this update to determine the full impact of its adoption but do not expect this accounting standards update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. The update removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2020, but early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating this update to determine the full impact of its adoption but do not expect this accounting standards update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on their balance sheet for all leases with terms beyond twelve months. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosures that will provided more transparency and information to financial statement users about our lease portfolio. Although the distinction between operating and finance leases will continue to exist under the new standard, the recognition and measurement of expenses and cash flows will not change significantly from current treatment. For finance leases, lessees will continue to recognize interest expense on the lease liability using the effective yield method, while the right-of-use asset will be amortized on a straight-line basis. For operating leases, expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis, consistent with the previous standard. We will adopt this ASU on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach and will not restate comparative periods. We are substantially complete with our implementation plan. We plan to elect the transition package of three practical expedients permitted within the standard. In accordance with the package of practical expedients, we will not reassess initial direct costs, lease classification, or whether our contracts contain or are leases. We also made an accounting policy election to not recognize right-of-use assets and liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less, unless the leases include options to renew or purchase the underlying asset that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Based on our lease portfolio as of December 31, 2018, we plan to recognize an operating lease liability and related right-of-use asset on our balance sheet of approximately $2.6 billion, which represents the present value of our future minimum lease payments related to operating leases, primarily related to leases of real estate and aircraft. We do not anticipate material changes to our income statement or our statement of cash flows.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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