10-K 1 adsk-0131201710xk.htm 10-K
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017
or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 0-14338
_____________________________________________________________
AUTODESK, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 94-2819853
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. employer Identification No.)
111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, California |  | 94903
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (415) 507-5000
_____________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Select Market)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
_____________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”). Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x |  | Accelerated filer o |  | Non-accelerated filer o |  | Smaller reporting company o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
As of July 31, 2016, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, there were approximately 208.4 million shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding that were held by non-affiliates, and the aggregate market value of such shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based on the closing sale price of such shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on July 31, 2016) was approximately $12.4 billion. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer and director have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of March 10, 2017, the registrant had outstanding 220,849,268 shares of common stock.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement for registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. The Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended January 31, 2017.

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AUTODESK, INC. FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 4
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 14
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 31
Item 2. | Properties | 31
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 31
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 31
PART II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 32
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 35
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 62
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 63
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 106
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 106
Item 9B. | Other Information | 107
PART III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 108
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 109
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 109
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 109
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 109
PART IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 110
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 111
| Signatures | 112

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
The discussion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains trend analyses and other forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements are any statements that look to future events and consist of, among other things, our business strategies, future financial results (including by product type and geography) and subscriptions, the effectiveness of our efforts to successfully manage transitions to new business models and markets, our expectations regarding the continued transition of our business model, our ability to increase our subscription base, expected market trends, including the growth of cloud and mobile computing, the effect of unemployment, the availability of credit, our expectations for our restructuring, the effects of mixed global economic conditions, the effects of revenue recognition, expected trends in certain financial metrics, including expenses, the impact of acquisitions and investment activities, expectations regarding our cash needs, the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates and our hedging activities on our financial results, our ability to successfully expand adoption of our products, our ability to gain market acceptance of new businesses and sales initiatives, and the impact of economic volatility and geopolitical activities in certain countries, particularly emerging economy countries, the timing and amount of purchases under our newly announced stock buy-back plan, and the effects of potential non-cash charges on our financial results and the resulting effect on our financial results. In addition, forward-looking statements also consist of statements involving expectations regarding product capability and acceptance, remediation to our controls environment, statements regarding our liquidity and short-term and long-term cash requirements, as well as statements involving trend analyses and statements including such words as “may,” “believe,” “could,” “anticipate,” “would,” “might,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to business and economic risks. As such, our actual results could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth below in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in our other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made, except as required by law.
PART I

ITEM 1. | BUSINESS

Note: A glossary of terms used in this Form 10-K appears at the end of this Item 1.
GENERAL
We are a global leader in design software and services, offering customers productive business solutions through powerful technology products and services. We serve customers in the architecture, engineering and construction; product design and manufacturing; and digital media and entertainment industries. Customers are able to design and create better things and processes by visualizing, simulating and analyzing real-world performance early in the design process. These capabilities allow our customers to foster innovation, optimize and improve their designs, save time and money, improve quality, communicate plans, and collaborate with others. Our professional software products are sold globally, both directly to customers and through a network of resellers and distributors.
Segments
We report segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source of our reportable segments. Prior to the third quarter of fiscal 2017, we had four operating segments: Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (“AEC”), Manufacturing (“MFG”), Platform Solutions and Emerging Business (“PSEB”), and Media and Entertainment (“M&E”).
As a result of our business model transition, there have been a number of changes in the business including the shift from selling perpetual licenses to subscription-based offerings and organizational changes in how the business is managed including a restructuring announced in the first quarter of fiscal 2017. In the third quarter of fiscal 2017, these organizational changes resulted in a change in the internal reporting provided to our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). These internal reports are used by the CODM to assess the performance of the business on a consolidated basis. Accordingly, our CODM now allocates resources and assesses the operating performance of Autodesk as a whole. As such, beginning in the third quarter of
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fiscal 2017, we concluded that we had one segment manager (the CODM), one operating segment, and one reporting unit for goodwill impairment purposes.
A summary of our revenue by geographic area and product family is found in Note 13, “Segments,” in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in California in April 1982 and were reincorporated in Delaware in May 1994. Our principal executive office is located at 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, California 94903, and the telephone number at that address is (415) 507-5000. Our internet address is www.autodesk.com. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on the Investor Relations portion of our web site at www.autodesk.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The public may also read and copy any material we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street N.E. Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1 (800) SEC-0330.
PRODUCTS
Our architecture, engineering and construction products improve the way building, civil infrastructure, process plant and construction projects are designed, built, and used. Our product development and manufacturing software provides manufacturers in automotive, transportation, industrial machinery, consumer products and building products with comprehensive digital engineering solutions that bring together data from all phases of the product development and production life cycle, creating a single digital model. Our digital media and entertainment products provide tools for digital sculpting, modeling, animation, effects, rendering, and compositing for design visualization, visual effects and games production. Our portfolio of products and services enables our customers to foster innovation, optimize and improve their designs, save time and money, improve quality, communicate plans, and collaborate with others.
Autodesk’s product offerings include:

• | AutoCAD

AutoCAD software, which is our largest single revenue-generating product, is a customizable and extensible CAD application for professional design, drafting, detailing, and visualization. AutoCAD software provides digital tools that can be used independently and in conjunction with other specific applications in fields ranging from construction and civil engineering to manufacturing and plant design.

• | AutoCAD LT

AutoCAD LT software is purpose built for professional drafting and detailing. AutoCAD LT includes document sharing capability without the need for software customization or certain advanced functionality found in AutoCAD. Users can share all design data with team members who use AutoCAD or other Autodesk products built on AutoCAD. AutoCAD LT software is our second largest revenue-generating product.

• | Industry Collections

Launched in August 2016, Autodesk's Industry Collections, our newest subscription offerings, provide our customers with increased access to a broader selection of Autodesk products, greater value, more flexibility, and a simpler way to subscribe and manage Autodesk subscriptions. To make way for industry collections, we ended the sale of the Design and Creation Suites on July 31, 2016, including Building Design Suites, Infrastructure Design Suites, and Product Design Suites. The collections are tailored to provide the essential software needed by professionals within each industry: AEC, Product Design, and M&E.
The AEC Collection aims to help our customers design, engineer, and construct higher quality, more predictable building and civil infrastructure projects, commonly used by AEC industry experts, such as AutoCAD, AutoCAD Civil3D, and Revit.
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The Product Design Collection offers connected, professional-grade tools that help our customers make great products today and compete in the changing manufacturing landscape of the future. The collection offers access to a wide range of our products, including AutoCAD and Inventor.
The M&E Collection provides end-to-end creative tools for entertainment creation. This collection enables animators, modelers and visual effect artists to access the tool they need, including Maya and 3ds Max, to create compelling effects, 3D characters and digital worlds.

• | 3ds Max

3ds Max software provides 3D modeling, animation, and rendering solutions that enable game developers, design visualization professionals and visual effects artists to digitally create realistic images, animations, and complex scenes and to digitally communicate abstract or complex mechanical, architectural, engineering, and construction concepts.

• | Maya

Maya software provides 3D modeling, animation, effects, rendering and compositing solutions that enable film and video artists, game developers, and design visualization professionals to digitally create engaging, lifelike images, realistic animations and simulations, extraordinary visual effects, and full length animated feature films.

• | Revit

Revit software is built for Building Information Modeling ("BIM") to help professionals design, build, and maintain higher-quality, more energy-efficient buildings. Using the information-rich models created with Revit, architects, engineers, and construction firms can collaborate to make better-informed decisions earlier in the design process to deliver projects with greater efficiency. Revit includes features for architectural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing design as well as structural engineering and construction, providing a comprehensive solution for the entire building project team.

• | Inventor

Inventor enables manufacturers to go beyond 3D design to digital prototyping by giving engineers a comprehensive and flexible set of tools for 3D mechanical design, simulation, analysis, tooling, visualization, and documentation. Engineers can integrate AutoCAD drawings and model-based design data into a single digital model, creating a virtual representation of a final product that enables them to validate the form, fit, and function of the product before it is ever built.

• | AutoCAD Civil 3D

AutoCAD Civil 3D products provide a surveying, design, analysis, and documentation solution for civil engineering, including land development, transportation, and environmental projects. Using a model-centric approach that automatically updates documentation as design changes are made, AutoCAD Civil 3D products enable civil engineers, designers, drafters, and surveyors to significantly boost productivity and deliver higher-quality designs and construction documentation faster. With AutoCAD Civil 3D products, the entire project team works from the same consistent, up-to-date model so they stay coordinated throughout all project phases.

• | CAM Solutions

Our computer-aided manufacturing ("CAM") software, obtained via our Delcam acquisition, offers industry-leading solutions for Computer Numeric Control ("CNC") machining, inspection, and modelling for manufacturing. A comprehensive line-up of expert products, including PowerMill, FeatureCAM, PowerInspect, PowerShare, and others, help our customers manufacture complex, innovative products and components with maximum quality, control, and production efficiency.

• | Fusion 360

Fusion 360 is the first 3D CAD, CAM, and Computer-aided Engineering ("CAE") tool of its kind. It connects the entire product development process on a single cloud-based platform that works on both Apple and PC operating systems.
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• | BIM 360

BIM 360 construction management software enables almost anytime, anywhere access to project data throughout the building construction lifecycle. BIM 360 empowers those in the field to better anticipate and act, and those in the back office to optimize and manage all aspects of construction performance.

• | Shotgun

Shotgun is cloud-based software for review and production tracking in the M&E industry. Creative companies use the Shotgun platform to provide essential business tools for managers and visual collaboration tools for artists and supervisors, who often work globally with distributed teams.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION
The technology industry is characterized by rapid technological change in computer hardware, operating systems, and software. In addition, our customers’ requirements and preferences rapidly evolve, as do their expectations of the performance of our software and services. To keep pace with these changes, we maintain a vigorous program of new product development to address demands in the marketplace for our products.
The software industry is undergoing a transition from the personal computer to cloud, social, and mobile computing. In fiscal 2017, we continued to successfully implement a strategic transition of our business model announced in fiscal 2014. To support our transition, effective February 1, 2016, we discontinued the sale of new commercial seats of most individual software products, which are now exclusively available by desktop subscription, and discontinued selling perpetual licenses of suites while introducing industry collections effective August 1, 2016. Industry collections allow access to a broad set of products and cloud services that exceeds those previously available in suites - simplifying the customers' ability to access a complete set of industry tools. We now offer term-based product subscriptions for individual products and industry collections, cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business agreements ("new model subscription offerings"). These offerings are designed to give our customers increased flexibility with how they use our products and service offerings and to attract a broader range of customers such as project-based users and small businesses. The transition to a subscription model reflects the significant and growing interaction of our desktop software and our cloud services, working together to bring an integrated workflow to our customers.
We dedicate considerable technical and financial resources to research and development to further enhance our existing products and to create new products and technologies to expand our market opportunity. For example, in fiscal 2017, we continued strategically investing in digital manufacturing by bringing together a number of products and technologies, focused on providing integrated solutions for additive, subtractive, hybrid manufacturing, robotics and simulation. Digital manufacturing solutions provide our customers with the tools necessary to advance their manufacturing and production software, processes and systems in order to achieve efficiency and cost reduction improvements. Digital manufacturing provides a unique opportunity for these customers to connect designing, making, and using. We anticipate ongoing investments in digital manufacturing and other product groups to both serve existing customers and expand market opportunity.
Research and development expenditures were $766.1 million or 38% of fiscal 2017 net revenue, $790.0 million or 32% of fiscal 2016 net revenue and $725.2 million or 29% of fiscal 2015 net revenue. The increase in research and development expenditures as a percentage of revenue compared to fiscal 2016 and 2015 was driven by the decrease in our total revenue as a result of our business model transition. Our software is primarily developed internally; however, we also use independent firms and contractors to perform some of our product development activities. Additionally, we acquire products or technology developed by others by purchasing or licensing products and technology from third parties. We continually review these investments in an effort to ensure that we are generating sufficient revenue or gaining a competitive advantage to justify their costs.
The majority of our research and product development is performed in the United States, China, Singapore, Canada, and the United Kingdom. However, we employ experienced software developers in many of our other locations. Translation and localization of our products are performed in a number of local markets, principally Singapore and Switzerland. We generally localize and translate our products into German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Japanese, Korean, and simplified and traditional Chinese.
We plan to continue managing significant product development operations internationally over the next several years. We believe that our ability to conduct research and development at various locations throughout the world allows us to optimize
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product development, lower costs, and integrate local market knowledge into our development activities. We continually assess the significant costs and challenges, including intellectual property protection, against the benefits of our international development activities.
For further discussion regarding risks from our product development and introduction efforts, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
MARKETING AND SALES
We license or sell our products and services globally, primarily through indirect channels consisting of distributors and resellers. To a lesser extent we also transact directly with our enterprise and named account customers and with customers through our digitally transacted online Autodesk branded store. Our indirect channel model includes both a two-tiered distribution structure, where distributors sell to resellers, and a one-tiered structure, where Autodesk sells directly to resellers. We have a network of approximately 1,700 resellers and distributors worldwide. For fiscal 2017, approximately 72% of our revenue was derived from indirect channel sales through distributors and resellers, and we expect that the majority of our revenue will continue to be derived from indirect channel sales in the future.
We anticipate that our channel mix will continue to change, particularly as we scale our digitally transacted online Autodesk branded store business and our largest accounts shift towards direct-only business models. Importantly, we expect our indirect channel will continue to transact and support the majority of our revenue as we move beyond the business model transition. We employ a variety of incentive programs and promotions to align our reseller channel with our business strategies.
Sales through our largest distributor, Tech Data Corporation and its global affiliates, accounted for 30%, 25%, and 25% of our net revenue for fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. We believe our business is not substantially dependent on Tech Data. Our customers through Tech Data are the resellers and end users who purchase our software licenses and services. Should any of the agreements between us and Tech Data be terminated for any reason, we believe the resellers and end users who currently purchase our products through Tech Data would be able to continue to do so under substantially the same terms from one of our many other distributors without substantial disruption to our revenue. No other distributor, reseller, or direct customer accounted for 10% or more of our revenue.
Our customer-related operations are divided into three geographic regions, the Americas; Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”), and Asia Pacific (“APAC”). Each geographic region is supported by global marketing and sales organizations. These organizations develop and manage overall marketing and sales programs and work closely with a network of domestic and international sales offices. Fiscal 2017 net revenue in the Americas, EMEA, and APAC was $871.9 million (43%), $800.4 million (39%), and $358.7 million (18%), respectively. We intend to continue to make our products available in foreign languages. We believe that international sales will continue to comprise the majority of our total net revenue. Adverse economic conditions and currency exchange rates in the countries that contribute a significant portion of our net revenue, including emerging economies, may have an adverse effect on our business in those countries and our overall financial performance. A summary of our financial information by geographic location is found in Note 13, “Segments,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our international operations and sales subject us to a variety of risks; see Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion.
We also work directly with reseller and distributor sales organizations, computer manufacturers, other software developers, and peripherals manufacturers in cooperative advertising, promotions, and trade-show presentations. We employ mass-marketing techniques such as webcasts, seminars, telemarketing, direct mailings, sponsorships, advertising in business and trade journals, and social media. We have a worldwide user group organization and we have created online user communities dedicated to the exchange of information related to the use of our products and services.
We generate revenue primarily through various offerings that provide recurring revenue. The largest is our maintenance plan program, under which customers who own a perpetual use license for the most recent version of the underlying product are able to renew a previously purchased maintenance plan that provides them with unspecified upgrades when and if available, and receive online support during the term of their maintenance contract. We also offer subscriptions which provide our customers with flexible term-based licenses of our software and services. With the discontinuation of the sale of most perpetual licenses, we have accelerated our transition away from selling a mix of perpetual licenses and maintenance plans toward a single subscription model.
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Our ability to effectively distribute our products depends in part upon the financial and business condition of our distributor and reseller networks. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, business with any one of our major distributors or large resellers could harm our business; see Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion.
CUSTOMER AND RESELLER SUPPORT
We provide technical support and training to customers through a multi-tiered support model, augmented by direct programs designed to address certain specific customer needs. Most of our customers receive support and training from the resellers and distributors from which they purchased subscriptions or licenses for our products or services, with Autodesk in turn providing second tier support to the resellers and distributors. Other customers are supported directly via self-service using the Autodesk Knowledge Network which guides customers to answers in our online support assets, support forums, webinars or to support representatives using a number of different modalities such as social media, phone, email and webchat. We also support our resellers and distributors through technical product training, sales training classes, webinars and other knowledge sharing programs.
EDUCATION, SUSTAINABILITY, AND PHILANTHROPIC PROGRAMS
Education
Autodesk is committed to helping fuel a lifelong passion for design and making among students of all ages. We offer free educational subscriptions of Autodesk's professional software to students, educators, and educational institutions worldwide. Through Autodesk Design Academy, we provide secondary and postsecondary schools hundreds of standards-aligned class projects to support design-based disciplines in Science, Technology, Engineering, Digital Arts, and Math (STEAM) using Autodesk's professional-grade design, engineering and entertainment software. Autodesk Design Academy curricula is also syndicated on iTunes U and Udemy, where millions of students go to learn online. Classes are available on our Instructables website for anyone looking to expand their "making" skills. Our intention is to make Autodesk software ubiquitous and the design software of choice for those poised to become the next generation of professional users.
Sustainability Programs
To help our customers imagine, design, and create a better world, our Sustainability initiatives focus our efforts on the area where we can have the greatest impact enabling sustainable practices through our products delivering free sustainable-design learning and training resources, providing software grants to qualifying nonprofits and entrepreneurs, and leading by example with our sustainable business practices. Through our products and services, we are supporting our customers to better understand and improve the environmental performance of everything they make.
Climate Change
In addressing the global challenges posed by climate change, we make it possible for our customers to innovate and respond to associated changes in regulation, building code, physical climate parameters and other climate-related developments. This effort can directly and indirectly create more demand for existing and new Autodesk products and services in the short and long-term. Furthermore, our leadership is committed to taking climate action and that commitment goes hand-in-hand with our reputation in the marketplace.
Climate Change Management Actions
To drive continued progress and meet growing demand, we continue to expand the solutions, education, and support we offer, helping customers secure a competitive advantage for a low carbon future by designing high-performance buildings, resilient cities and infrastructure, and more efficient transportation and products. To continue to grow this market, we provide software and support to early stage entrepreneurs and start-up companies who are designing clean technologies. We plan to expand these offerings in the future based upon demand and opportunity in response to challenges posed by climate change.
Internally, we are investing in best practices to mitigate our greenhouse gas emissions and climate change risk through investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, disaster management and recovery strategies, and materials innovation. We are on track to meet our science-based greenhouse gas reduction target of 43% absolute emissions by 2020.
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Climate Change Governance
Ultimately, our co-CEOs, have the highest level of direct responsibility for addressing our climate-change related risks and opportunities. Autodesk has established an Environmental Core Team which reports indirectly to our co-CEOs. The Environmental Core Team has direct responsibility for setting and implementing the corporate sustainability strategy, including the climate change strategy.
Emissions Performance & Other Key Performance Indicators
By end of fiscal 2016, Autodesk had reduced its greenhouse gas emissions for its operational boundary by 33% from our fiscal year 2009 baseline to 172,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. This reduction was accomplished through increased investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency in our global real estate portfolio, and continued transition from physical software delivery to cloud and electronic software delivery. In fiscal 2017, we added emissions from our supply chain to our measurement boundary. More information about our sustainability commitment can be found in our annual sustainability reports, which we have published on our website since 2008. Our fiscal 2017 sustainability report will be published in the second quarter of fiscal 2018.
Philanthropy
The Autodesk Foundation (the "Foundation"), a privately funded 501(c)(3) charity organization established and solely funded by us, leads our philanthropic efforts. The purpose of the Foundation is twofold: to support employees to create a better world at work, at home, and in the community by matching employee’s volunteer time and/or donations to nonprofit organizations; and to support organizations and individuals using design to drive positive social and environmental impact. In the latter case, we use grant funding, software donations, and training to accomplish this goal, selecting the most impactful and innovative organizations around the world, thus, leading to a better future for our planet. On our behalf, the Foundation also administers a discounted software donation program to nonprofit organizations, social and environmental entrepreneurs, and others who are developing design solutions that will shape a more sustainable future.
DEVELOPER PROGRAMS
Our business and our customers benefit from our relationships with an extensive developer network. These developers create and sell their own interoperable products that further enhance the range of integrated solutions available to our customers. One of our key strategies is to maintain an open-architecture design of our software products to facilitate third-party development of complementary products and industry-specific software solutions. This approach enables customers and third-parties to customize solutions for a wide variety of highly specific uses. We offer several programs that provide strategic investment funding, technological platforms, user communities, technical support, forums, and events to developers who develop add-on applications for our products. For example, we have created our web services platform, Autodesk Forge. The Forge Platform includes a number of web services that enable software developers to rapidly develop the next generation of applications, and experiences that will power the future of making things. Forge facilitates the development of a single connected ecosystem for integrating Autodesk applications with other enterprise, web and mobile solutions.
COMPETITION
The markets for our products are highly competitive, are subject to rapid change, and can have complex interdependencies between many of the larger businesses. We strive to increase our competitive separation by investing in research and development, allowing us to bring new products to market and create exciting new versions of existing products that offer compelling efficiencies for our customers. We also compete through investments in marketing and sales to more effectively reach new customers and better serve existing customers.
Our competitors include large, global, publicly traded companies; small, geographically focused firms; startup firms; and solutions produced in-house by their users. Our primary global competitors include Adobe Systems Incorporated, ANSYS, Inc., Apple Inc., AVEVA Group plc, Avid Technology, Inc., Bentley Systems, Inc., Dassault Systèmes S.A. and its subsidiary Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp., Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI), Intergraph Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hexagon AB, MSC Software Corporation, Nemetschek AG, PTC, 3D Systems, Siemens PLM, SONY Corporation, Technicolor, and Trimble Navigation Limited, among others.
The software industry has limited barriers to entry, and the availability of computing power with continually expanding performance at progressively lower prices contributes to the ease of market entry. The industry is presently undergoing a
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platform shift from the personal computer to cloud and mobile computing. This shift further lowers barriers to entry and poses a disruptive challenge to established software companies. The design software market is characterized by vigorous competition in each of the vertical markets in which we compete, both from existing competitors and by entry of new competitors with innovative technologies. Competition is increasingly enhanced by consolidation of companies with complementary products and technologies and the possibility that competitors in one vertical segment may enter other vertical segments that we serve. In addition, some of our competitors in certain markets have greater financial, technical, sales and marketing, and other resources than we do. Because of these and other factors, competitive conditions in these industries are likely to continue to intensify in the future. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced net revenue and profit margins, and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion of risks regarding competition.
We believe that our future results depend largely upon our ability to better serve customers by offering new products, including cloud and mobile computing products, whether by internal development or acquisition, and to continue to provide existing product offerings that compete favorably with respect to ease of use, reliability, performance, range of useful features, continuing product enhancements, reputation, price, and training.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND LICENSES
We maintain an active program to legally protect our investment in technology through intellectual property rights. We protect our intellectual property through a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protections, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions. The nature and extent of legal protection associated with each such intellectual property right depends on, among other things, the type of intellectual property right and the given jurisdiction in which such right arises. We believe that our intellectual property rights are valuable and important to our business.
Nonetheless, our intellectual property rights may not be successfully asserted in the future or may be invalidated, circumvented or challenged. In addition, the laws and enforcement of the laws of various foreign countries where our products are distributed do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws. Enforcement of intellectual property rights against alleged infringers can sometimes lead to costly litigation and counterclaims. Our inability to protect our proprietary information could harm our business.
From time to time, we receive claims alleging infringement of a third party’s intellectual property rights, including patents. Disputes involving our intellectual property rights or those of another party have in the past and may in the future lead to, among other things, costly litigation or product shipment delays, which could harm our business.
We retain ownership of software we develop. Desktop software is licensed to users pursuant to ‘click through’ or signed license agreements containing restrictions on duplication, disclosure, and transfer. Cloud software and associated services are provided to users pursuant to on-line or signed terms of service agreements containing restrictions on access and use.
We believe that because of the limitations of laws protecting our intellectual property and the rapid, ongoing technological changes in both the computer hardware and software industries, we must rely principally upon software engineering and marketing skills to continually maintain and enhance our competitive market position.
While we have recovered some revenue resulting from the unauthorized use of our software products, we are unable to measure the full extent to which piracy of our software products exists. We believe, however, that software piracy is and can be expected to be a persistent problem that negatively impacts our revenue and financial results. We believe that our transition from perpetual use software licenses to a subscription-based business model combined with the change from desktop to cloud-based computing will shift the incentives and means by which software is pirated.
In addition, through various licensing arrangements, we receive certain rights to intellectual property of others. We expect to maintain current licensing arrangements and to secure licensing arrangements in the future, as needed and to the extent available on reasonable terms and conditions, to support continued development and sales of our products and services. Some of these licensing arrangements require or may require royalty payments and other licensing fees. The amount of these payments and fees may depend on various factors, including but not limited to: the structure of royalty payments, offsetting considerations, if any, and the degree of use of the licensed technology.
See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion of risks related to protecting our intellectual property.
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PRODUCTION AND SUPPLIERS
The production of our software products and services involves duplication or hosting of software media. As we progress through our business model transition, the way that we deliver software has evolved. For certain cloud-based products, we use a combination of infrastructure-as-a-service providers like Amazon Web Services as well as co-located hosting facilities. For other products, we offer customers an electronic software download option for both initial product fulfillment as well as product updates for maintenance subscribers. Customers who choose electronic fulfillment receive the latest version of the software from our vendor’s secure servers. Customers may also obtain our software through media such as DVDs and USB flash drives available from multiple sources. The purchase of media and the transfer of the software programs onto media for distribution to customers are performed by us and by licensed subcontractors. Packaging materials are produced to our specifications by outside sources. Production is performed in leased facilities operated by independent third-party contractors. To date, we have not experienced any material difficulties or delays in the production of our software and documentation.
EMPLOYEES
As of January 31, 2017, we employed approximately 9,000 people. None of our employees in the United States are represented by a labor union. In certain foreign countries, our employees are represented by work councils. We have never experienced any work stoppages and believe our employee relations are good. Reliance upon employees in other countries entails various risks and changes in these foreign countries, such as government instability or regulation unfavorable to foreign-owned businesses, which could negatively impact our business in the future.
ACQUISITIONS
Over the past three years, we acquired new technology or supplemented our technology by purchasing businesses or technology related assets focused in specific markets or industries. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we acquired a number of companies and technology related assets, some of which were accounted for as business combinations. The following were significant acquisitions for fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015:

Date of closing |  | Company |  | Details
November 2015 |  | netfabb GmbH ("netfabb") |  | The acquisition of netfabb GmbH (“netfabb”) provided Autodesk with software solutions that reduced production costs and increased efficiency in 3D printing and additive manufacturing.
June 2014 |  | Shotgun Software Inc. ("Shotgun") |  | The acquisition of Shotgun provided a cloud-based production management solution that enabled digital studios to track, schedule, review, and collaborate on projects and images.
May 2014 |  | Within Technologies Limited ("Within”) |  | The acquisition of Within accelerated Autodesk’s development of tools and technologies for advanced manufacturing, including 3D printing.
February 2014 |  | Delcam plc (“Delcam”) |  | The acquisition of Delcam provided Autodesk a range of design, manufacturing and inspection software that enabled automated CADCAM solutions for a variety of industries, ranging from aerospace to toys and sports equipment.

