Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Net sales	$ 3,243	$ 3,615	$ 6,421	$ 7,295
Cost of sales	2,230	2,369	4,405	4,766
Gross margin	1,013	1,246	2,016	2,529
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses	440	486	861	920
Research, development and engineering expenses	263	240	517	488
Amortization of purchased intangibles	31	30	62	61
Operating income	279	490	576	1,060
Interest income	8	3	15	6
Interest expense	(81)	(72)	(157)	(143)
Translated earnings contract gain, net (Note 10)	116	196	108	325
Other income, net	87	133	95	285
Income before income taxes	409	750	637	1,533
Provision for income taxes (Note 3)	(106)	(166)	(143)	(346)
Net income	303	584	494	1,187
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	(22)	(21)	(37)	(43)
Net income attributable to Corning Incorporated	$ 281	$ 563	$ 457	$ 1,144
Earnings per common share available to common shareholders:
Basic (Note 4) (in dollars per share)	$ 0.33	$ 0.67	$ 0.54	$ 1.36
Diluted (Note 4) (in dollars per share)	$ 0.33	$ 0.66	$ 0.53	$ 1.33

The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use. Also included are the engineering expenses that are incurred while working on new product design, capacity, optimization programs, etc for products that are not currently being produced.

No definition available.