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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
Our effective tax rate, exclusive of non-controlling interests, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was 22.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Our effective tax rate, exclusive of non-controlling interests, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was 22.4% and 24.1%, respectively.
Net cash paid for income taxes was $78.9 million and $54.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
We recorded approximately $151 million of current and deferred income taxes as part of our preliminary purchase price allocation for our acquisition of US Ecology. This allocation is subject to change until we finalize our valuations and other estimates.
We have deferred tax assets related to state net operating loss carryforwards. We provide a partial valuation allowance due to uncertainty surrounding the future utilization of these carryforwards in the taxing jurisdictions where the loss carryforwards exist. When determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including recent financial results, scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies. The realization of our deferred tax asset for state loss carryforwards ultimately depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income in the appropriate state taxing jurisdictions in future periods. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent such evidence can be objectively verified. We continue to regularly monitor both positive and negative evidence in determining the ongoing need for a valuation allowance. As of June 30, 2022, the valuation allowance associated with our state loss carryforwards was approximately $43 million. As a result of the acquisition of US Ecology as of June 30, 2022, the valuation allowance associated with our foreign jurisdiction tax credits was approximately $4 million.
We are subject to income tax in the United States, as well as income tax in multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. Our compliance with income tax rules and regulations is periodically audited by taxing authorities. These authorities may challenge the positions taken in our tax filings. Thus, to provide for certain potential tax exposures, we maintain liabilities for uncertain tax positions for our estimate of the final outcome of the examinations. Our federal statute of limitations is closed for all years prior to 2015. The tax years 2017 through 2021 remain subject to examination in our foreign jurisdictions. The 2017 through 2021 state tax returns are subject to examination by state tax authorities. We are currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for tax years 2015 through 2018. In addition, we are currently under state examination or administrative review in various state jurisdictions for tax years 2012 through 2020.
We believe the recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions are adequate. However, a significant assessment against us in excess of the liabilities recorded could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. As of June 30, 2022, we are unable to estimate the resolution of our gross unrecognized benefits over the next 12 months.
We recognize interest and penalties as incurred within the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statement of income. As of June 30, 2022, we accrued a liability for penalties of $0.3 million and a liability for interest (including interest on penalties) of $14.3 million related to our uncertain tax positions.