BACKLOG
Backlog is defined as current software license product orders which have not yet shipped. As a result of the business model transition, there was no backlog at January 31, 2017 compared to $31.4 million at January 31, 2016, and we do not expect material backlog in future periods.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Annualized Recurring Revenue (ARR)—Represents the annualized value of our average monthly recurring revenue for the preceding three months. "Maintenance ARR” captures ARR relating to traditional maintenance attached to perpetual licenses. "New Model ARR" captures ARR relating to new model subscription offerings. Recurring revenue acquired with the acquisition of a business may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.
ARR is currently on of our key performance metrics to assess the health and trajectory of our business. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue and deferred revenue as ARR is a performance metric and is not intended to be combined with any of these items.
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Annualized Revenue Per Subscription (ARPS)—Is calculated by dividing our annualized recurring revenue by the total number of subscriptions.
Building Information Modeling (BIM)—BIM describes a model-based technology linked with a database of project information, and is the process of generating and managing information throughout the life cycle of a building. BIM is used as a digital representation of the building process to facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital formats.
Cloud Service Offerings—Represents individual term-based offerings deployed through web browser technologies or in a hybrid software and cloud configuration. Cloud service offerings that are bundled with other product offerings are not captured as a separate cloud service offering.
Constant Currency (CC) Growth Rates—We attempt to represent the changes in the underlying business operations by eliminating fluctuations caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates as well as eliminating hedge gains or losses recorded within the current and comparative periods. We calculate constant currency growth rates by (i) applying the applicable prior period exchange rates to current period results and (ii) excluding any gains or losses from foreign currency hedge contracts that are reported in the current and comparative periods.
Flexible Enterprise Business Agreements—Represents programs providing enterprise customers with token-based access or a fixed maximum number of seats to a broad pool of Autodesk products over a defined contract term.
Industry Collections—Autodesk industry collections are a combination of products and services that target a specific user objective and support a set of workflows for that objective. Our Industry Collections consist of: Autodesk Architecture, Engineering and Construction Collection, Autodesk Product Design Collection, and Autodesk Media and Entertainment Collection. Autodesk introduced industry collections effective August 1, 2016 to replace its suites.
License and Other Revenue—License and other revenue consists of two components: (1) all forms of product license revenue and (2) other revenue. Product license revenue includes software license revenue from the sale of perpetual licenses, term-based licenses from our product subscriptions and flexible enterprise business agreements, and product revenue for Creative Finishing. Other revenue includes revenue from consulting, training, Autodesk Developers Network and Creative Finishing customer support, and is recognized over time, as the services are performed.
Maintenance Plan—Our maintenance plan provides our customers with a cost effective and predictable budgetary option to obtain the productivity benefits of our new releases and enhancements when and if released during the term of their contracts. Under our maintenance plan, customers are eligible to receive unspecified upgrades when and if available, and online support. We recognize maintenance plan revenue over the term of the agreements, generally between one and three years.
New Model Subscription Offerings (New Model)—Comprises our term-based product subscriptions (formerly titled Desktop subscription), cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business agreements.
Recurring Revenue—Represents the revenue for the period from our maintenance plans and revenue from our new model subscription offerings, including portions of revenue allocated to license and other revenue for those offerings. It excludes subscription revenue related to education offerings, consumer product offerings, select Creative Finishing product offerings, Autodesk Buzzsaw, Autodesk Constructware, and third party products. Recurring revenue acquired with the acquisition of a business is reported when total subscriptions are captured in our systems and may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.
Suites—Autodesk suites are a combination of products that target a specific user objective (product design, building design, etc.) and support a set of workflows for that objective. Our primary suites include: Autodesk Building Design Suite, Autodesk Entertainment Creation Suite, Autodesk Factory Design Suite, Autodesk Infrastructure Design Suite, Autodesk Plant Design Suite, and Autodesk Product Design Suite. Autodesk discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites while introducing industry collections effective August 1, 2016.
Subscription Revenue—Autodesk subscription revenue consists of three components: (1) maintenance plan revenue from our perpetual software products; (2) maintenance revenue from our term-based product subscriptions and flexible enterprise business agreements; and (3) revenue from our cloud service offerings.
Total Subscriptions—Consists of subscriptions from our maintenance plans and new model subscription offerings that are active and paid as of the quarter end date. For certain cloud service offerings and flexible enterprise business agreements,
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subscriptions represent the monthly average activity reported within the last three months of the quarter end date. Total subscriptions do not include education offerings, consumer product offerings, select Creative Finishing product offerings, Autodesk Buzzsaw, Autodesk Constructware, and third party products. Subscriptions acquired with the acquisition of a business are captured once the data conforms to our subscription count methodology and when added, may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves significant risks, a number of which are beyond our control. In addition to the other information contained in this Form 10-K, the following discussion highlights some of these risks and the possible impact of these factors on our business, financial condition, and future results of operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely impacted, causing the trading price of our common stock to decline. In addition, these risks and uncertainties may impact the “forward-looking” statements described elsewhere in this Form 10-K and in the documents incorporated herein by reference. They could affect our actual results of operations, causing them to differ materially from those expressed in “forward-looking” statements.
Global economic and political conditions may further impact our business, financial results and financial condition.
As our business has expanded globally, we have increasingly become subject to risks arising from adverse changes in global economic and political conditions. The past several years were characterized by mixed global economic conditions, volatile credit markets, volatile exchange rates, relatively high unemployment, increased government deficit spending and debt levels, uncertainty about certain governments' abilities to repay such debt or to address certain fiscal issues, and volatility in many financial instrument markets. If economic growth in countries where we do business slows, such as in Japan or in emerging economies, or if such countries experience further economic recessions, customers may delay or reduce technology purchases. This could result in reductions in sales of our products and services, longer sales cycles and slower adoption of our technologies.
Over the past several years, many of our customers have experienced tighter credit, negative financial news and weaker financial performance of their businesses and have reduced their workforces, thereby reducing the number of licenses and the number of maintenance contracts they purchase from us. In addition, a number of our customers rely, directly and indirectly, on government spending. Current debt balances of many countries without proportionate increases in revenues have caused many countries to reduce spending and in some cases have forced those countries to restructure their debt in an effort to avoid defaulting under those obligations. This has not only impacted those countries but others that are holders of such debt and those assisting in such restructuring.
These actions may impact, and over the past several years have negatively impacted, our business, financial results and financial condition. Moreover, our financial performance may be negatively impacted by:

• | lack of credit available to, and the insolvency of, key channel partners, which may impair our distribution channels and cash flows;

• | counterparty failures negatively impacting our treasury functions, including timely access to our cash reserves and third-party fulfillment of hedging transactions;

• | counterparty failures negatively affecting our insured risks;

• | inability of banks to honor our existing line of credit, which could increase our borrowing expenses or eliminate our ability to obtain short-term financing; and

• | decreased borrowing and spending by our end users on small and large projects in the industries we serve, thereby reducing demand for our products.

In addition, in June 2016, voters in the United Kingdom approved an advisory referendum to withdraw from the European Union (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). The Brexit vote and the perceptions as to the impact of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union may adversely affect business activity, political stability and economic conditions in the United Kingdom, the European Union and elsewhere.
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It is uncertain at this time how the new U.S. President, Administration and Congress will affect our business, including potentially through increased import tariffs and other influences on U.S. trade relations with other countries, such as Mexico and China. The imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers could increase our costs and reduce the competitiveness of our offerings in certain markets. In addition, other countries may change their own policies on business and foreign investment in companies in their respective countries.
Geopolitical trends toward nationalism and protectionism and the weakening or dissolution of international trade pacts may increase the cost of, or otherwise interfere with, conducting business. Uncertainty about current and future economic and political conditions on us, our customers and partners, makes it difficult for us to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments.
Further macro-economic degradation, a slower economic recovery in industries important to our business or adverse exchange rate movements, may adversely affect our business, financial results and financial condition.
If we fail to successfully manage our business model transition to cloud-based products and more flexible product licenses, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
To address the industry transition from personal computer to cloud, mobile, and social computing, we have accelerated our move to the cloud and are offering more flexible product licenses. To support our transition, we discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of most individual software products effective February 1, 2016, and discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites effective August 1, 2016. As a result, we expect to derive an increasing portion of our revenues in the future from subscriptions. This subscription model prices and delivers our products in a way that differs from the historical perpetual pricing and delivery methods. These changes reflect a significant shift from perpetual license sales and distribution of our software in favor of providing our customers the right to access certain of our software in a hosted environment or use downloaded software for a specified subscription period. During our transition, revenue, billings, gross margin, operating margin, net income (loss), earnings (loss) per share, deferred revenue, and cash flow from operations will be impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new offerings bring a wider variety of price points.
Our ability to achieve our financial objectives is subject to risks and uncertainties. The new offerings require a considerable investment of technical, financial, legal, and sales resources, and a scalable organization. Market acceptance of such offerings is affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to: security, reliability, performance, current license terms, customer preference, social/community engagement, customer concerns with entrusting a third party to store and manage their data, public concerns regarding privacy and the enactment of restrictive laws or regulations. Whether our business model transition will prove successful and will accomplish our business and financial objectives is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: customer demand, attach and renewal rates, channel acceptance, our ability to further develop and scale infrastructure, our ability to include functionality and usability in such offerings that address customer requirements, tax and accounting implications, pricing, and our costs. In addition, the metrics we use to gauge the status of our business model transition may evolve over the course of the transition as significant trends emerge. If we are unable to successfully establish these new offerings and navigate our business model transition in light of the foregoing risks and uncertainties, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Our strategy to develop and introduce new products and services exposes us to risks such as limited customer acceptance, costs related to product defects, and large expenditures, each of which may not result in additional net revenue or could result in decreased net revenue.
Rapid technological changes, as well as changes in customer requirements and preferences, characterize the software industry. Just as the transition from mainframes to personal computers transformed the industry 30 years ago, we believe our industry is undergoing a similar transition from the personal computer to cloud, mobile, and social computing. Customers are also reconsidering the manner in which they license software products, which requires us to constantly evaluate our business model and strategy. In response, we are focused on providing solutions to enable our customers to be more agile and collaborative on their projects. We are also developing consumer products for digital art, personal design and creativity, and home design. We devote significant resources to the development of new technologies. In addition, we frequently introduce new business models or methods that require a considerable investment of technical and financial resources such as our introduction of flexible license and service offerings. It is uncertain whether these strategies will prove successful or whether we will be able to develop the necessary infrastructure and business models more quickly than our competitors. We are making such investments through further development and enhancement of our existing products and services, as well as through acquisitions of new product lines. Such investments may not result in sufficient revenue generation to justify their costs and could result in decreased net revenue. If we are not able to meet customer requirements, either with respect to our software or
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hardware products or the manner in which we provide such products, or if we are not able to adapt our business model to meet our customers' requirements, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.
In particular, a critical component of our growth strategy is to have customers of our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT products expand their portfolios to include our other offerings and cloud-based services. We want customers using individual Autodesk products to expand their portfolio with our other offerings and cloud-based services, and we are taking steps to accelerate this migration. At times, sales of licenses of our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT or individual Autodesk flagship products have decreased without a corresponding increase in industry collections or cloud-based services revenue or without purchases of customer seats to our industry collections. Should this continue, our results of operations will be adversely affected. Also, adoption of our cloud and mobile computing offerings and changes in the delivery of our software and services to our customers, such as desktop subscription (formerly referred to as rental) offerings, will change the way in which we recognize revenue relating to our software and services, with a potential negative impact on our financial performance. The accounting impact of these offerings and other business decisions are expected to result in an increase in the percentage of our ratable revenue, as well as recurring revenue, making for a more predictable business over time, while potentially reducing our upfront perpetual revenue stream.
Our executive management team must act quickly, continuously, and with vision, given the rapidly changing customer expectations and technology advancements inherent in the software industry, the extensive and complex efforts required to create useful and widely accepted products and the rapid evolution of cloud computing, mobile devices, new computing platforms, and other technologies, such as consumer products. Although we have articulated a strategy that we believe will fulfill these challenges, if we fail to execute properly on that strategy or adapt that strategy as market conditions evolve, we may fail to meet our customers' expectations, fail to compete with our competitors' products and technology, and lose the confidence of our channel partners and employees. This in turn could adversely affect our business and financial performance.
Our entry into 3D printing presents many of the risks described above concerning developing and introducing new products as well as new risks for us. The manufacturing and 3D printing markets are highly competitive and some of our competitors have experience and resources superior to ours. We have limited experience designing, developing, and selling hardware products and no experience developing and selling printers. The market for 3D printing is nascent and may not develop as rapidly as we expect. Our sale of 3D printers could subject us to product and other liability that we do not currently face. If any of these risks materialize, it could adversely affect our business and financial performance as well as our reputation and brand.
Revenue from our offerings may be difficult to predict during our business model transition.
The discontinuance of our perpetual licenses for most individual software products on February 1, 2016 and for perpetual suites on August 1, 2016 has and will continue to result in the loss of future upfront licensing revenue. This also has frozen the growth of our maintenance subscription revenue because there will be no further opportunities to attach maintenance licensing. We expect our maintenance subscription revenue to decline over time, but it may decline more quickly than anticipated due to low maintenance renewals. At the same time, our new model subscription revenue may not grow as rapidly as anticipated. Our new model subscription pricing allows customers to use our offerings at a lower initial cost when compared to the sale of a perpetual license. Although our new model subscriptions are designed to increase the number of customers who purchase offerings and create a recurring revenue stream that is more predictable over time, it creates risks related to the timing of revenue recognition and expected reductions in cash flows in the near term.
We may not be able to predict subscription renewal rates and their impact on our future revenue and operating results.
Our customers are not obligated to renew their subscriptions for our offerings, and they may elect not to renew. We cannot assure renewal rates, or the mix of subscriptions renewals. Customer renewal rates may decline or fluctuate due to a number of factors, including offering pricing, competitive offerings, customer satisfaction, and reductions in customer spending levels or customer activity due to economic downturns or financial markets uncertainty. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions or if they renew on less favorable terms, our revenues may decline.
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We are dependent on international revenue and operations, exposing us to significant regulatory, global economic, intellectual property, collections, currency exchange rate, taxation, political instability and other risks, which could adversely impact our financial results.
We are dependent on our international operations for a significant portion of our revenue. International net revenue represented 63% and 68% of our net revenue in fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our international revenue, including that from emerging economies, is subject to general economic and political conditions in foreign markets, including conditions in foreign markets resulting from economic and political conditions in the U.S. Our revenue is also impacted by the relative geographical and country mix of our revenue over time. At times, these factors adversely impact our international revenue, and consequently our business as a whole. Our dependency on international revenue makes us much more exposed to global economic and political trends, which can negatively impact our financial results, even if our results in the U.S. are strong for a particular period. Further, a significant portion of our earnings from our international operations may not be freely transferable to the U.S. due to remittance restrictions, adverse tax consequences or other factors.
We anticipate that our international operations will continue to account for a significant portion of our net revenue, and, as we expand our international development, sales and marketing expertise, will provide significant support to our overall efforts in countries outside of the U.S.
Risks inherent in our international operations include:

• | economic volatility;

• | fluctuating currency exchange rates, including risks related to any hedging activities we undertake;

• | unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and practices;

• | delays resulting from difficulty in obtaining export licenses for certain technology;

• | different purchase patterns as compared to the developed world;

• | tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers and restrictions;

• | operating in locations with a higher incidence of corruption and fraudulent business practices, particularly in emerging economies;

• | increasing enforcement by the U.S. under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and adoption of stricter anti-corruption laws in certain countries, including the United Kingdom;

• | difficulties in staffing and managing foreign sales and development operations;

• | local competition;

• | longer collection cycles for accounts receivable;

• | potential changes in tax laws, including possible U.S. and foreign tax law changes that, if enacted, could significantly impact how multinational companies are taxed;

• | tax arrangements with foreign governments, including our ability to meet and renew the terms of those tax arrangements;

• | laws regarding the management of and access to data and public networks;

• | possible future limitations upon foreign owned businesses;

• | increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

• | inadequate local infrastructure;

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• | greater difficulty in protecting intellectual property;

• | software piracy; and

• | other factors beyond our control, including popular uprisings, terrorism, war, natural disasters, and diseases.

