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Table of Contents
United States
Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019 or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-15451
_____________________________________
United Parcel Service, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  | 58-2480149
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
55 Glenlake Parkway NE |  |  |
Atlanta, | Georgia |  |  | 30328
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

(404) 828-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
____________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | UPS |  | New York Stock Exchange
Floating-Rate Senior Notes due 2020 |  | UPS20A |  | New York Stock Exchange
1.625% Senior Notes due 2025 |  | UPS25 |  | New York Stock Exchange
1% Senior Notes due 2028 |  | UPS28 |  | New York Stock Exchange
0.375% Senior Notes due 2023 |  | UPS23A |  | New York Stock Exchange
1.500% Senior Notes due 2032 |  | UPS32 |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Check one:

Large accelerated filer | x | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
There were 160,370,017 Class A shares, and 698,334,960 Class B shares, with a par value of $0.01 per share, outstanding at July 16, 2019.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
| Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements | 1
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 2
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 2
| Statements of Consolidated Income | 3
| Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 3
| Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows | 4
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
| Note 1—Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies | 5
| Note 2—Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 6
| Note 3—Revenue Recognition | 7
| Note 4—Stock-Based Compensation | 10
| Note 5—Cash and Investments | 12
| Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment | 15
| Note 7—Employee Benefit Plans | 16
| Note 8—Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 18
| Note 9—Debt and Financing Arrangements | 19
| Note 10—Leases | 22
| Note 11—Legal Proceedings | 26
| Note 12—Shareowners’ Equity | 28
| Note 13—Segment Information | 34
| Note 14—Earnings Per Share | 35
| Note 15—Derivative Instruments and Risk Management | 36
| Note 16—Income Taxes | 42
| Note 17— Transformation Strategy | 42
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 43
| Overview | 43
| Items Affecting Comparability | 44
| Results of Operations - Segment Review | 45
| U.S. Domestic Package Operations | 46
| International Package Operations | 49
| Supply Chain & Freight Operations | 52
| Consolidated Operating Expenses | 54
| Other Income and (Expense) | 57
| Income Tax Expense | 58
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 58
| Net Cash From Operating Activities | 59
| Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | 60
| Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | 61
| Sources of Credit | 62
| Guarantees and Other Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 62
| Legal Proceedings and Contingencies | 62
| Collective Bargaining Agreements | 62
| Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 62
| Rate Adjustments | 62
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 63
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 64
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 65
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 65
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 65
Item 6. | Exhibits | 66

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements
This report, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements other than those of current or historical fact, and all statements accompanied by terms such as “believe,” “project,” “expect,” “estimate,” “assume,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “target,” “plan,” and variations thereof and similar terms, are intended to be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made subject to the safe harbor provisions of the federal securities laws pursuant to Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
From time to time, we also include forward-looking statements in other publicly disclosed materials. Such statements may relate to our intent, belief and current expectations about our strategic direction, prospects and future results, and give our current expectations or forecasts of future events; they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made. However, caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements because such statements speak only as of the date when made.
Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: changes in general economic conditions, in the U.S. or internationally; significant competition on a local, regional, national and international basis; changes in our relationships with our significant customers; changes in the complex and stringent regulation in the U.S. and internationally (including tax laws and regulations); increased physical or data security requirements that may increase our costs of operations and reduce operating efficiencies; legal, regulatory or market responses to global climate change; results from the negotiation and ratification of labor contracts; strikes, work stoppages or slowdowns by our employees; the effects of changing prices of energy, including gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, and interruptions in supplies of these commodities; changes in exchange rates or interest rates; uncertainty from the expected discontinuance of LIBOR and transition to any other interest rate benchmark; our ability to maintain the image of our brand; breaches in data security; disruptions to the Internet or our technology infrastructure; interruptions in our business from natural or man-made disasters including terrorism; our ability to accurately forecast our future capital investment needs; exposure to changing economic, political and social developments in international and emerging markets; changes in business strategy, government regulations, or economic or market conditions that may result in substantial impairment of our assets; increases in our expenses or funding obligations relating to employee health, retiree health and/or pension benefits; potential additional tax liabilities in the U.S. or internationally; the potential for various claims and litigation related to labor and employment, personal injury, property damage, business practices, environmental liability and other matters; our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from acquisitions, joint ventures or strategic alliances; our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from our transformation initiatives; cyclical and seasonal fluctuations in our operating results; our ability to manage insurance and claims expenses; and other risks discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 and subsequently filed reports. You should consider the limitations on, and risks associated with, forward-looking statements and not unduly rely on the accuracy of predictions contained in such forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances, changes in expectations, or the occurrence of unanticipated events after the date of those statements, except as required by law.
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Item 1. Financial Statements
UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
June 30, 2019 (unaudited) and December 31, 2018 (In millions)

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,072 |  |  | $ | 4,225 |
Marketable securities | 725 |  |  | 810 |
Accounts receivable, net | 8,071 |  |  | 8,958 |
Current income taxes receivable | 601 |  |  | 940 |
Other current assets | 1,374 |  |  | 1,277 |
Total Current Assets | 14,843 |  |  | 16,210 |
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net | 28,095 |  |  | 26,576 |
Operating Lease Right-Of-Use Assets | 2,477 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 3,811 |  |  | 3,811 |
Intangible Assets, Net | 2,121 |  |  | 2,075 |
Investments and Restricted Cash | 168 |  |  | 170 |
Deferred Income Tax Assets | 143 |  |  | 141 |
Other Non-Current Assets | 1,129 |  |  | 1,033 |
Total Assets | $ | 52,787 |  |  | $ | 50,016 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREOWNERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt, commercial paper and finance leases | $ | 2,952 |  |  | $ | 2,805 |
Current maturities of operating leases | 487 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable | 4,291 |  |  | 5,188 |
Accrued wages and withholdings | 2,743 |  |  | 3,047 |
Self-insurance reserves | 790 |  |  | 810 |
Accrued group welfare and retirement plan contributions | 735 |  |  | 715 |
Other current liabilities | 1,635 |  |  | 1,522 |
Total Current Liabilities | 13,633 |  |  | 14,087 |
Long-Term Debt and Finance Leases | 20,427 |  |  | 19,931 |
Non-Current Operating Leases | 2,026 |  |  | — |
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Obligations | 7,524 |  |  | 8,347 |
Deferred Income Tax Liabilities | 1,947 |  |  | 1,619 |
Self-Insurance Reserves | 1,493 |  |  | 1,571 |
Other Non-Current Liabilities | 1,314 |  |  | 1,424 |
Shareowners’ Equity: |  |  |
Class A common stock (161 and 163 shares issued in 2019 and 2018, respectively) | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Class B common stock (698 and 696 shares issued in 2019 and 2018, respectively) | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Additional paid-in capital | 102 |  |  | — |
Retained earnings | 9,109 |  |  | 8,006 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (4,815 | ) |  | (4,994 | )
Deferred compensation obligations | 25 |  |  | 32 |
Less: Treasury stock (0.4 shares in 2019 and 0.6 shares in 2018) | (25 | ) |  | (32 | )
Total Equity for Controlling Interests | 4,405 |  |  | 3,021 |
Noncontrolling interests | 18 |  |  | 16 |
Total Shareowners’ Equity | 4,423 |  |  | 3,037 |
Total Liabilities and Shareowners’ Equity | $ | 52,787 |  |  | $ | 50,016 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME
(In millions, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue | $ | 18,048 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | $ | 35,208 |  |  | $ | 34,569 |
Operating Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 9,299 |  |  | 9,024 |  |  | 18,616 |  |  | 18,069 |
Repairs and maintenance | 473 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 857 |
Depreciation and amortization | 575 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 1,143 |  |  | 1,138 |
Purchased transportation | 3,000 |  |  | 3,209 |  |  | 5,966 |  |  | 6,354 |
Fuel | 857 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 1,627 |  |  | 1,602 |
Other occupancy | 322 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 682 |
Other expenses | 1,379 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | 2,719 |  |  | 2,574 |
Total Operating Expenses | 15,905 |  |  | 15,683 |  |  | 31,671 |  |  | 31,276 |
Operating Profit | 2,143 |  |  | 1,773 |  |  | 3,537 |  |  | 3,293 |
Other Income and (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income and other | 220 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 596 |
Interest expense | (159 | ) |  | (149 | ) |  | (328 | ) |  | (302 | )
Total Other Income and (Expense) | 61 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 294 |
Income Before Income Taxes | 2,204 |  |  | 1,926 |  |  | 3,644 |  |  | 3,587 |
Income Tax Expense | 519 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 848 |  |  | 757 |
Net Income | $ | 1,685 |  |  | $ | 1,485 |  |  | $ | 2,796 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 3.23 |  |  | $ | 3.27 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 3.22 |  |  | $ | 3.25 |

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In millions)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net Income | $ | 1,685 |  |  | $ | 1,485 |  |  | $ | 2,796 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax | (33 | ) |  | (78 | ) |  | 20 |  |  | (84 | )
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | (3 | )
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax | (12 | ) |  | 332 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 266 |
Change in unrecognized pension and postretirement benefit costs, net of tax | 43 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 77 |
Comprehensive Income | $ | 1,688 |  |  | $ | 1,777 |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  | $ | 3,086 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS
(In millions)
(unaudited)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 2,796 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,143 |  |  | 1,138 |
Pension and postretirement benefit expense | 376 |  |  | 308 |
Pension and postretirement benefit contributions | (1,108 | ) |  | (92 | )
Self-insurance reserves | (98 | ) |  | (66 | )
Deferred tax (benefit) expense | 275 |  |  | 142 |
Stock compensation expense | 513 |  |  | 378 |
Other (gains) losses | 108 |  |  | 180 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business acquisitions: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 817 |  |  | 1,270 |
Other assets | 398 |  |  | 1,345 |
Accounts payable | (782 | ) |  | (260 | )
Accrued wages and withholdings | (256 | ) |  | (9 | )
Other liabilities | 57 |  |  | 22 |
Other operating activities | (32 | ) |  | 14 |
Net cash from operating activities | 4,207 |  |  | 7,200 |
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (2,861 | ) |  | (2,849 | )
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment | 6 |  |  | 35 |
Purchases of marketable securities | (383 | ) |  | (446 | )
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 480 |  |  | 453 |
Net (increase) decrease in finance receivables | 8 |  |  | (4 | )
Cash paid for business acquisitions, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | (1 | ) |  | (2 | )
Other investing activities | (96 | ) |  | (7 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (2,847 | ) |  | (2,820 | )
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: |  |  |
Net change in short-term debt | (51 | ) |  | 68 |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 2,653 |  |  | 513 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings | (1,988 | ) |  | (2,014 | )
Purchases of common stock | (503 | ) |  | (521 | )
Issuances of common stock | 129 |  |  | 125 |
Dividends | (1,599 | ) |  | (1,507 | )
Other financing activities | (175 | ) |  | (271 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (1,534 | ) |  | (3,607 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | 23 |  |  | (51 | )
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | (151 | ) |  | 722 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash: |  |  |
Beginning of period | 4,367 |  |  | 3,769 |
End of period | $ | 4,216 |  |  | $ | 4,491 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
In our opinion, the accompanying interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. These interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary to present fairly our financial position as of June 30, 2019, our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The results reported in these interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statements should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other period or the entire year. The interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, finance receivables and accounts payable approximate fair value as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The fair values of our investment securities are disclosed in note 5, our recognized multiemployer pension withdrawal liabilities in note 7, our short and long-term debt in note 9 and our derivative instruments in note 15. We utilized Level 1 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of our cash and cash equivalents, and Level 2 inputs to determine the fair value of our accounts receivable, finance receivables and accounts payable.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the accompanying interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the date of the interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared on the basis of the most current and best information and actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
For interim, unaudited, consolidated financial statement purposes, we provide for accruals under our various employee benefit plans for each three month period based on one quarter of the estimated annual expense.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued accounting standards update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on their balance sheet for all leases with terms beyond twelve months. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosures that provide more transparency and information to financial statement users about lease portfolios. Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted the requirements of this ASU using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption on January 1, 2019 resulted in the recognition of right-of-use assets for operating leases of approximately $2.65 billion and operating lease liabilities of approximately $2.70 billion. The consolidated financial statements for the period ended June 30, 2019 are presented under the new standard, while comparative periods presented have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the previous standard.
We elected the transition package of practical expedients permitted within the standard. In accordance with the package of practical expedients, we did not reassess initial direct costs, lease classification, or whether our contracts contain or are leases. We also made an accounting policy election to not recognize right-of-use assets and liabilities for leases with an original lease term of twelve months or less, unless the leases include options to renew or purchase the underlying asset that are reasonably certain to be exercised. See note 10 for additional disclosures required by this ASU.
In March 2017, the FASB issued an ASU requiring the premium on callable debt securities to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amortization period for callable debt securities purchased at a discount is not impacted by the update. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2019. It did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In August 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to enhance recognition of the economic results of hedging activities in the financial statements. In addition, this update makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance and increase transparency regarding the scope and results of hedging activities. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2019. It did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows but did require additional disclosures. See note 15 for required disclosures pertaining to this ASU.
For accounting standards adopted in the period ended June 30, 2018, refer to note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Other accounting pronouncements adopted during the periods covered by the consolidated financial statements did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective
In June 2016, the FASB issued an ASU introducing an expected credit loss methodology for the measurement of financial assets not accounted for at fair value. The methodology replaces the probable, incurred loss model for those assets. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2020. We are evaluating the full impact of its adoption on our consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting environment, but do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. The update removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Under this ASU, goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2020. We continue to evaluate this update to determine the full impact of its adoption but do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Other accounting pronouncements issued, but not effective until after June 30, 2019, are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 3. REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenue Recognition
Substantially all of our revenues are from contracts associated with the pick-up, transportation and delivery of packages and freight (“transportation services”), whether carried out by or arranged by UPS, both domestically and internationally, which generally occurs over a short period of time. Additionally, we provide value-added logistics services to customers through our global network of company-owned and leased distribution centers and field stocking locations, both domestically and internationally.
Disaggregation of Revenue

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next Day Air |  | $ | 2,173 |  |  | $ | 1,830 |  |  | $ | 4,014 |  |  | $ | 3,614 |
Deferred |  | 1,157 |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | 2,246 |  |  | 2,149 |
Ground |  | 7,820 |  |  | 7,444 |  |  | 15,370 |  |  | 14,818 |
U.S. Domestic Package |  | 11,150 |  |  | 10,354 |  |  | 21,630 |  |  | 20,581 |
Domestic |  | 690 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 1,380 |  |  | 1,416 |
Export |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,747 |  |  | 5,299 |  |  | 5,419 |
Cargo & Other |  | 147 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 300 |
International Package |  | 3,505 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  | 6,964 |  |  | 7,135 |
Forwarding |  | 1,496 |  |  | 1,659 |  |  | 2,912 |  |  | 3,264 |
Logistics |  | 833 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 1,665 |  |  | 1,566 |
Freight |  | 861 |  |  | 853 |  |  | 1,634 |  |  | 1,630 |
Other |  | 203 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 403 |  |  | 393 |
Supply Chain & Freight |  | 3,393 |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 6,614 |  |  | 6,853 |
Consolidated revenue |  | $ | 18,048 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | $ | 35,208 |  |  | $ | 34,569 |

