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Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible AssetsIdentifiable intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31:



(In millions)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
2020
Customer relationships	$	15,271	$	3,668	$	11,603
Acquired software and technology	2,562		879		1,683
Trade names	618		172		446
Purchased software	913		207		706
Capitalized software and other intangibles	1,332		412		920
Total	$	20,696	$	5,338	$	15,358

(In millions)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
2019
Customer relationships	$	16,187	$	2,145	$	14,042
Acquired software and technology	2,607		639		1,968
Trade names	620		105		515
Purchased software	680		173		507
Capitalized software and other intangibles	942		332		610
Total	$	21,036	$	3,394	$	17,642

Gross software development costs capitalized for new products and enhancements to existing products totaled $462 million, $339 million and $193 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Amortization expense associated with the above identifiable intangible assets was as follows for the years ended December 31:



(In millions)	2020		2019		2018
Amortization expense	$	2,563	$	1,299	$	347

Amortization expense during the year ended December 31, 2020 includes $56 million of accelerated amortization associated with the termination of certain vendor contracts (see Note 17).

The Company estimates that annual amortization expense with respect to intangible assets recorded at December 31, 2020 will be as follows:



(In millions)
Year Ending December 31,
2021	$	2,451
2022	2,262
2023	2,010
2024	1,616
2025	1,342
Thereafter	5,677
Total	$	15,358