Some of our business partners also have international operations and are subject to the risks described above.
The Brexit vote has exacerbated and may further exacerbate many of the risks and uncertainties described above. The proposed withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union could, among other potential outcomes, adversely affect the tax, tax treaty, currency, operational, legal and regulatory regimes to which our businesses in the region are subject. The withdrawal could also, among other potential outcomes, disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people between the United Kingdom and the European Union and significantly disrupt trade between the United Kingdom and the European Union and other parties. Further, uncertainty around these and related issues could lead to adverse effects on the economy of the United Kingdom and the other economies in which we operate.
Even if we are able to successfully manage the risks of international operations, our business may be adversely affected if our business partners are not able to successfully manage these risks.
Actions that we are taking to restructure our business in alignment with our business model transition strategy may be costly and may not be as effective as anticipated.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2017, we commenced a company-wide restructuring plan to accelerate the Company’s move to the cloud and its transition to a subscription-based business model. Through the restructuring, we sought to reduce expenses, streamline the organization, and reallocate resources to align more closely with the Company’s needs going forward. As a result of these actions, we have incurred and may incur additional costs in the short term that have the effect of reducing our operating margins. If we are unable to realize the expected outcomes from the restructuring efforts, our business and operating results may be harmed.
Our software is highly complex and may contain undetected errors, defects or vulnerabilities, each of which could harm our business and financial performance.
The software products that we offer are complex, and despite extensive testing and quality control, may contain errors, defects or vulnerabilities. Some errors, defects and vulnerabilities in our software products may only be discovered after the product or service has been released. Any errors, defects or vulnerabilities could result in the need for corrective releases to our software products, damage to our reputation, loss of revenue, an increase in product returns or lack of market acceptance of our products, any of which would likely harm our business and financial performance.
Existing and increased competition and rapidly evolving technological changes may reduce our revenue and profits.
The software industry has limited barriers to entry, and the availability of computing devices with continually expanding performance at progressively lower prices contributes to the ease of market entry. The industry is presently undergoing a platform shift from the personal computer to cloud and mobile computing. This shift further lowers barriers to entry and poses a disruptive challenge to established software companies. The markets in which we compete are characterized by vigorous competition, both by entry of competitors with innovative technologies and by consolidation of companies with complementary products and technologies. In addition, some of our competitors in certain markets have greater financial, technical, sales and marketing, and other resources. Furthermore, a reduction in the number and availability of compatible third-party applications, or our inability to rapidly adapt to technological and customer preference changes, including those related to cloud computing, mobile devices, and new computing platforms, may adversely affect the sale of our products. Because of these and other factors, competitive conditions in the industry are likely to intensify in the future. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced net revenue and profit margins and loss of market share, any of which would likely harm our business.
We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could negatively impact our financial results and cash flows.
Because we conduct a substantial portion of our business outside the U.S. and we make certain business and resource decisions based on assumptions about foreign currency, we face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve and economic conditions change. For example, the June 23, 2016 announcement of Brexit caused significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate
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fluctuations that resulted in the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies in which we conduct business. Our exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates could have a material adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows.
We use derivative instruments to manage a portion of our cash flow exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As part of our risk management strategy, we use foreign currency contracts to manage a portion of our exposures of underlying assets, liabilities, and other obligations, which exist as part of our ongoing business operations. These foreign currency instruments have maturities that extend for one to twelve months in the future, and provide us with some protection against currency exposures. However, our attempts to hedge against these risks may not be completely successful, resulting in an adverse impact on our financial results.
The fluctuations of currencies in which we conduct business can both increase and decrease our overall revenue and expenses for any given fiscal period. Although our foreign currency cash flow hedge program extends beyond the current quarter in order to reduce our exposure to foreign currency volatility, we do not attempt to completely mitigate this risk, and in any case, will incur transaction fees in adopting such hedging programs. Such volatility, even when it increases our revenues or decreases our expenses, impacts our ability to accurately predict our future results and earnings.
A breach of security in our products, services or computer systems may compromise the integrity of our products or services, harm our reputation, create additional liability and adversely impact our financial results.
We make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our source code and computer systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. These threats include but are not limited to identity theft, unauthorized access, DNS attacks, wireless network attacks, viruses and worms, advanced persistent threat (APT), application centric attacks, peer-to-peer attacks, phishing, backdoor trojans and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Any of the foregoing could attack our products, services or computer systems. Despite significant efforts to create security barriers to such programs, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk. Like all software, our software is vulnerable to cyber attacks. In the past, hackers have targeted our software, and they may do so in the future. The impact of cyber attacks could disrupt the proper functioning of our software products or services, cause errors in the output of our customers' work, allow unauthorized access to sensitive, proprietary or confidential information of ours or our customers, and other destructive outcomes. Moreover, as we continue to invest in new lines of consumer products and services we are exposed to increased security risks and the potential for unauthorized access to, or improper use of, the information of our consumer users. For example, cyber attacks could make our customers hesitant to adopt our cloud-based hosted subscription services, which could negatively impact our business model transition. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation may suffer, customers may stop buying our products or services, we could face lawsuits and potential liability, and our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
Changes in laws or regulations related to the Internet, local data storage or related to privacy and data security concerns may impact our business or expose us to increased liability.
The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the Internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication, and business applications. Federal, state, or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting data privacy and the transmission of certain types of content using the Internet. For example, the State of California has adopted legislation requiring operators of commercial websites and mobile applications that collect personal information from California residents to conspicuously post and comply with privacy policies that satisfy certain requirements. Several other U.S. states have adopted legislation requiring companies to protect the security of personal information that they collect from consumers over the Internet, and more states may adopt similar legislation in the future. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission has used its authority under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to bring actions against companies for failing to maintain adequate security for personal information collected from consumers over the Internet and for failing to comply with privacy- related representations made to Internet users. The U.S. Congress has at various times proposed federal legislation intended to protect the privacy of Internet users and the security of personal information collected from Internet users that would impose additional compliance burdens upon companies collecting personal information from Internet users, and the U.S. Congress may adopt such legislation in the future. The European Union also has adopted various directives regulating data privacy and security and the transmission of content using the Internet involving residents of the European Union, including those directives known as the Data Protection Directive, the E-Privacy Directive, and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive, and may adopt similar directives in the future. Other countries, including Canada and several Latin American and Asian countries, have constitutional protections for, or have adopted legislation protecting, individuals' personal information. Additionally, some federal, state, or foreign governmental bodies have
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established laws that seek to censor the transmission of certain types of content over the Internet or require that individuals be provided with the ability to permanently delete all electronic personal information, such as the German Multimedia Law of 1997 and the California “Eraser law” for minors. Additionally, some foreign governmental bodies (such as Russia and China) have established laws or have proposed laws that seek to require local data storage.
In addition, new laws and industry self-regulatory codes have been enacted and more are being considered that may affect our ability to reach current and prospective customers, to understand how our products and services are being used, to respond to customer requests allowed under the laws, and to implement our new business models effectively. These new laws and regulations would similarly affect our competitors as well as our customers.
Given the variety of global privacy and data protection regimes, it is possible we may find ourselves subject to inconsistent obligations. For instance, the USA Patriot Act is considered by some to be in conflict with certain directives of the European Union. Situations such as these require that we make prospective determinations regarding compliance with conflicting regulations. Increased enforcement of existing laws and regulations, as well as any laws, regulations or changes that may be adopted or implemented in the future, could limit the growth of the use of public cloud applications or communications generally, result in a decline in the use of the Internet and the viability of Internet-based applications, and require us to implement additional technological safeguards.
In addition, in October 2015 the European Court of Justice issued a ruling immediately invalidating the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework, which facilitated personal data transfers to the U.S. in compliance with applicable EU data protection laws. In February 2016, the European Commission and the United States agreed on a new framework for transatlantic data flows: the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield. We rely on other legal mechanisms for data transfer and continue to comply with the previous U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework and U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor Framework as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce regarding the collection, use, and retention of personal information from European Union member countries and Switzerland.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy issues could impact our new business models and expose us to increased liability.
Governments, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share or transmit personal data. Any perception of our practices or products as an invasion of privacy, whether or not consistent with current regulations and industry practices, may subject us to public criticism, class action lawsuits, reputational harm or claims by regulators, industry groups or other third parties, all of which could disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability.
We rely on third-parties to provide us with a number of operational services, including hosting and delivery and certain of our customer services and other operations and processing of data; any interruption or delay in service from these third parties, breaches of security or privacy could expose us to liability, harm our reputation and adversely impact our financial performance.
We increasingly rely on hosted computer services from third parties for services that we provide our customers and computer operations for our internal use. As we gather customer data and host certain customer data in third-party facilities, a security breach could compromise the integrity or availability or result in the theft of customer data. In addition, our operations could be negatively affected in the event of a security breach, and we could be subject to the loss or theft of confidential or proprietary information, including source code.
Unauthorized access to this data may be obtained through break-ins, breaches of our secure networks by unauthorized parties, employee theft or misuse, or other misconduct. We rely on a number of third party suppliers in the operation of our business for the provision of various services and materials that we use in the operation of our business and production of our products. We may from time to time rely on a single or limited number of suppliers, or upon suppliers in a single country, for these services or materials. The inability of such third parties to satisfy our requirements could disrupt our business operations or make it more difficult for us to implement our business strategy. If any of these situations were to occur, our reputation could be harmed, we could be subject to third party liability, including under data protection and privacy laws in certain jurisdictions, and our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
If we do not maintain good relationships with the members of our distribution channel, or achieve anticipated levels of sell-through, our ability to generate revenue will be adversely affected. If our distribution channel suffers financial losses, becomes financially unstable or insolvent, or is not provided the right mix of incentives to sell our products, our ability to generate revenue will be adversely affected.
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We sell our software products both directly to end-users and through a network of distributors and resellers. For fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, approximately 72% and 79%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from indirect channel sales through distributors and resellers and we expect that the majority of our revenue will continue to be derived from indirect channel sales in the future. Our ability to effectively distribute our products depends in part upon the financial and business condition of our distributor and reseller network. Computer software distributors and resellers typically are not highly capitalized, have previously experienced difficulties during times of economic contraction and experienced difficulties during the past several years. We have processes to ensure that we assess the creditworthiness of distributors and resellers prior to our sales to them. In the past we have taken steps to support them, and may take additional steps in the future, such as extending credit terms and providing temporary discounts. These steps, if taken, could harm our financial results. If our distributors and resellers were to become insolvent, they would not be able to maintain their business and sales, or provide customer support services, which would negatively impact our business and revenue.
We rely significantly upon major distributors and resellers in both the U.S. and international regions, including the distributor Tech Data Corporation and its global affiliates (“Tech Data”). Tech Data accounted for 30% and 25% of our total net revenue for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. Although we believe that we are not substantially dependent on Tech Data, if Tech Data were to experience a significant disruption with its business or if our relationship with Tech Data were to significantly deteriorate, it is possible that our ability to sell to end users would be, at least temporarily, negatively impacted. This could in turn negatively impact our financial results.
Over time, we have modified and will continue to modify aspects of our relationship with our distributors and resellers, such as their incentive programs, pricing to them and our distribution model to motivate and reward them for aligning their businesses with our strategy and business objectives. Changes in these relationships and underlying programs could negatively impact their business and harm our business. In addition, the loss of or a significant reduction in business with those distributors or resellers or the failure to achieve anticipated levels of sell-through with any one of our major international distributors or large resellers could harm our business. In particular, if one or more of such distributors or resellers were unable to meet their obligations with respect to accounts payable to us, we could be forced to write off such accounts and may be required to delay the recognition of revenue on future sales to these customers. These events could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
A significant portion of our revenue is generated through maintenance revenue; if decreases in maintenance revenue are not offset by increases in new model subscription revenue, our future revenue and financial results will be negatively impacted.
Our maintenance customers have no obligation to renew their maintenance contracts after the expiration of their maintenance period, which is typically one year. The discontinuance of our perpetual licenses for most individual software products on February 1, 2016 and for perpetual suites on August 1, 2016 resulted in the loss of future maintenance attach opportunities. We expect customer renewal rates will decline or fluctuate over time as a result of a number of factors, including the overall global economy, the health of their businesses, the perceived value of the maintenance program and planned maintenance pricing increases. If our non-renewing maintenance customers do not transition to our new business model subscriptions, our future revenue and financial results will be negatively impacted.
We recognize maintenance revenue ratably over the term of the maintenance contracts, which is predominantly one year, but may also range up to five years. Decreases in maintenance billings will negatively impact future maintenance revenue, however future maintenance revenue will also be impacted by other factors such as the amount, timing and mix of contract terms of future billings.
Our financial results fluctuate within each quarter and from quarter to quarter making our future revenue and financial results difficult to predict.
Our quarterly financial results have fluctuated in the past and will continue to do so in the future. These fluctuations could cause our stock price to change significantly or experience declines. We also provide investors with quarterly and annual financial forward-looking guidance that could prove to be inaccurate as a result of these fluctuations. In addition to the other factors described in this Part I, Item 1A, some of the factors that could cause our financial results to fluctuate include:

• | general market, economic, business, and political conditions in particular geographies, including Europe, APAC, and emerging economies;

• | failure to produce sufficient revenue, billings or subscription growth, and profitability;

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• | failure to achieve anticipated levels of customer acceptance of our business model transition, including the impact of the end of upgrades and perpetual licenses;

• | weak or negative growth in one or more of the industries we serve, including AEC, manufacturing, and digital media and entertainment markets;

• | restructuring or other accounting charges and unexpected costs or other operating expenses;

• | changes in revenue recognition or other accounting guidelines employed by us and/or established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other rule-making bodies;

• | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the effectiveness of our hedging activity;

• | failure to achieve and maintain cost reductions and productivity increases;

• | dependence on and the timing of large transactions;

• | changes in product mix, pricing pressure or changes in product pricing;

• | changes in billings linearity;

• | the ability of governments around the world to adopt fiscal policies, meet their financial and debt obligations, and to finance infrastructure projects;

• | lower growth or contraction of our maintenance program;

• | failure to expand our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT customer base to related design products and services;

• | our inability to rapidly adapt to technological and customer preference changes, including those related to cloud computing, mobile devices, new computing platforms, and 3D printing;

• | the timing of the introduction of new products by us or our competitors;

• | the success of new business or sales initiatives;

• | the financial and business condition of our reseller and distribution channels;

• | failure to accurately predict the impact of acquired businesses or to identify and realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, and successfully integrate such acquired businesses and technologies;

• | perceived or actual technical or other problems with a product or combination of products;

• | unexpected or negative outcomes of matters and expenses relating to litigation or regulatory inquiries;

• | increases in cloud services-related expenses;

• | security breaches and potential financial penalties to customers and government entities;

• | timing of additional investments in the development of our platform or deployment of our services;

• | timing of product releases and retirements;

• | changes in tax laws or regulations, tax arrangements with foreign governments or accounting rules, such as increased use of fair value measures;

• | changes in sales compensation practices;

• | failure to effectively implement our copyright legalization programs, especially in developing countries;

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• | failure to achieve sufficient sell-through in our channels for new or existing products;

• | renegotiation or termination of royalty or intellectual property arrangements;

• | interruptions or terminations in the business of our consultants or third-party developers;

• | the timing and degree of expected investments in growth and efficiency opportunities;

• | failure to achieve continued success in technology advancements;

• | catastrophic events or natural disasters;

• | regulatory compliance costs;

• | potential goodwill impairment charges related to prior acquisitions;

• | failure to appropriately estimate the scope of services under consulting arrangements; and

• | adjustments arising from ongoing or future tax examinations.

We have also experienced fluctuations in financial results in interim periods in certain geographic regions due to seasonality or regional economic or political conditions. In particular, our financial results in Europe during our third quarter are usually affected by a slower summer period, and our APAC operations typically experience seasonal slowing in our third and fourth quarters.
Our operating expenses are based in part on our expectations for future revenue and are relatively fixed in the short term. Accordingly, any revenue shortfall below expectations has had, and in the future could have, an immediate and significant adverse effect on our profitability. Greater than anticipated expenses or a failure to maintain rigorous cost controls would also negatively affect profitability.
Our business could suffer as a result of risks, costs, charges and integration risks associated with strategic acquisitions and investments.
We regularly acquire or invest in businesses, software products and technologies that are complementary to our business through acquisitions, strategic alliances or equity or debt investments. The risks associated with such acquisitions include, among others, the difficulty of assimilating products, operations and personnel, inheriting liabilities such as intellectual property infringement claims, the failure to realize anticipated revenue and cost projections, the requirement to test and assimilate the internal control processes of the acquired business in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the diversion of management's time and attention. For example, we face risks relating to our fiscal 2017 integration of our Delcam subsidiaries, which previously operated autonomously.
In addition, such acquisitions and investments involve other risks such as:

• | the inability to retain customers, key employees, vendors, distributors, business partners, and other entities associated with the acquired business;

• | the potential that due diligence of the acquired business or product does not identify significant problems;

• | exposure to litigation or other claims in connection with, or inheritance of claims or litigation risk as a result of, an acquisition, including but not limited to, claims from terminated employees, customers, or other third parties;

• | the potential for incompatible business cultures;

• | significantly higher than anticipated transaction or integration-related costs;

• | potential additional exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and

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• | the potential impact on relationships with existing customers, vendors, and distributors as business partners as a result of acquiring another business.

We may not be successful in overcoming such risks, and such acquisitions and investments may negatively impact our business. In addition, such acquisitions and investments have in the past and may in the future contribute to potential fluctuations in our quarterly financial results. These fluctuations could arise from transaction-related costs and charges associated with eliminating redundant expenses or write-offs of impaired assets recorded in connection with acquisitions and investments. These costs or charges could negatively impact our financial results for a given period, cause quarter to quarter variability in our financial results or negatively impact our financial results for several future periods.
Because we derive a substantial portion of our net revenue from a small number of products, including our AutoCAD-based software products and collections, if these products are not successful, our revenue will be adversely affected.
We derive a substantial portion of our net revenue from sales of licenses of a limited number of our products, including AutoCAD software, products based on AutoCAD, which include our collections that serve specific markets and products that are interoperable with AutoCAD. Any factor adversely affecting sales of these products, including the product release cycle, market acceptance, product competition, performance and reliability, reputation, price competition, economic and market conditions and the availability of third-party applications, would likely harm our financial results. During fiscal 2017 and 2016, combined revenue from our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT products, not including collections (formerly suites) having AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT as a component, represented 16% and 24% of our total net revenue, respectively.
If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary rights, our business could be harmed.
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trademark laws, trade secret protections, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights. Despite such efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties from time to time have copied aspects of our software products or have obtained and used information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our software products is time-consuming and costly. We are unable to measure the extent to which piracy of our software products exists and we expect that software piracy will remain a persistent problem, particularly in emerging economies. Furthermore, our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate.
Additionally, we actively protect the secrecy of our confidential information and trade secrets, including our source code. If unauthorized disclosure of our source code occurs, we could potentially lose future trade secret protection for that source code. The loss of future trade secret protection could make it easier for third-parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could adversely affect our financial performance and our reputation. We also seek to protect our confidential information and trade secrets through the use of non-disclosure agreements with our customers, contractors, vendors and partners. However, it is possible that our confidential information and trade secrets may be disclosed or published without our authorization. If this were to occur, it may be difficult and/or costly for us to enforce our rights, and our financial performance and reputation could be negatively impacted.
We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be costly to defend and result in the loss of significant rights.
As more software patents are granted worldwide, the number of products and competitors in our industry segments grows and the functionality of products in different industry segments overlaps, we expect that software product developers will be increasingly subject to infringement claims. Infringement or misappropriation claims have in the past been, and may in the future be, asserted against us, and any such assertions could harm our business. Additionally, certain patent holders without products have become more aggressive in threatening and pursuing litigation in attempts to obtain fees for licensing the right to use patents. Any such claims or threats, whether with or without merit, have been and could in the future be time-consuming to defend, result in costly litigation and diversion of resources, cause product shipment delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. In addition, such royalty or license agreements, if required, may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, which would likely harm our business.
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From time to time we realign or introduce new business and sales initiatives; if we fail to successfully execute and manage these initiatives, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
As part of our effort to accommodate our customers' needs and demands and the rapid evolution of technology, we from time to time evolve our business and sales initiatives such as realigning our development and marketing organizations, offering software as a service, and realigning our internal resources in an effort to improve efficiency. We may take such actions without clear indications that they will prove successful, and at times, we have been met with short-term challenges in the execution of such initiatives. Market acceptance of any new business or sales initiative is dependent on our ability to match our customers' needs at the right time and price. Often we have limited prior experience and operating history in these new areas of emphasis. If any of our assumptions about expenses, revenue or revenue recognition principles from these initiatives proves incorrect, or our attempts to improve efficiency are not successful, our actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, and our financial results will be negatively impacted.
If we fail to remediate the material weakness identified in our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial and operating reporting may be adversely affected and could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
In connection with the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, our management concluded that it has a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the operating effectiveness of our controls over the calculation of income tax expense. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management first identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in connection with the preparation of our Condensed Consolidated financial statements for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2015. Since that time, management’s remediation activities have included the following:

• | enhanced our technical accounting review for complex income tax considerations;

• | enhanced the design of our income tax controls to include specific activities to ensure proper classification of deferred taxes and calculation of income tax expense;

• | supplemented our accounting and tax professionals with the engagement of an internationally recognized accounting firm to assist us in the technical review regarding the application of tax rules around deferred tax assets and liabilities; and

• | reorganized the structure of our tax function to enhance the level of documentation, technical oversight, and review.

Management has enhanced its controls to include refinements and improvements to controls over the accounting for income taxes. While significant progress has been made as of January 31, 2017, management does not believe these controls are operating effectively. As a result, management does not believe that the material weakness has been remediated and will continue to enhance its controls over the accounting for income tax expense.
There can be no assurance that our remedial measures will be sufficient to address the material weakness or that our internal control over financial reporting will not be subject to additional material weaknesses in the future. If the remedial measures that we take are insufficient to address our material weakness or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our Consolidated Financial Statements may contain material misstatements, and we could be required to restate our financial results. Additionally, we may encounter problems or delays in implementing any changes necessary for management to make a favorable assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. If we cannot favorably assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in our financial reports and the price of our common stock could decline.
Net revenue, billings, earnings or subscriptions shortfalls or the volatility of the market generally may cause the market price of our stock to decline.
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The market price for our common stock has experienced significant fluctuations and may continue to fluctuate significantly. The market price for our common stock may be affected by a number of factors, including the other factors described in this Part I, Item 1A and the following:

• | shortfalls in our expected financial results, including net revenue, annualized recurring revenue, earnings, subscriptions, or other key performance metrics;

• | results and future projections related to our business model transition;

• | quarterly variations in our or our competitors' results of operations;

• | general socio-economic, political or market conditions;

• | changes in estimates of future results or recommendations or confusion on the part of analysts and investors about the short-term and long-term impact to our business resulting from our business model transition;

• | uncertainty about certain governments' abilities to repay debt or effect fiscal policy;

• | the announcement of new products or product enhancements by us or our competitors;

• | unusual events such as significant acquisitions, divestitures, regulatory actions, and litigation;

• | changes in laws, rules, or regulations applicable to our business;

• | outstanding debt service obligations; and

• | other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance, such as instability affecting the economy or the operating performance of our competitors.

Significant changes in the price of our common stock could expose us to costly and time-consuming litigation. Historically, after periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, a company becomes more susceptible to securities class action litigation. This type of litigation is often expensive and diverts management's attention and resources.
Our CEO transition may cause uncertainty regarding the future of our business and impact employee hiring and retention.
Carl Bass resigned as our President and CEO effective February 8, 2017 after having held such positions for over ten years. In connection with Mr. Bass’ resignation, the Board has instituted a CEO search to consider candidates inside and outside Autodesk and has formed an Interim Office of the Chief Executive to oversee the company’s day-to-day operations. The CEO transition, and any related speculation and uncertainty regarding our future business strategy and direction in connection with the search and the appointment of a permanent CEO, may cause or result in:

• | disruption of our business and to our relationships with our customers and employees;

• | distraction of our employees and management;

• | difficulty recruiting, hiring, motivating and retaining talented and skilled personnel, including a permanent CEO; and

• | increased stock price volatility.

Our business could be adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel.
Our success and ability to invest and grow depend largely on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled technical, professional, managerial, sales, and marketing personnel. Historically, competition for these key personnel has been intense. The loss of services of any of our key personnel (including key personnel joining our company through acquisitions), the inability to retain and attract qualified personnel in the future, or delays in hiring required personnel, particularly engineering and sales personnel, could make it difficult to meet key objectives, such as timely and effective product introductions and financial goals.
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Our investment portfolio consists of a variety of investment vehicles in a number of countries that are subject to interest rate trends, market volatility, and other economic factors. If general economic conditions decline, this could cause the credit ratings of our investments to deteriorate, illiquidity in the financial marketplace, and we may experience a decline in interest income and an inability to sell our investments, leading to impairment in the value of our investments.
It is our policy to invest our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings and to limit the amounts invested with any one institution, type of security and issuer. However, we are subject to general economic conditions, interest rate trends and volatility in the financial marketplace that can affect the income that we receive from our investments, the net realizable value of our investments (including our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities) and our ability to sell them. In the U.S., for example, the yields on our portfolio securities are very low due to general economic conditions. Any one of these factors could reduce our investment income, or result in material charges, which in turn could impact our overall net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share.
From time to time we make direct investments in privately held companies. Privately held company investments are considered inherently risky. The technologies and products these companies have under development are typically in the early stages and may never materialize, which could result in a loss of all or a substantial part of our initial investment in these companies. The evaluation of privately held companies is based on information that we request from these companies, which is not subject to the same disclosure regulations as U.S. publicly traded companies, and as such, the basis for these evaluations is subject to the timing and accuracy of the data received from these companies.
A loss on any of our investments may cause us to record an other-than-temporary impairment charge. The effect of this charge could impact our overall net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share. In any of these scenarios, our liquidity may be negatively impacted, which in turn may prohibit us from making investments in our business, taking advantage of opportunities and potentially meeting our financial obligations as they come due.
We are subject to legal proceedings and regulatory inquiries, and we may be named in additional legal proceedings or become involved in regulatory inquiries in the future, all of which are costly, distracting to our core business and could result in an unfavorable outcome, or a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or the trading prices for our securities.
We are involved in legal proceedings and receive inquiries from regulatory agencies. As the global economy has changed and our business has evolved, we have seen an increase in litigation activity and regulatory inquiries. Like many other high technology companies, the number and frequency of inquiries from U.S. and foreign regulatory agencies we have received regarding our business and our business practices, and the business practices of others in our industry, have increased in recent years. In the event that we are involved in significant disputes or are the subject of a formal action by a regulatory agency, we could be exposed to costly and time consuming legal proceedings that could result in any number of outcomes. Any claims or regulatory actions initiated by or against us, whether successful or not, could result in expensive costs of defense, costly damage awards, injunctive relief, increased costs of business, fines or orders to change certain business practices, significant dedication of management time, diversion of significant operational resources, or otherwise harm our business. In any of these cases, our financial results, results of operations, cash flows or the trading prices for our securities could be negatively impacted.
Changes in existing financial accounting standards or practices, or taxation rules or practices may adversely affect our results of operations.
Changes in existing accounting or taxation rules or practices, new accounting pronouncements or taxation rules, or varying interpretations of current accounting pronouncements or taxation practice could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations or the manner in which we conduct our business. Further, such changes could potentially affect our reporting of transactions completed before such changes are effective.
For example, the U.S.-based Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) is currently working together with the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) on several projects to further align accounting principles and facilitate more comparable financial reporting between companies who are required to follow U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) under SEC regulations and those who are required to follow International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") outside of the U.S. These efforts by the FASB and IASB may result in different accounting principles under GAAP
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that may result in materially different financial results for us in areas including, but not limited to principles for recognizing revenue and lease accounting.
Furthermore, in May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. This standard establishes a principle for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. The standard also provides guidance on the recognition of costs related to obtaining and fulfilling customer contracts. In August 2015, the FASB subsequently issued ASU 2015-14, which deferred the effectiveness of ASU 2014-09, so that it will now be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The revised effective date for the Company under the new standard will be the beginning of fiscal 2019. We are assessing the impact on our consolidated financial statements, defining our operational requirements, and implementing changes to our policies, procedures and systems. This new standard is both technical and complex, and we expect to incur significant ongoing costs to implement and maintain compliance with this new standard. In addition, there may be greater uncertainty with respect to projecting revenue results from future operations as we work through the new revenue recognition standard.
It is not clear whether we have the proper systems and controls in place to accommodate such changes and the impact that any such changes may have on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 along with any other changes in accounting principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change. Any difficulties in the implementation of new or changed accounting standards including ASU No. 2014-09 could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. If our estimates relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions or judgments that change or prove to be incorrect, our operating results could fall below expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. In addition, as we evolve and change our business and sales models, we are currently unable to determine how these potential changes may impact our new models, particularly in the area of revenue recognition.
We are investing in resources to update and improve our information technology systems. Should our investments not succeed, or if delays or other issues with new or existing internal technology systems disrupt our operations, our business model transition could be compromised and our business could be harmed.
We rely on our network and data center infrastructure, technology systems and our websites for our development, marketing, operational, support, sales, accounting and financial reporting activities. We continually invest resources to update and improve these systems and environments in order to meet the growing and evolving requirements of our business and customers. In particular, our transition to cloud-based products and a subscription only business model requires considerable investment in the development of technologies, and back office systems for technical, financial, compliance and sales resources to enable a scalable organization.
Such improvements are often complex, costly and time consuming. In addition, such improvements can be challenging to integrate with our existing technology systems, or uncover problems with our existing technology systems. Unsuccessful implementation of hardware or software updates and improvements could result in disruption in our business operations, loss of revenue, errors in our accounting and financial reporting or damage to our reputation and could compromise our business model transition.
In preparing our financial statements we make certain assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results.
We make assumptions, judgments and estimates for a number of items, including the fair value of financial instruments, goodwill, long-lived assets and other intangible assets, the realizability of deferred tax assets and the fair value of stock awards. We also make assumptions, judgments and estimates in determining the accruals for employee related liabilities including commissions, bonuses, and sabbaticals; and in determining the accruals for uncertain tax positions, partner incentive programs, product returns reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, asset retirement obligations and legal contingencies. These assumptions, judgments and estimates are drawn from historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates, and such differences could significantly impact our financial results.
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We are subject to risks related to taxation in multiple jurisdictions.
We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate is primarily based on our expected geographic mix of earnings, statutory rates, intercompany arrangements, including the manner in which we develop, value and license our intellectual property, and enacted tax rules. Significant judgment is required in determining our effective tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions, including intercompany transfer pricing policies, are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities and may have a significant impact on our effective tax rate.
Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Increasingly, governmental tax authorities are scrutinizing corporate tax strategies. Many countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, are actively considering changes to existing tax laws that, if enacted, could increase our tax obligations in many countries where we do business. If U.S. or other foreign tax authorities change applicable tax laws or successfully challenge the manner in which our profits are currently recognized, our overall taxes could increase, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.
We rely on third party technologies and if we are unable to use or integrate these technologies, our product and service development may be delayed and our financial results negatively impacted.
We rely on certain software that we license from third parties, including software that is integrated with internally developed software and used in our products to perform key functions. These third-party software licenses may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, and the software may not be appropriately supported, maintained or enhanced by the licensors. The loss of licenses to, or inability to support, maintain and enhance any such software could result in increased costs, or in delays or reductions in product shipments until equivalent software can be developed, identified, licensed and integrated, which would likely harm our business.
Disruptions with licensing relationships and third party developers could adversely impact our business.
We license certain key technologies from third parties. Licenses may be restricted in the term or the use of such technology in ways that negatively affect our business. Similarly, we may not be able to obtain or renew license agreements for key technology on favorable terms, if at all, and any failure to do so could harm our business.
Our business strategy has historically depended in part on our relationships with third-party developers who provide products that expand the functionality of our design software. Some developers may elect to support other products or may experience disruption in product development and delivery cycles or financial pressure during periods of economic downturn. In particular markets, such disruptions have in the past, and would likely in the future, negatively impact these third-party developers and end users, which could harm our business.
Additionally, technology created by outsourced product development, whether outsourced to third parties or developed externally and transferred to us through business or technology acquisitions, has certain additional risks such as effective integration into existing products, adequate transfer of technology know-how and ownership and protection of transferred intellectual property.
As a result of our strategy of partnering with other companies for product development, our product delivery schedules could be adversely affected if we experience difficulties with our product development partners.
We partner with certain independent firms and contractors to perform some of our product development activities. We believe our partnering strategy allows us to, among other things, achieve efficiencies in developing new products and maintaining and enhancing existing product offerings. Our partnering strategy creates a dependency on such independent developers. Independent developers, including those who currently develop products for us in the U.S. and throughout the world, may not be able or willing to provide development support to us in the future. In addition, use of development resources through consulting relationships, particularly in non-U.S. jurisdictions with developing legal systems, may be adversely impacted by, and expose us to risks relating to, evolving employment, export and intellectual property laws. These risks could, among other things, expose our intellectual property to misappropriation and result in disruptions to product delivery schedules.
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Our business may be significantly disrupted upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event.
Our business is highly automated and relies extensively on the availability of our network and data center infrastructure, our internal technology systems and our websites. We also rely on hosted computer services from third parties for services that we provide to our customers and computer operations for our internal use. The failure of our systems or hosted computer services due to a catastrophic event, such as an earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, weather event, telecommunications failure, power failure, cyber attack, terrorism, or war, could adversely impact our business, financial results and financial condition. We have developed disaster recovery plans and maintain backup systems in order to reduce the potential impact of a catastrophic event, however there can be no assurance that these plans and systems would enable us to return to normal business operations. In addition, any such event could negatively impact a country or region in which we sell our products. This could in turn decrease that country's or region's demand for our products, thereby negatively impacting our financial results.
If we were required to record an impairment charge related to the value of our long-lived assets, or an additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, our results of operations would be adversely affected.
Our long-lived assets are tested for impairment if indicators of impairment exist. If impairment testing shows that the carrying value of our long-lived assets exceeds their estimated fair values, we would be required to record a non-cash impairment charge, which would decrease the carrying value of our long-lived assets, as the case may be, and our results of operations would be adversely affected. Our deferred tax assets include net operating loss, amortizable tax assets and tax credit carryforwards that can be used to offset taxable income and reduce income taxes payable in future periods. Each quarter, we assess the need for a valuation allowance, considering both positive and negative evidence to determine whether all or a portion of the deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. In fiscal 2016 we determined that it was more likely than not that the Company would not realize our U.S. deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets. We continued to have a full valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets in 2017 and increased the amount of the valuation allowance to include deferred tax assets generated in 2017, including deferred tax assets that were established as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-9 in the second quarter of fiscal 2017. Changes in the amount of the valuation allowance could result in a material noncash expense or benefit in the period in which the valuation allowance is adjusted and our results of operations could be materially affected. We will continue to perform these tests and any future adjustments may have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We issued $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of unsecured notes in debt offerings and have an existing $400.0 million revolving credit facility, and expect to incur other debt in the future, which may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results.
In June 2015, we issued 3.125% notes due June 15, 2020 in an aggregate principal amount of $450.0 million and 4.375% notes due June 15, 2025 in an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. In December 2012, we issued 1.95% notes due December 15, 2017 in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million and 3.6% notes due December 15, 2022 in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million. As the debt matures, we will have to expend significant resources to either repay or refinance these notes. If we decide to refinance the notes, we may be required to do so on different or less favorable terms or we may be unable to refinance the notes at all, both of which may adversely affect our financial condition.
We also have a $400.0 million revolving credit facility. As of January 31, 2017, we had no outstanding borrowings on the line of credit. Although we have no current plans to borrow under this credit facility, we may use the proceeds of any future borrowing for general corporate purposes, or for future acquisitions or expansion of our business. Our existing and future levels of indebtedness may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results by, among other things:

• | increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions;

• | requiring the dedication of a greater than expected portion of our expected cash from operations to service our indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of expected cash flow available for other purposes, including capital expenditures and acquisitions; and

• | limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry.

This credit agreement contains customary covenants that could restrict the imposition of liens on Autodesk’s assets, and restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness or make dispositions of assets if Autodesk fails to maintain the financial covenants. The financial covenants consist of a leverage ratio, and an interest coverage ratio. We are required to comply with the covenants set forth in our unsecured notes and revolving credit facility. Our ability to comply with these
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covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. If we breach any of the covenants and do not obtain a waiver from the note holders or lenders, then, subject to applicable cure periods, any outstanding indebtedness may be declared immediately due and payable. As a result of the business model transition, the leverage ratio requirement of the credit agreement was waived during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017. Autodesk is discussing amendments to the financial covenants in the credit agreement with the lenders and expects to conclude this process during the first quarter of fiscal 2018. If we are unable to obtain an agreement on modified covenants that the Company can meet during our business model transition, we may cancel this credit agreement, which would decrease our liquidity by $400 million. In addition, changes by any rating agency to our credit rating may negatively impact the value and liquidity of our securities. Under certain circumstances, if our credit ratings are downgraded or other negative action is taken, the interest rate payable by us under our revolving credit facility could increase. Downgrades in our credit ratings could also restrict our ability to obtain additional financing in the future and could affect the terms of any such financing.

ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES

We lease 1,978,960 square feet of office space in 133 locations in the United States and internationally through our foreign subsidiaries. In addition, we own 101,225 square feet of office space in four locations internationally through our foreign subsidiaries. Our executive offices and corporate headquarters are located in leased office space in San Rafael, California. Our San Rafael facilities consist of 220,000 square feet under leases that have expiration dates ranging from December 2017 to December 2019. We and our foreign subsidiaries lease additional space in various locations throughout the world for local sales, product development, and technical support personnel.
All facilities are in good condition. Our facilities are operating at capacities averaging 82% occupancy worldwide as of January 31, 2017. We believe that our existing facilities and offices are adequate to meet our requirements for the foreseeable future. See Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our lease commitments.

ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations, and proceedings in the normal course of business activities including claims of alleged infringement of intellectual property rights, commercial, employment, piracy prosecution, business practices, and other matters. In our opinion, resolution of pending matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or financial position. Given the unpredictable nature of legal proceedings, there is a reasonable possibility that an unfavorable resolution of one or more such proceedings could in the future materially affect our results of operations, cash flows, or financial position in a particular period, however, based on the information known by us as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of our financial statements, any such amount is either immaterial or it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such potential loss.

ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
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PART II

ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol ADSK. The following table lists the intraday high and low sales prices for each quarter in the last two fiscal years.

| High |  | Low
Fiscal 2017 |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 62.42 |  |  | $ | 41.60 |
Second Quarter | 61.42 |  |  | 49.82 |
Third Quarter | 73.40 |  |  | 56.80 |
Fourth Quarter | 83.96 |  |  | 67.15 |
Fiscal 2016 |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 65.00 |  |  | $ | 53.02 |
Second Quarter | 59.42 |  |  | 49.50 |
Third Quarter | 55.82 |  |  | 42.06 |
Fourth Quarter | 65.78 |  |  | 45.04 |

Dividends
We did not declare any cash or stock dividends in either fiscal 2017 or fiscal 2016. We anticipate that, for the foreseeable future, we will not pay any cash or stock dividends.
Stockholders
As of January 31, 2017, the number of common stockholders of record was 430. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers or other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the record holders.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Autodesk's stock repurchase program is largely to help offset the dilution from the issuance of stock under our employee stock plans and for such other purposes as may be in the interests of Autodesk and its stockholders, and has the effect of returning excess cash generated from our business to stockholders. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the pace and timing of repurchases will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, available surplus, the volume of employee stock plan activity, cash requirements for acquisitions, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements. In September 2016, the Board of Directors approved a plan which authorized the repurchase of up to an additional 30.0 million shares of the Company's common stock. As of January 31, 2017, 3.4 million shares have been repurchased under this plan. During the three and twelve months ended January 31, 2017, we repurchased 2.9 million and 9.7 million shares, respectively, of our common stock under the existing and prior Board of Director authorized share repurchase programs. At January 31, 2017, 26.6 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors. See Note 9, “Stockholders' Equity,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
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The following table provides information about the repurchase of common stock in open-market transactions during the quarter ended January 31, 2017:

(Shares in millions) | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2)
November 1- November 30 | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 73.51 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 28.3 |
December 1 - December 31 | 0.9 |  |  | 75.47 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 27.4 |
January 1 - January 31 | 0.8 |  |  | 80.01 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 26.6 |
Total | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 75.98 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |

____________________

(1) | Represents shares purchased in open-market transactions under the stock repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors.

(2) | These amounts correspond to the plan approved by the Board of Directors in September 2016 that authorizes the repurchase of 30.0 million shares. The plan does not have a fixed expiration date.

Sales of Unregistered Securities
There were no sales of unregistered securities during the three months ended January 31, 2017.
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Company Stock Performance
The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total return (equal to dividends plus stock appreciation) for our Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Software Index. The following graph and related information will not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor will such information be incorporated by reference into any filing pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
Comparison of Five Year Cumulative Total Stockholder Return (1)
___________________

(1) | Assumes $100 invested on January 31, 2012, in Autodesk’s stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Software Index, with reinvestment of all dividends. Total stockholder returns for prior periods are not an indication of future investment returns.

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ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated financial data is not necessarily indicative of results of future operations, and should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K to fully understand factors that may affect the comparability of the information presented below. The financial data for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017 and 2016 are derived from, and are qualified by reference to, the audited consolidated financial statements that are included in this Form 10-K. The Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows data for the year ended January 31, 2015 are derived from, and are qualified by reference to, the audited consolidated financial statements that are included in this Form 10-K. The Consolidated Balance Sheet data for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015 and the remaining financial data for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2014 and 2013 are derived from audited, consolidated financial statements which are not included in this Form 10-K.

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
| (In millions, except per share data)
For the Fiscal Year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | 2,512.2 |  |  | $ | 2,273.9 |  |  | $ | 2,312.2 |
(Loss) income from operations | (499.6 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 120.7 |  |  | 284.8 |  |  | 305.9 |
Net (loss) income | (582.1 | ) |  | (330.5 | ) |  | 81.8 |  |  | 228.8 |  |  | 247.4 |
Cash flow from operations (1) | 169.7 |  |  | 414.0 |  |  | 708.6 |  |  | 572.6 |  |  | 572.0 |
Common Stock Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  | $ | 1.09 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share | (2.61 | ) |  | (1.46 | ) |  | 0.35 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.07 |
At Year End: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 4,798.1 |  |  | $ | 5,515.3 |  |  | $ | 4,909.7 |  |  | $ | 4,589.9 |  |  | $ | 4,302.4 |
Long-term liabilities | 1,879.1 |  |  | 2,304.7 |  |  | 1,294.5 |  |  | 1,262.0 |  |  | 1,221.5 |
Stockholders’ equity | 733.6 |  |  | 1,619.6 |  |  | 2,219.2 |  |  | 2,261.5 |  |  | 2,043.2 |

_______________

(1) | During the three months ended July 31, 2016, the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718)” (“ASU 2016-09”), which addresses among other items, updates to the presentation and treatment of excess tax benefits related to stock based compensation. The Company has adopted changes to the consolidated statements of cash flows on a retrospective basis. The impact for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 to net cash provided by operating activities and net cash used in financing activities was $0.5 million, $9.1 million, and $12.9 million, respectively. There was no impact to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016.

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ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion in our MD&A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K contains trend analyses and other forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements are any statements that look to future events and consist of, among other things, our business strategies, future financial results (including by product type and geography) and subscriptions, the effectiveness of our efforts to successfully manage transitions to new business models and markets, our expectations regarding the continued transition of our business model, our ability to increase our subscription base, expected market trends, including the growth of cloud and mobile computing, the effect of unemployment, the availability of credit, our expectations for our restructuring, the effects of mixed global economic conditions, the effects of revenue recognition, expected trends in certain financial metrics, including expenses, the impact of acquisitions and investment activities, expectations regarding our cash needs, the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates and our hedging activities on our financial results, our ability to successfully expand adoption of our products, our ability to gain market acceptance of new businesses and sales initiatives, and the impact of economic volatility and geopolitical activities in certain countries, particularly emerging economy countries, the timing and amount of purchases under our newly announced stock buy-back plan, and the effects of potential non-cash charges on our financial results and the resulting effect on our financial results. In addition, forward-looking statements also consist of statements involving expectations regarding product capability and acceptance, remediation to our controls environment, statements regarding our liquidity and short-term and long-term cash requirements, as well as statements involving trend analyses and statements including such words as “may,” “believe,” “could,” “anticipate,” “would,” “might,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to business and economic risks. As such, our actual results could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth above in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in our other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made, except as required by law.
Strategy
Autodesk makes software for people who make things. If you've ever driven a high-performance car, admired a towering skyscraper, used a smartphone, or watched a great film, chances are you've experienced what millions of Autodesk customers are doing with our software. Autodesk gives you the power to make anything.
Autodesk was founded during the platform transition from mainframe computers and engineering workstations to personal computers. We developed and sustained a compelling value proposition based upon desktop software for the personal computer. Just as the transition from mainframes to personal computers transformed the industry over 30 years ago, we believe our industry is undergoing a similar transition from the personal computer to cloud, mobile, and social computing. To address this transition we have accelerated our move to the cloud and mobile devices and are offering more flexible licensing. Our product subscriptions presently represent a hybrid of desktop software and cloud-based functionality, which provides a device-independent, collaborative design workflow for designers and their stakeholders. Our cloud service offerings, for example, BIM 360, Shotgun, Fusion 360, and AutoCAD 360 Pro, provide tools, including mobile and social capabilities, to help streamline design, collaboration, and data management processes. We believe that customer adoption of these new offerings will continue to grow as customers across a range of industries begin to take advantage of the scalable computing power and flexibility provided through these new services.
Our strategy is to lead the industries we serve to cloud-based technologies and business models. This entails both a technological shift and a business model shift. As part of the transition, we discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of most individual software products effective February 1, 2016, and discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites while introducing industry collections effective August 1, 2016. Industry collections allow access to a broad set of products and services that exceeds those previously available in suites - simplifying the customer ability to get access to a complete set of tools for their industry. We now offer subscriptions for individual products and industry collections, cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business agreements ("new model subscription offerings"). These offerings are designed to give our customers more flexibility with how they use our products and service offerings and to attract a broader range of customers, such as project-based users and small businesses.
With the discontinuation of the sale of most perpetual licenses, we have accelerated our transition away from selling a mix of perpetual licenses and term-based product subscriptions toward a single subscription model. As a result of this shift and various other factors described in Note 13, "Segments" in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, we have
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reassessed the way we allocate resources and evaluate financial performance and now operate as a single operating segment. During the transition, revenue, margins, EPS, deferred revenue and cash flow from operations have been and will be impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new product subscription offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price.
As we progress through the business model transition, reported revenue is less relevant to measure the success of the business as perpetual license sales have been discontinued in favor of subscription offerings, which have considerably lower upfront prices. Annualized recurring revenue ("ARR") and growth of subscriptions better reflect business momentum and provide additional transparency into the transition. To further analyze progress, we disaggregate our growth in these metrics between the original maintenance model ("maintenance") and the new model subscription offerings. Maintenance subscriptions peaked in the fourth quarter of our fiscal 2016, and we expect them to decline slowly over time.
We sell our products and services globally, through a combination of indirect and direct channels. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, our indirect channels, which include value added resellers, direct market resellers, distributors, computer manufacturers, and other software developers, were responsible for 72%, 79%, and 83% of our overall revenue, respectively. During the same periods, our direct channels, which include sales resources dedicated to selling in our largest accounts, our highly specialized products, and business transacted through our online Autodesk branded store, were responsible for 28%, 21%, and 17% of our overall revenue, respectively.
We anticipate that our channel mix will continue to change, particularly as we scale our digitally transacted online Autodesk branded store business and our largest accounts shift towards direct-only business models. Importantly, we expect our indirect channel will continue to transact and support the majority of our revenue as we move beyond the business model transition. We employ a variety of incentive programs and promotions to align our direct and indirect channels with our business strategies. In addition, we have a worldwide user group organization and we have created online user communities dedicated to the exchange of information related to the use of our products.
One of our key strategies is to maintain an open-architecture design of our software products to facilitate third-party development of complementary products and industry-specific software solutions. This approach enables customers and third parties to customize solutions for a wide variety of highly specific uses. We offer several programs that provide strategic investment funding, technological platforms, user communities, technical support, forums, and events to developers who develop add-on applications for our products. For example, we have established the Autodesk Spark program to support ideas that push the boundaries of 3D printing and nurture the companies that will advance innovations within 3D printing hardware and software. We have also created the Autodesk Forge program to support innovators that build solutions to facilitate the development of a single connected ecosystem for the future of how things are designed, made, and used.
In addition to the competitive advantages afforded by our technology, our large global network of distributors, resellers, third-party developers, customers, educational institutions, educators, and students is a key competitive advantage. This network of partners and relationships provides us with a broad and deep reach into volume markets around the world. Our distributor and reseller network is extensive and provides our customers with the resources to purchase, deploy, learn, and support our products quickly and easily. We have a significant number of registered third-party developers who create products that work well with our products and extend them for a variety of specialized applications.
Autodesk is committed to helping fuel a lifelong passion for design in students of all ages. We offer free educational subscriptions of Autodesk software worldwide to students, educators, and educational institutions. Through Autodesk Design Academy, we provide secondary and postsecondary school markets hundreds of standards-aligned class projects to support design-based disciplines in Science, Technology, Engineering, Digital Arts, and Math (STEAM) while using Autodesk's professional-grade 3D design, engineering and entertainment software used in industry. We also have made Autodesk Design Academy curricula available on iTunes U. Our intention is to make Autodesk software ubiquitous and the design software of choice for those poised to become the next generation of professional users.
Our strategy includes improving our product functionality and expanding our product offerings through internal development as well as through the acquisition of products, technology, and businesses. Acquisitions often increase the speed at which we can deliver product functionality to our customers; however, they entail cost and integration challenges and may, in certain instances, negatively impact our operating margins. We continually review these trade-offs in making decisions regarding acquisitions. We currently anticipate that we will continue to acquire products, technology, and businesses as compelling opportunities become available.
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Our strategy depends upon a number of assumptions to successfully make the transition toward new cloud and mobile platforms, including: the related technology and business model shifts; making our technology available to mainstream markets; leveraging our large global network of distributors, resellers, third-party developers, customers, educational institutions, and students; improving the performance and functionality of our products; and adequately protecting our intellectual property. If the outcome of any of these assumptions differs from our expectations, we may not be able to implement our strategy, which could potentially adversely affect our business. For further discussion regarding these and related risks, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, we make assumptions, judgments, and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements. We base our assumptions, judgments, and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly reevaluate our assumptions, judgments, and estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1, “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that of all our significant accounting policies, the following policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.
Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable. However, determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue we report.
For multiple element arrangements containing only software and software-related elements, we allocate the sales price among each of the deliverables using the residual method, under which revenue is allocated to undelivered elements based on our vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value. VSOE is the price charged when an element is sold separately or a price set by management with the relevant authority. If we do not have VSOE of an undelivered software license, we defer revenue recognition on the entire sales arrangement until all elements for which we do not have VSOE are delivered. If we do not have VSOE for undelivered product subscriptions, maintenance or services, the revenue for the arrangement is recognized over the longest contractual service period in the arrangement. We are required to exercise judgment in determining whether VSOE exists for each undelivered element based on whether our pricing for these elements is sufficiently consistent.
For multiple elements arrangements involving non-software elements, including cloud subscription services, our revenue recognition policy is based upon the accounting guidance contained in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 605, Revenue Recognition. For these arrangements, we first allocate the total arrangement consideration based on the relative selling prices of the software group of elements as a whole and to the non-software elements. We then further allocate consideration within the software group to the respective elements within that group using the residual method as described above. We exercise judgment and use estimates in connection with the determination of the amount of revenue to be recognized in each accounting period.
We allocate the total arrangement consideration among the various elements based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its VSOE if available, third-party evidence ("TPE") if VSOE is not available, or the best estimated selling price ("BESP") if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. BESP represents the price at which Autodesk would transact for the deliverable if it were sold regularly on a standalone basis. To establish BESP for those elements for which neither VSOE nor TPE are available, we perform a quantitative analysis of pricing data points for historical standalone transactions involving such elements for a twelve-month period. As part of this analysis, we monitor and evaluate the BESP against actual pricing to ensure that it continues to represent a reasonable estimate of the standalone selling price, considering several other external and internal factors including, but not limited to, pricing and discounting practices, contractually stated prices, the geographies in which we offer our products and services, and the type of customer (i.e. distributor, value-added reseller, and direct end user, among others). We analyze BESP at least annually or on a more frequent basis if a significant change in our business necessitates a more timely analysis or if we experience significant variances in our selling prices.
In situations when we have multiple contracts with a single counterparty, we use the guidance in ASC 985-605 to evaluate both the form and the substance of the arrangements to determine if they should be combined and accounted for as one arrangement or as separate arrangements.
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Our assessment of the likelihood of collection is also a critical factor in determining the timing of revenue recognition. If we do not believe that collection is probable, the revenue will be deferred until payment is received.
Our indirect channel model includes both a two-tiered distribution structure, where distributors sell to resellers, and a one-tiered structure where Autodesk sells directly to resellers. Our subscription revenue from distributors and resellers generally commences recognition at the time access is provided to their customers, provided all other criteria for revenue recognition are met. This policy is predicated on our ability to estimate sales returns, among other criteria. We are also required to evaluate whether our distributors and resellers have the ability to honor their commitment to make fixed or determinable payments, regardless of whether they collect payment from their customers. If we were to change any of these assumptions or judgments, it could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that we report in a particular period.
As part of the indirect channel model, we have a partner incentive program that uses quarterly attainment of monetary rewards to motivate distributors and resellers to achieve mutually agreed upon business goals in a specified time period. A portion of these incentives reduce license and other revenue in the current period. The remainder, which relates to incentives on our Subscription Program, is recorded as a reduction to deferred revenue in the period the subscription transaction is billed and subsequently recognized as a reduction to subscription revenue over the contract period. These incentive balances do not require significant assumptions or judgments. Depending on how the payments are made, the reserves associated with the partner incentive program are treated on the balance sheet as either contra account receivable or accounts payable.
Marketable Securities and Privately Held Company Investments. As described in Note 2, “Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, our investments in marketable securities are measured at the end of each reporting period and reported at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In determining the fair value of our investments we are sometimes required to use various alternative valuation techniques. Inputs to valuation techniques are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

• | Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

• | Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

• | Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

This hierarchy requires us to minimize the use of unobservable inputs and to use observable market data, if available, when determining fair value. This is generally true for our cash and cash equivalents and the majority of our marketable securities, which we consider to be Level 1 assets and Level 2 assets. However, determining the fair value of marketable securities or convertible note investments in privately held companies when observable inputs are not available (Level 3) requires significant judgment. For example, we use probability weighted discounted cash flow models, in which some of the inputs are unobservable in the market, to estimate the fair value of our convertible debt securities. These assumptions are inherently subjective and involve significant management judgment. Whenever possible, we use observable market data and rely on unobservable inputs only when observable market data is not available, when determining fair value.
All of Autodesk’s marketable securities and privately held company investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. We recognize an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Autodesk considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than Autodesk’s cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and Autodesk’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in the market value.
Business Combinations. We allocate the fair value of the consideration transferred to the assets and liabilities acquired, as well as to in-process research and development based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The purchase price allocation requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date with respect to intangible assets and deferred revenue obligations.
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Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates used in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future include but are not limited to:

• | future expected cash flows from sales, maintenance agreements, and acquired developed technologies;

• | the acquired company's trade name, trademark and existing customer relationship, as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired trade name and trademark will continue to be used in the our product portfolio;

• | expected costs to develop the in-process research and development into commercially viable products and estimated cash flows from the projects when completed; and

• | discount rates used to determine the present value of estimated future cash flows.