We account for a contract when both parties have approved the contract and are committed to perform their obligations, the rights of the parties and payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.
Performance Obligations
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the basis of revenue recognition in accordance with U.S. GAAP. To determine the proper revenue recognition method for contracts, we evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as one single contract and whether the combined or single contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. This evaluation requires judgment, and the decision to combine a group of contracts or separate the combined or single contract into multiple performance obligations could change the amount of revenue and profit recorded in a given period. Within most of our contracts, the customer contracts with us to provide distinct services, such as transportation services. The vast majority of our contracts with customers for transportation services include only one performance obligation; the transportation services themselves. However, if a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, we allocate the total transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. We frequently sell standard transportation services with observable standalone sales prices. In these instances, the observable standalone sales are used to determine the standalone selling price.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In certain business units, such as Logistics, we sell customized, customer-specific solutions in which we provide a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components into a single capability (even if that single capability results in the delivery of multiple units). Hence, the entire contract is accounted for as one performance obligation. In these cases we typically use the expected cost plus a margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation.
Satisfaction of Performance Obligations
We generally recognize revenue over time as we perform the services in the contract because of the continuous transfer of control to the customer. Our customers receive the benefit of our services as the goods are transported from one location to another. Further, if we were unable to complete delivery to the final location, another entity would not need to reperform the transportation service already performed.
As control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. We use the cost-to-cost measure of progress for our package delivery contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues, including ancillary or accessorial fees and reductions for estimated customer incentives, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill include labor and other direct costs and an allocation of indirect costs. For our freight and freight forwarding contracts, an output method of progress based on time-in-transit is utilized as the timing of costs incurred does not best depict the transfer of control to the customer. In our Logistics business we have a right to consideration from customers in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customers of our performance completed to date, and as such we recognize revenue in the amount to which we have a right to invoice the customer.
Variable Consideration
It is common for our contracts to contain customer incentives, guaranteed service refunds or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. These variable amounts are generally dependent upon achievement of certain incentive tiers or performance metrics. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We include estimated amounts of revenue, which may be reduced by incentives or other contract provisions, in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based on an assessment of anticipated customer spending and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us.
Contract Modifications
Contracts are often modified to account for changes in the rates we charge our customers or to add additional distinct services. We consider contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new, or changes the existing, enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications that add additional distinct goods or services are treated as separate contracts. Contract modifications that do not add distinct goods or services typically change the price of existing services. These contract modifications are accounted for prospectively as the remaining performance obligations are distinct.
Payment Terms
Under the typical payment terms of our customer contracts, the customer pays at periodic intervals (i.e., every 14 days, 30 days, 45 days, etc.) for shipments included on invoices received. Invoices are generated each week on the week-ending day, which is Saturday for the majority of our U.S. Domestic Package business, but could be another day depending on the business unit or the specific agreement with the customer. It is not customary business practice to extend payment terms past 90 days, and as such, we do not have a practice of including a significant financing component within our revenue contracts with customers.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Principal vs. Agent Considerations
In our transportation businesses, we utilize independent contractors and third-party carriers in the performance of some transportation services. U.S. GAAP requires us to evaluate, using a control model, whether our businesses themselves promise to transfer services to the customer (as the principal) or to arrange for services to be provided by another party (as the agent). Based on our evaluation of the control model, we determined that all of our major businesses act as the principal rather than the agent within their revenue arrangements. Revenue and the associated purchased transportation costs are both reported on a gross basis within our statements of consolidated income.
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, net, include amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value. Losses on accounts receivable are recognized when they are incurred, which requires us to make our best estimate of the probable losses inherent in our customer receivables at each balance sheet date. These estimates require consideration of historical loss experience, adjusted for current conditions, trends in customer payment frequency, and judgments about the probable effects of relevant observable data, including present economic conditions and the financial health of specific customers and market sectors. Our risk management process includes standards and policies for reviewing major account exposures and concentrations of risk. Our total provision for doubtful accounts charged to expense before recoveries during the quarters ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $68 and $29 million, respectively, and $105 and $41 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets include billed and unbilled amounts resulting from in-transit packages, as we have an unconditional right to payment only once all performance obligations have been completed (i.e., packages have been delivered), and our right to payment is not solely based on the passage of time. Amounts may not exceed their net realizable value. Contract assets are generally classified as current and the full balance is converted each quarter based on the short-term nature of the transactions.
Contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue as well as deferred revenue. Advance payments and billings in excess of revenue represent payments received from our customers that will be earned over the contract term. Deferred revenue represents the amount of consideration due from customers related to in-transit shipments that has not yet been recognized as revenue based on our selected measure of progress. We classify advance payments and billings in excess of revenue as either current or long-term, depending on the period over which the advance payment will be earned. We classify deferred revenue as current based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue, which typically occurs within a short window after period-end. The full balance of deferred revenue is converted each quarter based on the short-term nature of the transactions. Our contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. In order to determine revenue recognized in the period from contract liabilities, we first allocate revenue to the individual contract liability balance outstanding at the beginning of the period until the revenue exceeds that deferred revenue balance.
Contract assets related to in-transit packages were $174 and $234 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, net of deferred revenue related to in-transit packages of $226 and $236 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Contract assets are included within "Other current assets" in the consolidated balance sheets. Short-term contract liabilities related to advanced payments from customers were $8 and $5 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Short-term contract liabilities are included within "Other current liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets. Long-term contract liabilities related to advanced payments from customers were $26 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Long-term contract liabilities are included within "Other Non-Current Liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We issue employee share-based awards under various incentive compensation plans, which permit the grant of non-qualified and incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, and restricted performance shares and performance units to eligible employees (restricted stock and stock units, restricted performance shares and performance units are herein referred to as "Restricted Units"). Upon vesting, Restricted Units result in the issuance of the equivalent number of UPS class A common shares after required tax withholdings. Dividends accrued on Restricted Units are reinvested in additional Restricted Units at each dividend payable date, and are subject to the same vesting and forfeiture conditions as the underlying Restricted Units upon which they are earned.
The primary compensation programs offered under the UPS Incentive Compensation Plan include the UPS Management Incentive Award program, the UPS Long-Term Incentive Performance Award program and the UPS Stock Option program. We also maintain an employee stock purchase plan which allows eligible employees to purchase shares of UPS class A common stock at a discount. Additionally, our matching contributions to the primary employee defined contribution savings plan are made in shares of UPS class A common stock.
Management Incentive Award Program ("MIP")
We award Restricted Units under MIP to certain eligible management employees. For Restricted Units granted under MIP prior to 2019, vesting generally occurs over a five-year period with approximately 20% of the award vesting on January 15th of each of the years following the grant date (except in the case of death or disability, in which case immediate vesting occurs). The entire grant is expensed on a straight-line basis (less estimated forfeitures) ratably over the requisite service period (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate expensing occurs). These historical awards will continue to vest through 2023.
Beginning with the MIP grant in the first quarter of 2019, Restricted Units vest one year following the grant date (except in the case of death or disability, in which case immediate vesting occurs). The entire grant is expensed on a straight-line basis (less estimated forfeitures) ratably over the requisite service period (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate expensing occurs).
Based on the date that the eligible management population and performance targets were approved for the 2018 MIP award (granted in the first quarter of 2019), we determined the award measurement dates to be February 6, 2019 (for U.S.-based employees other than management committee employees), February 14, 2019 (for management committee employees) and March 25, 2019 (for international-based employees); therefore, the Restricted Units awarded were valued for stock compensation expense purposes using the closing New York Stock Exchange price of $108.82, $111.80 and $106.90 on those dates, respectively.
Long-Term Incentive Performance Award Program ("LTIP")
We award Restricted Units under LTIP to certain eligible management employees. These Restricted Units generally vest at the end of a three-year period (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate vesting occurs on a prorated basis). The number of Restricted Units earned will be based on the percentage achievement of the performance targets established on the grant date. The performance targets are equally-weighted among consolidated operating return on invested capital ("ROIC"), growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue and total shareowner return ("RTSR") relative to a peer group of companies.
For the two-thirds of the award related to ROIC and growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue, we recognize the grant date fair value of these Restricted Units (less estimated forfeitures) as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period, based on the number of awards expected to be earned. The remaining one-third of the award related to RTSR is valued using a Monte Carlo model. We recognize the grant date fair value of this portion of the award (less estimated forfeitures) as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period.
Based on the date that the eligible management population and performance targets were approved for the 2019 LTIP award, we determined the award measurement date to be March 22, 2019; therefore, the target Restricted Units awarded for the ROIC and growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue portions of the award were valued for stock compensation expense using the closing New York Stock Exchange price of $107.35 on that date.
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The weighted-average assumptions used and the calculated weighted-average fair values of the RTSR portion of the LTIP awards granted in 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Risk-free interest rate | 2.24 | % |  | 2.61 | %
Expected volatility | 19.61 | % |  | 16.51 | %
Weighted-average fair value of units granted | $ | 123.40 |  |  | $ | 137.57 |
Share payout | 114.95 | % |  | 123.46 | %

There is no expected dividend yield as units earn dividend equivalents.
Non-Qualified Stock Options
We grant non-qualified stock option awards to a limited group of eligible senior management employees under the UPS Stock Option program. Stock option awards generally vest over a five-year period with approximately 20% of the award vesting at each anniversary of the grant date (except in the case of death or disability, in which case immediate vesting occurs). The options granted expire 10 years after the date of the grant. In the first quarter of 2019, we granted 0.3 million stock options at a grant price of $111.80, which is based on the closing New York Stock Exchange price on February 14, 2019. In the first quarter of 2018, we granted 0.3 million and 0.01 million stock options at a grant price of $106.43 and $104.45, respectively, which is based on the closing New York Stock Exchange price on March 1, 2018 and March 22, 2018, respectively.
The fair value of each option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions used and the calculated weighted-average fair values of options granted in 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Expected dividend yield | 2.93 | % |  | 2.93 | %
Risk-free interest rate | 2.60 | % |  | 2.84 | %
Expected life (in years) | 7.5 |  |  | 7.5 |
Expected volatility | 17.79 | % |  | 16.72 | %
Weighted-average fair value of options granted | $ | 16.39 |  |  | $ | 15.23 |

Compensation expense for share-based awards recognized in "Compensation and benefits" on the statements of consolidated income for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $205 and $139 million pre-tax, respectively. Compensation expense for share-based awards recognized in "Compensation and benefits" on the statements of consolidated income for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $513 and $378 million pre-tax, respectively.
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NOTE 5. CASH AND INVESTMENTS
The following is a summary of marketable securities classified as trading and available-for-sale as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in millions):

| Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
June 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current trading marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 114 |
Equity securities | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Total trading marketable securities | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Current available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency debt securities | 295 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 298 |
Mortgage and asset-backed debt securities | 69 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Corporate debt securities | 220 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 222 |
Non-U.S. government debt securities | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Total available-for-sale marketable securities | 603 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 609 |
Total current marketable securities | $ | 719 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 725 |
| Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current trading marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 137 |
Equity securities | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Total trading marketable securities | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |
Current available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency debt securities | 297 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 297 |
Mortgage and asset-backed debt securities | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 81 |
Corporate debt securities | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 273 |
Non-U.S. government debt securities | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Total available-for-sale marketable securities | 674 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 671 |
Total current marketable securities | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 810 |

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Investment Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
We have concluded that no material other-than-temporary impairment losses existed as of June 30, 2019. In making this determination, we considered the financial condition and prospects of the issuer, the magnitude of the losses compared with the investments’ cost, the probability that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security, the credit rating of the security and our ability and intent to hold these investments until the anticipated recovery in market value occurs.
Maturity Information
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of marketable securities at June 30, 2019, by contractual maturity, are shown below (in millions). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

| Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 147 |
Due after one year through three years | 472 |  |  | 474 |
Due after three years through five years | 21 |  |  | 22 |
Due after five years | 77 |  |  | 80 |
| 717 |  |  | 723 |
Equity securities | 2 |  |  | 2 |
| $ | 719 |  |  | $ | 725 |

Non-Current Investments and Restricted Cash
Non-current investments and restricted cash are primarily associated with our self-insurance programs. We entered into an escrow agreement with an insurance carrier to guarantee our self-insurance obligations. This agreement requires us to provide collateral to the insurance carrier, which is invested in various marketable securities and cash equivalents. Collateral provided is reflected in "Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash" in the statements of consolidated cash flows. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had $144 and $142 million, respectively, in self-insurance investments and restricted cash.
We held a $20 and $19 million investment in a variable life insurance policy to fund benefits for the UPS Excess Coordinating Benefit Plan at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The quarterly change in investment fair value is recognized in "Investment income and other" in the statements of consolidated income. Additionally, we held escrowed cash related to the acquisition and disposition of certain assets of $3 and $9 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The amounts described above are classified as “Investments and Restricted Cash” in the consolidated balance sheets.
A reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash from the consolidated balance sheets to the statements of consolidated cash flows is shown below (in millions):

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | June 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 4,072 |  |  | $ | 4,225 |  |  | $ | 4,214 |
Restricted cash |  | 144 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 277 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 4,216 |  |  | $ | 4,367 |  |  | $ | 4,491 |

Fair Value Measurements
Marketable securities valued utilizing Level 1 inputs include active exchange-traded equity securities and equity index funds, and most U.S. government debt securities, as these securities all have quoted prices in active markets. Marketable securities valued utilizing Level 2 inputs include asset-backed securities, corporate bonds and municipal bonds. These securities are valued using market corroborated pricing, matrix pricing or other models that utilize observable inputs such as yield curves.
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We maintain holdings in certain investment partnerships that are measured at fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs (classified as “Other non-current investments” in the tables below, and as “Other Non-Current Assets” in the consolidated balance sheets). These partnership holdings do not have quoted prices, nor can they be valued using inputs based on observable market data. These investments are valued internally using a discounted cash flow model with two significant inputs: (1) the after-tax cash flow projections for each partnership, and (2) a risk-adjusted discount rate consistent with the duration of the expected cash flows for each partnership. The weighted-average discount rates used to value these investments were 7.45% and 8.16% as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. These inputs, and the resulting fair values, are updated on a quarterly basis. The level 3 instruments measured on a recurring basis totaled $1 and $2 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The following table presents information about our investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value (in millions):

| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance
June 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency debt securities | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 298 |
Mortgage and asset-backed debt securities | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 336 |  |  | — |  |  | 336 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Non-U.S. government debt securities | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Total marketable securities | 298 |  |  | 427 |  |  | — |  |  | 725 |
Other non-current investments | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 21 |
Total | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 427 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 746 |

December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency debt securities | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 297 |
Mortgage and asset-backed debt securities | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 410 |  |  | — |  |  | 410 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Non-U.S. government debt securities | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Total marketable securities | 297 |  |  | 513 |  |  | — |  |  | 810 |
Other non-current investments | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 21 |
Total | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 831 |

There were no transfers of investments between Level 1 and Level 2 during the six months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 6. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consists of the following (in millions):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Vehicles | $ | 9,975 |  |  | $ | 9,820 |
Aircraft | 17,908 |  |  | 17,499 |
Land | 2,073 |  |  | 2,000 |
Buildings | 4,890 |  |  | 4,808 |
Building and leasehold improvements | 4,531 |  |  | 4,323 |
Plant equipment | 12,165 |  |  | 11,833 |
Technology equipment | 2,160 |  |  | 2,093 |
Construction-in-progress | 2,847 |  |  | 2,112 |
| 56,549 |  |  | 54,488 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (28,454 | ) |  | (27,912 | )
| $ | 28,095 |  |  | $ | 26,576 |

As part of our ongoing investment in transformation, in 2018 we made prospective revisions to our estimates of useful lives for building improvements, vehicles and plant equipment which in general had the effect of lengthening the useful lives of these categories. In the second quarter of 2019, we made capital investments in property, plant and equipment, net of disposals and fully-depreciated assets, that resulted in an increase in depreciation expense of $95 million and a decrease in net income of $73 million or $0.08 per share on a basic and diluted basis. The increase in depreciation expense was offset by the effect of lengthening the useful lives of various asset categories, in the latter half of 2018, which resulted in a decrease in depreciation expense of $54 million and an increase in net income of $41 million or $0.05 per share on a basic and diluted basis. Combining both impacts resulted in a net increase of $41 million in depreciation expense, and a net decrease in net income of $32 million or $0.03 per share on both a basic and diluted basis.
For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the impact of our ongoing capital investments in property, plant and equipment, net of disposals and fully-depreciated assets, resulted in an increase in depreciation expense of $185 million and a decrease in net income of $142 million or $0.16 per share on a basic and diluted basis. The increase in depreciation expense was offset by the effect of lengthening the useful lives of various asset categories, in the latter half of 2018, which resulted in a decrease in depreciation expense of $181 million and an increase in net income of $139 million or $0.16 per share on a basic and diluted basis. Combining both impacts resulted in a net increase of $4 million in depreciation expense, and a decrease in net income of $3 million or $0.00 per share on both a basic and diluted basis.
We continually monitor our aircraft fleet utilization in light of current and projected volume levels, aircraft fuel prices and other factors. Additionally, we monitor all other property, plant and equipment categories for any indicators that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. No impairment charges on property, plant and equipment were recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018.
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NOTE 7. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Company-Sponsored Benefit Plans
Information about net periodic benefit cost for our company-sponsored pension and postretirement benefit plans is as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | U.S. Postretirement Medical Benefits |  | International Pension Benefits
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Three Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 415 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Interest cost | 517 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |
Expected return on assets | (783 | ) |  | (800 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (19 | )
Amortization of prior service cost | 55 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 8 |
| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | U.S. Postretirement Medical Benefits |  | International Pension Benefits
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Six Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 719 |  |  | $ | 831 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 32 |
Interest cost | 1,034 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |
Expected return on assets | (1,565 | ) |  | (1,601 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | (39 | )
Amortization of prior service cost | 109 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 16 |

