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Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Intangible Assets | Intangible Assets Identifiable intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31:
(In millions) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
2022 |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 14,795 |  |  | $ | 6,371 |  |  | $ | 8,424 |
Acquired software and technology |  | 2,510 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | 1,276 |
Trade names |  | 633 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 338 |
Purchased software |  | 1,146 |  |  | 595 |  |  | 551 |
Capitalized software and other intangibles |  | 2,601 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 1,826 |
Total |  | $ | 21,685 |  |  | $ | 9,270 |  |  | $ | 12,415 |
(In millions) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
2021 |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 15,103 |  |  | $ | 5,112 |  |  | $ | 9,991 |
Acquired software and technology |  | 2,522 |  |  | 901 |  |  | 1,621 |
Trade names |  | 612 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 384 |
Purchased software |  | 1,133 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 654 |
Capitalized software and other intangibles |  | 1,879 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 1,359 |
Total |  | $ | 21,249 |  |  | $ | 7,240 |  |  | $ | 14,009 |
Gross software development costs capitalized for new products and enhancements to existing products totaled $807 million, $613 million and $462 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Amortization expense associated with the above identifiable intangible assets was as follows for the years ended December 31:
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Amortization expense |  | $ | 2,441 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |
Amortization expense during the year ended December 31, 2020 includes $56 million of accelerated amortization associated with the termination of certain vendor contracts (see Note 16). The Company estimates that annual amortization expense with respect to intangible assets recorded at December 31, 2022 will be as follows:
(In millions) |  |
Year Ending December 31, |
2023 |  | $ | 2,362 |
2024 |  | 2,068 |
2025 |  | 1,811 |
2026 |  | 1,491 |
2027 |  | 1,134 |
Thereafter |  | 3,549 |
Total |  | $ | 12,415 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for all or part of the information related to intangible assets. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 30 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2144471 + Details
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