These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that we have made. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates, and if such events occur we may be required to record a charge against the value ascribed to an acquired asset or an increase in the amounts recorded for assumed liabilities.
Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We assess the realizability of our long-lived assets and related intangible assets, other than goodwill, annually during the fourth fiscal quarter, or sooner should events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying values of such assets may not be recoverable. We consider the following factors important in determining when to perform an impairment review: significant under-performance of a business or product line relative to budget; shifts in business strategies which affect the continued uses of the assets; significant negative industry or economic trends; and the results of past impairment reviews. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, we assess recoverability of these assets.
We assess recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If impairment indicators were present based on our undiscounted cash flow models, which include assumptions regarding projected cash flows, we would perform a discounted cash flow analysis to assess impairments on long-lived assets. Variances in these assumptions could have a significant impact on our conclusion as to whether an asset is impaired or the amount of any impairment charge. Impairment charges, if any, result in situations where any fair values of these assets are less than their carrying values.
In addition to our recoverability assessments, we routinely review the remaining estimated useful lives of our long-lived assets. Any reduction in the useful life assumption will result in increased depreciation and amortization expense in the quarter when such determinations are made, as well as in subsequent quarters.
We will continue to evaluate the values of our long-lived assets in accordance with applicable accounting rules. As changes in business conditions and our assumptions occur, we may be required to record impairment charges.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets, including those related to tax loss carryforwards and credits, and deferred tax liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize the tax benefit for an uncertain tax position when it meets a more likely than not threshold. We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.
A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax asset will be recovered. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Significant judgment is required in determining whether the valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income. Beginning in the second quarter of fiscal 2016, we considered cumulative losses in the U.S. arising from the Company’s business model transition as a significant source of negative evidence. Considering this negative evidence and the absence of sufficient positive objective evidence that we would generate sufficient taxable income in the U.S. to realize the deferred tax assets, we determined that it was more likely than not
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that the Company would not realize U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets and recorded a valuation allowance on our federal and state deferred tax assets. We continue to have a full valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets in fiscal 2017 and increased the amount of the valuation allowance to include deferred tax assets generated in fiscal 2017, including deferred tax assets that were established as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-9 in the second quarter of fiscal 2017.
As we continually strive to optimize our overall business model, tax planning strategies may become feasible and prudent whereby management may determine that it is more likely than not that the federal and state deferred tax assets will be realized; therefore, we will continue to evaluate the evidence around our ability to utilize our net deferred tax assets each quarter, both in the US and in foreign jurisdictions, based on all available evidence, both positive and negative.
Stock-Based Compensation. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date fair value of the award, and recognize expense ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. We estimate the fair value of certain stock-based payment awards (including grants of employee stock purchases related to the employee stock purchase plan) using either the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model or a binomial-lattice model (e.g., Monte Carlo simulation model). To determine the grant-date fair value of our stock-based payment awards, we use a Black-Scholes model or the quoted stock price on the date of grant, unless the awards are subject to market conditions, in which case we use the Monte Carlo simulation model. The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability that market conditions will be achieved. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the award, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the award, and expected dividends. The variables used in these models are reviewed on a quarterly basis and adjusted, as needed. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock is measured on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Legal Contingencies. As described in Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings” and Part II, Item 8, Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we are periodically involved in various legal claims and proceedings. We routinely review the status of each significant matter and assess our potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any matter is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we record a liability for the estimated loss. Because of inherent uncertainties related to these legal matters, we base our loss accruals on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess our potential liability and may revise our estimates. Such revisions could have a material impact on future quarterly or annual results of operations.
Restructuring Charges and other facility exit costs, net and Accruals. In February 2016, the Board of Directors approved a world-wide restructuring plan (“Fiscal 2017 Plan”) in order to re-balance staffing levels and reduce operating expenses to better align them with the evolving needs of the Company's business. The Company’s restructuring plans include one–time termination benefits as well as certain contractual termination benefits. We record costs associated with exit activities related to restructuring plans in accordance with the ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Obligations. Liabilities for costs associated with an exit or disposal activity are recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred. The timing of associated cash payments is dependent upon the type of exit cost and may extend over a 12-month period. We record restructuring charge liabilities in “Other accrued liabilities,” or "Other liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheet.
Restructuring charges include employee termination costs, facility closure and relocation costs, and contract termination costs. One–time termination benefits are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value when the approved plan of termination has been communicated to employees, unless employees must provide future service, in which case the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period. Ongoing termination benefits arrangements are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value when the amount of such benefits becomes estimable and payment is probable. For the facility facility-related restructuring charges, we recognize upon exiting all or a portion of a leased facility and meeting cease-use and other requirements. The amount of restructuring charges is based on the fair value of the lease obligation for the abandoned space, which includes a sublease assumption that could be reasonably obtained.
Restructuring charges require significant estimates and assumptions, including sub-lease income and expenses for severance and other employee separation costs. Our estimates involve a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control, including future real estate market conditions and our ability to successfully enter into subleases or termination agreements with terms as favorable as those assumed when arriving at our estimates. We monitor these estimates and assumptions on at least a quarterly basis for changes in circumstances and any corresponding adjustments to the accrual are recorded in our statement of operations in the period when such changes are known.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
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See Part II, Item 8, Note 1, “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition.
Overview of Fiscal 2017

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | As a % of Net Revenue |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | As a % of Net Revenue
|  |  | $ |  | % |  |
| (in millions)
Net Revenue | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | 100 | %
Cost of revenue | 341.9 |  |  | 17 | % |  | (28.8 | ) |  | (8 | )% |  | 370.7 |  |  | 15 | %
Gross Profit | 1,689.1 |  |  | 83 | % |  | (444.3 | ) |  | (21 | )% |  | 2,133.4 |  |  | 85 | %
Operating expenses | 2,188.7 |  |  | 108 | % |  | 56.6 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 2,132.1 |  |  | 85 | %
Income from Operations | $ | (499.6 | ) |  | (25 | )% |  | $ | (500.9 | ) |  | * |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | — | %

____________________

* | Percentage is not meaningful.

We are undergoing a business model transition in which we have discontinued selling new perpetual licenses for most of our products in favor of new model subscriptions. During the transition, revenue, margins, EPS, deferred revenue and cash flow from operations have been and will be impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new product subscription offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price.
Revenue Analysis
During fiscal 2017, net revenue decreased 19%, as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to a 40% decrease in license and other revenue resulting from the discontinuation of the sale of most individual perpetual products as of February 1, 2016, and of new perpetual licenses of suites effective August 1, 2016. The decrease in license and other revenue was partially offset by a 1% increase in subscription revenue, driven by a 39% increase in revenue from our new model subscription offerings, largely offset by a 3% decrease in maintenance revenue.
Further discussion of the drivers of these results are discussed below under the heading “Results from Operations.”
We rely significantly upon major distributors and resellers in both the U.S. and international regions, including Tech Data Corporation and its global affiliates (collectively, “Tech Data”). Tech Data accounted for 30%, 25%, and 25% of our consolidated net revenue during fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Our customers through Tech Data are the resellers and end users who purchase our software licenses and services. Should any of the agreements between Tech Data and us be terminated for any reason, we believe the resellers and end users who currently purchase our products through Tech Data would be able to continue to do so under substantially the same terms from one of our many other distributors without substantial disruption to our revenue. Consequently, we believe our business is not substantially dependent on Tech Data.
Operating Margin Analysis
Income from operations decreased in fiscal 2017 due to a $473.1 million decrease in revenue (as discussed above) and a $56.6 million increase in our operating expenses as compared to fiscal 2016. Our operating margin decreased to (25)% for fiscal 2017 from 0% for fiscal 2016. The increase in operating expenses between fiscal 2017 and 2016 was driven by restructuring charges and other facility exit costs.
Further discussion regarding the cost of revenue and operating expense activities are discussed below under the heading “Results of Operations.”
Business Model Transition Metrics
In order to help better understand our financial performance during and after the transition, we have introduced several new metrics including recurring revenue, total subscriptions, ARR, and annualized revenue per subscription ("ARPS"). ARR,
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ARPS, and recurring revenue are performance metrics and should be viewed independently of revenue and deferred revenue as ARR and ARPS are not intended to be combined with those items. Please refer to the "Glossary of Terms" for further discussion regarding the new metric terminology.
Recurring revenue represents the revenue for the period from our maintenance plans and revenue from our new model subscription offerings, including portions of revenue allocated to license and other revenue for those offerings. It excludes subscription revenue related to education offerings, consumer product offerings, select Creative Finishing product offerings, Autodesk Buzzsaw, Autodesk Constructware, and third party products. Recurring revenue acquired with the acquisition of a business is reported when total subscriptions are captured in our systems and may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.
The following table outlines our recurring revenue for the fiscal year ended 2017, 2016, and 2015:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
|  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |
|  | $ |  | % |  |  | $ |  | % |
| (in millions)
Subscription revenue | $ | 1,290.0 |  |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,277.2 |  |  | $ | 106.4 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $ | 1,170.8 |
Add: License and other revenue from new model subscription offerings (1) | 241.4 |  |  | 140.3 |  |  | 139 | % |  | 101.1 |  |  | 69.1 |  |  | 216 | % |  | 32.0 |
Less: other adjustments (2) | (31.0 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | (1 | )% |  | (31.2 | ) |  | 16.2 |  |  | (34 | )% |  | (47.4 | )
Total recurring revenue (3) | $ | 1,500.4 |  |  | $ | 153.3 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 1,347.1 |  |  | $ | 191.7 |  |  | 17 | % |  | $ | 1,155.4 |

___________________

(1) | Includes the portion of revenue for new model subscription offerings allocated to license & other revenue within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2) | Other adjustments include subscription revenue related to select Creative Finishing product offerings, Autodesk Buzzsaw, Autodesk Constructware, education offerings, and third party products which are excluded from recurring revenue.

(3) | Total recurring revenue as presented does not represent total ARR in the next table, which is the annualized value of our recurring revenue for the trailing three months.

During fiscal 2017, recurring revenue was 74% of total net revenue as compared to 54% and 46% of total net revenue for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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The following table outlines our subscriptions, ARR and ARPS metrics as of fiscal years ended January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016:

| Balance at |  | (Decrease)/Increase compared to prior fiscal year
(in thousands) | January 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2016 |  |  |  | %
Maintenance Subscriptions | 2,020.1 |  |  | 2,151.0 |  |  | (130.9 | ) |  | (6 | )%
New Model Subscriptions | 1,087.8 |  |  | 427.2 |  |  | 660.6 |  |  | 155 | %
Total Subscriptions | 3,107.9 |  |  | 2,578.2 |  |  | 529.7 |  |  | 21 | %
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance ARR | $ | 1,071.3 |  |  | $ | 1,121.4 |  |  | $ | (50.1 | ) |  | (4 | )%
New Model ARR | 528.6 |  |  | 255.0 |  |  | 273.6 |  |  | 107 | %
Total ARR | $ | 1,599.9 |  |  | $ | 1,376.4 |  |  | $ | 223.5 |  |  | 16 | %
(ARR divided by Subscriptions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance ARPS | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 521 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | 2 | %
New Model ARPS | 486 |  |  | 597 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | (19 | )%
Total ARPS | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | (4 | )%

Year-over-year maintenance subscriptions decreased 6% as of January 31, 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily as a result of the discontinuation of new perpetual license sales for most individual products at the end of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016 and the end of perpetual suites at the end of second quarter of fiscal 2017, partially offset by the addition of approximately 14,000 maintenance subscriptions associated with an acquisition in the first quarter of fiscal 2017. Year-over-year new model subscriptions increased 155% as of January 31, 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily driven by growth in all new model subscription types, led by product subscription. New model subscriptions also benefited from a promotion aimed at converting legacy non-subscribers, which captured approximately 75,000 additional product subscriptions.
Total ARR increased 16% as of January 31, 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to a 107% increase in New Model ARR driven by growth in all new model subscription types, led by product subscription. ARR growth was negatively impacted by 3 percentage points from the allocation of our market development funds ("MDF").
The 4% decrease in total ARPS was primarily due to a 19% decrease in new model ARPS. The decline in new model ARPS is a result of individual product subscriptions leading the growth in new model subscriptions, which are priced lower than our flexible enterprise business agreements, and in turn, decreases ARPS.
Our ARPS is also declining because of various factors including mix, foreign currency, and the contra-revenue impact of MDF discussed above. Going forward the ARPS calculation will continue to be extremely sensitive to short-term shifts in term-length, geography mix and promotions. We expect to see ARPS fluctuate up or down on a quarterly basis and we do not expect it will increase evenly throughout the year. As we complete our business model transition, we expect all of these impacts to start to stabilize.
Foreign Currency Analysis
We generate a significant amount of our revenue in the U.S., Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and Canada. Total net revenue for fiscal 2017 decreased 19% on an as reported basis compared to the prior fiscal year, and was negatively impacted by foreign exchange rate changes during fiscal 2017. Had applicable exchange rates from fiscal 2016 been in effect during fiscal 2017 and had we excluded foreign exchange hedge gains and losses from both fiscal 2016 and 2017, net revenue would have decreased 16% on a constant currency basis compared to the prior fiscal year.
Our total spend, defined as cost of revenue plus operating expenses, during fiscal 2017 increased 1% on an as reported basis as compared to the prior fiscal year. Had applicable exchange rates from fiscal 2016 been in effect during fiscal 2017 and
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had we excluded foreign exchange hedge gains and losses from both fiscal 2016 and 2017, total spend would have increased 3% on a constant currency basis compared to the prior fiscal year.
Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar may have a significant effect on net revenue, total spend, and income from operations in future periods. We use foreign currency contracts to reduce the exchange rate effect on a portion of the net revenue and spend of certain anticipated transactions but do not attempt to completely mitigate the impact of fluctuations of such foreign currency against the U.S. dollar.
Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Items
At January 31, 2017, we had $2.2 billion in cash and marketable securities. We completed fiscal 2017 with higher deferred revenue and lower accounts receivable balances as compared to the prior fiscal year. Our deferred revenue balance at January 31, 2017 was $1.8 billion, which will be recognized as revenue ratably over the life of the contracts. The term of our subscription contracts is typically between one and three years. Our cash flow from operations decreased 59% to $169.7 million as of January 31, 2017 from $414.0 million at January 31, 2016. We repurchased 9.7 million shares of our common stock for $631.6 million during fiscal 2017. Comparatively, we repurchased 8.5 million shares of our common stock for $458.0 million during fiscal 2016. Further discussion regarding the balance sheet and cash flow activities are discussed below under the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Current Period Adjustments
Subsequent to furnishing preliminary financial statements on Form 8-K on March 2, 2017 for fiscal year 2017, we identified certain adjustments resulting in changes to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and Consolidated Statements of Stockholder's Equity as reflected in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that adjusted the Income Statement and Balance Sheet line items as follows:

(in millions, except per share) |  | As furnished in the March 2, 2017 8-K |  | Adjustment |  | Adjusted balances as reflected within this 10-K
Income Statement |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | (55.4 | ) |  | $ | (2.9 | ) |  | $ | (58.3 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (579.2 | ) |  | $ | (2.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | )
Basic net loss per share |  | $ | (2.60 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | )
Diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (2.60 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | )
Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |  |
Short term deferred revenue |  | $ | 1,282.8 |  |  | $ | (12.7 | ) |  | $ | 1,270.1 |
Long term deferred revenue |  | $ | 505.2 |  |  | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | 517.9 |

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Results of Operations

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % |  | $ |  | % |
| (in millions)
Net Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 1,290.0 |  |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,277.2 |  |  | $ | 106.4 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $ | 1,170.8 |
License and other | 741.0 |  |  | (485.9 | ) |  | (40 | )% |  | 1,226.9 |  |  | (114.5 | ) |  | (9 | )% |  | 1,341.4 |
| $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | (8.1 | ) |  | — | % |  | $ | 2,512.2 |
Net Revenue by Product Family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Architecture, Engineering, and Construction | $ | 880.9 |  |  | $ | (68.2 | ) |  | (7 | )% |  | $ | 949.1 |  |  | $ | 76.5 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $ | 872.6 |
Manufacturing | 625.8 |  |  | (98.8 | ) |  | (14 | )% |  | 724.6 |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 675.6 |
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT (1) | 326.7 |  |  | (268.1 | ) |  | (45 | )% |  | 594.8 |  |  | (100.3 | ) |  | (14 | )% |  | 695.1 |
Media and Entertainment | 138.9 |  |  | (21.1 | ) |  | (13 | )% |  | 160.0 |  |  | (7.3 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  | 167.3 |
Other (1) | 58.7 |  |  | (16.9 | ) |  | (22 | )% |  | 75.6 |  |  | (26.0 | ) |  | (26 | )% |  | 101.6 |
| $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | (8.1 | ) |  | — | % |  | $ | 2,512.2 |

____________________

(1) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with current period's presentation.

Fiscal 2017 Net Revenue Compared to Fiscal 2016 Net Revenue
Subscription Revenue
Our Subscription revenue consists of three components: (1) maintenance plan revenue from our perpetual software products; (2) maintenance revenue from our term-based product subscriptions and flexible enterprise business agreements; and (3) revenue from our cloud service offerings. Our maintenance plan provides our customers with a cost effective and predictable budgetary option to obtain the productivity benefits of our new releases and enhancements when and if released during the term of their contracts. Under our maintenance plan, customers are eligible to receive unspecified upgrades when and if available, and online support. We recognize maintenance plan revenue over the term of the agreements, generally between one and three years. With the discontinuation of our perpetual license sales, we no longer offer new maintenance subscriptions and expect our maintenance subscription revenue to decline over time. Our flexible enterprise business agreements are designed to give our customers increased flexibility with how they use our products and service offerings and to attract a broader range of customers such as project-based users and small businesses. We recognize maintenance revenue from these enterprise agreements ratably over their contract terms. Revenue for our cloud service offerings is recognized ratably over the contract term commencing with the date our service is made available to customers and when all other revenue recognition criteria have been satisfied.
Subscription revenue increased 1% during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016 primarily due to a 39% increase in new model subscription revenue, partially offset by a 3% decrease in maintenance plan revenue. The 39% increase in new model subscription revenue was primarily attributable to a 186% increase in product subscription revenue and a 28% increase in revenue from flexible enterprise business agreements. The 3% decrease in maintenance plan revenue was attributable to the business model transition, as we expect maintenance plan revenue will slowly decline as perpetual license sales have ended, and customers adopt our new model subscription offerings.
Maintenance revenue from perpetual software products represented 86% and 90% of subscription revenue for the fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. New model subscription revenue represented 14% and 10% of subscription revenue for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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License and Other Revenue
License and other revenue consists of two components: (1) all forms of product license revenue and (2) other revenue. Product license revenue includes software license revenue from the sale of perpetual licenses, term-based licenses from our product subscriptions and flexible enterprise business agreements, and product revenue for Creative Finishing. Other revenue includes revenue from consulting, training, Autodesk Developers Network and Creative Finishing customer support, and is recognized over time, as the services are performed.
License and other revenue decreased 40% during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. Product license revenue, as a percentage of license and other revenue, was 82% and 88% for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease in product license revenue was due to the business model transition, which led to a 63% decrease in revenue from perpetual licenses as we have discontinued selling perpetual seats of most of our product offerings. This decrease was partially offset by a 122% increase in license revenue from our new model subscription offerings.
Other revenue de creased by 7% during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. Other revenue represented 7% and 6% of total net revenue for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.
There was no backlog at January 31, 2017 compared to $31.4 million at January 31, 2016. Due to the business model transition, we do not expect material backlog in future periods.
Net Revenue by Product Family
Our product offerings are focused in four primary product families: AEC, MFG, AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT (“ACAD”), and M&E. During the business model transition, revenue has been and will be negatively impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new product offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price. As part of the transition, we discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of most individual software products effective February 1, 2016, and discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites effective August 1, 2016. These broad impacts are reflected in the drivers below.
Net revenue for AEC product family decreased by 7% during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to 15% decrease in revenue from individual product offerings.
Net revenue for MFG product family decreased by 14% during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to a 14% decrease in individual product offerings and a 13% decrease in our MFG suites.
Net revenue for ACAD product family decreased by 45% during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year. As part of the transition to term-based product subscriptions for our individual software products in February 2016, products like AutoCAD and ACAD LT are negatively impacted when compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year as revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront.
Net revenue for M&E product family decreased by 13% during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to a 50% decrease in Creative Finishing, as we exited the Creative Finishing hardware business at the beginning of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016.
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Net Revenue by Geographic Area

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % |  | $ |  | % |
| (in millions)
Net Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas | $ | 871.9 |  |  | $ | (100.9 | ) |  | (10 | )% |  | $ | 972.8 |  |  | $ | 74.8 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 898.0 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 800.4 |  |  | (134.2 | ) |  | (14 | )% |  | 934.6 |  |  | (45.4 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  | 980.0 |
Asia Pacific | 358.7 |  |  | (238.0 | ) |  | (40 | )% |  | 596.7 |  |  | (37.5 | ) |  | (6 | )% |  | 634.2 |
| $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | (8.1 | ) |  | — | % |  | $ | 2,512.2 |