During the first six months of 2019, we contributed $874 and $234 million to our company-sponsored pension and U.S. postretirement medical benefit plans, respectively. We currently expect to contribute approximately $1.2 billion and $10 million over the remainder of the year to the pension and U.S. postretirement medical benefit plans, respectively. Subject to market conditions, we continually evaluate opportunities for additional discretionary pension contributions.
The components of net periodic benefit cost other than current service cost are presented within “Investment income and other” in the statements of consolidated income.
Multiemployer Benefit Plans
We contribute to a number of multiemployer defined benefit and health and welfare plans under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover our union-represented employees. Our current collective bargaining agreements set forth the annual contribution increases allotted to the plans that we participate in, and we are in compliance with these contribution rates. These limitations on annual contribution rates will remain in effect throughout the terms of the existing collective bargaining agreements.
As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 we had $849 and $852 million, respectively, recorded in "Other Non-Current Liabilities" as well as $7 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, recorded in "Other current liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheets associated with our previous withdrawal from a multiemployer pension plan. This liability is payable in equal monthly installments over a remaining term of approximately 43 years. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for long-term financing of a similar maturity, the fair value of this withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $889 and $832 million, respectively. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of this liability.
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UPS was a contributing employer to the Central States Pension Fund (“CSPF”) until 2007 when we withdrew from the CSPF and fully funded our allocable share of unfunded vested benefits by paying a $6.1 billion withdrawal liability. Under a collective bargaining agreement with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (“IBT”), UPS agreed to provide coordinating benefits in the UPS/IBT Full Time Employee Pension Plan (“UPS/IBT Plan”) for UPS participants whose last employer was UPS and who had not retired as of January 1, 2008 (“the UPS Transfer Group”) in the event that benefits are lawfully reduced by the CSPF in the future consistent with the terms of our withdrawal agreement with the CSPF. Under our withdrawal agreement with the CSPF, benefits to the UPS Transfer Group cannot be reduced without our consent and can only be reduced in accordance with applicable law.
In December 2014, Congress passed the Multiemployer Pension Reform Act (“MPRA”). This change in law for the first time permitted multiemployer pension plans to reduce benefit payments to retirees, subject to specific guidelines in the statute and government approval. In September 2015, the CSPF submitted a proposed pension benefit reduction plan to the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”). In May 2016, Treasury rejected the proposed plan submitted by the CSPF. In the first quarter of 2018, Congress established a Joint Select Committee to develop a recommendation to improve the solvency of multiemployer plans and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”) before a November 30, 2018 deadline. While the Committee’s efforts failed to meet its deadline, the Committee made significant progress towards finding solutions that will address the long term solvency of multiemployer pension plans. UPS will continue to work with all stakeholders, including legislators and regulators, to implement an acceptable solution.
The CSPF has said that it believes a legislative solution to its funded status is necessary or that it will become insolvent in 2025, and we expect that the CSPF will continue to explore options to avoid insolvency. Numerous factors could affect the CSPF’s funded status and UPS’s potential obligation to pay coordinating benefits under the UPS/IBT Plan. Any obligation to pay coordinating benefits will be subject to a number of significant uncertainties, including whether the CSPF submits a revised MPRA filing and the terms thereof, or whether it otherwise seeks federal government assistance, as well as the terms of any applicable legislation, the extent to which benefits are paid by the PBGC and our ability to successfully defend legal positions we may take in the future under the MPRA, including the suspension ordering provisions, our withdrawal agreement and other applicable law.
We account for the potential obligation to pay coordinating benefits to the UPS Transfer Group under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 715- Compensation- Retirement Benefits (“ASC 715”), which requires us to provide a best estimate of various actuarial assumptions, including the eventual outcome of this matter, in measuring our pension benefit obligation at the December 31st measurement date. While we currently believe the most likely outcome to this matter and the broader systemic problems facing multiemployer pension plans is intervention by the federal government, ASC 715 does not permit anticipation of changes in law in making a best estimate of pension liabilities.
As such, our best estimate of the next most likely outcome at the December 31, 2018 measurement date was that the CSPF would submit and implement another benefit reduction plan under the MPRA during 2019. We believe any MPRA filing would be designed to forestall insolvency by reducing benefits to participants other than the UPS Transfer Group to the maximum extent permitted, and then reducing benefits to the UPS Transfer Group by a lesser amount.
We evaluated this outcome using a deterministic cash flow projection, reflecting updated estimated CSPF cash flows and investment earnings, the lack of legislative action and the absence of a MPRA filing by the CSPF. As a result, at the December 31, 2018 measurement date, the best estimate of our projected benefit obligation increased by $1.6 billion for coordinating benefits that may be required to be directly provided by the UPS/IBT Plan to the UPS Transfer Group.
The future value of this estimate will be influenced by the terms and timing of any MPRA filing, changes in our discount rate, rate of return on assets and other actuarial assumptions, presumed solvency of the PBGC, as well as potential solutions resulting from federal government intervention. Any such event may result in a decrease or an increase in the best estimate of our projected benefit obligation. If the uncertainties are not resolved, it is reasonably possible that our projected benefit obligation could increase by approximately $2.4 billion, resulting in a total obligation for coordinating benefits of approximately $4.0 billion as previously disclosed. If a future change in law occurs, it may be a significant event requiring an interim remeasurement of the UPS/IBT Plan at the date the law is enacted. We will continue to assess the impact of these uncertainties on our projected benefit obligation in accordance with ASC 715.
Collective Bargaining Agreements
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 283,000 employees employed under a national master agreement and various supplemental agreements with local unions affiliated with the Teamsters. The current National Master Agreement ("NMA") was ratified on April 28, 2019, and will expire on July 31, 2023. Most of the economic provisions of the NMA are retroactive to August 1, 2018, which is the effective date of the NMA. The UPS Freight business unit national master agreement was ratified on November 11, 2018.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have approximately 2,800 pilots who are employed under a collective bargaining agreement with the Independent Pilots Association ("IPA"), which becomes amendable on September 1, 2021.
We have approximately 1,400 airline mechanics who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement with Teamsters Local 2727 which becomes amendable November 1, 2023. In addition, approximately 3,100 of our auto and maintenance mechanics who are not employed under agreements with the Teamsters are employed under collective bargaining agreements with the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (“IAM”). On May 2, 2019, the IAM ratified a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on July 31, 2024.
NOTE 8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table indicates the allocation of goodwill by reportable segment as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in millions):

| U.S. Domestic Package |  | International Package |  | Supply Chain & Freight |  | Consolidated
December 31, 2018: | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 2,679 |  |  | $ | 3,811 |
Acquired | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Currency / Other | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | )
June 30, 2019: | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 418 |  |  | $ | 2,678 |  |  | $ | 3,811 |

The change in goodwill for both the International Package and Supply Chain & Freight segments was primarily due to the impact of changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar on the translation of non-U.S. Dollar goodwill balances.
The following is a summary of intangible assets as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in millions):

| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
June 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized software | $ | 3,898 |  |  | $ | (2,579 | ) |  | $ | 1,319 |
Licenses | 117 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 67 |
Franchise rights | 146 |  |  | (108 | ) |  | 38 |
Customer relationships | 735 |  |  | (253 | ) |  | 482 |
Trade name | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |
Trademarks, patents and other | 55 |  |  | (40 | ) |  | 15 |
Total Intangible Assets, Net | $ | 5,151 |  |  | $ | (3,030 | ) |  | $ | 2,121 |
December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized software | $ | 3,693 |  |  | $ | (2,478 | ) |  | $ | 1,215 |
Licenses | 117 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 81 |
Franchise rights | 145 |  |  | (105 | ) |  | 40 |
Customer relationships | 736 |  |  | (217 | ) |  | 519 |
Trade name | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |
Trademarks, patents and other | 52 |  |  | (31 | ) |  | 20 |
Total Intangible Assets, Net | $ | 4,943 |  |  | $ | (2,867 | ) |  | $ | 2,075 |

As of June 30, 2019, we had a trade name with a carrying value of $200 million and licenses with a carrying value of $4 million, which are deemed to be indefinite-lived intangible assets and are included in the table above.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 9. DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
The carrying value of our outstanding debt as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consists of the following (in millions):

| Principal Amount |  |  |  | Carrying Value
|  | Maturity |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Commercial paper | $ | 2,871 |  |  | 2019-2020 |  | $ | 2,871 |  |  | $ | 2,662 |
Fixed-rate senior notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
5.125% senior notes | 1,000 |  |  | 2019 |  | — |  |  | 998 |
3.125% senior notes | 1,500 |  |  | 2021 |  | 1,531 |  |  | 1,492 |
2.050% senior notes | 700 |  |  | 2021 |  | 698 |  |  | 698 |
2.450% senior notes | 1,000 |  |  | 2022 |  | 1,001 |  |  | 1,023 |
2.350% senior notes | 600 |  |  | 2022 |  | 598 |  |  | 597 |
2.500% senior notes | 1,000 |  |  | 2023 |  | 995 |  |  | 994 |
2.800% senior notes | 500 |  |  | 2024 |  | 497 |  |  | 496 |
2.400% senior notes | 500 |  |  | 2026 |  | 498 |  |  | 498 |
3.050% senior notes | 1,000 |  |  | 2027 |  | 992 |  |  | 991 |
3.400% senior notes | 750 |  |  | 2029 |  | 745 |  |  | — |
6.200% senior notes | 1,500 |  |  | 2038 |  | 1,483 |  |  | 1,482 |
4.875% senior notes | 500 |  |  | 2040 |  | 490 |  |  | 490 |
3.625% senior notes | 375 |  |  | 2042 |  | 368 |  |  | 368 |
3.400% senior notes | 500 |  |  | 2046 |  | 491 |  |  | 491 |
3.750% senior notes | 1,150 |  |  | 2047 |  | 1,136 |  |  | 1,136 |
4.250% senior notes | 750 |  |  | 2049 |  | 742 |  |  | — |
Floating-rate senior notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floating-rate senior notes | 350 |  |  | 2021 |  | 349 |  |  | 349 |
Floating-rate senior notes | 400 |  |  | 2022 |  | 399 |  |  | 399 |
Floating-rate senior notes | 500 |  |  | 2023 |  | 499 |  |  | 499 |
Floating-rate senior notes | 1,041 |  |  | 2049-2067 |  | 1,028 |  |  | 1,029 |
8.375% Debentures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
8.375% debentures | 424 |  |  | 2020 |  | 431 |  |  | 419 |
8.375% debentures | 276 |  |  | 2030 |  | 281 |  |  | 274 |
Pound Sterling notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
5.500% notes | 84 |  |  | 2031 |  | 84 |  |  | 84 |
5.125% notes | 578 |  |  | 2050 |  | 547 |  |  | 546 |
Euro senior notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0.375% notes | 797 |  |  | 2023 |  | 792 |  |  | 797 |
1.625% notes | 797 |  |  | 2025 |  | 792 |  |  | 798 |
1.000% notes | 569 |  |  | 2028 |  | 566 |  |  | 570 |
1.500% notes | 569 |  |  | 2032 |  | 565 |  |  | 569 |
Floating-rate senior notes | 569 |  |  | 2020 |  | 568 |  |  | 572 |
Canadian senior notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2.125% notes | 573 |  |  | 2024 |  | 570 |  |  | 548 |
Finance lease obligations | 445 |  |  | 2019-3005 |  | 445 |  |  | 534 |
Facility notes and bonds | 320 |  |  | 2029-2045 |  | 319 |  |  | 320 |
Other debt | 8 |  |  | 2019-2022 |  | 8 |  |  | 13 |
Total debt | $ | 24,496 |  |  |  |  | 23,379 |  |  | 22,736 |
Less: Current maturities |  |  |  |  | (2,952 | ) |  | (2,805 | )
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,427 |  |  | $ | 19,931 |

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Commercial Paper
We are authorized to borrow up to $10.0 billion under a U.S. commercial paper program and €5.0 billion (in a variety of currencies) under a European commercial paper program. We had the following amounts outstanding under these programs as of June 30, 2019: $1.917 billion with an average interest rate of 2.44% and €838 million ($954 million) with an average interest rate of -0.36%. As of June 30, 2019, we have classified the entire commercial paper balance as a current liability on our consolidated balance sheets.
Debt Classification
We have classified our 8.375% debentures due April 2020 with a principal balance of $424 million as long-term debt based on our intent and ability to refinance the debt as of June 30, 2019. We have classified certain floating-rate senior notes that are putable by the note holders as long-term debt, due to our intent and ability to refinance the debt if the put option is exercised by the note holders.
Debt Issuance
On March 13, 2019 we issued two series of notes, both in the principal amounts of $750 million. These fixed rate notes bear interest at the rates of 3.40% and 4.25% and will mature on March 15, 2029 and March 15, 2049, respectively. Interest on the fixed-rate senior notes is payable semi-annually, beginning September 2019. The 3.40% fixed-rate senior notes are callable at our option at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount, or the sum of the present values of remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest thereon discounted to the redemption date (three months prior to maturity) on a semi-annual basis at the discount rate of the Treasury Rate plus 15 basis points and accrued and unpaid interest. The 4.25% fixed-rate senior notes are callable at our option at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount, or the sum of the present values of remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest thereon discounted to the redemption date (six months prior to maturity) on a semi-annual basis at the discount rate of the Treasury Rate plus 20 basis points and accrued and unpaid interest.
Sources of Credit
We maintain two credit agreements with a consortium of banks. One of these agreements provides a revolving credit facility of $1.5 billion and expires on December 10, 2019. Generally, amounts outstanding under this facility bear interest at a periodic fixed rate equal to LIBOR for the applicable interest period and currency denomination, plus an applicable margin. Alternatively, a fluctuating rate of interest equal to the highest of (1) JPMorgan Chase Bank’s publicly announced prime rate; (2) the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%; and (3) LIBOR for a one month interest period plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin, may be used at our discretion. In each case, the applicable margin for advances bearing interest based on LIBOR is a percentage determined by quotations from Markit Group Ltd. for our 1-year credit default swap spread, subject to a minimum rate of 0.10% and a maximum rate of 0.75%. The applicable margin for advances bearing interest based on the prime rate is 1.00% below the applicable margin for LIBOR advances (but not lower than 0.00%). We are also able to request advances under this facility based on competitive bids for the applicable interest rate. There were no amounts outstanding under this facility as of June 30, 2019.
The second agreement provides a revolving credit facility of $3.0 billion, and expires on December 11, 2023. Generally, amounts outstanding under this facility bear interest at a periodic fixed rate equal to LIBOR for the applicable interest period and currency denomination, plus an applicable margin. Alternatively, a fluctuating rate of interest equal to the highest of (1) JPMorgan Chase Bank’s publicly announced prime rate; (2) the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%; and (3) LIBOR for a one month interest period plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin, may be used at our discretion. In each case, the applicable margin for advances bearing interest based on LIBOR is a percentage determined by quotations from Markit Group Ltd. for our 1-year credit default swap spread, interpolated for a period from the date of determination of such credit default swap spread in connection with a new interest period until the latest maturity date of this facility then in effect (but not less than a period of one year). The minimum applicable margin rate is 0.10% and the maximum applicable margin rate is 0.75% per annum. The applicable margin for advances bearing interest based on the prime rate is 1.00% below the applicable margin for LIBOR advances (but not less than 0.00%). We are also able to request advances under this facility based on competitive bids. There were no amounts outstanding under this facility as of June 30, 2019.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Debt Covenants
Our existing debt instruments and credit facilities subject us to certain financial covenants. As of June 30, 2019 and for all periods presented, we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants. These covenants limit the amount of secured indebtedness that we may incur, and limit the amount of attributable debt in sale-leaseback transactions, to 10% of net tangible assets. As of June 30, 2019, 10% of net tangible assets was equivalent to $3.322 billion; however, we have no covered sale-leaseback transactions or secured indebtedness outstanding. We do not expect these covenants to have a material impact on our financial condition or liquidity.
Fair Value of Debt
Based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for debt with similar terms and maturities, the fair value of long-term debt, including current maturities, was approximately $24.709 and $23.293 billion as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of all of our debt instruments.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 10. LEASES
We adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), on January 1, 2019. The standard requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability for all leases. Some of our leases contain both lease and non-lease components, which we have elected to treat as a single lease component. We have also elected not to recognize leases that have an original lease term, including reasonably certain renewal or purchase options, of twelve months or less in our consolidated balance sheets for all classes of underlying assets. Lease costs for short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We elected the package of transition practical expedients for existing contracts, which allowed us to carry forward our historical assessments of whether contracts are or contain leases, lease classification and determination of initial direct costs.
We lease property and equipment under finance and operating leases. We have finance and operating leases for package centers, airport facilities, warehouses, corporate office space, aircraft, aircraft engines, information technology equipment (primarily mainframes, servers and copiers), vehicles and various other equipment used in operating our business. Certain leases for real estate and aircraft contain options to purchase, extend or terminate the lease. Determining the lease term and amount of lease payments to include in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability for leases containing options requires the use of judgment to determine whether the exercise of an option is reasonably certain, and if the optional period and payments should be included in the calculation of the associated ROU asset and liability. In making this determination, we consider all relevant economic factors that would compel us to exercise or not exercise an option.
When available, we use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments; however, the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable for substantially all of our leases. In such cases, we use an estimate of our incremental borrowing rate to discount lease payments based on information available at lease commencement.
Aircraft
In addition to the aircraft that we own, we have leases for 335 aircraft. Of these leased aircraft, 34 are classified as finance leases, 12 are classified as operating leases and the remaining 289 are classified as short-term leases. A majority of the obligations associated with the aircraft classified as finance leases have been legally defeased. The long-term aircraft operating leases are operated by a third party to handle package and cargo volume in geographic regions where, due to government regulations, we are restricted from operating an airline.
In order to meet customers' needs, we charter aircraft to handle package and cargo volume on certain international trade lanes and domestic routes. Due to the nature of these agreements, primarily being that either party can cancel the agreement with short notice, we have classified these as short-term leases. Additionally, all of the lease payments associated with these charter agreements are variable in nature based on the number of hours flown.
Real Estate
We have operating and finance leases for package centers, airport facilities, warehouses, corporate office space and expansion facilities utilized during peak shipping periods. Many of our leases contain charges for common area maintenance or other miscellaneous expenses that are updated based on landlord estimates. Due to this variability, the cash flows associated with these charges are not included in the minimum lease payments used in determining the ROU asset and associated lease liability.
Some of our real estate leases contain options to renew or extend the lease or terminate the lease before the expiration date. These options are factored into the determination of the lease term and lease payments when their exercise is considered to be reasonably certain.
From time to time, we enter into leases with the intention of purchasing the property, either through purchase options with a fixed price or a purchase agreement negotiated contemporaneously with the lease agreement. We classify these leases as finance leases and include the purchase date and purchase price in the lease term and lease payments, respectively, when the option to exercise or purchase is reasonably certain.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Transportation equipment and other equipment
We enter into both long-term and short-term leases for transportation equipment to supplement our capacity or meet contractual demands. Some of these assets are leased on a month-to-month basis and the leases can be terminated without penalty. The lease term for these types of leases is determined by the length of the underlying customer contract or based on the judgment of the business unit. We also enter into multi-year leases for trailers to increase capacity during periods of high demand, which are typically only used for 90-120 days during the year. These leases are treated as short-term as the cumulative right-of-use is less than 12 months over the term of the contract.
The remainder of our leases are primarily related to equipment used in our air operations, vehicles required to meet capacity needs during periods of higher demand for our shipping services, technology equipment and office equipment used in our facilities.
Some of our transportation and technology equipment leases require us to make additional lease payments based on the underlying usage of the assets. Due to the variable nature of these costs, these are expensed as incurred and are not included in the ROU asset and lease liability.
The components of lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 are as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2019
Operating lease costs | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 323 |
Finance lease costs: |  |  |
Amortization of assets | 18 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Interest on lease liabilities | 4 |  |  | 9 |
Total finance lease costs | 22 |  |  | 46 |
Variable and short-term lease costs | 240 |  |  | 518 |
Total lease costs | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | 887 |

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Supplemental information and balance sheet location related to leases is as follows (in millions, except lease term and discount rate):

| June 30, 2019
Operating Leases: |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 2,477 |
Current maturities of operating leases | $ | 487 |
Non-current operating leases | 2,026 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 2,513 |
Finance Leases: |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost | $ | 2,513 |
Accumulated amortization | 961 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 1,552 |
Current maturities of long-term debt, commercial paper and finance leases | $ | 77 |
Long-term debt and finance leases | 368 |
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 445 |
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years): |
Operating leases | 9.2 |
Finance leases | 10.6 |
Weighted average discount rate: |
Operating leases | 2.70 | %
Finance leases | 4.37 | %

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (in millions):

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of liabilities: |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 311 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | 9 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | 85 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities: |
Operating leases | $ | 56 |

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019 are as follows (in millions):

| Finance Leases |  | Operating Leases
2019 | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 293 |
2020 | 94 |  |  | 522 |
2021 | 42 |  |  | 441 |
2022 | 38 |  |  | 366 |
2023 | 37 |  |  | 292 |
Thereafter | 293 |  |  | 1,077 |
Total lease payments | 566 |  |  | 2,991 |
Less: Imputed interest | (121 | ) |  | (478 | )
Total lease obligations | 445 |  |  | 2,513 |
Less: Current obligations | (77 | ) |  | (487 | )
Long-term lease obligations | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 2,026 |

As of June 30, 2019, we have additional leases which have not commenced. These leases will commence when we are granted access to the property, such as when leasehold improvements are completed by the lessor or a certificate of occupancy is obtained. These leases will commence in 2019 and 2020.
Disclosures related to periods prior to adoption of the new lease standard
The following table sets forth the aggregate minimum lease payments under capital and operating leases (in millions) as of December 31, 2018:

| Capital Leases |  | Operating Leases
2019 | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 578 |
2020 | 95 |  |  | 477 |
2021 | 42 |  |  | 399 |
2022 | 39 |  |  | 325 |
2023 | 36 |  |  | 262 |
After 2023 | 293 |  |  | 926 |
Total lease payments | 663 |  |  | 2,967 |
Less: Imputed interest | (129 | ) |  |
Total lease obligations | 534 |  |  |
Less: Current obligations | (140 | ) |  |
Long-term lease obligations | $ | 394 |  |  |

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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 11. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in a number of judicial proceedings and other matters arising from the conduct of our business activities.
Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome, we have generally denied, or believe we have a meritorious defense and will deny, liability in all pending matters, including (except as otherwise noted herein) the matters described below, and we intend to vigorously defend each matter. We accrue for legal claims when, and to the extent that, amounts associated with the claims become probable and can be reasonably estimated. The actual costs of resolving legal claims may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts accrued for those claims.
For those matters as to which we are not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss, we are not able to determine whether the loss will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations or liquidity. For matters in this category, we have indicated in the descriptions that follow the reasons that we are unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss.
Judicial Proceedings
In February 2015, the State and City of New York filed suit against UPS in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, arising from alleged shipments of cigarettes to New York State and City residents. The complaint asserted claims under various federal and state laws. The complaint also included a claim that UPS violated the Assurance of Discontinuance it entered into with the New York Attorney General in 2005 concerning cigarette deliveries. On March 24, 2017, the District Court issued an opinion and order finding liability against UPS on each of the plaintiffs’ causes of action. On May 25, 2017, the District Court issued a corrected opinion and order on liability and an order awarding the plaintiffs damages of $9.4 million and penalties of $237.6 million. An accrual of $9.4 million with respect to the damages awarded by the court is included on our consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2019. We estimate that the amount of losses could be up to $247 million, plus interest; however, the amount of penalties ultimately payable, if any, is subject to a variety of complex factors and potential outcomes that remain to be determined in future legal proceedings. Consequently, we are unable to reasonably estimate a likely amount of loss within that range. We strongly disagree with the District Court's analysis and conclusions, and have appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The briefing and oral argument are now complete. We await a ruling by the Court of Appeals.
We are a defendant in a number of lawsuits filed in state and federal courts containing various class action allegations under state wage-and-hour laws. At this time, we do not believe that any loss associated with any matter would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Hughes v. UPS Supply Chain Solutions, Inc. and United Parcel Service, Inc. had previously been certified as a class action in Kentucky state court. In this action, plaintiffs alleged that they were not properly compensated for time entering and exiting security checkpoints and getting to their work areas at UPS’s facilities. Plaintiffs were seeking compensatory damages, liquidated damages, attorneys’ fees, and interest. In the second quarter of 2019, the court granted our motion for judgment on the pleadings.
Other Matters
In October 2015, the Department of Justice ("DOJ") informed us of an industry-wide inquiry into the transportation of mail under the United States Postal Service ("USPS") International Commercial Air contracts. In October 2017, we received a Civil Investigative Demand seeking certain information relating to our contracts. The DOJ has indicated it is investigating potential violations of the False Claims Act or other statutes. We are cooperating with the DOJ. We are unable to predict what action, if any, might be taken in the future by any government authorities as a result of their investigation. Accordingly, at this time, we are not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter or to determine whether such loss, if any, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In August 2016, Spain’s National Markets and Competition Commission (“CNMC”) announced an investigation into 10 companies in the commercial delivery and parcel industry, including UPS, related to alleged nonaggression agreements to allocate customers. In May 2017, UPS received a Statement of Objections issued by the CNMC. In July 2017, UPS received a Proposed Decision from the CNMC. On March 8, 2018, the CNMC adopted a final decision, finding an infringement and imposing a fine on UPS of €19.2 million. UPS has appealed the decision and in September 2018, obtained a suspension of the implementation of the decision (including payment of the fine). The appeal is pending. There are multiple factors that prevent us from being able to estimate the amount of loss, if any, that may result from this matter including: (1) we are vigorously defending ourselves and believe that we have a number of meritorious legal defenses; and (2) there are unresolved questions of law and fact that could be important to the ultimate resolution of this matter. Accordingly, at this time we are not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter or to determine whether such loss, if any, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In February 2018, the Turkish Competition Authority (“Authority”) opened an investigation into nine companies, including UPS, in the small package industry related to alleged customer allocations in violation of Turkish competition law. In April 2018, the Authority consolidated this investigation with two other investigations involving similar allegations. The consolidated investigation involves over 30 companies. There are multiple factors that prevent us from being able to estimate the amount of loss, if any, that may result from this matter including: (1) we are vigorously defending ourselves and believe that we have a number of meritorious legal defenses; and (2) there are unresolved questions of law and fact that could be important to the ultimate resolution of this matter. Accordingly, at this time we are not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter or to determine whether such loss, if any, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
We are a party in various other matters that arose in the normal course of business. We do not believe that the eventual resolution of these other matters (either individually or in the aggregate), including any reasonably possible losses in excess of current accruals, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 12. SHAREOWNERS' EQUITY
Capital Stock, Additional Paid-In Capital and Retained Earnings
We maintain two classes of common stock, which are distinguished from each other primarily by their respective voting rights. Class A shares are entitled to 10 votes per share, whereas class B shares are entitled to one vote per share. Class A shares are primarily held by UPS employees and retirees, and these shares are convertible on a one-to-one basis into class B shares at any time. Class B shares are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “UPS”. Class A and B shares both have a $0.01 par value, and as of June 30, 2019, there were 4.6 billion class A shares and 5.6 billion class B shares authorized to be issued. Additionally, there are 200 million preferred shares, with a $0.01 par value, authorized to be issued. As of June 30, 2019, no preferred shares had been issued.
The following is a rollforward of our common stock, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings and non-controlling minority interest accounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions, except per share amounts):

Three Months Ended June 30: | 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares |  | Dollars |  | Shares |  | Dollars
Class A Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 164 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 174 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Common stock purchases | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Stock award plans | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock issuances | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Conversions of class A to class B common stock | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |
Class A shares issued at end of period | 161 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 168 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Class B Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 697 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | 689 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Common stock purchases | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Conversions of class A to class B common stock | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Class B shares issued at end of period | 698 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 7 |
Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Stock award plans |  |  | 213 |  |  |  |  | 150 |
Common stock purchases |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  |  | (247 | )
Common stock issuances |  |  | 107 |  |  |  |  | 77 |
Option premiums received (paid) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 20 |
Unsettled portion of accelerated stock repurchase program |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Retained Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 8,249 |  |  |  |  | 6,973 |
Net income attributable to common shareowners |  |  | 1,685 |  |  |  |  | 1,485 |
Dividends ($0.96 and $0.91 per share) (1) |  |  | (826 | ) |  |  |  | (784 | )
Common stock purchases |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (9 | )
Other |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 9,109 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,665 |
Non-Controlling Minority Interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31 |
Change in non-controlling minority interest |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3 | )
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28 |
(1) The dividend per share amount is the same for both class A and class B common stock

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Six Months Ended June 30: | 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares |  | Dollars |  | Shares |  | Dollars
Class A Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 163 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 173 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Common stock purchases | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Stock award plans | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Common stock issuances | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Conversions of class A to class B common stock | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | — |
Class A shares issued at end of period | 161 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 168 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Class B Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 696 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | 687 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Common stock purchases | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Conversions of class A to class B common stock | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Class B shares issued at end of period | 698 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 7 |
Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Stock award plans |  |  | 382 |  |  |  |  | 170 |
Common stock purchases |  |  | (502 | ) |  |  |  | (383 | )
Common stock issuances |  |  | 221 |  |  |  |  | 232 |
Option premiums received (paid) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (19 | )
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Retained Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 8,006 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,852 |
Net income attributable to common shareowners |  |  | 2,796 |  |  |  |  | 2,830 |
Dividends ($1.92 and $1.82 per share) (1) |  |  | (1,693 | ) |  |  |  | (1,624 | )
Common stock purchases |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (128 | )
Reclassification from AOCI pursuant to the early adoption of ASU 2018-02 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 735 |
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 9,109 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,665 |
Non-Controlling Minority Interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |  |  | $ | 30 |
Change in non-controlling minority interest |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | (2 | )
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28 |
(1) The dividend per share amount is the same for both class A and class B common stock

We repurchased 2.4 and 2.2 million shares of class A and class B common stock for $251 and $256 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We repurchased 4.8 and 4.4 million shares of class A and class B common stock for $502 and $511 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. In May 2016, the Board of Directors ("the Board") approved a share repurchase authorization of $8.0 billion for shares of class A and class B common stock, which has no expiration date. As of June 30, 2019, we had $2.837 billion of this share repurchase authorization available.
From time to time, we enter into share repurchase programs with large financial institutions to assist in our buyback of company stock. These programs allow us to repurchase our shares at a price below the weighted average UPS share price for a given period. During the second quarter of 2019, we did not enter into any accelerated share repurchase transactions.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In order to lower the average cost of acquiring shares in our ongoing share repurchase program, we periodically enter into structured repurchase agreements involving the use of capped call options for the purchase of UPS class B shares. We pay a fixed sum of cash upon execution of each agreement in exchange for the right to receive either a pre-determined amount of cash or stock. Upon expiration of each agreement, if the closing market price of our common stock is above the pre-determined price, we will have our initial investment returned with a premium in either cash or shares (at our election). If the closing market price of our common stock is at or below the pre-determined price, we will receive the number of shares specified in the agreement. We received net premiums of $6 and $20 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to entering into and settling capped call options for the purchase of class B shares. We received net premiums of $1 million during the first six months of 2019 and paid $19 million during the first six months of 2018. As of June 30, 2019, we had outstanding options for the purchase of 0.2 million shares with a weighted average strike price of $93.69 per share that will settle during 2019.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
We recognize activity in AOCI for unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains and losses from derivatives that qualify as hedges of cash flows and unrecognized pension and postretirement benefit costs. Additionally, effective January 1, 2018, we early adopted ASU 2018-02 that allowed a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act . The activity in AOCI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in millions):

Three Months Ended June 30: | 2019 |  | 2018
Foreign currency translation gain (loss), net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (1,073 | ) |  | $ | (983 | )
Translation adjustment (net of tax effect of $(7) and $34) | (33 | ) |  | (78 | )
Balance at end of period | (1,106 | ) |  | (1,061 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 2 |  |  | (5 | )
Current period changes in fair value (net of tax effect of $3 and $0) | 5 |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 7 |  |  | (5 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 116 |  |  | (511 | )
Current period changes in fair value (net of tax effect of $5 and $100) | 15 |  |  | 312 |
Reclassification to earnings (net of tax effect of $(9) and $6) | (27 | ) |  | 20 |
Balance at end of period | 104 |  |  | (179 | )
Unrecognized pension and postretirement benefit costs, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (3,863 | ) |  | (4,139 | )
Reclassification to earnings (net of tax effect of $14 and $12) | 43 |  |  | 38 |
Balance at end of period | (3,820 | ) |  | (4,101 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at end of period | $ | (4,815 | ) |  | $ | (5,346 | )

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Six Months Ended June 30: | 2019 |  | 2018
Foreign currency translation gain (loss), net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (1,126 | ) |  | $ | (930 | )
Translation adjustment (net of tax effect of $2 and $25) | 20 |  |  | (84 | )
Reclassification to retained earnings pursuant to the early adoption of ASU 2018-02 | — |  |  | (47 | )
Balance at end of period | (1,106 | ) |  | (1,061 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Current period changes in fair value (net of tax effect of $3 and $(1)) | 9 |  |  | (4 | )
Reclassification to earnings (net of tax effect of $0 and $1) | — |  |  | 1 |
Balance at end of period | 7 |  |  | (5 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 40 |  |  | (366 | )
Current period changes in fair value (net of tax effect of $33 and $67) | 104 |  |  | 210 |
Reclassification to retained earnings pursuant to the early adoption of ASU 2018-02 | — |  |  | (79 | )
Reclassification to earnings (net of tax effect of $(13) and $18) | (40 | ) |  | 56 |
Balance at end of period | 104 |  |  | (179 | )
Unrecognized pension and postretirement benefit costs, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (3,906 | ) |  | (3,569 | )
Reclassification to earnings (net of tax effect of $27 and $24) | 86 |  |  | 77 |
Reclassification to retained earnings pursuant to the early adoption of ASU 2018-02 | — |  |  | (609 | )
Balance at end of period | (3,820 | ) |  | (4,101 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at end of period | $ | (4,815 | ) |  | $ | (5,346 | )

Detail of the gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI to the statements of consolidated income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in millions):

Three Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |  |
| Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  | Affected Line Item in the Income Statement
| 2019 |  | 2018 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |
Realized loss on sale of securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Investment income and other
Income tax (expense) benefit | — |  |  | — |  |  | Income tax expense
Impact on net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | Net income
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | (3 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | Interest expense
Foreign exchange contracts | 39 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | Revenue
Income tax (expense) benefit | (9 | ) |  | 6 |  |  | Income tax expense
Impact on net income | 27 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | Net income
Unrecognized pension and postretirement benefit costs: |  |  |  |  |
Prior service costs | (57 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | Investment income and other
Income tax (expense) benefit | 14 |  |  | 12 |  |  | Income tax expense
Impact on net income | (43 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | Net income
Total amount reclassified for the period | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | Net income

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Six Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |  |
| Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  | Affected Line Item in the Income Statement
| 2019 |  | 2018 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |
Realized loss on sale of securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | Investment income and other
Income tax (expense) benefit | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | Income tax expense
Impact on net income | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | Net income
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | (9 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | Interest expense
Foreign exchange contracts | 62 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | Revenue
Income tax (expense) benefit | (13 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | Income tax expense
Impact on net income | 40 |  |  | (56 | ) |  | Net income
Unrecognized pension and postretirement benefit costs: |  |  |  |  |
Prior service costs | (113 | ) |  | (101 | ) |  | Investment income and other
Income tax (expense) benefit | 27 |  |  | 24 |  |  | Income tax expense
Impact on net income | (86 | ) |  | (77 | ) |  | Net income
Total amount reclassified for the period | $ | (46 | ) |  | $ | (134 | ) |  | Net income

Deferred Compensation Obligations and Treasury Stock
Activity in the deferred compensation program for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in millions):

Three Months Ended June 30: | 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares |  | Dollars |  | Shares |  | Dollars
Deferred Compensation Obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31 |
Reinvested dividends |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Benefit payments |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31 |
Treasury Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (1 | ) |  | $ | (25 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | $ | (31 | )
Reinvested dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit payments | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | — |  |  | (25 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (31 | )

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Six Months Ended June 30: | 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares |  | Dollars |  | Shares |  | Dollars
Deferred Compensation Obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37 |
Reinvested dividends |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Benefit payments |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  |  | (7 | )
Balance at end of period |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31 |
Treasury Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (1 | ) |  | $ | (32 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | $ | (37 | )
Reinvested dividends | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Benefit payments | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Balance at end of period | — |  |  | (25 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (31 | )

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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 13. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We report our operations in three segments: U.S. Domestic Package operations, International Package operations and Supply Chain & Freight operations. Package operations represent our most significant business and are broken down into regional operations around the world. Regional operations managers are responsible for both domestic and export products within their geographic area.
U.S. Domestic Package
Domestic Package operations include the time-definite delivery of letters, documents and packages throughout the United States.
International Package
International Package operations include delivery to more than 220 countries and territories worldwide, including shipments wholly outside the United States, as well as shipments with either origin or destination outside the United States. Our International Package reporting segment includes the operations of our Europe, Asia, Americas and ISMEA (Indian Subcontinent, Middle East and Africa) operating segments.
Supply Chain & Freight
Supply Chain & Freight includes our Forwarding, Logistics, Coyote, Marken, UPS Mail Innovations, UPS Freight and other aggregated business units. Our Forwarding, Logistics and UPS Mail Innovations business units provide services in more than 200 countries and territories worldwide and include international air and ocean freight forwarding, customs brokerage, distribution and post-sales services, mail and consulting services. UPS Freight offers a variety of less-than-truckload ("LTL") and truckload ("TL") services to customers in North America. Coyote offers truckload brokerage services primarily in the United States. Marken is a global provider of supply chain solutions to the life sciences industry. Other aggregated business units within this segment include The UPS Store and UPS Capital.
In evaluating financial performance, we focus on operating profit as a segment’s measure of profit or loss. Operating profit is before investment income and other, interest expense and income taxes. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of accounting policies included in the consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Certain expenses are allocated between the segments using activity-based costing methods.
Segment information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Domestic Package | $ | 11,150 |  |  | $ | 10,354 |  |  | $ | 21,630 |  |  | $ | 20,581 |
International Package | 3,505 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  | 6,964 |  |  | 7,135 |
Supply Chain & Freight | 3,393 |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 6,614 |  |  | 6,853 |
Consolidated | $ | 18,048 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | $ | 35,208 |  |  | $ | 34,569 |
Operating Profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Domestic Package | $ | 1,208 |  |  | $ | 939 |  |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 1,695 |
International Package | 663 |  |  | 618 |  |  | 1,191 |  |  | 1,212 |
Supply Chain & Freight | 272 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 472 |  |  | 386 |
Consolidated | $ | 2,143 |  |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | $ | 3,537 |  |  | $ | 3,293 |