Net revenue in the Americas geography decreased by 10% on an as reported basis and on a constant currency basis during fiscal 2017, as compared to the prior fiscal year. Net revenue in the Americas attributable to the United States was approximately 85% and 83% for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.
International net revenue represented 63% and 68% of our net revenue for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. Net revenue in the Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") geography decreased by 14% on an as reported basis and 8% on a constant currency basis during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year. Net revenue in the Asia Pacific ("APAC") geography decreased 40% on an as reported basis and 39% on a constant currency basis, during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily as a result of the business model transition and continued weakness in Japan.
We believe that international revenue will continue to comprise a majority of our net revenue. Unfavorable economic conditions in the countries that contribute a significant portion of our net revenue, including in emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China, may have an adverse effect on our business in those countries and our overall financial performance. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies have significantly affected, and could continue to significantly affect, our financial results for a given period even though we hedge a portion of our current and projected revenue. Weak global economic conditions that have been characterized by restructuring of sovereign debt, high unemployment, and volatility in the financial markets may impact our future financial results. Additionally during the business model transition, revenue has been and will be negatively impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new product offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price. This transition has a particular impact to emerging economies as sales of perpetual licenses have historically comprised a greater percentage of total emerging economy sales in comparison to mature markets.
Net revenue in emerging economies decreased 38% on an as reported basis and 37% on a constant currency basis, during fiscal 2017 as compared to the prior fiscal year. Revenue from emerging economies represented 11% and 15% of total net revenue for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Fiscal 2016 Net Revenue Compared to Fiscal 2015 Net Revenue
Discussion has been update to provide comparability to the discussion between fiscal 2017 and 2016.
Subscription Revenue
Subscription revenue increased 9% during fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015 due to a 7% increase in maintenance plan revenue and a 36% increase in new model subscription revenue. The 36% increase in new model subscription revenue was due to a 38% increase in revenue from flexible enterprise business agreements and a 231% increase in product subscription revenue.
Maintenance plan revenue from perpetual license software products represented 90% and 92% of subscription revenue for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively. New model subscription revenue represented 10% and 8% of subscription revenue for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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License and Other Revenue
Total license and other revenue decreased 9% during fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015. Product license revenue, as a percentage of license and other revenue, was 88% and 90% for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in product license revenue was led by a 17% decrease in revenue from perpetual licenses, partially offset by a 198% increase in license revenue from our new model subscription offerings.
Other revenue increased by 12% during fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015. Other revenue represented 6% and 5% of total net revenue for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Backlog related to current software license product orders that had not shipped at the end of the fiscal year decreased by $9.0 million from $40.4 million at January 31, 2015 to $31.4 million at January 31, 2016.
Net Revenue by Geographic Area
Net revenue in the Americas geography increased by 8% as reported and 9% on a constant currency basis during fiscal 2016, as compared to the prior fiscal year. Net revenue in the Americas attributable to the United States was approximately 83% and 82% for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively.
International net revenue represented 68% and 71% of our total net revenue for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively. Net revenue in the EMEA geography decreased by 5% on an as reported basis and increased 3% on a constant currency basis during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year. Net revenue in the APAC geography decreased 6% on an as reported basis and 1% on a constant currency basis, during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year.
Net revenue in emerging economies decreased 4% on an as reported basis and 2% on a constant currency basis, during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to decreases in revenue from Russia and Brazil, partially offset by an increase in revenue from China. Revenue from emerging economies represented 15% of total net revenue for both fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Net Revenue by Product Family
Net revenue for the AEC product family increased by 9% during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to an 8% increase in revenue from our AEC suites, which was primarily driven by Autodesk Building Design Suite and Autodesk Infrastructure Design Suite.
Net revenue for the MFG product family increased by 7% during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to a 78% increase in revenue from our Delcam products as a result of including 12 months of Delcam operating results during fiscal 2016, compared to 10 months during fiscal 2015. Also contributing to the increase in net revenue for MFG during fiscal 2016 was a 12% increase in revenue from our flagship product AutoCAD Mechanical.
Net revenue for the ACAD product family decreased by 14% during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to a 26% decrease in revenue from AutoCAD LT. Revenue from AutoCAD decreased by 4% in fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015.
Net revenue for M&E decreased by 4% during fiscal 2016 as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to a 21% decrease in revenue from Creative Finishing, partially offset by a 1% increase in revenue from Animation. The decline in Creative Finishing was marked by a decrease in revenue from Creative Finishing hardware products and by a general decrease in the M&E industry end-market demand. The slight increase in Animation revenue was primarily due to a 168% increase in our Shotgun product offering as a result of including a full year of Shotgun operating results in fiscal 2016 as compared to six months during fiscal 2015, and a 7% increase in our Maya flagship product offerings, partially offset by a 46% decrease in our Middleware product offerings. M&E revenue is impacted by a general decrease in the M&E industry end-market demand, the planned inclusion of our M&E products in other Autodesk industry suites, and the business model transition as customers are opting for desktop subscription and flexible enterprise offerings. At the beginning of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016, we exited the Creative Finishing hardware business. This was an immaterial portion of our overall business and comes with substantially lower margins, so we expect that exiting this business will improve our margins within M&E over time.
Cost of Revenue and Operating Expenses
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Cost of Revenue

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % | $ |  | %
| (in millions)
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 151.3 |  |  | $ | (4.8 | ) |  | (3 | )% |  | $ | 156.1 |  |  | $ | 22.5 |  |  | 17 | % |  | $ | 133.6 |
License and other | 190.6 |  |  | (24.0 | ) |  | (11 | )% |  | 214.6 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 208.5 |
| $ | 341.9 |  |  | $ | (28.8 | ) |  | (8 | )% |  | $ | 370.7 |  |  | $ | 28.6 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 342.1 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 17 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 15 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 14 | %

Cost of subscription revenue includes the labor costs of providing product support to our maintenance and new model subscription customers, including allocated IT and facilities costs, shipping and handling costs, professional services fees related to operating our network and cloud infrastructure, depreciation expense and operating lease payments associated with computer equipment, data center costs, salaries, related expenses of network operations, amortization of developed technologies, and stock-based compensation expense.
Cost of subscription revenue decreased 3% during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016 primarily due to lower amortization expense of developed technologies as a result of fewer assets acquired, as well as a decrease in employee related costs from reduced headcount, and lower professional fees. Cost of subscription revenue increased 17% during fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015 primarily due to an increase in cloud and hosting related costs in support of our business model transition, and an increase in employee related costs driven by increased employee headcount and product support costs.
Cost of license and other revenue includes labor costs associated with product setup and fulfillment and costs of consulting and training services contracts and collaborative project management services contracts. Cost of license and other revenue also includes stock-based compensation expense, direct material and overhead charges, amortization of developed technology, allocated IT and facilities costs, professional services fees and royalties. Direct material and overhead charges include the cost associated with electronic and physical fulfillment.
Cost of license and other revenue decreased 11% during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016, primarily due to lower professional fees and employee related costs as a result of reduced headcount. Also contributing to lower costs is the elimination of our Creative Finishing hardware business, which we exited in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016. Cost of license and other revenue increased 3% during fiscal 2016, as compared to fiscal 2015, primarily due to an increase in hardware related costs from our consumer related products, an increase in allocated IT costs, and employee related costs for product support and fulfillment driven by an increase in headcount, partially offset by a decrease in amortization of developed technology.
Cost of revenue, at least over the near term, is affected by the volume and mix of product sales, mix of physical versus electronic fulfillment, fluctuations in consulting costs, amortization of developed technology, new customer support offerings, royalty rates for licensed technology embedded in our products and stock-based compensation expense.
We expect cost of revenue to decrease in absolute dollars and as a percentage of net revenue during fiscal 2018, as compared to fiscal 2017.
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Marketing and Sales

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % | $ |  | %
| (in millions)
Marketing and sales | $ | 1,022.5 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,015.5 |  |  | $ | 17.5 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 998.0 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 50 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 41 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 40 | %

Marketing and sales expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for our marketing and sales employees, the expense of travel, entertainment and training for such personnel, the costs of programs aimed at increasing revenue, such as advertising, trade shows and expositions, and various sales and promotional programs. Marketing and sales expenses also include labor costs associated with sales and order management, sales and dealer commissions, payment processing fees, the cost of supplies and equipment, gains and losses on our operating expense cash flow hedges, and allocated IT and facilities costs.
Marketing and sales expenses increased 1% during fiscal 2017, as compared to fiscal 2016, primarily due to an increase in stock based compensation expense as a result of higher fair market value of awards granted, and an increase in advertising and promotional expense driven by search-engine marketing spend. Offsetting the increase in expense was a decrease in employee-related costs from reduced headcount, and lower professional fees.
Marketing and sales expenses increased 2% during fiscal 2016, as compared to fiscal 2015, primarily due to an increase in stock based compensation expense as a result of higher fair market value of awards granted, an increase in salaries predominantly driven by increased headcount, and an increase in IT costs allocated to marketing and sales. Partially offsetting the increase in expense was a decrease in sales commission expense.
We expect marketing and sales expenses to increase in absolute dollars and as a percentage of net revenue in fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017.
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Research and Development

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % | $ |  | %
| (in millions)
Research and development | $ | 766.1 |  |  | $ | (23.9 | ) |  | (3 | )% |  | $ | 790.0 |  |  | $ | 64.8 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $ | 725.2 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 38 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 32 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 29 | %

Research and development expenses, which are expensed as incurred, consist primarily of salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for research and development employees, and the expense of travel, entertainment and training for such personnel, professional services such as fees paid to software development firms and independent contractors, gains and losses on our operating expense cash flow hedges, and allocated IT and facilities costs.
Research and development expenses decreased 3% during fiscal 2017, as compared to fiscal 2016, primarily due to a decrease in professional fees and employee related costs, partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation expense due to higher fair market value of awards granted.
Research and development expenses increased 9% during fiscal 2016, as compared to fiscal 2015, primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs from salaries and fringe benefits predominantly driven by increased headcount, an increase in IT costs allocated to research and development, and an increase in stock based compensation expense due to higher fair market value of awards granted.
We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars and as a percentage of net revenue during fiscal 2018, as compared to fiscal 2017.
General and Administrative

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % | $ |  | %
| (in millions)
General and administrative | $ | 287.8 |  |  | $ | (5.6 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  | $ | 293.4 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 283.3 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 14 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | %

General and administrative expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for our finance, human resources and legal employees, as well as professional fees for legal and accounting services, certain foreign business taxes, gains and losses on our operating expense cash flow hedges, expense of travel, entertainment and training, IT and facilities costs, and the cost of supplies and equipment.
General and administrative expenses decreased 2% from fiscal 2016 to fiscal 2017 primarily due to decreases in bad debt expense and professional fees.
General and administrative expenses increased 4% from fiscal 2015 to fiscal 2016, primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs from salaries predominantly driven by increased headcount. Partially offsetting the increase in expense was a decrease in certain foreign business taxes.
We expect general and administrative expenses to remain relatively flat in absolute dollars and as a percentage of net revenue during fiscal 2018, as compared to fiscal 2017.
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Amortization of Purchased Intangibles

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % | $ |  | %
| (in millions)
Amortization of purchased intangibles | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | (1.4 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  | $ | 33.2 |  |  | $ | (6.6 | ) |  | (17 | )% |  | $ | 39.8 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | %

Amortization of purchased intangibles includes amortization expenses from customer relationships, trade names and other non-current intangible assets acquired through business combinations and asset purchase agreements.
Amortization of purchased intangibles decreased 4% from fiscal 2016 to fiscal 2017, primarily as a result of the accumulated effects associated with amortization expense of intangible assets purchased over time, including lower amortization expense from intangible assets acquired during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. In fiscal 2017, we acquired $14.0 million in intangible assets as compared to $25.2 million acquired in fiscal 2016.
Amortization of purchased intangibles decreased 17% from fiscal 2015 to fiscal 2016, primarily related to the accumulated effects associated with amortization expense of intangible assets purchased over time, including $25.2 million in assets purchased in fiscal 2016 as compared to $86.2 million purchased in fiscal 2015.
We expect amortization of purchased intangibles to decrease in absolute dollars and remain relatively flat as a percentage of net revenue during fiscal 2018, as compared to fiscal 2017.
Restructuring Charges and Other Facility Exit Costs, Net

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015
| $ |  | % | $ |  | %
| (in millions)
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | $ | 80.5 |  |  | $ | 80.5 |  |  | * |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3.1 | ) |  | (100 | )% |  | $ | 3.1 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  | — | %

____________________

* | Percentage is not meaningful.

In February 2016, the Board of Directors approved a world-wide restructuring plan (“Fiscal 2017 Plan”) in order to re-balance staffing levels and reduce operating expenses to better align them with the evolving needs of the Company's business. Under the Fiscal 2017 Plan, we recorded $70.9 million in employee termination benefits, lease termination costs and other exit costs during fiscal 2017. Additionally, during fiscal 2017, we recorded $9.6 million in other facility exit costs not related to the Fiscal 2017 Plan. During fiscal 2016 Autodesk recorded no restructuring charges. We have substantially completed the actions authorized under all of the restructuring plans. See Note 15, "Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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Interest and Other Expense, Net
The following table sets forth the components of interest and other expense, net:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (in millions)
Interest and investment expense, net | $ | (29.7 | ) |  | $ | (33.9 | ) |  | $ | (13.2 | )
Loss on foreign currency | (3.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3.9 | )
Gain (loss) on strategic investments | 0.3 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | (23.3 | )
Other income | 8.5 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 2.7 |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (24.2 | ) |  | $ | (21.6 | ) |  | $ | (37.7 | )

Interest and other expense, net, increased $2.6 million during fiscal 2017, as compared to fiscal 2016, primarily related to a decrease in gains on certain of our privately-held strategic investments and an increase in losses on foreign currency. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in interest and investments expense, net, that was primarily driven by mark to market gains on deferred compensation plans partially offset by an increase in interest expense resulting from the June 2015 issuance of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% senior notes due June 15, 2020 and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due June 15, 2025.
Interest and other expense, net, decreased $16.1 million during fiscal 2016, as compared to fiscal 2015, the decrease is primarily related to non-recurring settlement gains on certain of our privately-held strategic investments and mark-to-mark gains recognized on the derivative portion on certain of our other privately-held strategic investments during the current fiscal year. Comparatively, we incurred non-recurring impairment losses on certain of our privately-held strategic investments in the same periods in the prior fiscal year. This decrease was offset by an increase in interest expense resulting from the June 2015 issuance of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% senior notes due June 15, 2020 and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due June 15, 2025.
Provision for Income Taxes
We account for income taxes and the related accounts under the liability method. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted rates expected to be in effect during the year in which the basis differences reverse.
Income tax expense was $58.3 million and $310.2 million for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively, relative to a pre-tax loss of $523.8 million and pre-tax income of $20.3 million, respectively, for the same periods. Tax expense for fiscal 2017 consists primarily of foreign tax expense including withholding tax, and tax amortization on indefinite-lived intangibles. Tax expense for fiscal 2016 related to foreign tax expense and the establishment of a $230.8 million valuation allowance against the Company's U.S. federal and remaining state deferred tax assets recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2016. We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, we consider both positive and negative evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we considered recent cumulative losses in the U.S. arising from our business model transition as a significant piece of negative evidence and determined that it was more likely than not that the federal and state deferred tax assets would not be realized.
Income tax expense was $310.2 million and $1.2 million for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively, relative to pre-tax income of $20.3 million and $83.0 million, respectively, for the same periods. Our tax expense increased from fiscal 2015 to fiscal 2016 due to the establishment of a valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets in fiscal 2016 recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2016.
Our future effective annual tax rate may be materially impacted by the amount of benefits and charges from tax amounts associated with our foreign earnings that are taxed at rates different from the federal statutory rate, changes in valuation allowances, level of profit before tax, accounting for uncertain tax positions, business combinations, closure of statute of limitations or settlement of tax audits, and changes in tax laws including possible U.S. tax law changes that, if enacted, could significantly impact how U.S. multinational companies are taxed. A significant amount of our earnings is generated by our Europe and Asia Pacific subsidiaries. Our future effective tax rates may be adversely affected to the extent earnings are lower
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than anticipated in countries where we have lower statutory tax rates or we repatriate certain foreign earnings on which U.S. taxes have not previously been provided.
At January 31, 2017, we had non-current foreign net deferred tax assets of $49.7 million that management believes are more likely than not to be realized in future years.
For additional information regarding our income tax provision and reconciliation of our effective rate to the federal statutory rate of 35%, see Note 4, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other Financial Information
In addition to our results determined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) discussed above, we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, our gross profit, gross margin, (loss) income from operations, operating margin, net (loss) income, diluted net (loss) income per share and diluted shares used in per share calculation on a GAAP and non-GAAP basis were as follows (in millions except for gross margin, operating margin, and per share data):

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Gross profit | $ | 1,689.1 |  |  | $ | 2,133.4 |  |  | $ | 2,170.1 |
Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 1,743.2 |  |  | $ | 2,194.2 |  |  | $ | 2,232.2 |
Gross margin | 83 | % |  | 85 | % |  | 86 | %
Non-GAAP gross margin | 86 | % |  | 88 | % |  | 89 | %
(Loss) income from operations | $ | (499.6 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 120.7 |
Non-GAAP (loss) income from operations | $ | (125.5 | ) |  | $ | 280.7 |  |  | $ | 382.4 |
Operating margin | (25 | )% |  | — | % |  | 5 | %
Non-GAAP operating margin | (6 | )% |  | 11 | % |  | 15 | %
Net (loss) income | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | ) |  | $ | 81.8 |
Non-GAAP net (loss) income | $ | (111.0 | ) |  | $ | 194.1 |  |  | $ | 272.3 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share (1) | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.35 |
Non-GAAP diluted (loss) income per share (1) | $ | (0.50 | ) |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
GAAP diluted weighted average shares used in per share calculation | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |  |  | 232.4 |
Non-GAAP diluted weighted average shares used in per share calculation | 222.7 |  |  | 230.7 |  |  | 232.4 |

_______________

(1) | Net (loss) income per share were computed independently for each of the periods presented; therefore the sum of the net (loss) income per share amount for the quarters may not equal the total for the year.

For our internal budgeting and resource allocation process and as a means to provide consistency in period-to-period comparisons, we use non-GAAP measures to supplement our consolidated financial statements presented on a GAAP basis. These non-GAAP measures do not include certain items that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. We also use non-GAAP measures in making operating decisions because we believe those measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our earning potential and performance for management by excluding certain benefits, credits, expenses and charges that may not be indicative of our core business operating results. For the reasons set forth below, we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors both because (1) they allow for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by management in its financial and operational decision-making and (2) they are used by our institutional investors and the analyst community to help them analyze the health of our business. This allows investors and others to better understand and evaluate our operating results and future prospects in the same manner as management, compare financial results across accounting periods and to those of peer companies and to better understand the long-term performance of our core business. We also use some of these measures for purposes of determining company-wide incentive compensation.
There are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures because non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures included above are limited in value because they exclude certain items that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgments by
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management about which charges are excluded from the non-GAAP financial measures. We compensate for these limitations by analyzing current and future results on a GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis and also by providing GAAP measures in our public disclosures. The presentation of non-GAAP financial information is meant to be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. We urge investors to review the reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP financial measures included below, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
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Reconciliation of GAAP Financial Measures to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(In millions except for gross margin, operating margin, and per share data):

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Gross profit | $ | 1,689.1 |  |  | $ | 2,133.4 |  |  | $ | 2,170.1 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 14.1 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 8.9 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 53.2 |
Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 1,743.2 |  |  | $ | 2,194.2 |  |  | $ | 2,232.2 |
Gross margin | 83 | % |  | 85 | % |  | 86 | %
Stock-based compensation expense | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
Amortization of developed technologies | 2 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
Non-GAAP gross margin | 86 | % |  | 88 | % |  | 89 | %
(Loss) income from operations | $ | (499.6 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 120.7 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |  |  | 165.6 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 53.2 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 31.8 |  |  | 33.2 |  |  | 39.8 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 80.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |
Non-GAAP (loss) income from operations | $ | (125.5 | ) |  | $ | 280.7 |  |  | $ | 382.4 |
Operating margin | (25 | )% |  | — | % |  | 5 | %
Stock-based compensation expense | 11 | % |  | 8 | % |  | 7 | %
Amortization of developed technologies | 2 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 2 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 4 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Non-GAAP operating margin | (6 | )% |  | 11 | % |  | 15 | %
Net (loss) income | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | ) |  | $ | 81.8 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |  |  | 165.6 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 53.2 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 31.8 |  |  | 33.2 |  |  | 39.8 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 80.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |
(Gain) Loss on strategic investments | (0.3 | ) |  | (3.7 | ) |  | 23.3 |
Establishment of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | — |  |  | 230.9 |  |  | — |
Discrete tax provision items | (2.7 | ) |  | 0.8 |  |  | (18.7 | )
Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments | 100.0 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | (75.8 | )
Non-GAAP net (loss) income | $ | (111.0 | ) |  | $ | 194.1 |  |  | $ | 272.3 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share (1) | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.35 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 1.00 |  |  | 0.86 |  |  | 0.71 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 0.18 |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 0.23 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 0.14 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | 0.17 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 0.35 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |
(Gain) Loss on strategic investments | — |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  | 0.10 |
Establishment of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | — |  |  | 1.01 |  |  | — |
Discrete tax provision items | (0.01 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.08 | )
Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments | 0.45 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | (0.32 | )
Non-GAAP diluted (loss) income per share (1) | $ | (0.50 | ) |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |

_______________
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(1) | Net (loss) income per share were computed independently for each of the periods presented; therefore the sum of the net (loss) income per share amount for the quarters may not equal the total for the year.

Our non-GAAP financial measures may exclude the following:
Stock-based compensation expense s. We exclude stock-based compensation expenses from non-GAAP measures primarily because they are non-cash expenses and management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. Moreover, because of varying available valuation methodologies, subjective assumptions and the variety of award types that companies can use under FASB ASC Topic 718, we believe excluding stock-based compensation expenses allows investors to make meaningful comparisons between our recurring core business operating results and those of other companies.
Amortization of developed technologies and purchased intangibles. We incur amortization of acquisition-related developed technology and purchased intangibles in connection with acquisitions of certain businesses and technologies. Amortization of developed technologies and purchased intangibles is inconsistent in amount and frequency and is significantly affected by the timing and size of our acquisitions. Management finds it useful to exclude these variable charges from our cost of revenues to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. Investors should note that the use of intangible assets contributed to our revenues earned during the periods presented and will contribute to our future period revenues as well. Amortization of developed technologies and purchased intangible assets will recur in future periods.
Goodwill impairment. This is a non-cash charge to write-down goodwill to fair value when there was an indication that the asset was impaired. As explained above, management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods.
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net. These expenses are associated with realigning our business strategies based on current economic conditions. In connection with these restructuring actions or other exit actions, we recognize costs related to termination benefits for former employees whose positions were eliminated, the closure of facilities and cancellation of certain contracts. We exclude these charges because these expenses are not reflective of ongoing business and operating results. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of these items on our total operating expenses.
Loss (gain) on strategic investments. We exclude gains and losses related to our strategic investments from our non-GAAP measures primarily because management finds it useful to exclude these variable gains and losses on these investments in assessing our financial results. Included in these amounts are non-cash unrealized gains and losses on the derivative components and realized gains and losses on the sale or losses on the impairment of these investments. We believe excluding these items is useful to investors because these excluded items do not correlate to the underlying performance of our business and these losses or gains were incurred in connection with strategic investments which do not occur regularly.
Establishment of a valuation allowance on certain net deferred tax assets. This is a non-cash charge to record a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets. As explained above, management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various cash expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods.
Discrete tax items. We exclude the GAAP tax provision, including discrete items, from the non-GAAP measure of income, and include a non-GAAP tax provision based upon the projected annual non-GAAP effective tax rate. Discrete tax items include income tax expenses or benefits that do not relate to ordinary income from continuing operations in the current fiscal year, unusual or infrequently occurring items, or the tax impact of certain stock-based compensation. Examples of discrete tax items include, but are not limited to, certain changes in judgment and changes in estimates of tax matters related to prior fiscal years, certain costs related to business combinations, certain changes in the ability to utilize deferred tax assets or changes in tax law. Management believes this approach assists investors in understanding the tax provision and the effective tax rate related to ongoing operations. We believe the exclusion of these discrete tax items provides investors with useful supplemental information about our operational performance.
Income tax effects on the difference between GAAP and non-GAAP costs and expenses. The income tax effects that are excluded from the non-GAAP measures relate to the tax impact on the difference between GAAP and non-GAAP expenses, primarily due to stock-based compensation, amortization of purchased intangibles and restructuring charges and other facilities exit costs, net for GAAP and non-GAAP measures.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
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Our primary source of cash is from the sale and maintenance of our products. Our primary use of cash is payment of our operating costs, which consist primarily of employee-related expenses, such as compensation and benefits, as well as general operating expenses for marketing, facilities and overhead costs. In addition to operating expenses, we also use cash to fund our stock repurchase program and invest in our growth initiatives, which include acquisitions of products, technology and businesses. See further discussion of these items below.
At January 31, 2017, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $2.2 billion and net accounts receivable of $452.3 million. Net of our senior notes, we have cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $0.7 billion at January 31, 2017.
In June 2015, we issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% notes due June 15, 2020 and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% notes due June 15, 2025. In December 2012, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.95% notes due December 15, 2017 and $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.6% notes due December 15, 2022 (all four series of notes collectively, the “Notes”). As of March 21, 2017, we have $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of Notes outstanding. In addition, we have a line of credit facility that permits unsecured short-term borrowings of up to $400.0 million with a May 2020 maturity date. As a result of the business model transition, the leverage ratio requirement of the credit agreement was waived during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017. Autodesk is discussing amendments to the financial covenants in the credit agreement with the lenders and expects to conclude this process during the first quarter of fiscal 2018. As of March 21, 2017, we have no amounts outstanding under the credit facility. Borrowings under the credit facility and the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes are available for general corporate purposes.
Our cash and cash equivalents are held by diversified financial institutions globally. Our primary commercial banking relationship is with Citigroup and its global affiliates. In addition, Citibank N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup, is one of the lead lenders and agent in the syndicate of our $400.0 million line of credit.
Our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities decreased to $2.2 billion at January 31, 2017, from $2.8 billion at January 31, 2016, primarily as a result of cash used for repurchases of our common stock (net of stock issuance proceeds), acquisitions including business combinations and technology purchases, and capital expenditures. The decrease in our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities was partially offset by the cash generated through operations. The cash proceeds from issuance of common stock vary based on our stock price, stock option exercise activity and the volume of employee purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
The primary source of net cash provided by operating activities of $169.7 million in fiscal 2017 was $356.8 million of cash flow provided by the change in operating assets and liabilities and $322.2 million of non-cash expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, and depreciation, amortization and accretion expense, offsetting our net loss of $582.1 million. The primary working capital sources of cash was an increase in deferred revenue and a decrease in accounts receivable for fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016. The primary working capital use of cash was a decrease in other accrued liabilities for fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016. Our days sales outstanding in trade receivables was 86 at January 31, 2017, compared to 92 at January 31, 2016. The decrease in days sales outstanding primarily relates to changes in billings linearity within each comparative period.
At January 31, 2017, our short-term investment portfolio had an estimated fair value of $686.8 million and a cost basis of $684.5 million. The portfolio fair value consisted of $234.5 million invested in corporate debt securities, $157.3 million invested in certificates of deposit, $109.2 million invested in commercial paper, $43.4 million invested in municipal securities,$32.3 million invested in U.S. treasury bills, $30.0 million invested in sovereign debt, $19.6 million invested in asset backed securities, and $13.2 million invested in U.S. government agency securities.
At January 31, 2017, $47.3 million of trading securities were invested in a defined set of mutual funds as directed by the participants in our Deferred Compensation Plan (see Note 6, “Deferred Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion).
Long-term cash requirements for items other than normal operating expenses are anticipated for the following: repayment of debt; common stock repurchases; the acquisition of businesses, software products, or technologies complementary to our business; and capital expenditures, including the purchase and implementation of internal-use software applications.
Our strategy includes improving our product functionality and expanding our product offerings through internal development as well as through the acquisition of products, technology, and businesses. Acquisitions often increase the speed at which we can deliver product functionality to our customers; however, they entail cost and integration challenges and, in certain
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instances, negatively impact our operating margins. We continually review these trade-offs in making decisions regarding acquisitions. We currently anticipate that we will continue to acquire products, technology, and businesses as compelling opportunities become available. Our decision to acquire businesses or technology is dependent on our business needs, the availability of suitable sellers and technology, and our own financial condition.
Our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances are concentrated in a few locations around the world, with substantial amounts held outside of the United States. As of January 31, 2017, approximately 91% of our total cash or cash equivalents, and marketable securities are located in foreign jurisdictions and that percentage will fluctuate subject to business needs. There are several factors that can impact our ability to utilize foreign cash balances, such as foreign exchange restrictions, foreign regulatory restrictions or adverse tax costs. Our intent is that amounts related to foreign earnings permanently reinvested outside the U.S. will remain outside the United States. We expect to meet our U.S. liquidity needs through ongoing cash flows, foreign cash for which U.S. federal income taxes have been provided, external borrowings, or a combination. We regularly review our capital structure and consider a variety of potential financing alternatives and planning strategies to ensure we have the proper liquidity available in the locations in which it is needed.
Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the risks detailed in Part I, Item 1A titled “Risk Factors.” However, based on our current business plan and revenue prospects, we believe that our existing balances, our anticipated cash flows from operations and our available credit facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating resource expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.
Our revenue, earnings, cash flows, receivables, and payables are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, for which we have put in place foreign currency contracts as part of our risk management strategy. See Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for further discussion.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our significant financial contractual obligations at January 31, 2017 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods.