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 14. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The earnings per share amounts are the same for class A and class B common shares as the holders of each class are legally entitled to equal per share distributions whether through dividends or in liquidation.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions, except per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareowners | $ | 1,685 |  |  | $ | 1,485 |  |  | $ | 2,796 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares | 860 |  |  | 861 |  |  | 860 |  |  | 861 |
Deferred compensation obligations | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Vested portion of restricted units | 5 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Denominator for basic earnings per share | 865 |  |  | 866 |  |  | 866 |  |  | 866 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted units | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Stock options | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share | 869 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 870 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 3.23 |  |  | $ | 3.27 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 3.22 |  |  | $ | 3.25 |

Diluted earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2019 excluded the effect of 0.9 million shares of common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of employee stock options, because such effect would be antidilutive. There were no antidilutive shares for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Antidilutive shares for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were 0.9 and 0.1 million, respectively.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 15. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Management Policies
Changes in fuel prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates impact our results of operations. These exposures are actively monitored by management. To manage the impact of these exposures, we enter into a variety of derivative financial instruments. Our objective is to manage, where it is deemed appropriate to do so, fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency rates, commodity prices and interest rates. It is our policy and practice to use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures. As we use price sensitive instruments to hedge a certain portion of our existing and anticipated transactions, we expect that any loss in value from those instruments generally would be offset by increases in the value of those hedged transactions. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Credit Risk Management
The forward contracts, swaps and options discussed below contain an element of risk that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements; however, we seek to minimize such risk exposures for these instruments by limiting the counterparties to banks and financial institutions that meet established credit guidelines, and by monitoring counterparties to prevent concentrations of credit risk with any single counterparty.
We have agreements with all of our active counterparties (covering the majority of our derivative positions) containing early termination rights and/or zero threshold bilateral collateral provisions whereby cash is required based on the net fair value of derivatives associated with those counterparties.
At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we held cash collateral of $448 and $325 million, respectively, under these agreements; this collateral is included in "Cash and cash equivalents" in the consolidated balance sheets and its use by UPS is not restricted. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, $0 million of additional collateral was required to be posted with our counterparties.
Events such as a counterparty credit rating downgrade (depending on the ultimate rating level) could also allow us to take additional protective measures such as the early termination of trades. Alternatively, we could be required to provide additional collateral or terminate transactions with certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade of our credit rating. The amount of collateral required would be determined by the net fair value of the associated derivatives with each counterparty. We have not historically incurred, and do not expect to incur in the future, any losses as a result of counterparty default.
At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 there were no instruments in a net liability position that were not covered by the zero threshold bilateral collateral provisions.
Accounting Policy for Derivative Instruments
We recognize all derivative instruments as assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the derivative, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a cash flow hedge, a fair value hedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.
A cash flow hedge refers to hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of AOCI, and reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.
A fair value hedge refers to hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of an existing asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets that is attributable to a particular risk. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recognized in the statements of consolidated income during the current period, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item.
A net investment hedge refers to the use of cross currency swaps, forward contracts or foreign currency denominated debt to hedge portions of our net investments in foreign operations. For hedges that meet the hedge accounting requirements, the net gains or losses attributable to changes in spot exchange rates are recorded in the foreign currency translation adjustment within AOCI, and are recorded in the income statement when the hedged item affects earnings.
Types of Hedges
Commodity Risk Management
Currently, the fuel surcharges that we apply to our domestic and international package and LTL services are the primary means of reducing the risk of adverse fuel price changes on our business. In order to mitigate the impact of fuel surcharges imposed on us by outside carriers, we regularly adjust the rates we charge for our freight brokerage, inter-modal and truckload services. We periodically enter into derivative contracts on energy commodity products to manage the price risk associated with forecasted transactions involving refined fuels, principally jet-A, diesel and unleaded gasoline. The objective of the hedges is to reduce the variability of cash flows, due to changing fuel prices, associated with the forecasted transactions involving those products. We normally designate and account for these contracts as cash flow hedges of the underlying forecasted transactions involving these fuel products and, therefore, the resulting gains and losses from these hedges are recognized as a component of fuel expense or revenue when the underlying transactions occur.
Foreign Currency Risk Management
To protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows from our international package business, we maintain a foreign currency cash flow hedging program. Our most significant foreign currency exposures relate to the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Canadian Dollar, Chinese Renminbi and Hong Kong Dollar. We hedge portions of our forecasted revenue denominated in foreign currencies with option and forward contracts. We normally designate and account for these contracts as cash flow hedges of anticipated foreign currency denominated revenue and, therefore, the resulting gains and losses from these hedges are recognized as a component of international package revenue when the underlying sales transactions occur.
We also hedge portions of our anticipated cash settlements of intercompany transactions and interest payments on certain debt subject to foreign currency remeasurement using foreign currency forward contracts. We normally designate and account for these contracts as cash flow hedges of forecasted foreign currency denominated transactions; therefore, the resulting gains and losses from these hedges are recognized as a component of investment income and other when the underlying transactions are subject to currency remeasurement.
We hedge our net investment in certain foreign operations with foreign currency denominated debt instruments. The use of foreign denominated debt as the hedging instrument allows the debt to be remeasured to foreign currency translation adjustment within AOCI to offset the translation risk from those investments. Balances in the cumulative translation adjustment accounts remain until the sale or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity, upon which they are recognized as a component of investment income and other.
Interest Rate Risk Management
Our indebtedness under our various financing arrangements creates interest rate risk. We use a combination of derivative instruments as part of our program to manage the fixed and floating interest rate mix of our total debt portfolio and related overall cost of borrowing. The notional amount, interest payment date and maturity date of the swaps match the terms of the associated debt being hedged. Interest rate swaps allow us to maintain a target range of floating-rate debt within our capital structure.
We have designated and account for the majority of our interest rate swaps that convert fixed-rate interest payments into floating-rate interest payments as hedges of the fair value of the associated debt instruments. Therefore, the gains and losses resulting from fair value adjustments to the interest rate swaps and fair value adjustments to the associated debt instruments are recorded to interest expense in the period in which the gains and losses occur. We have designated and account for interest rate swaps that convert floating-rate interest payments into fixed-rate interest payments as cash flow hedges of the forecasted payment obligations. The gains and losses resulting from fair value adjustments to the interest rate swaps are recorded to AOCI.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We periodically hedge the forecasted fixed-coupon interest payments associated with anticipated debt offerings by using forward starting interest rate swaps, interest rate locks or similar derivatives. These agreements effectively lock a portion of our interest rate exposure between the time the agreement is entered into and the date when the debt offering is completed, thereby mitigating the impact of interest rate changes on future interest expense. These derivatives are settled commensurate with the issuance of the debt, and any gain or loss upon settlement is amortized as an adjustment to the effective interest yield on the debt.
Outstanding Positions
As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the notional amounts of our outstanding derivative positions were as follows (in millions):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Currency hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Euro | EUR | 4,793 |  |  | EUR | 4,924 |
British Pound Sterling | GBP | 1,806 |  |  | GBP | 2,037 |
Canadian Dollar | CAD | 1,444 |  |  | CAD | 1,443 |
Hong Kong Dollar | HKD | 3,629 |  |  | HKD | 3,642 |
Singapore Dollar | SGD | — |  |  | SGD | 20 |
Interest rate hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Fixed to Floating Interest Rate Swaps | USD | 3,674 |  |  | USD | 4,674 |
Floating to Fixed Interest Rate Swaps | USD | 778 |  |  | USD | 778 |

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had no outstanding commodity hedge positions.
Balance Sheet Recognition and Fair Value Measurements
The following table indicates the location in the consolidated balance sheets where our derivative assets and liabilities have been recognized, the fair value hierarchy level applicable to each derivative type and the related fair values of those derivatives (in millions). The table is segregated between those derivative instruments that qualify and are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not, as well as by type of contract and whether the derivative is in an asset or liability position.
We have master netting arrangements with substantially all of our counterparties giving us the right of offset for our derivative positions. However, we have not elected to offset the fair value positions of our derivative contracts recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. The columns labeled "Net Amounts if Right of Offset had been Applied" indicate the potential net fair value positions by type of contract and location in the consolidated balance sheets had we elected to apply the right of offset.

|  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Gross Amounts Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts if Right of Offset had been Applied
Asset Derivatives | Balance Sheet Location |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Derivatives designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 83 |
Interest rate contracts | Other current assets |  | Level 2 |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other non-current assets |  | Level 2 |  | 264 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 215 |
Interest rate contracts | Other non-current assets |  | Level 2 |  | 25 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 6 |
Derivatives not designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets |  | Level 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other non-current assets |  | Level 2 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Interest rate contracts | Other non-current assets |  | Level 2 |  | 17 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 18 |
Total Asset Derivatives |  |  |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 329 |

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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Gross Amounts Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts if Right of Offset had been Applied
Liability Derivatives | Balance Sheet Location |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Derivatives designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current liabilities |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other non-current liabilities |  | Level 2 |  | 10 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts | Other non-current liabilities |  | Level 2 |  | 12 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 33 |
Derivatives not designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current liabilities |  | Level 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other non-current liabilities |  | Level 2 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Interest rate contracts | Other non-current liabilities |  | Level 2 |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Total Liability Derivatives |  |  |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 35 |

Our foreign exchange, interest rate and investment market price derivatives are largely comprised of over-the-counter derivatives, which are primarily valued using pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as yield curves, currency exchange rates and investment forward prices; therefore, these derivatives are classified as Level 2.
Balance Sheet Location of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedges
The following table indicates the amounts that were recorded in the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in millions).

|  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments
Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included |  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2018
Long-term debt and finance leases |  | 3,246 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 4,207 |  |  | 16 |

The cumulative amount of fair value hedging losses remaining for any hedged assets and liabilities for which hedge accounting has been discontinued as of June 30, 2019 is $24 million. These amounts will be recognized over the next 11 years.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Income Statement and AOCI Recognition
The following table indicates the amount of gains and losses that have been recognized in the income statement for the fair value and cash flow hedges, as well as the associated gain or (loss) for the underlying hedged item for fair value hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Three Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships | Revenue |  | Interest Expense |  | Investment Income and Other |  | Revenue |  | Interest Expense |  | Investment Income and Other
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items | $ | — |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19 | ) |  | — |
Gains or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |
Foreign Exchange Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the statement of income in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | — |

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships | Revenue |  | Interest Expense |  | Investment Income and Other |  | Revenue |  | Interest Expense |  | Investment Income and Other
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items | $ | — |  |  | $ | (45 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73 | ) |  | — |
Gains or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | — |
Foreign Exchange Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the statement of income in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | — |

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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table indicates the amount of gains and (losses) that have been recognized in AOCI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 for those derivatives designated as cash flow hedges (in millions):

Three Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |
Derivative Instruments in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative
| 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 1 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 22 |  |  | 411 |
Total |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 412 |
Six Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |
Derivative Instruments in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative (Effective Portion)
| 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 126 |  |  | 275 |
Total |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 277 |

As of June 30, 2019, there are $133 million of pre-tax gains related to cash flow hedges that are currently deferred in AOCI that are expected to be reclassified to income over the 12 month period ending June 30, 2020. The actual amounts that will be reclassified to income over the next 12 months will vary from this amount as a result of changes in market conditions. The maximum term over which we are hedging exposures to the variability of cash flows is approximately 13 years.
The following table indicates the amount of gains and losses that have been recognized in AOCI within foreign currency translation adjustment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 for those instruments designated as net investment hedges (in millions):

Three Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |
Non-derivative Instruments in Net Investment Hedging Relationships |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Debt
| 2019 |  | 2018
Foreign denominated debt |  | $ | (67 | ) |  | $ | 218 |
Total |  | $ | (67 | ) |  | $ | 218 |
Six Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |
Non-derivative Instruments in Net Investment Hedging Relationships |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Debt (Effective Portion)
| 2019 |  | 2018
Foreign denominated debt |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 138 |
Total |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 138 |

Additionally, we maintain some interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards and investment market price forward contracts that are not designated as hedges. These interest rate swap contracts are intended to provide an economic hedge of portions of our outstanding debt. The foreign exchange forward contracts are intended to provide an economic offset to foreign currency remeasurement and settlement risk for certain assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. These investment market price forward contracts are intended to provide an economic offset to fair value fluctuations of certain investments in marketable securities.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We also periodically terminate interest rate swaps and foreign exchange options by entering into offsetting swap and foreign currency positions with different counterparties. As part of this process, we de-designate our original swap and foreign exchange contracts. These transactions provide an economic offset that effectively eliminates the effects of changes in market valuation.
The following is a summary of the amounts recorded in the statements of consolidated income related to fair value changes and settlements of these interest rate swaps, foreign currency forward and investment market price forward contracts not designated as hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

Derivative Instruments Not Designated in Hedging Relationships | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
| 2019 |  | 2018
Three Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Interest expense |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
Foreign exchange contracts | Investment income and other |  | (19 | ) |  | (67 | )
Total |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | (69 | )
Six Months Ended June 30: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Interest expense |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (4 | )
Foreign exchange contracts | Investment income and other |  | (20 | ) |  | $ | (59 | )
Investment market price contracts | Investment income and other |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Total |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (47 | )

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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 16. INCOME TAXES
Our effective tax rate increased to 23.5% in the second quarter of 2019 from 22.9% in the same period of 2018 (23.3% year-to-date in 2019 compared to 21.1% in the same period of 2018). The recognition in income tax of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation reduced our effective rate by 0.2% year-to-date in 2019 compared to 1.3% in the same period of 2018 (there was not a significant impact in the second quarter of 2019 or 2018). Other favorable items that impacted our effective tax rate in 2018, but did not recur in 2019, included favorable resolutions of uncertain tax positions and favorable tax provisions enacted in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018.
As discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, we have recognized liabilities for uncertain tax positions. We reevaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and ultimately settled. It is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome or the timing of resolution for uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months. However, an estimate of the range of reasonably possible outcomes cannot be made. Items that may cause changes to unrecognized tax benefits include the timing of interest deductions and the allocation of income and expense between tax jurisdictions. These changes could result from the settlement of ongoing litigation, the completion of ongoing examinations, the expiration of the statutes of limitations, additional regulatory guidance on the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or other unforeseen circumstances.
As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we maintained a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets primarily related to foreign net operating loss carryforwards. We intend to maintain a valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the allowance. Given our current and anticipated future foreign earnings, we believe there is a reasonable possibility that within the next 12 months sufficient positive evidence may become available to allow us to reach a conclusion that a portion of the valuation allowance will no longer be needed. Release of a portion of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period in which the release is recorded. The exact timing and amount of any valuation allowance release are subject to change depending on the level of profitability that we are able to achieve.
As discussed in note 17, we recognized pre-tax transformation strategy costs of $21 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($144 million year-to-date). As a result, we recorded an additional income tax benefit in the second quarter of $4 million ($34 million year-to-date). This year-to-date benefit was generated at a higher average tax rate than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to the effect of U.S. state and local taxes and foreign taxes.
As discussed in note 17, we recognized pre-tax transformation strategy costs of $263 million in the second quarter of 2018. As a result, we recorded an income tax benefit of $63 million. This benefit was generated at a higher average tax rate than the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of U.S. state and local taxes.
NOTE 17. TRANSFORMATION STRATEGY
In the first quarter of 2018, we launched the first phase of a multi-year, enterprise-wide transformation strategy that is expected to impact our organization. Over the next few years additional phases will be implemented. The program includes investments, as well as changes in processes and technology, that impact global direct and indirect operating costs.
During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, we recorded pre-tax charges of $21 and $263 million ($144 and $263 million year-to-date). These charges reflect other employee benefits costs of $2 and $192 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018 respectively ($108 and $192 million year-to-date respectively), included within "Compensation and benefits" on the statements of consolidated income, and other costs of $19 and $71 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively ($36 and $71 million year-to-date respectively), included within "Other expenses" in the statements of consolidated income. The after-tax transformation strategy costs totaled $17 and $200 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively ($110 and $200 million year-to-date, respectively). The income tax effects of the transformation strategy costs are calculated by multiplying the amount of the adjustments by the statutory tax rates applicable in each tax jurisdiction.
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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
Consolidated revenue increased 3.4% to $18.048 billion for the second quarter of 2019 when compared to 2018, driven primarily by increases in all major product categories within our U.S. Domestic Package segment. For the year-to-date period, consolidated revenue increased 1.8% to $35.208 billion. Operating profit was $2.143 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and $3.537 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $1.773 billion and $3.293 billion for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
The U.S. Domestic Package segment realized strong revenue growth for both the quarter-to-date and year-to-date periods, driven by volume increases across all products. Volume increases were led by our air products as large e-commerce shippers move towards faster delivery to their customers. Operating profit improved 28.6% in the second quarter with margins at 10.8%. All three UPS segments expanded operating profit in the second quarter of 2019.
We reported second quarter 2019 net income of $1.685 billion, an increase of 13.5% compared to 2018. Diluted earnings per share increased 13.5% to $1.94 in the second quarter of 2019 compared to 2018. On a year-to-date basis, net income decreased 1.2% year over year to $2.796 billion and diluted earnings per share decreased 0.9% to $3.22. Net income and diluted earnings per share were impacted by year over year changes in the effective tax rate and lower investment and other income.
Our consolidated results are presented in the table below:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
Revenue (in millions) | $ | 18,048 |  |  | $ | 17,456 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 35,208 |  |  | $ | 34,569 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Operating Expenses (in millions) | 15,905 |  |  | 15,683 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 31,671 |  |  | 31,276 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Operating Profit (in millions) | $ | 2,143 |  |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | 20.9 | % |  | $ | 3,537 |  |  | $ | 3,293 |  |  | 7.4 | %
Operating Margin | 11.9 | % |  | 10.2 | % |  |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 9.5 | % |  |
Average Daily Package Volume (in thousands) | 20,220 |  |  | 19,148 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 19,997 |  |  | 19,271 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Average Revenue Per Piece | $ | 11.21 |  |  | $ | 11.26 |  |  | (0.4 | )% |  | $ | 11.15 |  |  | $ | 11.11 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Net Income (in millions) | $ | 1,685 |  |  | $ | 1,485 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | $ | 2,796 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |  |  | (1.2 | )%
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | $ | 3.23 |  |  | $ | 3.27 |  |  | (1.2 | )%
Diluted Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | $ | 3.22 |  |  | $ | 3.25 |  |  | (0.9 | )%

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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Items Affecting Comparability
Amounts presented on an adjusted basis reflect the following:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
Non-GAAP Adjustments |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Operating Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transformation Strategy Costs |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 263 |
Total Adjustments to Operating Expenses |  | 21 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 263 |
Income Tax Benefit from Transformation Strategy Costs |  | (4 | ) |  | (63 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (63 | )
Total Adjustments to Net Income |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 200 |

Transformation strategy costs described in note 17 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements have been excluded from comparisons of "adjusted" Compensation and Benefits, Other Expenses, Operating Profit, Operating Margin, Income Tax Expense and effective tax rate. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, we recorded pre-tax charges of $21 and $263 million ($144 and $263 million year-to-date). These charges reflect other employee benefits costs of $2 and $192 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, ($108 and $192 million year-to-date, respectively) included within "Compensation and benefits" on the statements of consolidated income, and other costs of $19 and $71 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, ($36 and $71 million year-to-date, respectively) included within "Other expenses" in the statements of consolidated income.
The after-tax transformation strategy costs totaled $17 and $200 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively ($110 and $200 million year-to-date, respectively). The income tax effects of the transformation strategy costs are calculated by multiplying the amount of the adjustments by the statutory tax rates applicable in each tax jurisdiction.
We believe this adjusted information provides a useful comparison of year-to-year ongoing operating performance without considering the short-term impact of transformation strategy costs. We evaluate the performance of our businesses on an adjusted basis.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Results of Operations - Segment Review
The results and discussions that follow are reflective of how our executive management monitors the performance of our reporting segments.
Certain operating expenses are allocated between our reporting segments using activity-based costing methods. These methods require us to make estimates that impact the amount of each expense that is attributed to each segment. Changes in these estimates would directly impact the amount of expense allocated to each segment and therefore the operating profit of each reporting segment. Our allocation methodologies are refined periodically, as necessary, to reflect changes in our business. There were no significant changes in our expense allocation methodologies during 2019 or 2018.
Supplemental Information
We supplement the reporting of our financial information determined under generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) with certain non-GAAP financial measures including, as applicable, "adjusted" compensation and benefits, operating expenses, operating profit, operating margin, other income and (expense), pre-tax income, income tax expense, effective tax rate, net income and earnings per share. Adjusted financial measures may exclude the impact of period-over-period exchange rate changes and hedging activities, and transformation strategy costs as described below. We believe that these adjusted financial measures provide meaningful information to assist investors and analysts in understanding our financial results and assessing our prospects for future performance. We believe these adjusted financial measures are important indicators of our recurring results of operations because they exclude items that may not be indicative of, or are unrelated to, our underlying operating results, and provide a useful baseline for analyzing trends in our underlying businesses. Additionally, these adjusted financial measures are used internally by management for the determination of incentive compensation awards, business unit operating performance analysis and business unit resource allocation.
We supplement the reporting of our revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit with non-GAAP measures that exclude the period-over-period impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes and hedging activities. We believe currency-neutral revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit information allows users of our financial statements to understand growth trends in our business and results. We evaluate the performance of our International Package and Supply Chain & Freight segments on a currency-neutral basis.
Currency-neutral revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit are calculated by dividing current period reported U.S. dollar revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit by the current period average exchange rates to derive current period local currency revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit. The derived amounts are then multiplied by the average foreign exchange rates used to translate the comparable results for each month in the prior year period (including the period over period impact of foreign currency revenue hedging activities). The difference between the current period reported U.S. dollar revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit and the derived current period U.S. dollar revenue, revenue per piece and operating profit is the period over period impact of currency fluctuations.
Transformation strategy costs described in note 17 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements have been excluded from comparisons of "adjusted" Compensation and Benefits, Other Expenses, Operating Profit, Operating Margin, Income Tax Expense and effective tax rate. We believe this adjusted information provides a useful comparison of year-to-year ongoing operating performance without considering the short-term impact of transformation strategy costs.
Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as an alternative for, our reported results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our non-GAAP financial information does not represent a comprehensive basis of accounting. Therefore, our non-GAAP financial information may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
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UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
U.S. Domestic Package Operations

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
Average Daily Package Volume (in thousands): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next Day Air | 1,855 |  |  | 1,424 |  |  | 30.3 | % |  | 1,710 |  |  | 1,430 |  |  | 19.6 | %
Deferred | 1,380 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | 1,382 |  |  | 1,261 |  |  | 9.6 | %
Ground | 13,972 |  |  | 13,420 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 13,829 |  |  | 13,483 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Total Avg. Daily Package Volume | 17,207 |  |  | 16,070 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 16,921 |  |  | 16,174 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Average Revenue Per Piece: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next Day Air | $ | 18.30 |  |  | $ | 20.08 |  |  | (8.9 | )% |  | $ | 18.48 |  |  | $ | 19.74 |  |  | (6.4 | )%
Deferred | 13.10 |  |  | 13.76 |  |  | (4.8 | )% |  | 12.80 |  |  | 13.31 |  |  | (3.8 | )%
Ground | 8.75 |  |  | 8.67 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 8.75 |  |  | 8.59 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Total Avg. Revenue Per Piece | $ | 10.12 |  |  | $ | 10.07 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | $ | 10.07 |  |  | $ | 9.94 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Operating Days in Period | 64 |  |  | 64 |  |  |  |  | 127 |  |  | 128 |  |  |
Revenue (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next Day Air | $ | 2,173 |  |  | $ | 1,830 |  |  | 18.7 | % |  | $ | 4,014 |  |  | $ | 3,614 |  |  | 11.1 | %
Deferred | 1,157 |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 2,246 |  |  | 2,149 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Ground | 7,820 |  |  | 7,444 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 15,370 |  |  | 14,818 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Total Revenue | $ | 11,150 |  |  | $ | 10,354 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | $ | 21,630 |  |  | $ | 20,581 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Operating Expenses (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Expenses | $ | 9,942 |  |  | $ | 9,415 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | $ | 19,756 |  |  | $ | 18,886 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Transformation Strategy Costs | $ | (18 | ) |  | (196 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (46 | ) |  | (196 | ) |  |  |
Adjusted Operating Expense | $ | 9,924 |  |  | $ | 9,219 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | $ | 19,710 |  |  | $ | 18,690 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Operating Profit (in millions) and Operating Margin: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Profit | $ | 1,208 |  |  | $ | 939 |  |  | 28.6 | % |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 1,695 |  |  | 10.6 | %
Adjusted Operating Profit | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 1,135 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | $ | 1,920 |  |  | $ | 1,891 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Operating Margin | 10.8 | % |  | 9.1 | % |  |  |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 8.2 | % |  |  |
Adjusted Operating Margin | 11.0 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  |  |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 9.2 | % |  |  |

Revenue
The change in overall revenue was impacted by the following factors in 2019 compared with the corresponding period of 2018:

| Volume |  | Rates / Product Mix |  | Fuel Surcharge |  | Total Revenue Change
Revenue Change Drivers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Second quarter 2019 vs. 2018 | 7.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 7.7 | %
Year-to-date 2019 vs. 2018 | 3.8 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 5.1 | %

Volume
Our overall volume increased in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018, led by strong growth in our Next Day Air and Deferred services due to increasing demand for faster delivery options.
Business-to-consumer shipments, which represented approximately 51% of the total U.S. Domestic Package average daily volume for the quarter, grew 11.8% (up 7.0% year-to-date) and were driven by overall increases in air and ground shipments. Business-to-business shipments increased 2.5% in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 (2.3% year-to-date), also driven by growth in air and ground shipments.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Among our air products, overall average daily volume increased in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 for both our Next Day Air and Deferred services. Strong air volume growth continued for those products aligned primarily with business-to-consumer shipping, including our residential Next Day Air and Second Day package products, as consumers continue to demand faster and more economical delivery options. This growth was slightly offset by declines in Next Day Air and Second Day letter volume due to shifts in customer preferences.
In the second quarter and year-to-date periods, we experienced year over year growth in residential ground products, driven by changes in customer and product mix while growth in ground commercial products was primarily driven by retail return services.
Rates and Product Mix
Overall revenue per piece increased 0.5% for the second quarter of 2019 compared with the same period of 2018 (1.3% year-to-date) and was impacted by changes in base rates, customer and product mix and fuel surcharge rates.
Revenue per piece for ground and air products was positively impacted by a base rate increase on December 26, 2018. UPS Ground rates and UPS Air services rates increased an average net 4.9%. Additionally, effective June 4, 2018, we increased the surcharge for Over Maximum Limits, Oversize Pallet Handling and shipping correction audit fees.
Revenue per piece for ground products was also positively impacted by higher fuel surcharge rates for the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 due to rate increases during 2018. Fuel surcharge rates for air products decreased slightly in the second quarter of 2019 as compared to 2018 and remained flat in the year-to-date period of 2019.
Revenue per piece for our Next Day Air services decreased in both the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018. This decrease in revenue per piece was primarily driven by an unfavorable shift in customer and product mix, which was partially offset by an increase in base rates due to pricing initiatives and an increase in average billable weight per piece.
Revenue per piece for our Deferred services decreased in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018 due to an unfavorable shift in customer and product mix, partially offset by an increase in base rates and an increase in average billable weight per piece.
Ground revenue per piece increased for the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018, primarily due to base rate increases. This was partially offset by a decline in average billable weight per piece and customer and product mix.
UPS applies a fuel surcharge on our domestic air and ground services. The air fuel surcharge is based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s (“DOE”) Gulf Coast spot price for a gallon of kerosene-type jet fuel, while the ground fuel surcharge is based on the DOE’s On-Highway Diesel Fuel price. Based on published rates, the average fuel surcharges for domestic air and ground products were as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Point |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Point
Next Day Air / Deferred | 7.7 | % |  | 7.8 | % |  | (0.1 | )% |  | 7.4 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | — | %
Ground | 7.4 | % |  | 6.8 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 6.6 | % |  | 0.7 | %

In June and October 2018, ground fuel surcharge rates were raised for all thresholds, and in October and December 2018, Domestic Air fuel surcharge rates were increased for all thresholds. Ground surcharges will continue to be based on the national U.S. Average On-Highway Diesel Fuel price and adjusted weekly.
While fluctuations in fuel surcharge percentages can be significant from period to period, fuel surcharges represent one of the many individual components of our pricing structure that impact our overall revenue and yield. Additional components include the mix of services sold, the base price and additional charges we obtain for these services and the level of pricing discounts offered.
Total domestic fuel surcharge revenue increased by $66 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($131 million year-to-date) as a result of higher fuel surcharge rates due to increases in the surcharge indices, as well as the overall increase in package volume during the quarter.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses for the segment, which include $18 million of transformation strategy costs, increased $527 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with the same period of 2018. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating expenses for the segment increased $705 million in second quarter of 2019, primarily due to pickup and delivery costs (up $341 million), the costs of operating our domestic integrated air and ground network (up $151 million), the costs of package sorting (up $101 million) and other indirect operating costs (up $112 million).
The growth in pickup and delivery and network costs was impacted by several factors:

• | Higher employee compensation and benefit costs largely resulting from (1) volume growth, which resulted in an increase in average daily union labor hours of 4.2%; (2) union pay rate and benefit increases; and (3) growth in the overall size of the workforce due to facility expansions. Additionally, we incurred higher employee healthcare expenses due to headcount and contractual contribution rate increases to multiemployer plans. These increases were partially offset by productivity improvements and lower pension expense for our company-sponsored plans due to higher discount rates used to measure the projected benefit obligations, which reduced service costs.

• | Higher fuel expense in the second quarter of 2019, primarily due to expansion of our air network and increased volume, which resulted in higher fuel and alternative fuel usage (an increase in package delivery miles driven of 6.9% and an increase in aircraft block hours of 9.0%). This was partially offset by year over year declines in fuel prices.

• | The increases described above were partially offset by a slight decrease in costs associated with outside contract carriers driven by retaining additional volume within our network.

On a year-to-date basis, operating expenses for the segment increased $870 million which included $46 million of transformation strategy costs. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating expenses for the segment increased $1.020 billion for the year-to-date period, largely due to pickup and delivery costs (up $458 million), network costs (up $326 million), the cost of package sorting (up $182 million) and other indirect operating costs (up $54 million). These increases were primarily driven by higher volume, increased employee compensation costs and increased fuel costs driven by volume growth. Alternative fuel costs were higher year over year due to alternative fuel tax credits received in 2018.
Total cost per piece, which includes transformation strategy costs of $18 million, decreased 1.4% for the second quarter of 2019 compared with the same period of 2018 (up 0.8% for the year-to-date period). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted cost per piece increased 0.5% in the second quarter and 1.6% year-to-date. Cost per piece growth rates have slowed over the last several quarters as we are beginning to realize the benefits of our new automated facilities.
Operating Profit and Margin
Operating profit increased $269 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 (up $179 million year-to-date), with operating margins increasing 170 basis points to 10.8% (up 50 basis points to 8.7% year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit increased $91 million for the second quarter (up $29 million year-to-date), with adjusted operating margins remaining flat (down 30 basis points to 8.9% year-to-date). Overall volume growth had a positive impact on operating profit which, combined with lower transformation strategy costs year over year, improved operating margins in 2019 relative to 2018.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
International Package Operations

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
Average Daily Package Volume (in thousands): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | 1,626 |  |  | 1,654 |  |  | (1.7 | )% |  | 1,657 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | (0.3 | )%
Export | 1,387 |  |  | 1,424 |  |  | (2.6 | )% |  | 1,419 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | (1.1 | )%
Total Avg. Daily Package Volume | 3,013 |  |  | 3,078 |  |  | (2.1 | )% |  | 3,076 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  | (0.7 | )%
Average Revenue Per Piece: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | $ | 6.63 |  |  | $ | 6.61 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | $ | 6.56 |  |  | $ | 6.66 |  |  | (1.5 | )%
Export | 30.06 |  |  | 30.14 |  |  | (0.3 | )% |  | 29.40 |  |  | 29.50 |  |  | (0.3 | )%
Total Avg. Revenue Per Piece | $ | 17.41 |  |  | $ | 17.50 |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  | $ | 17.10 |  |  | $ | 17.24 |  |  | (0.8 | )%
Operating Days in Period | 64 |  |  | 64 |  |  |  |  | 127 |  |  | 128 |  |  |
Revenue (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 700 |  |  | (1.4 | )% |  | $ | 1,380 |  |  | $ | 1,416 |  |  | (2.5 | )%
Export | 2,668 |  |  | 2,747 |  |  | (2.9 | )% |  | 5,299 |  |  | 5,419 |  |  | (2.2 | )%
Cargo and Other | 147 |  |  | 155 |  |  | (5.2 | )% |  | 285 |  |  | 300 |  |  | (5.0 | )%
Total Revenue | $ | 3,505 |  |  | $ | 3,602 |  |  | (2.7 | )% |  | $ | 6,964 |  |  | $ | 7,135 |  |  | (2.4 | )%
Operating Expenses (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Expenses | $ | 2,842 |  |  | $ | 2,984 |  |  | (4.8 | )% |  | $ | 5,773 |  |  | $ | 5,923 |  |  | (2.5 | )%
Transformation Strategy Costs | (2 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  |  |  | (86 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  |
Adjusted Operating Expenses | $ | 2,840 |  |  | $ | 2,948 |  |  | (3.7 | )% |  | $ | 5,687 |  |  | $ | 5,887 |  |  | (3.4 | )%
Operating Profit (in millions) and Operating Margin: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Profit | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | $ | 1,191 |  |  | $ | 1,212 |  |  | (1.7 | )%
Adjusted Operating Profit | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | 654 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 1,248 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Operating Margin | 18.9 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 17.0 | % |  |
Adjusted Operating Margin | 19.0 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  |  |  | 18.3 | % |  | 17.5 | % |  |
Currency Benefit / (Cost) – (in millions)*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | (81 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (198 | )
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 212 |
Operating Profit |  |  |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14 |
* Net of currency hedging; amount represents the change in currency translation compared to the prior year. |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenue
The change in overall revenue was impacted by the following factors in 2019 compared with the corresponding period of 2018:

| Volume |  | Rates / Product Mix |  | Fuel Surcharge |  | Currency |  | Total Revenue Change
Revenue Change Drivers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Second quarter 2019 vs. 2018 | (2.1 | )% |  | 1.4 | % |  | 0.3 | % |  | (2.3 | )% |  | (2.7 | )%
Year-to-date 2019 vs. 2018 | (1.5 | )% |  | 1.6 | % |  | 0.3 | % |  | (2.8 | )% |  | (2.4 | )%