| Total |  | Fiscal 2018 |  | Fiscal Years 2019-2020 |  | Fiscal Years 2021-2022 |  | Thereafter
|  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Notes | $ | 1,738.3 |  |  | $ | 446.7 |  |  | $ | 79.6 |  |  | $ | 506.7 |  |  | $ | 705.3 |
Operating lease obligations | 212.5 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 78.7 |  |  | 33.3 |  |  | 41.2 |
Purchase obligations | 166.4 |  |  | 75.7 |  |  | 90.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation obligations | 47.3 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 31.1 |
Pension obligations | 37.5 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 19.1 |
Asset retirement obligations | 10.4 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |
Total (1) | $ | 2,212.4 |  |  | $ | 594.2 |  |  | $ | 267.6 |  |  | $ | 553.9 |  |  | $ | 796.7 |

____________________

(1) | This table generally excludes amounts already recorded on the balance sheet as current liabilities, certain purchase obligations as discussed below, long term deferred revenue, and amounts related to income tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions, since we cannot predict with reasonable reliability the timing of cash settlements to the respective taxing authorities (see Note 4, “Income Taxes” to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).

Notes consist of the Senior Notes issued in December 2012 and June 2015 described above.
Operating lease obligations consist primarily of obligations for facilities, net of sublease income, computer equipment and other equipment leases.
Purchase obligations are contractual obligations for purchase of goods or services and are defined as agreements that are enforceable and legally binding on Autodesk and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. Purchase obligations relate primarily to enterprise subscription agreements, IT infrastructure costs, and marketing costs.
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Deferred compensation obligations relate to amounts held in a rabbi trust under our non-qualified deferred compensation plan. See Note 6, “Deferred Compensation,” in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding this plan.
Pension obligations relate to our obligations for pension plans outside of the U.S. See Note 14, “Retirement Benefit Plans,” in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding these obligations.
Asset retirement obligations represent the estimated costs to bring certain office buildings that we lease back to their original condition after the termination of the lease.
Purchase orders or contracts for the purchase of supplies and other goods and services are not included in the table above. We are not able to determine the aggregate amount of such purchase orders that represent contractual obligations, as purchase orders may represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. Our purchase orders are based on our current procurement or development needs and are fulfilled by our vendors within short time horizons. We do not have significant agreements for the purchase of supplies or other goods specifying minimum quantities or set prices that exceed our expected requirements for three months. In addition, we have certain software royalty commitments associated with the shipment and licensing of certain products.
The expected timing of payment of the obligations discussed above is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different depending on the time of receipt of goods or services or changes to agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.
We provide indemnifications of varying scopes and certain guarantees, including limited product warranties. Historically, costs related to these warranties and indemnifications have not been significant, but because potential future costs are highly variable, we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these guarantees on our future results of operations.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Autodesk's stock repurchase program provides Autodesk with the ability to offset the dilution from the issuance of stock under our employee stock plans and reduce shares outstanding over time, and has the effect of returning excess cash generated from our business to stockholders. Under the share repurchase program, Autodesk may repurchase shares from time to time in open market transactions, privately-negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, tender offers, or by other means. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the pace and timing of repurchases will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, available surplus, the volume of employee stock plan activity, remaining shares available in the authorized pool, cash requirements for acquisitions, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements.
In September 2016, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 30.0 million shares of the Company's common stock. During the three and twelve months ended January 31, 2017, we repurchased 2.9 million and 9.7 million shares of our common stock, respectively. At January 31, 2017, 26.6 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase programs approved by the Board of Directors. These programs do not have a fixed expiration date. See Note 9, “Stockholders' Equity,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of January 31, 2017, we did not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements other than operating leases, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.
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ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign currency exchange risk
Our revenue, earnings, cash flows, receivables, and payables are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our risk management strategy utilizes foreign currency contracts to manage our exposure to foreign currency volatility that exists as part of our ongoing business operations. We utilize cash flow hedge contracts to reduce the exchange rate impact on a portion of the net revenue or operating expense of certain anticipated transactions. In addition, we use balance sheet hedge contracts to reduce the exchange rate risk associated primarily with foreign currency denominated receivables and payables. As of January 31, 2017 and 2016, we had open cash flow and balance sheet hedge contracts with future settlements within one to twelve months. Contracts were primarily denominated in euros, Japanese yen, Swiss francs, British pounds, Canadian dollars, and Australian dollars. We do not enter into any foreign exchange derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The notional amount of our option and forward contracts was $640.0 million and $374.0 million at January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
We use foreign currency contracts to reduce the exchange rate impact on the net revenue and operating expenses of certain anticipated transactions. A sensitivity analysis performed on our hedging portfolio as of January 31, 2017 indicated that a hypothetical 10% appreciation of the U.S. dollar from its value at January 31, 2017 and 2016 would increase the fair value of our foreign currency contracts by $60.9 million and $33.3 million, respectively. A hypothetical 10% depreciation of the dollar from its value at January 31, 2017 and 2016 would decrease the fair value of our foreign currency contracts by $32.5 million and $25.6 million, respectively.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate movements affect both the interest income we earn on our short term investments and the market value of certain longer term securities. At January 31, 2017, we had $1,898.9 million of cash equivalents and marketable securities, including $686.8 million classified as short-term marketable securities and $306.2 million classified as long-term marketable securities. If interest rates were to move up by 50 or 100 basis points over a twelve month period, the market value change of our marketable securities would have an unrealized gain or loss of $2.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively.
Other Market Risk
From time to time we make direct investments in privately held companies. Privately held company investments generally are considered inherently risky. The technologies and products these companies have under development are typically in the early stages and may never materialize, which could result in a loss of all or a substantial part of our initial investment in these companies. The evaluation of privately held companies is based on information that we request from these companies, which is not subject to the same disclosure regulations as U.S. publicly traded companies, and as such, the basis for these evaluations is subject to the timing and accuracy of the data received from these companies. See Note 2, "Financial Instruments" for further discussion regarding our privately held investments.
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ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions, except per share data)

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 1,290.0 |  |  | $ | 1,277.2 |  |  | $ | 1,170.8 |
License and other | 741.0 |  |  | 1,226.9 |  |  | 1,341.4 |
Total net revenue | 2,031.0 |  |  | 2,504.1 |  |  | 2,512.2 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of subscription revenue | 151.3 |  |  | 156.1 |  |  | 133.6 |
Cost of license and other revenue | 190.6 |  |  | 214.6 |  |  | 208.5 |
Total cost of revenue | 341.9 |  |  | 370.7 |  |  | 342.1 |
Gross profit | 1,689.1 |  |  | 2,133.4 |  |  | 2,170.1 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Marketing and sales | 1,022.5 |  |  | 1,015.5 |  |  | 998.0 |
Research and development | 766.1 |  |  | 790.0 |  |  | 725.2 |
General and administrative | 287.8 |  |  | 293.4 |  |  | 283.3 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 31.8 |  |  | 33.2 |  |  | 39.8 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 80.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |
Total operating expenses | 2,188.7 |  |  | 2,132.1 |  |  | 2,049.4 |
(Loss) income from operations | (499.6 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 120.7 |
Interest and other expense, net | (24.2 | ) |  | (21.6 | ) |  | (37.7 | )
(Loss) income before income taxes | (523.8 | ) |  | (20.3 | ) |  | 83.0 |
Provision for income taxes | (58.3 | ) |  | (310.2 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Net (loss) income | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | ) |  | $ | 81.8 |
Basic net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.36 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.35 |
Weighted average shares used in computing basic net (loss) income per share | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |  |  | 227.1 |
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted net (loss) income per share | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |  |  | 232.4 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(In millions)

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net (loss) income | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | ) |  | $ | 81.8 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain on derivative instruments (net of tax effect of ($1.1), $0.6, and ($0.7)) | (1.1 | ) |  | (27.1 | ) |  | 39.3 |
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities (net of tax effect of ($0.5), $0.0, and ($0.2)) | 1.3 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Change in defined benefit pension items (net of tax effect of ($0.9), $0.9, and $1.8) | (5.5 | ) |  | (4.6 | ) |  | (16.0 | )
Net change in cumulative foreign currency translation loss (net of tax effect of $0.2, $0.5, and $4.9) | (52.1 | ) |  | (34.7 | ) |  | (75.8 | )
Total other comprehensive loss | (57.4 | ) |  | (67.8 | ) |  | (52.7 | )
Total comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (639.5 | ) |  | $ | (398.3 | ) |  | $ | 29.1 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share data)

| January 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,213.1 |  |  | $ | 1,353.0 |
Marketable securities | 686.8 |  |  | 897.9 |
Accounts receivable, net | 452.3 |  |  | 653.6 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 108.4 |  |  | 88.6 |
Total current assets | 2,460.6 |  |  | 2,993.1 |
Marketable securities | 306.2 |  |  | 532.3 |
Computer equipment, software, furniture, and leasehold improvements, net | 158.6 |  |  | 169.3 |
Developed technologies, net | 45.7 |  |  | 70.8 |
Goodwill | 1,561.1 |  |  | 1,535.0 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 63.9 |  |  | 9.2 |
Other assets | 202.0 |  |  | 205.6 |
Total assets | $ | 4,798.1 |  |  | $ | 5,515.3 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 93.5 |  |  | $ | 119.9 |
Accrued compensation | 238.2 |  |  | 243.3 |
Accrued income taxes | 50.0 |  |  | 29.4 |
Deferred revenue | 1,270.1 |  |  | 1,068.9 |
Current portion of long-term notes payable, net | 398.7 |  |  | — |
Other accrued liabilities | 134.9 |  |  | 129.5 |
Total current liabilities | 2,185.4 |  |  | 1,591.0 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 517.9 |  |  | 450.3 |
Long-term income taxes payable | 39.3 |  |  | 161.4 |
Long-term deferred income taxes | 91.5 |  |  | 67.7 |
Long-term notes payable, net | 1,092.0 |  |  | 1,487.7 |
Long-term other liabilities | 138.4 |  |  | 137.6 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; shares authorized 2.0; none issued or outstanding at January 31, 2017 and 2016 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.01 par value; shares authorized 750.0; 220.3 outstanding at January 31, 2017 and 224.4 outstanding at January 31, 2016 | 1,876.3 |  |  | 1,821.5 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (178.5 | ) |  | (121.1 | )
Accumulated deficit | (964.2 | ) |  | (80.8 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 733.6 |  |  | 1,619.6 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 4,798.1 |  |  | $ | 5,515.3 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | ) |  | $ | 81.8 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | 139.2 |  |  | 145.8 |  |  | 145.9 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |  |  | 165.6 |
Deferred income taxes | (38.8 | ) |  | 235.9 |  |  | (18.8 | )
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 80.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |
Other operating activities | (7.7 | ) |  | (25.0 | ) |  | 16.2 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business combinations: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 201.5 |  |  | (195.5 | ) |  | (17.3 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (13.5 | ) |  | (2.8 | ) |  | 6.8 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 2.7 |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | 130.8 |
Deferred revenue | 267.0 |  |  | 360.5 |  |  | 245.2 |
Accrued income taxes | (100.9 | ) |  | 3.5 |  |  | (50.7 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities (1) | 169.7 |  |  | 414.0 |  |  | 708.6 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of marketable securities | (1,867.9 | ) |  | (2,250.1 | ) |  | (1,355.1 | )
Sales of marketable securities | 1,257.7 |  |  | 329.4 |  |  | 190.0 |
Maturities of marketable securities | 1,057.2 |  |  | 1,376.6 |  |  | 969.0 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (85.2 | ) |  | (148.5 | ) |  | (630.0 | )
Capital expenditures | (76.0 | ) |  | (72.4 | ) |  | (75.5 | )
Other investing activities | (13.8 | ) |  | (44.5 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 272.0 |  |  | (809.5 | ) |  | (905.6 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 119.6 |  |  | 110.8 |  |  | 175.4 |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | (76.2 | ) |  | (51.6 | ) |  | (40.0 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (621.7 | ) |  | (458.0 | ) |  | (372.4 | )
Proceeds from debt, net of discount | — |  |  | 748.3 |  |  | — |
Other financing activities | — |  |  | (6.3 | ) |  | (3.4 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (1) | (578.3 | ) |  | 343.2 |  |  | (240.4 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (3.3 | ) |  | (5.3 | ) |  | (5.0 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (139.9 | ) |  | (57.6 | ) |  | (442.4 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of fiscal year | 1,353.0 |  |  | 1,410.6 |  |  | 1,853.0 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of fiscal year | $ | 1,213.1 |  |  | $ | 1,353.0 |  |  | $ | 1,410.6 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for interest | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 34.7 |  |  | $ | 20.4 |
Net cash paid during the year for income taxes | $ | 77.7 |  |  | $ | 59.1 |  |  | $ | 63.4 |

——————

(1) | During the three months ended July 31, 2016, the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718)” (“ASU 2016-09”), which addresses among other items, updates to the presentation and treatment of excess tax benefits related to stock based compensation. The Company has adopted changes to the consolidated statements of cash flows on a retrospective basis. The impact for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015 to net cash provided by operating activities and net cash used in financing activities was $0.5 million. There was no impact to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016.

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See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In millions)

| Common stock and additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Retained earnings (Accumulated deficit) |  | Total stockholders' equity
Shares |  | Amount |
Balances, January 31, 2014 | 226.7 |  |  | $ | 1,637.3 |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | 624.8 |  |  | $ | 2,261.5 |
Common shares issued under stock plans | 7.2 |  |  | 135.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 165.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 165.6 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81.8 |  |  | 81.8 |
Other comprehensive (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (52.7 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (6.9 | ) |  | (165.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (207.2 | ) |  | (372.4 | )
Balances, January 31, 2015 | 227.0 |  |  | 1,773.1 |  |  | (53.3 | ) |  | 499.4 |  |  | 2,219.2 |
Common shares issued under stock plans | 5.9 |  |  | 59.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59.2 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 197.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 197.2 |
Tax benefits from employee stock plans | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (330.5 | ) |  | (330.5 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (67.8 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (8.5 | ) |  | (208.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (249.7 | ) |  | (458.0 | )
Balances, January 31, 2016 | 224.4 |  |  | 1,821.5 |  |  | (121.1 | ) |  | (80.8 | ) |  | 1,619.6 |
Common shares issued under stock plans | 5.6 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 221.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 221.8 |
Cumulative effect of accounting changes | — |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 113.0 |  |  | 119.9 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (582.1 | ) |  | (582.1 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (57.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (57.4 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (9.7 | ) |  | (217.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (414.3 | ) |  | (631.6 | )
Balances, January 31, 2017 | 220.3 |  |  | $ | 1,876.3 |  |  | $ | (178.5 | ) |  | $ | (964.2 | ) |  | $ | 733.6 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
January 31, 2017
(Tables in millions of dollars, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)
1. Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business
Autodesk, Inc. (“Autodesk” or the “Company”) is a world leading design software and services company, offering customers productive business solutions through powerful technology products and services. The Company serves customers in the architecture, engineering, and construction; manufacturing; and digital media, consumer, and entertainment industries. The Company’s sophisticated software products enable its customers to experience their ideas before they are real by allowing them to imagine, design, and create their ideas and to visualize, simulate, and analyze real-world performance early in the design process by creating digital prototypes. These capabilities allow Autodesk’s customers to foster innovation, optimize and improve their designs, help save time and money, improve quality, and collaborate with others. Autodesk software products are sold globally, both directly to customers and through a network of resellers and distributors.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Autodesk and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Segments
Through the second quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk had four operating and reportable segments: Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (“AEC”), Manufacturing (“MFG”), Platform Solutions and Emerging Business (“PSEB”), and Media and Entertainment (“M&E”).
During the third quarter of fiscal 2017, as a result of changes in our organizational structure from the business model transition and various other factors described further in Note 13, "Segments," management determined the Company operates as a single operating segment and single reporting unit. However, the Company will continue to provide disaggregation of revenue by product family and geographical information within Note 13, "Segments."
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in Autodesk’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. On a regular basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Examples of significant estimates and assumptions made by management involve the determination of the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, goodwill, financial instruments, long-lived assets and other intangible assets, the realizability of deferred tax assets, and the fair value of stock awards. The Company also makes assumptions, judgments, and estimates in determining the accruals for uncertain tax positions, variable compensation, partner incentive programs, product returns reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, asset retirement obligations, and legal contingencies.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
The assets and liabilities of Autodesk’s foreign subsidiaries are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at the rates in effect at the balance sheet date, and revenue and expense amounts are translated at exchange rates that approximate those rates in effect during the period in which the underlying transactions occur. Foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as other comprehensive (loss) income.
Gains and losses realized from foreign currency transactions, those transactions denominated in currencies other than the foreign subsidiary’s functional currency, are included in interest and other income, net. Monetary assets and liabilities are
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remeasured using foreign currency exchange rates at the end of the period, and non-monetary assets are remeasured based on historical exchange rates.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Under its risk management strategy, Autodesk uses derivative instruments to manage its short-term exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates which exist as part of ongoing business operations. Autodesk’s general practice is to hedge a majority of transaction exposures denominated in euros, Japanese yen, Swiss francs, British pounds, Canadian dollars, and Australian dollars. These instruments have maturities between one to 12 months in the future. Autodesk does not enter into any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
The bank counterparties in all contracts expose Autodesk to credit-related losses in the event of their nonperformance. However, to mitigate that risk, Autodesk only contracts with counterparties who meet the Company’s minimum requirements under its counterparty risk assessment process. Autodesk monitors ratings, credit spreads, and potential downgrades on at least a quarterly basis. Based on Autodesk’s on-going assessment of counterparty risk, the Company will adjust its exposure to various counterparties. Autodesk generally enters into master netting arrangements, which reduce credit risk by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. However, Autodesk does not have any master netting arrangements in place with collateral features.
Autodesk accounts for its derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and carries them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are adjusted to fair value through earnings. See Note 2, "Financial Instruments" for information regarding Autodesk's hedging activities.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Autodesk considers all highly liquid investments with insignificant interest rate risk and remaining maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value.
Marketable Securities and Privately Held Company Investments
Marketable securities are stated at fair value. Marketable securities maturing within one year that are not restricted are classified as current assets. Substantially all marketable debt and equity investments held by Autodesk are classified as current based on the nature of the investments and their availability for use in current operations.
Autodesk determines the appropriate classification of its marketable securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such classification as of each balance sheet date. Autodesk carries all “available-for-sale securities” at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in stockholders’ equity until disposition or maturity. Autodesk carries all “trading securities” at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, recorded in “Interest and other income, net” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method.
Autodesk regularly invests in non-marketable debt and equity securities of privately held companies. The carrying values of such investments are included in other long-term assets. For the majority of our privately held company investments, we use the cost method of accounting.
All of Autodesk’s marketable securities and privately held company investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Autodesk considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than Autodesk’s cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and Autodesk’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in the market value. For additional information, see “Concentration of Credit Risk” within this Note 1 and Note 2, “Financial Instruments.”
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of January 31:
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| 2017 |  | 2016
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 477.5 |  |  | $ | 700.1 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts | (1.5 | ) |  | (7.6 | )
Product returns reserve | (0.2 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Partner programs and other obligations | (23.5 | ) |  | (37.3 | )
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 452.3 |  |  | $ | 653.6 |

Allowances for uncollectible trade receivables are based upon historical loss patterns, the number of days that billings are past due, and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with problem accounts.
The product returns reserves are based on historical experience of actual product returns, estimated channel inventory levels, the timing of new product introductions, channel sell-in for applicable markets, and other factors.
As part of the indirect channel model, Autodesk has a partner incentive program that uses quarterly attainment of monetary rewards to motivate distributors and resellers to achieve mutually agreed upon business goals in a specified time period. A portion of these incentives reduce license and other revenue in the current period. The remainder, which relates to incentives on our Subscription Program, is recorded as a reduction to deferred revenue in the period the subscription transaction is billed and subsequently recognized as a reduction to subscription revenue over the contract period. These incentive balances do not require significant assumptions or judgments. Depending on how the payments are made, the reserves associated with the partner incentive program are treated on the balance sheet as either contra account receivable or accounts payable.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Autodesk places its cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, multiple diversified financial institutions globally with high credit ratings and limits the amounts invested with any one institution, type of security, and issuer.
Geographical concentrations of consolidated cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities held by Autodesk as of January 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016
United States | 9 | % |  | 26 | %
Other Americas | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”) | 80 | % |  | 50 | %
Asia Pacific (“APAC”) | 10 | % |  | 23 | %

Autodesk’s primary commercial banking relationship is with Citigroup Inc. and its global affiliates. Citibank, N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup, is one of the lead lenders and an agent in the syndicate of Autodesk’s $400.0 million line of credit facility. It is Autodesk’s policy to limit the amounts invested with any one institution by type of security and issuer.
Autodesk’s accounts receivable are derived from sales to a large number of resellers, distributors, and direct customers in the Americas; EMEA; and APAC geographies. Autodesk performs ongoing evaluations of these partners' financial condition and limits the amount of credit extended when deemed necessary, but generally does not require collateral from such parties. Total sales to the Company's largest distributor Tech Data Corporation, and its global affiliates (“Tech Data”), accounted for 30%, 25%, and 25% of Autodesk's net revenue for fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The majority of the net revenue from sales to Tech Data is for sales made outside of the United States. In addition, Tech Data accounted for 20% and 22% of trade accounts receivable as of January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Computer Equipment, Software, Furniture, and Leasehold Improvements, Net
Computer equipment, software, and furniture are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term. Depreciation expense was $73.1 million in fiscal 2017, $60.6 million in fiscal 2016, and $52.1 million in fiscal 2015.
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Computer equipment, software, furniture, leasehold improvements and the related accumulated depreciation at January 31 were as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Computer hardware, at cost | $ | 206.1 |  |  | $ | 202.7 |
Computer software, at cost | 73.5 |  |  | 85.6 |
Leasehold improvements, land and buildings, at cost | 206.3 |  |  | 202.9 |
Furniture and equipment, at cost | 58.2 |  |  | 59.0 |
Computer software, hardware, leasehold improvements, furniture, and equipment, at cost | 544.1 |  |  | 550.2 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (385.5 | ) |  | (380.9 | )
Computer software, hardware, leasehold improvements, furniture, and equipment, net | $ | 158.6 |  |  | $ | 169.3 |

Costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized for application development activities, if material, and immediately expensed for preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities. These capitalized costs are amortized over the software’s expected useful life, which is generally three years.
Software Development Costs
Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are included in research and development expenses. Autodesk defines establishment of technological feasibility as the completion of a working model. Software development costs incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility through the period of general market availability of the products are capitalized and generally amortized over a three year period, if material. Autodesk had no material capitalized software development costs at January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016.
Other Intangible Assets, Net
Other intangible assets include developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, user lists and the related accumulated amortization. These assets are shown as “Developed technologies, net” and as part of “Other assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The majority of Autodesk’s other intangible assets are amortized to expense over the estimated economic life of the product, which ranges from one to ten years. Amortization expense for developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists was $72.2 million in fiscal 2017, $82.6 million in fiscal 2016 and $92.9 million in fiscal 2015.
Other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization at January 31 were as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Developed technologies, at cost | $ | 583.6 |  |  | $ | 571.4 |
Customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists, at cost (1) | 375.9 |  |  | 371.6 |
Other intangible assets, at cost (2) | 959.5 |  |  | 943.0 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (862.0 | ) |  | (796.2 | )
Other intangible assets, net | $ | 97.5 |  |  | $ | 146.8 |

_______________

(1) | Included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Includes the effects of foreign currency translation.