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Volume
Our overall average daily volume for both our domestic and export products decreased in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018. Average daily volume was impacted by lower demand across a number of sectors including government, automotive, high tech, manufacturing and professional services, partially offset by higher demand in healthcare. Business-to-consumer shipments remained relatively flat for the quarter and year-to-date.
Domestic volume decreased in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018 driven by overall economic declines, particularly in the Americas and the European Union.
Export volume in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 decreased when compared to 2018, with European export volume decreasing across all major trade lanes, in part due to the uncertainty around Brexit. However, volume grew within the European continent and within the United Kingdom. U.S. export volume decreased across most regions, with the exception of the U.S. to ISMEA trade lane. Asian export volume grew in all major trade lanes with the exception of the United States. Export volume for the quarter and year-to-date periods was strongest in our non-premium expedited and standard products such as Worldwide Expedited and Domestic Standard, offset by declines in our premium Worldwide Express service.
Rates and Product Mix
On December 26, 2018 we implemented an average 4.9% net increase in base and accessorial rates for international shipments originating in the United States. Rate changes for shipments originating outside the U.S. are made throughout the year and vary by geographic market.
Total average revenue per piece decreased 0.5% in the second quarter of 2019 (0.8% year-to-date) compared to 2018. Total average revenue per piece was impacted by a 240 basis point decrease for the quarter (290 basis point decrease year-to-date) from currency, partially offset by an increase in fuel surcharge indices. Excluding the negative impact of currency, revenue per piece increased 1.9% (2.1% year-to-date).
Domestic revenue per piece increased 0.3% in the second quarter of 2019 due to an increase in fuel surcharge indices partially offset by a 530 basis point decrease due to currency. Domestic revenue per piece decreased 1.5% year-to-date compared with 2018, which includes a 620 basis point decrease due to currency. Excluding the negative impact of currency, revenue per piece increased 5.6% (4.7% year-to-date).
Export revenue per piece decreased 0.3% in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018. Export revenue per piece was impacted by a 170 basis point decrease for the quarter (210 basis point decrease year-to-date) from currency and a shift towards our non-premium products, partially offset by an increase in fuel surcharge indices. Excluding the negative impact of currency, revenue per piece increased 1.4% (1.8% year-to-date).
We maintain fuel surcharges on our international air and ground services. The fuel surcharges for international air products originating inside or outside the United States are largely indexed to the DOE's Gulf Coast spot price for a gallon of kerosene-type jet fuel, while the fuel surcharges for ground products originating outside the United States are indexed to fuel prices in the region or country where the shipment originates.
While fluctuations in fuel surcharge percentages can be significant from period to period, fuel surcharges represent one of the many individual components of our pricing structure that impacts our overall revenue and yield. Additional components include the mix of services sold, the base price and extra service charges we obtain and the level of pricing discounts offered. Total international fuel surcharge revenue decreased $5 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($9 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, due to decreased volume, partially offset by increases in fuel surcharge indices.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses decreased by $142 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($150 million year-to-date) compared to 2018, including $2 million in transformation strategy costs ($86 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating expenses for the segment decreased $108 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($200 million year-to-date). These decreases are primarily due to effective cost management of lower volumes within our air, ground and local pickup and delivery networks, combined with lower fuel prices and currency exchange rate movements.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
In addition to variability in usage and fuel prices, the manner in which we purchase fuel also influences the net impact of fuel on our results. The majority of our contracts for fuel purchases utilize index-based pricing formulas plus or minus a fixed locational/supplier differential. While many of the indices are aligned, each index may fluctuate at a different pace, driving variability in the prices paid for fuel. Because of this, our operating results may be affected should the market price of fuel suddenly change by a significant amount or change by amounts that do not result in an adjustment in our fuel surcharges, which can significantly affect our earnings either positively or negatively in the short-term.
The costs of operating our integrated international air and ground network decreased $30 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($36 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. The decrease in network costs was primarily driven by a 1.4% decrease in aircraft block hours and lower package volumes in the second quarter of 2019 (2.1% decrease year-to-date), together with lower fuel prices. Additionally, pickup and delivery costs decreased $42 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($90 million year-to-date) compared with 2018.
The remaining change in operating expenses in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 was largely due to a decrease in the costs of package sorting offset by a $4 million increase ($6 million decrease year-to-date) in indirect operating costs.
Operating Profit and Margin
Operating profit increased $45 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 ($21 million decrease year-to-date), with operating margin increasing 170 basis points to 18.9% (increase of 10 basis points to 17.1% year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit increased $11 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 ($29 million year-to-date), with adjusted operating margin increasing 80 basis points to 19.0% (80 basis points to 18.3% year-to-date). The increase in operating profit was primarily driven by flexing the air and ground networks to manage costs effectively and positive impacts of currency fluctuations.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Supply Chain & Freight Operations

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
Freight LTL Statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue (in millions) | $ | 706 |  |  | $ | 726 |  |  | (2.8 | )% |  | $ | 1,341 |  |  | $ | 1,387 |  |  | (3.3 | )%
Revenue Per Hundredweight | $ | 26.34 |  |  | $ | 25.36 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | $ | 26.23 |  |  | $ | 25.08 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Shipments (in thousands) | 2,440 |  |  | 2,639 |  |  | (7.5 | )% |  | 4,623 |  |  | 5,107 |  |  | (9.5 | )%
Shipments Per Day (in thousands) | 38.1 |  |  | 41.2 |  |  | (7.5 | )% |  | 36.4 |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | (8.8 | )%
Gross Weight Hauled (in millions of lbs) | 2,680 |  |  | 2,861 |  |  | (6.3 | )% |  | 5,113 |  |  | 5,531 |  |  | (7.6 | )%
Weight Per Shipment (in lbs) | 1,098 |  |  | 1,084 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 1,106 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Operating Days in Period | 64 |  |  | 64 |  |  |  |  | 127 |  |  | 128 |  |  |
Revenue (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forwarding | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | 1,659 |  |  | (9.8 | )% |  | $ | 2,912 |  |  | $ | 3,264 |  |  | (10.8 | )%
Logistics | 833 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 1,665 |  |  | 1,566 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Freight | 861 |  |  | 853 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1,634 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Other | 203 |  |  | 204 |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  | 403 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Total Revenue | $ | 3,393 |  |  | $ | 3,500 |  |  | (3.1 | )% |  | $ | 6,614 |  |  | $ | 6,853 |  |  | (3.5 | )%
Operating Expenses (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Expenses | $ | 3,121 |  |  | $ | 3,284 |  |  | (5.0 | )% |  | $ | 6,142 |  |  | $ | 6,467 |  |  | (5.0 | )%
Transformation Strategy Costs | (1 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  |  |
Adjusted Operating Expenses: | $ | 3,120 |  |  | $ | 3,253 |  |  | (4.1 | )% |  | $ | 6,130 |  |  | $ | 6,436 |  |  | (4.8 | )%
Operating Profit (in millions) and Operating Margin: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Profit | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | 25.9 | % |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | 22.3 | %
Adjusted Operating Profit | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | 10.5 | % |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Operating Margin | 8.0 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  |
Adjusted Operating Margin | 8.0 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  |
Currency Benefit / (Cost) – (in millions)*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | (31 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (50 | )
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48 |
Operating Profit |  |  |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2 | )
* Amount represents the change in currency translation compared to the prior year. |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenue
Total revenue for the Supply Chain & Freight segment decreased $107 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($239 million year-to-date) compared with 2018.
Forwarding revenue decreased $163 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 ($352 million year-to-date), primarily due to an overall decline in market demand that was impacted by global trade uncertainties. This led to lower tonnage in our international air freight forwarding business as well as a decrease in truckload brokerage volume. In addition, capacity surplus in the truckload brokerage market depressed rates, contributing to the year over year decrease in revenue.
Logistics revenue increased $49 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($99 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, as we experienced growth in our mail services, healthcare, and retail sectors.
UPS Freight revenue increased $8 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 ($4 million year-to-date), driven by higher volume in our ground freight pricing product. A 3.9% (4.6% year-to-date) increase in LTL revenue per hundredweight due to growth in the middle-market segment, as well as base rate increases averaging 5.9% (effective February 18, 2019), partially offset a 7.5% decrease in shipments per day during the quarter (8.8% year-to-date) and a 6.3% decline in tonnage (7.6% year-to-date).
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses for the Supply Chain & Freight segment decreased $163 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($325 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Transformation strategy costs were $1 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($12 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating expenses decreased $133 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($306 million year-to-date).
Forwarding operating expenses decreased $173 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($377 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Transformation strategy costs were $1 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($6 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, Forwarding adjusted operating expenses decreased $169 million ($378 million year-to-date), largely due to reductions in purchased transportation. Purchased transportation expense decreased $199 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($385 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, primarily due to lower tonnage and rates in our international air freight forwarding business and a decrease in truckload brokerage volume. This was offset by increases in repairs and maintenance and other expenses.
Logistics operating expenses increased $33 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($91 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. There were no transformation strategy costs in the second quarter of 2019 ($6 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, Logistics adjusted operating expenses increased $49 million ($101 million year-to-date), primarily driven by increased purchased transportation and business investments in healthcare quality and technology. Increased rates for mail services contributed to the increase in purchased transportation expenses.
UPS Freight operating expenses decreased $16 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 ($36 million year-to-date). There were no transformation strategy costs in the second quarter or year-to-date of 2019. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, UPS Freight adjusted operating expenses decreased $10 million ($30 million year-to-date). Operating expenses decreased largely due to decreases in costs associated with operating our linehaul network ($11 million over the prior year and $28 million year-to-date) and decreases in pickup and delivery costs ($16 million over the prior year and $28 million year-to-date). The decreases in linehaul network and pickup and delivery costs were driven by a reduction in expense from outside transportation carriers as a result of a decline in tonnage and lower fuel surcharges passed to us from outside carriers. These decreases were partially offset by increases in transportation expense in our ground freight pricing product due to higher volume.
Operating Profit and Margin
Total operating profit for the Supply Chain & Freight segment increased $56 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($86 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Transformation strategy costs were $1 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($12 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit for the second quarter increased $26 million ($67 million year-to-date).
Operating profit for the Forwarding unit increased $10 million in 2019 ($25 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit increased $6 million ($26 million year-to-date). Despite decreases in volume and tonnage, operating profit improved as a result of both yield and cost management initiatives.
Operating profit for the Logistics unit increased $16 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($8 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit remained constant in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018, and decreased $2 million year-to-date.
UPS Freight operating profit increased $24 million in 2019 compared with 2018 ($40 million year-to-date) as increased yields and revenue management initiatives more than offset the decline in volume. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit increased $18 million ($34 million year-to-date).
The combined operating profit for all of our other businesses in this segment increased $6 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($13 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted operating profit increased $2 million ($9 million year-to-date).
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Consolidated Operating Expenses

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
Operating Expenses (in millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and Benefits | $ | 9,299 |  |  | $ | 9,024 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | $ | 18,616 |  |  | $ | 18,069 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Transformation Strategy Costs | (2 | ) |  | (192 | ) |  |  |  | (108 | ) |  | (192 | ) |  |
Adjusted Compensation and Benefits | 9,297 |  |  | 8,832 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 18,508 |  |  | 17,877 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Repairs and Maintenance | 473 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 11.8 | % |  | 907 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 5.8 | %
Depreciation and Amortization | 575 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 1,143 |  |  | 1,138 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Purchased Transportation | 3,000 |  |  | 3,209 |  |  | (6.5 | )% |  | 5,966 |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | (6.1 | )%
Fuel | 857 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 1,627 |  |  | 1,602 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Other Occupancy | 322 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 693 |  |  | 682 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Other Expenses | 1,379 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 2,719 |  |  | 2,574 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Total Other Expenses | 6,606 |  |  | 6,659 |  |  | (0.8 | )% |  | 13,055 |  |  | 13,207 |  |  | (1.2 | )%
Other Transformation Strategy Costs | (19 | ) |  | (71 | ) |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  | (71 | ) |  |
Adjusted Total Other Expenses | 6,587 |  |  | 6,588 |  |  | — | % |  | 13,019 |  |  | 13,136 |  |  | (0.9 | )%
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 15,905 |  |  | $ | 15,683 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | $ | 31,671 |  |  | $ | 31,276 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Adjusted Total Operating Expenses | $ | 15,884 |  |  | $ | 15,420 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | $ | 31,527 |  |  | $ | 31,013 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Currency (Benefit) / Cost - (in millions)* |  |  |  |  | $ | (121 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (260 | )
* Amount represents the change in currency translation compared to the prior year. |  |  |  |  |  |

Compensation and Benefits
Total compensation and benefits increased $275 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($547 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. Transformation strategy costs were $2 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($108 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted compensation and benefits costs increased $465 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($631 million year-to-date).
Total compensation costs increased $243 million or 4.6% for the second quarter of 2019 ($354 million or 3.3% year-to-date) compared with 2018. Transformation strategy costs were $2 million for the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted compensation increased $241 million ($352 million year-to-date) largely due to higher U.S. Domestic hourly and management compensation costs. U.S. Domestic compensation costs for hourly employees increased as a result of contractual union wage increases and an increase in headcount. Headcount increased for the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018, primarily due to an average daily volume increase for U.S. Domestic of 7.1% (4.6% year-to-date), that resulted in an increase in average daily union hours of 4.2% (3.1% year-to-date). Compensation costs for management employees increased primarily due to salary increases and growth in the overall size of the workforce.
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Benefits expense increased $32 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($193 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. There were no transformation strategy costs for the second quarter of 2019 ($106 million year-to-date). Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs, adjusted benefits costs increased $224 million for the second quarter of 2019 ($279 million year-to-date) due to the following:

• | Health and welfare costs increased $137 million for the second quarter ($204 million year-to-date), largely due to increased contributions to multiemployer plans due to contractual rate increases and an overall increase in the size of the workforce.

• | Pension and retirement benefits decreased $3 million for the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019, primarily due to higher pension discount rates, driving a decrease in service costs, and lower Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation premiums due to planned voluntary pension contributions to our company-sponsored plans. These decreases were largely offset by contractually-mandated contribution increases to multiemployer plans.

• | Vacation, holiday, bonus, excused absence, payroll tax and other expenses increased $70 million for the second quarter ($77 million year-to-date), primarily driven by salary increases and growth in the overall size of the workforce.

• | Workers' compensation expense increased $20 million for the second quarter ($1 million year-to-date). Insurance reserves are established based on actuarial estimates of the loss that we will ultimately incur on reported workers' compensation claims, as well as estimates of claims that have been incurred but not reported, and take into account a number of factors including our history of claim losses, payroll growth and the impact of safety improvement initiatives.

Repairs and Maintenance
The $50 million increase in repairs and maintenance expense for the the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 compared with 2018 was due to routine repairs to buildings and facilities and maintenance of our transportation equipment and aircraft.
Depreciation and Amortization
We evaluate the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment based on our usage, maintenance and replacement policies, and taking into account physical and economic factors that may affect the useful lives of the assets. Refer to note 1 in the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further description of our policy.
Total depreciation and amortization expense increased $33 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018. The principal components of this change included:

• | An increase in expense of $95 million in the second quarter of 2019 arising from capital investments in several large facilities and other new projects coming into service. This had the effect of decreasing net income by $73 million or $0.08 per share on a basic and diluted basis in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018; and

• | A decrease in expense of $54 million in the second quarter of 2019 resulting from revisions to our estimates of useful lives, in the latter half of 2018, for building improvements, vehicles and plant equipment as part of our ongoing investment in transformation. This had the effect of increasing net income by $41 million or $0.05 per share on a basic and diluted basis in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018.

Combining the impact of the revisions to the estimated useful lives with the impact of the increased capital investments noted above resulted in a net increase of $41 million in depreciation expense and a decrease in net income of $32 million or $0.03 per share on both a basic and diluted basis in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018.
Total depreciation and amortization expense increased $5 million for the year-to-date period of 2019 compared with 2018. The principal components of this change included:

• | An increase in expense of $185 million in 2019 arising from capital investments in several large facilities and other new projects coming into service. This had the effect of decreasing net income by $142 million or $0.16 per share on a basic and diluted basis in 2019 compared with 2018; and

• | A decrease in expense of $181 million in 2019 resulting from revisions to our estimates of useful lives, in the latter half of 2018, for building improvements, vehicles and plant equipment as part of our ongoing investment in transformation. This had the effect of increasing net income by $139 million or $0.16 per share on a basic and diluted basis in 2019 compared with 2018.

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Combining the impact of the revisions to the estimated useful lives with the impact of the increased capital investments noted above resulted in a net increase of $4 million in depreciation expense and a decrease in net income of $3 million or $0.00 per share on a basic and diluted basis in 2019 compared with 2018.
We expect full-year depreciation and amortization expense to increase in 2019 compared with 2018. The changes to estimated useful lives described above will be more than offset by additional depreciation expense related to facility automation and capacity expansion projects, which are part of our multi-year transformation strategy.
Purchased Transportation
The $209 million decrease in purchased transportation expense charged to us by third-party air, rail, ocean and truck carriers for the second quarter of 2019 ($388 million year-to-date) compared with 2018 was primarily driven by the following factors:

• | Forwarding and Logistics expense decreased $142 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($306 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, due to decreases in both rates and loads per day in truckload brokerage. Our international air freight forwarding business also experienced decreases in rates and tonnage.

• | International Package expense decreased $34 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($59 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, primarily due to a favorable impact from currency exchange rate movements.

• | U.S. Domestic Package expense decreased $37 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($41 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, primarily due to lower overall usage of third-party transportation carriers.

• | UPS Freight expense increased $9 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($10 million year-to-date) compared with 2018, primarily due to increases in our ground freight pricing product. These increases were partially offset by lower LTL shipments and lower fuel surcharges passed on to us by outside carriers.

• | Other purchased transportation expense decreased $5 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared with 2018 (increased $8 million year-to-date), due to changes in leased and chartered aircraft.

Fuel
The $5 million increase in fuel expense for the second quarter of 2019 ($25 million year-to-date) compared with 2018 was primarily due to increases in aircraft block hours driven by increased U.S. Domestic package volume. These increases were offset by lower jet fuel, diesel and gasoline prices in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019. Additionally the year-to-date increase was impacted by the receipt of alternative fuel tax credits in the first quarter of 2018.
Other Occupancy
Other occupancy expense increased $1 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($11 million year-to-date) compared to 2018. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs of $4 million for the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019, adjusted other occupancy expense decreased $3 million in the second quarter of 2019 (increased $7 million year-to-date) compared to 2018.
Other Expenses
Other expenses increased $67 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($145 million year-to-date) compared with 2018. The increase is primarily attributable to increases in bad debt expense, lease expense for vehicles, auto liability insurance, security protection, non-income based state and local taxes and expense for technology equipment. These increases were partially offset by lower professional services fees and employee reimbursements. Excluding the year over year impact of transformation strategy costs of $15 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($32 million year-to-date), adjusted other expenses increased $111 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($172 million year-to-date) compared with 2018.
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Other Income and (Expense)
The following table sets forth investment income and other and interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment Income and Other | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | (27.2 | )% |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | (27.0 | )%
Interest Expense | (159 | ) |  | (149 | ) |  | 6.7 | % |  | (328 | ) |  | (302 | ) |  | 8.6 | %
Total Other Income and (Expense) | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | (60.1 | )% |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | (63.6 | )%

Investment Income and Other
The decrease in investment income and other for the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 as compared to 2018 is primarily due to a decrease in pension income, which is comprised of expected returns on pension assets net of interest cost on projected benefit obligations. Expected returns on plan assets decreased as a result of the lower asset base due to negative asset returns in 2018, partially offset by the effects of higher planned discretionary contributions in 2019. Pension interest cost increased with higher year-end discount rates, ongoing plan growth and an increase in the projected benefit obligation as a result of the year-end measurement of our plans. Investment income increased due to higher yields on invested assets partially offset by foreign currency exchange rate movements.
Interest Expense
The growth in interest expense in the second quarter and year-to-date periods of 2019 as compared to 2018 is primarily due to the issuance of new senior notes, higher effective interest rates and average outstanding debt balances.
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Income Tax Expense
The following table sets forth income tax expense and our effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | %
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income Tax Expense | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | 17.7 | % |  | $ | 848 |  |  | $ | 757 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Income Tax Impact of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transformation Strategy Costs | 4 |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |  | 34 |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |
Adjusted Income Tax Expense | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 820 |  |  | 7.6 | %
Effective Tax Rate | 23.5 | % |  | 22.9 | % |  |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 21.1 | % |  |
Adjusted Effective Tax Rate | 23.5 | % |  | 23.0 | % |  |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 21.3 | % |  |

Our effective tax rate increased to 23.5% in the second quarter of 2019 from 22.9% in the same period of 2018 (23.3% year-to-date in 2019 compared to 21.1% in the same period of 2018). The recognition in income tax of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation reduced our effective rate by 0.2% year-to-date in 2019 compared to 1.3% in the same period of 2018 (there was not a significant impact in the second quarter of 2019 or 2018). Other favorable items that impacted our effective tax rate in 2018, but did not recur in 2019, included favorable resolutions of uncertain tax positions and favorable tax provisions enacted in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018.
As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we maintained a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets primarily related to foreign net operating loss carryforwards. We intend to maintain a valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the allowances. Given our current and anticipated future foreign earnings, we believe there is a reasonable possibility that within the next 12 months sufficient positive evidence may become available to allow us to reach a conclusion that a portion of the valuation allowance will no longer be needed. Release of a portion of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period in which the release is recorded. The exact timing and amount of any valuation allowance release are subject to change depending on the level of profitability that we are able to achieve.
As discussed in note 17 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements, we recognized pre-tax transformation strategy costs of $21 million in the second quarter of 2019 ($144 million year-to-date). As a result, we recorded an additional income tax benefit in the second quarter of $4 million ($34 million year-to-date). This year-to-date benefit was generated at a higher average tax rate than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to the effect of U.S. state and local taxes and foreign taxes.
As discussed in note 17 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements, we recognized pre-tax transformation strategy costs of $263 million in the second quarter of 2018. As a result, we recorded an income tax benefit of $63 million. This benefit was generated at a higher average tax rate than the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of U.S. state and local taxes.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of June 30, 2019, we had $4.797 billion in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. We believe that our current cash position, access to capital markets and cash flows generated from operations should be adequate not only for operating requirements but also to enable us to complete our capital expenditure programs, transformation strategy and to fund dividend payments, share repurchases and long-term debt payments through the next several years. We regularly evaluate opportunities to optimize our capital structure, including through issuances of debt to refinance existing debt and to fund ongoing cash needs.
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Cash Flows From Operating Activities
The following is a summary of the significant sources (uses) of cash from operating activities (in millions):

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 2,796 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Non-cash operating activities (a) | 2,317 |  |  | 2,080 |
Pension and postretirement benefit plan contributions (company-sponsored plans) | (1,108 | ) |  | (92 | )
Hedge margin receivables and payables | 123 |  |  | 217 |
Income tax receivables and payables | 373 |  |  | 1,194 |
Changes in working capital and other non-current assets and liabilities | (262 | ) |  | 957 |
Other operating activities | (32 | ) |  | 14 |
Net cash from operating activities | $ | 4,207 |  |  | $ | 7,200 |

___________________

(a) | Represents depreciation and amortization, gains and losses on derivative transactions and foreign exchange, deferred income taxes, provisions for uncollectible accounts, amortization on operating lease assets, pension and postretirement benefit expense, stock compensation expense and other non-cash items.

Net cash from operating activities decreased $2.993 billion through the second quarter of 2019 compared to 2018, largely due to decreased net cash receipts from income taxes, changes in working capital, and higher pension and postretirement benefit plan contributions.
We made contributions to our company-sponsored pension and U.S. postretirement medical benefit plans totaling $1.108 billion during the first six months of 2019 compared to $92 million in 2018. The net hedge margin collateral received from our derivative counterparties decreased by $94 million in the first six months of 2019 relative to 2018, due to the change in net fair value of derivative contracts used in our currency and interest rate hedging programs. Cash received in respect of income taxes decreased in the first six months of 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to the timing and amount of pension contributions. In December 2017, we made a $5.0 billion pension contribution which resulted in a tax refund in the first quarter of 2018 which did not repeat in 2019. In addition to the transactions described above, operating cash flow was impacted by changes in our working capital management whereby payments from the fourth quarter of 2018 shifted somewhat into the first quarter of 2019.
As of June 30, 2019, the total of our worldwide holdings of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities was $4.797 billion, of which $2.009 billion was held by foreign subsidiaries. The amount of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by our U.S. and foreign subsidiaries fluctuates throughout the year due to a variety of factors, including the timing of cash receipts and disbursements in the normal course of business. Cash provided by operating activities in the U.S. continues to be our primary source of funds to finance domestic operating needs, capital expenditures, share repurchases and dividend payments to shareowners. All cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by foreign subsidiaries are generally available for distribution to the U.S. without any U.S. federal income taxes. Any such distributions may be subject to foreign withholding and U.S. state taxes. When amounts earned by foreign subsidiaries are expected to be indefinitely reinvested, no accrual for taxes is provided.
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Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Our primary sources (uses) of cash from investing activities were as follows (in millions):

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (2,847 | ) |  | $ | (2,820 | )
Capital Expenditures: |  |  |
Buildings, facilities and plant equipment | $ | (1,224 | ) |  | $ | (1,461 | )
Aircraft and parts | (791 | ) |  | (741 | )
Vehicles | (434 | ) |  | (275 | )
Information technology | (412 | ) |  | (372 | )
| $ | (2,861 | ) |  | $ | (2,849 | )
Capital Expenditures as a % of Revenue | 8.1 | % |  | 8.2 | %
Other Investing Activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Net (increase) decrease in finance receivables | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (4 | )
Net (purchases), sales and maturities of marketable securities | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Cash paid for business acquisitions, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
Other investing activities | $ | (96 | ) |  | $ | (7 | )

We have commitments for the purchase of aircraft, vehicles, equipment and real estate to provide for the replacement of existing capacity and anticipated future growth. We generally fund our capital expenditures with our cash from operations. Future capital spending for anticipated growth and replacement assets will depend on a variety of factors, including economic and industry conditions. In 2017, we began a multi-year investment program in our smart global logistics network which impacts all asset categories, with the largest investments in buildings, facilities and plant equipment. This investment program will continue in 2019, whereby we anticipate that our capital expenditures will be approximately $7.0 billion.
Capital expenditures on buildings, facilities and plant equipment decreased in the first six months of 2019 compared to 2018 in our U.S. and International Package businesses, largely due to several facility automation and capacity expansion projects completed in 2018. Compared to 2018, capital spending on aircraft increased due to contract deposits on open aircraft orders as well as final payments associated with the delivery of aircraft. Capital spending on vehicles increased in the first six months of 2019, relative to 2018, largely due to the timing of vehicle replacements and expansion of the overall vehicle fleet to support volume growth.
The proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment decreased in 2019 compared to 2018, largely due to the disposal of owned equipment under operating leases in the first quarter of 2018. The net change in finance receivables was primarily due to growth in our finance portfolios. Purchases and sales of marketable securities are largely determined by liquidity needs and the periodic rebalancing of investment types, and will fluctuate from period to period.
Cash paid for business acquisitions in 2019 was related to our acquisition of area franchise rights for The UPS Store. Other investing activities are impacted by changes in our non-current investments, capital contributions into certain investment partnerships and various other items.
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Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Our primary sources (uses) of cash from financing activities are as follows (amounts in millions, except per share data):

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (1,534 | ) |  | $ | (3,607 | )
Share Repurchases: |  |  |
Cash expended for shares repurchased | $ | (503 | ) |  | $ | (521 | )
Number of shares repurchased | (4.8 | ) |  | (4.4 | )
Shares outstanding at period end | 859 |  |  | 860 |
Percent increase (decrease) in shares outstanding | 0.1 | % |  | 0.1 | %
Dividends: |  |  |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 1.92 |  |  | $ | 1.82 |
Cash expended for dividend payments | $ | (1,599 | ) |  | $ | (1,507 | )
Borrowings: |  |  |
Net borrowings (repayments) of debt principal | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | (1,433 | )
Other Financing Activities: |  |  |
Cash received for common stock issuances | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 125 |
Other financing activities | $ | (175 | ) |  | $ | (271 | )
Capitalization: |  |  |
Total debt outstanding at period end | $ | 23,379 |  |  | $ | 22,711 |
Total shareowners’ equity at period end | 4,423 |  |  | 2,356 |
Total capitalization | $ | 27,802 |  |  | $ | 25,067 |
Debt to Total Capitalization % | 84.1 | % |  | 90.6 | %

We repurchased a total of 4.8 million shares of class A and class B common stock for $502 million in the first six months of 2019, and 4.4 million shares for $511 million in the first six months of 2018 ($503 million and $521 million in repurchases for 2019 and 2018, respectively, are reported on the statements of consolidated cash flows due to the timing of settlements).
In May 2016, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization of $8.0 billion for shares of class A and class B common stock. As of June 30, 2019, we had $2.837 billion of this share repurchase authorization available.
Share repurchases may take the form of accelerated share repurchases, open market purchases or other such methods as we deem appropriate. The timing of our share repurchases will depend upon market conditions. Unless terminated earlier by the Board, the program will expire when we have purchased all shares authorized for repurchase under the program. We anticipate repurchasing approximately $1.0 billion of shares in 2019.
The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of the Board and will depend on various factors, including our net income, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other relevant factors. We increased our quarterly cash dividend payment to $0.96 per share in 2019, compared with the previous $0.91 quarterly dividend rate in 2018. We expect to continue paying regular cash dividends.
Issuances of debt in the first six months of 2019 and 2018 consisted primarily of commercial paper and the 2019 issuance of two tranches of $750 million fixed-rate senior notes. Repayment of debt in 2019 and 2018 consisted primarily of our $1 billion 5.125% fixed-rate senior notes that matured in April 2019 and our $750 million 5.50% fixed-rate senior notes that matured in January 2018. We consider the overall fixed and floating interest rate mix of our portfolio and the related overall cost of borrowing when planning for future issuances and non-scheduled repayments of debt.
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The amount of commercial paper outstanding fluctuates throughout the year based on daily liquidity needs. The following is a summary of our commercial paper program (in millions):

| Functional currency outstanding balance at quarter-end |  | Outstanding balance at quarter-end ($) |  | Average balance outstanding |  | Average balance outstanding ($) |  | Average interest rate
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD | $ | 1,917 |  |  | $ | 1,917 |  |  | $ | 1,659 |  |  | $ | 1,659 |  |  | 2.42 | %
EUR | € | 838 |  |  | $ | 954 |  |  | € | 768 |  |  | $ | 867 |  |  | (0.37 | )%
Total |  |  | $ | 2,871 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The cash outflows in other financing activities were impacted by several factors. Net cash inflows (outflows) from the premium payments and settlements of capped call options for the purchase of UPS class B shares were $1 and ($19) million during the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash outflows related to the repurchase of shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations on vested employee stock awards were $173 and $250 million during the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Sources of Credit
See note 9 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our available credit and the financial covenants that we are subject to as part of our credit agreements.
Guarantees and Other Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have guarantees or other off-balance sheet financing arrangements, including variable interest entities, which we believe could have a material impact on our financial condition or liquidity.
Legal Proceedings and Contingencies
See note 7 and note 11 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of judicial proceedings and other matters arising from the conduct of our business activities, and note 16 for a discussion of income tax related matters.
Collective Bargaining Agreements
See note 7 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the status of our collective bargaining agreements.
Multiemployer Benefit Plans
See note 7 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our participation in multiemployer benefit plans.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
See note 2 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards.
Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective
See note 2 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of accounting standards issued, but not yet effective.
Rate Adjustments
Effective May 20, 2019, the International Air-Export Fuel Surcharge increased by 0.5%. This surcharge continues to be based on the National Average U.S. Gulf Coast Jet Fuel Price and adjusted weekly.
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Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk from changes in certain commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices. All of these market risks arise in the normal course of business, as we do not engage in speculative trading activities. In order to manage the risk arising from these exposures, we utilize a variety of commodity, foreign exchange and interest rate forward contracts, options and swaps. A discussion of our accounting policies for derivative instruments and further disclosures is provided in note 15 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
The total fair value asset (liability) of our derivative financial instruments is summarized in the following table (in millions):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Currency Derivatives | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 302 |
Interest Rate Derivatives | 32 |  |  | (8 | )
| $ | 401 |  |  | $ | 294 |

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had no outstanding commodity hedge positions.
Our market risks, hedging strategies and financial instrument positions at June 30, 2019 have not materially changed from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. In 2019, we entered into several foreign exchange forward contracts on the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Canadian Dollar and Hong Kong Dollar, and had forward contracts expire. We had foreign exchange options on the British Pound Sterling that expired during the first six months of 2019. The remaining fair value changes between December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2019 in the preceding table are primarily due to interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between those dates.
The foreign exchange forward contracts, swaps and options previously discussed contain an element of risk that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements; however, we minimize such risk exposures for these instruments by limiting the counterparties to banks and financial institutions that meet established credit guidelines and by monitoring counterparty credit risk to prevent concentrations of credit risk with any single counterparty.
We have agreements with all of our active counterparties (covering the majority of our derivative positions) containing early termination rights and/or zero threshold bilateral collateral provisions whereby cash is required based on the net fair value of derivatives associated with those counterparties. Events such as a credit rating downgrade (depending on the ultimate rating level) could also allow us to take additional protective measures such as the early termination of trades. Under these agreements, we held cash collateral of $448 million and were required to post $0 million in cash collateral with our counterparties as of June 30, 2019.
We have not historically incurred, and do not expect to incur in the future, any losses as a result of counterparty default.
The information concerning market risk in Item 7A under the caption “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 is hereby incorporated by reference in this report.
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Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms; and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management to allow their timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of material legal proceedings affecting us and our subsidiaries, see note 11 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors described in Part 1, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Our industry is rapidly evolving. We face significant competition, which could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations.
Our industry is rapidly evolving, including requirements for faster deliveries and increased visibility into shipments. We face significant competition on a local, regional, national and international basis. Our competitors include the postal services of the U.S. and other nations, various motor carriers, express companies, freight forwarders, air couriers and others, including large transportation and e-commerce companies that are making significant investments in their capabilities, and start ups and other companies that combine technologies with crowdsourcing to focus on local market needs. Competition may also come from other sources in the future, as a result of the development of new technologies. Some of our competitors may have cost and organizational structures that differ from ours and may offer services and pricing terms that we may not be willing or able to offer. Additionally, to remain competitive, we may have to raise costs to our customers and our customers may not be willing to accept these higher costs. If we are unable to timely and appropriately respond to competitive pressures, our business, financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The transportation industry continues to consolidate and competition remains strong. As a result of consolidation, existing or future competitors may increase their market share and improve their financial capacity, and may strengthen their competitive positions. Business combinations could also result in competitors providing a wider variety of services and products at competitive prices, which could adversely affect our financial performance.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) A summary of repurchases of our class A and class B common stock during the second quarter of 2019 is as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):

| Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
April 1 – April 30, 2019 | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 112.69 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 3,004 |
May 1 – May 31, 2019 | 0.9 |  |  | 100.66 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 2,917 |
June 1 – June 30, 2019 | 0.8 |  |  | 100.16 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 2,837 |
Total April 1 – June 30, 2019 | 2.4 |  |  | $ | 104.23 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |

_________________

(1) | Includes shares repurchased through our publicly announced share repurchase programs and shares tendered to pay the exercise price and tax withholding on employee stock options.

In May 2016, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization of $8.0 billion for shares of class A and class B common stock.
Share repurchases may take the form of accelerated share repurchases, open market purchases or other such methods as we deem appropriate. The timing of our share repurchases will depend upon market conditions. Unless terminated earlier by the Board, the program will expire when we have purchased all shares authorized for repurchase under the program. We anticipate repurchasing approximately $1.0 billion of shares in 2019.
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Item 6. | Exhibits

3.1 |  |  | — |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of United Parcel Service, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2010).
3.2 |  |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of United Parcel Service, Inc. as of February 14, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K, filed on February 19, 2013).
10.1 |  |  | — |  | Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement.*
31.1 |  |  | — |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  |  | — |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  |  | — |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  |  | — |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  |  | — |  | The following unaudited financial information from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, are formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Statements of Consolidated Income, (iii) the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) the Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows, and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 |  |  | — |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 is formatted in iXBRL.

| * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. (Registrant)
Date: | July 30, 2019 | By: |  | /S/ RICHARD N. PERETZ
|  |  |  | Richard N. Peretz
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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