The weighted average amortization period for developed technologies, customer relationships, and trade names during fiscal 2017 was 4.6 years. Excluding in-process research and development, expected future amortization expense for developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists for each of the fiscal years ended thereafter is as follows:
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| Fiscal Year ended January 31,
2018 | $ | 37.2 |
2019 | 28.9 |
2020 | 16.7 |
2021 | 8.3 |
2022 | 3.7 |
Thereafter | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 94.9 |

Goodwill
Goodwill consists of the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Autodesk tests goodwill for impairment annually in its fourth fiscal quarter or more often if circumstances indicate a potential impairment may exist, or if events have affected the composition of reporting units.
When goodwill is assessed for impairment, Autodesk has the option to perform an assessment of qualitative factors of impairment (“optional assessment”) prior to necessitating a two-step quantitative impairment test. Should the optional assessment be used for any given fiscal year, qualitative factors to consider include cost factors; financial performance; legal, regulatory, contractual, political, business, or other factors; entity specific factors; industry and market considerations, macroeconomic conditions, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, then performing the two-step impairment test is unnecessary.
Therefore, the two-step quantitative impairment test is necessary when either Autodesk does not utilize the optional assessment or, as a result of the optional assessment, it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value. The first step of the goodwill impairment test identifies if there is potential goodwill impairment. If step one indicates that an impairment may exist, a second step is performed to measure the amount of the goodwill impairment, if any. Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. If impairment exists, the carrying value of the goodwill is reduced to fair value through an impairment charge recorded in our statements of operations. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis. The value of Autodesk’s goodwill could also be impacted by future adverse changes such as: (i) declines in Autodesk’s actual financial results, (ii) a sustained decline in Autodesk’s market capitalization, (iii) significant slowdown in the worldwide economy or the industries Autodesk serves, or (iv) changes in Autodesk’s business strategy.
As described in Note 13, "Segments" commencing in the third quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk changed its segment reporting as it now operates as a single operating segment and single reporting unit. In situations in which an entity's reporting unit is publicly traded, the fair value for step one of the impairment test may be approximated by the entity's market capitalization. For the annual impairment test, Autodesk's market capitalization was substantially in excess of the carrying value of the Company as of January 31, 2017. Accordingly, Autodesk has determined there was no goodwill impairment during the year ended January 31, 2017. In addition, Autodesk did not recognize any goodwill impairment losses in fiscal 2016 or 2015.
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The change in the carrying amount of goodwill during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016 were as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Goodwill, beginning of the year | $ | 1,684.2 |  |  | $ | 1,605.4 |
Less: accumulated impairment losses, beginning of the year | (149.2 | ) |  | (149.2 | )
Additions arising from acquisitions during the year (1) | 62.8 |  |  | 97.3 |
Effect of foreign currency translation, measurement period adjustments, and other (2) | (36.7 | ) |  | (18.5 | )
Goodwill, end of the year | $ | 1,561.1 |  |  | $ | 1,535.0 |

_______________

(1) | The fiscal 2016 balance has not been adjusted here for measurement period adjustments made in fiscal 2017. Refer to Note 5, "Acquisitions" for additional information on the amounts recorded in fiscal 2017 that relate to goodwill from fiscal 2016 acquisitions.

(2) | Purchase accounting adjustments reflect revisions made to the Company’s preliminary purchase price allocations during fiscal 2017 and 2016.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
At least annually or more frequently as circumstances dictate, Autodesk reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever impairment indicators exist. Autodesk continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate the carrying amounts of its long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, Autodesk assesses recoverability of these assets. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amounts of the assets to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If the long-lived assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds its fair market value. Autodesk did not recognize any material impairments of long-lived assets during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
In addition to the recoverability assessments, Autodesk routinely reviews the remaining estimated useful lives of its long-lived assets. Any reduction in the useful life assumption will result in increased depreciation and amortization expense in the quarter when such determinations are made, as well as in subsequent quarters.
Deferred Tax Assets
Deferred tax assets arise primarily from tax credits, net operating losses, and timing differences for reserves, accrued liabilities, stock options, deferred revenue, purchased technologies, and capitalized intangibles, partially offset by U.S. deferred tax liabilities on unremitted earnings from certain foreign subsidiaries, acquired intangibles, and valuation allowances against U.S. and foreign deferred tax assets. Autodesk performed a quarterly assessment of the recoverability of these net deferred tax assets and believe that we will generate sufficient future taxable income in appropriate tax jurisdictions to realize the net deferred tax assets. They are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce gross deferred tax assets to the amount that is "more likely than not" to be realized.
Revenue Recognition
Autodesk recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable.
For multiple element arrangements containing only software and software-related elements, Autodesk allocates the sales price among each of the deliverables using the residual method, under which a portion of the total arrangement consideration is allocated to undelivered elements based on their vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value and the remainder or residual of the total consideration is recognized as revenue for the delivered elements. VSOE is the price charged when an element is sold separately or a price set by management with the relevant authority. If Autodesk does not have VSOE of an undelivered element, revenue recognition is deferred on the entire sales arrangement until all elements for which Autodesk does not have VSOE are delivered. If Autodesk does not have VSOE for undelivered product subscriptions, maintenance or services, the total consideration for the arrangement is recognized ratably over the longest contractual service period in the arrangement.
For multiple element arrangements involving non-software elements, including cloud subscription services, our revenue recognition policy is based upon the accounting guidance contained in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. For these arrangements,
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Autodesk first allocates the total arrangement consideration based on the relative selling prices of the software group of elements as a whole and the non-software elements. Autodesk then further allocates consideration within the software group to the respective elements within that group using the residual method as described above. Autodesk exercises judgment and uses estimates in connection with the determination of the amount of revenue to be recognized in each accounting period.
Autodesk allocates the total arrangement consideration among the various elements based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its VSOE if available, third-party evidence ("TPE") if VSOE is not available, or the best estimated selling price ("BESP") if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. BESP represents the price at which Autodesk would transact for the deliverable if it were sold regularly on a standalone basis. To establish BESP for those elements for which neither VSOE nor TPE are available, Autodesk performs a quantitative analysis of pricing data points for historical standalone transactions involving such elements for a twelve-month period. As part of this analysis, Autodesk monitors and evaluates the BESP against actual pricing to ensure that it continues to represent a reasonable estimate of the standalone selling price, considering several other external and internal factors including, but not limited to, pricing and discounting practices, contractually stated prices, the geographies in which Autodesk offers products and services, and the type of customer (i.e. distributor, value-added reseller, and direct end user, among others). Autodesk analyzes BESP at least annually or on a more frequent basis if a significant change in our business necessitates a more timely analysis, or if significant selling price variances are experienced.
In situations when Autodesk has multiple contracts with a single counterparty, Autodesk uses the guidance in ASC 985-605 to evaluate both the form and the substance of the arrangements to determine if they should be combined and accounted for as one arrangement or as separate arrangements.
Autodesk’s assessment of likelihood of collection is also a critical element in determining the timing of revenue recognition. If collection is not probable, the revenue will be deferred until payment is received.
Autodesk's Subscription revenue consists of two components: maintenance revenue for our software products and revenue for our cloud service offerings, including Autodesk 360. Autodesk's maintenance program provides our commercial and educational customers of perpetual products with a cost effective and predictable budgetary option to obtain the productivity benefits of our new releases and enhancements when and if released during the term of their contracts. Under Autodesk's maintenance program, customers are eligible to receive unspecified upgrades when and if available, downloadable training courses, and online support. Autodesk recognizes maintenance revenue ratably over the term of the maintenance agreement, which is generally between one and three years but can occasionally be as long as five years. Revenue for Autodesk's cloud service offerings is recognized ratably over the contract term commencing with the date Autodesk's service is made available to customers and all other revenue recognition criteria have been satisfied.
License and other revenue consists of two components: product license revenue and other revenue. Product license revenue includes software license revenue from the sale of perpetual licenses, term-based licenses from our desktop subscription and enterprise offerings, and product revenue for Creative Finishing. Other revenue includes revenue from consulting, training, Autodesk Developers Network and Creative Finishing customer support, and is recognized over time, as the services are performed.
Taxes Collected from Customers
Autodesk nets taxes collected from customers against those remitted to government authorities in the consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, taxes collected from customers are not reported as revenue.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of revenue for all periods presented.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
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The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cost of subscription | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |
Cost of license and other revenue | 7.1 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 4.6 |
Marketing and sales | 94.1 |  |  | 85.2 |  |  | 72.4 |
Research and development | 81.3 |  |  | 70.4 |  |  | 56.0 |
General and administrative | 32.3 |  |  | 29.8 |  |  | 28.3 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards and Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") purchases | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |  |  | 165.6 |
Tax benefit | (2.6 | ) |  | (1.6 | ) |  | (45.2 | )
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards and ESPP purchases, net | $ | 219.2 |  |  | $ | 195.6 |  |  | $ | 120.4 |

Autodesk determines the grant date fair value of its share-based payment awards using a Black-Scholes Merton ("BSM") option pricing model or the quoted stock price on the date of grant, unless the awards are subject to market conditions, in which case Autodesk uses a binomial-lattice model (e.g., Monte Carlo simulation model). The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability that market conditions will be achieved. Autodesk uses the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | January 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2016 |  | January 31, 2015
|  | Performance Stock Unit |  | ESPP |  | Performance Stock Unit |  | ESPP |  | Performance Stock Unit |  | ESPP
Range of expected volatilities |  | 38 - 39% |  | 30 - 40% |  | 27% |  | 28 -29% |  | 30% |  | 29 - 33%
Range of expected lives (in years) |  | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0
Expected dividends |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —%
Range of risk-free interest rates |  | 0.6 - 0.7% |  | 0.5 - 0.9% |  | 0.2% |  | 0.1 - 0.7% |  | 0.1% |  | 0.0 - 0.6%

Autodesk estimates expected volatility for stock-based awards based on the average of the following two measures. The first is a measure of historical volatility in the trading market for the Company’s common stock, and the second is the implied volatility of traded forward call options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The expected volatility for performance stock units ("PSUs") subject to market conditions includes the expected volatility of Autodesk's peer companies within the S&P Computer Software Select Index.
Autodesk estimates the expected life of stock-based awards using both exercise behavior and post-vesting termination behavior as well as consideration of outstanding options.
Autodesk did not pay cash dividends in fiscal 2017, 2016, or 2015 and does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, an expected dividend yield of zero is used in the BSM option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulation model.
The risk-free interest rate used in the BSM option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulation model for stock-based awards is the historical yield on U.S. Treasury securities with equivalent remaining lives.
Autodesk recognizes expense only for the stock-based awards that ultimately vest. As permitted by ASU 2016-09, Autodesk has elected to account for forfeitures of our stock-based awards as those forfeitures occur.
Advertising Expenses
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expenses incurred were $33.6 million in fiscal 2017, $29.8 million in fiscal 2016, and $23.9 million in fiscal 2015.
Net (Loss) Income Per Share
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Basic net (loss) income per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, excluding stock options and restricted stock. Diluted net (loss) income per share is computed based upon the weighted average shares of common shares outstanding for the period and potentially dilutive common shares, including the effect of stock options and restricted stock units under the treasury stock method.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
The funded status of Autodesk's defined benefit pension plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation for the fiscal years presented. The projected benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on employee services already rendered and estimated future compensation levels. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of Autodesk's cumulative company and participant contributions made to the various plans in effect.
Net periodic benefit cost is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs, and gains or losses previously recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. Certain events, such as changes in the employee base, plan amendments, and changes in actuarial assumptions may result in a change in the defined benefit obligation and the corresponding change to other comprehensive income.
Gains and losses and prior service costs not recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as they arise are recognized as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Those gains and losses and prior service costs are subsequently amortized as a component of net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service lives of the plan participants using a corridor approach to determine the portion of gain or loss subject to amortization.
The measurement of projected benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost is based on estimates and assumptions that reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of services, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return of plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest rates, and mortality rates.
Accounting Standards in Fiscal 2017
With the exception of those discussed below, there have been no recent changes in accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB or adopted by the Company during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, that are of significance, or potential significance, to the Company.
Accounting Standards Adopted
Effective in the second quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk adopted FASB's Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09 ("ASU 2016-09") regarding ASC Topic 718, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” The new guidance requires excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recorded in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. In addition, cash flows related to excess tax benefits will no longer be separately classified as a financing activity apart from other income tax cash flows. The standard also increases the amount of shares an employer can withhold for tax purposes without triggering liability accounting, clarifies that all cash payments made on an employee's behalf for withheld shares should be presented as a financing activity in the statements of cash flows, and provides an entity-wide accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.
Upon adoption, under the modified retrospective transition method, the Company recognized the previously unrecognized excess tax benefits as increases in deferred tax assets for tax credit and tax loss carryovers, of which $116.5 million were available to offset liabilities for uncertain tax benefits. This reduction in liabilities for uncertain tax benefits resulted in a cumulative-effect increase of $116.5 million to the February 1, 2016, opening accumulated deficit balance. Tax attributes not available to offset uncertain tax benefits were fully offset by a valuation allowance.
Autodesk elected to account for forfeitures as they occur using a modified retrospective transition method, which resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment of $6.9 million to reduce the February 1, 2016 opening accumulated deficit balance.
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Autodesk elected to apply the change in presentation of excess tax benefits in the statements of cash flows retrospectively to all periods presented and no longer classifies them as a reduction from operating cash flows. The adoption had a $0.5 million impact to net cash provided by operating activities and net cash used in financing activities for fiscal 2015. There adoption had no impact for fiscal 2016. The retrospective presentation requirements for cash flows related to employee taxes paid for withheld shares had no impact to any prior period since such cash flows have historically been presented as a financing activity. Additional amendments to the accounting for minimum statutory withholding tax requirements had no impact to opening accumulated deficit as of February 1, 2016 as Autodesk does not withhold more than the minimum statutory requirements.
Effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk adopted FABS's Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-16 ("ASU 2015-05") regarding Subtopic 350-40, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software: Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement.” The amendments in this ASU provide guidance about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The amendments for ASU-2015-05 were prospectively applied and did not have a material impact on Autodesk's consolidated financial statements.
Effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk adopted FASB's Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-07 ("ASU 2015-07") regarding ASC Topic 820 "Fair Value Measurement: Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent)." The amendments in ASU 2015-07 remove the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also limit certain disclosures to investments for which the entity has elected to measure at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments were applied retrospectively by removing from the fair value hierarchy any investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. Adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In February 2017, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-05 ("ASU 2017-05"), "Other Income– Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets." The ASU, among other things, clarifies the scope of the derecognition of nonfinancial assets, the definition of in substance financial assets, and impacts the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets by requiring full gain recognition upon the sale. The amendments are effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018. The guidance may be applied retrospectively for all periods presented or retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment at the date of adoption. Autodesk is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations.
In January 2017, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04 ("ASU 2017-04"), "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill to eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In addition, it eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if that fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Therefore, the same impairment assessment applies to all reporting units. The amendments will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2020 unless Autodesk elects early adoption. The new guidance is required to be applied on a prospective basis. Autodesk does not believe ASU 2017-04 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and plans to early adopt in fiscal 2018.
In January 2017, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01 ("ASU 2017-01"), "Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business" which provides a more robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is a business. The amendments will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018 unless Autodesk elects early adoption, which Autodesk is still evaluating. The new guidance is required to be applied on a prospective basis. The effect of the implementation will depend upon the nature of the Company's future acquisitions, if any.
In October 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-16 ("ASU 2016-16"), “Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory” which requires that entities recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. The amendments will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018 unless Autodesk elects early adoption. The new guidance is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of
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adoption. Autodesk is currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact and timing of adoption.
In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 ("ASU 2016-13") regarding ASC Topic 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," which modifies the measurement of expected credit losses of certain financial instruments. Autodesk plans to adopt ASU 2016-13 as of the effective date which represents Autodesk’s fiscal year beginning February 1, 2020 and does not believe the ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 ("ASU 2016-02") regarding ASC Topic 842, "Leases." The amendments in this ASU require balance sheet recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for leases classified as operating leases, with an optional policy election to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. The amendments also require new disclosures, including qualitative and quantitative requirements, providing additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Autodesk plans to adopt ASU 2016-02 as of the effective date which represents Autodesk’s fiscal year beginning February 1, 2019. The amendments require a modified retrospective approach with optional practical expedients. Autodesk is currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact of adoption.
In January 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01 ("ASU 2016-01") regarding ASC Topic 825-10, "Financial Instruments - Overall." The amendments address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments, and require equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income. The amendments also simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment for impairment quarterly at each reporting period. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018. An entity should apply the amendments by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption, with prospective adoption of the amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values existing as of the date of adoption. Autodesk does not believe ASU 2016-01 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 ("ASU 2014-09") regarding ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” ASU 2014-09 provides principles for recognizing revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-14 to defer the effective date by one year with early adoption permitted as of the original effective date. In addition, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-08, Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-10, Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-12, and Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-20 in March 2016, April 2016, May 2016, and December 2016, respectively, to help provide interpretive clarifications on the new guidance in ASC Topic 606.
Autodesk currently plans to adopt ASU 2014-09 as of February 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective transition method.
In terms of Autodesk's evaluation efforts, the Company has assigned internal resources in addition to the engagement of third party service providers to assist in the evaluation. The Company's preliminary assessment is that there should be no material change in the timing and amount of the recognition of revenue for the majority of the Company's product subscription offerings and enterprise arrangements. This preliminary assessment is based on the Company's analysis that the related software and cloud services in a majority of the product subscription and enterprise offerings are not distinct in the context of the contract as they are considered highly interrelated and represent a single combined performance obligation that should be recognized over time. Due to the complexity of certain of our contracts, the actual revenue recognition treatment required under the new standard for these arrangements may be dependent on contract-specific terms and vary in some instances.
A limited number of Autodesk's product subscriptions do not incorporate substantial cloud services, and under ASU 2014-09 will be recognized as distinct license and service performance obligations. Revenue allocated to the licenses in these offerings will be recognized at a point in time instead of over the contract term. Autodesk does not currently believe the impact of the change to timing of revenue recognition for these limited offerings will be material. The company is currently evaluating its other revenue streams, but does not believe ASU 2014-09 will have a material impact.
Furthermore, the Company has made and will continue to make investments in systems and processes to enable timely and accurate reporting under the new standard. The company currently expects that necessary operational changes will be implemented prior to the adoption date.
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As part of our preliminary evaluation, Autodesk has also considered the impact of the guidance in ASC Topic 340-40, "Other Assets and Deferred Costs; Contracts with Customers," and the interpretations of the FASB Transition Resource Group for Revenue Recognition ("TRG") from their November 7, 2016 meeting with respect to capitalization and amortization of incremental costs of obtaining a contract. As a result of this new guidance, Autodesk preliminarily believes that the Company will capitalize additional costs of obtaining the contract, which primarily relates to sales commissions. The amortization period for the Company's deferred costs will be recognized over the period of benefit. Autodesk's current accounting policy is to expense such costs as incurred.
While Autodesk continues to assess the potential impacts of the new standard, including the areas described above, and disclosure requirements of the standard, Autodesk does not know or cannot reasonably estimate quantitative information related to the impact of the new standard on our financial statements except as specifically noted above.
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2. Financial Instruments
The following tables summarize the Company's financial instruments' amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value by significant investment category as of January 31, 2017 and 2016.

|  |  | January 31, 2017
|  |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Cash equivalents (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Agency bonds | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| Certificates of deposit | 63.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63.1 |  |  | 63.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Commercial paper | 207.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 207.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 207.4 |  |  | — |
| Corporate debt securities | 40.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40.2 |  |  | 40.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Custody cash deposit | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Money market funds | 256.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 256.5 |  |  | — |
| Municipal bonds | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Sovereign debt | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |
| U.S. government securities | 309.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 309.5 |  |  | 309.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Short-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 13.2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 19.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | — |
|  | Certificates of deposit | 157.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157.3 |  |  | 157.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Commercial paper | 109.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 109.2 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate bonds | 234.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 234.5 |  |  | 234.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 43.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 30.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 32.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Short-term trading securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Mutual funds | 44.8 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 47.3 |  |  | 47.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Long-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 65.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 65.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 65.9 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate bonds | 172.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 172.1 |  |  | 172.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 10.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 48.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 48.9 |  |  | 48.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible debt securities (2) | 4.9 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |
Derivative contracts (3) | 2.2 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | (11.7 | ) |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.3 |
|  | Total | $ | 1,903.5 |  |  | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | (13.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,907.3 |  |  | $ | 1,193.8 |  |  | $ | 706.6 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |

____________________

(1) | Included in “Cash and cash equivalents” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Considered "available for sale" and included in "Other assets" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) | Included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets,” "Other assets," or “Other accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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|  |  | January 31, 2016
|  |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Cash equivalents (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Agency bonds | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| Certificates of deposit | 267.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 267.6 |  |  | 267.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Commercial paper | 106.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 106.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 106.6 |  |  | — |
| Custody cash deposit | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Money market funds | 382.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 382.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 382.4 |  |  | — |
| Municipal bonds | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| U.S. government securities | 103.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103.0 |  |  | 103.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Short-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 40.0 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 39.9 |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 7.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | — |
|  | Certificates of deposit | 190.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190.3 |  |  | 190.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Commercial paper | 141.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 141.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 141.1 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate debt securities | 377.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 376.9 |  |  | 376.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 9.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 20.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 74.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74.6 |  |  | 74.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Short-term trading securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Mutual funds | 38.8 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 38.0 |  |  | 38.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Long-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 56.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.9 |  |  | 56.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 36.5 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.6 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate debt securities | 320.9 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  | 320.4 |  |  | 320.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 2.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 16.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 98.4 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 98.6 |  |  | 98.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible debt securities (2) | 2.5 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |
Derivative contracts (3) | 1.5 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | (7.4 | ) |  | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.3 |
|  | Total | $ | 2,310.6 |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | (11.0 | ) |  | $ | 2,310.7 |  |  | $ | 1,594.4 |  |  | $ | 712.6 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |

____________________

(1) | Included in “Cash and cash equivalents” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Considered "available for sale" securities and included in "Other assets" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) | Included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets,” "Other assets," or “Other accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Autodesk classifies its marketable securities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date. Generally marketable securities with remaining maturities of less than 12 months are classified as short-term and marketable securities with remaining maturities greater than 12 months are classified as long-term. Autodesk may sell certain of its marketable securities prior to their stated maturities for strategic purposes or in anticipation of credit deterioration.
Autodesk applies fair value accounting for certain financial assets and liabilities, which consist of cash equivalents, marketable securities, and other financial instruments, on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: (Level 1) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; (Level 2) inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or
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liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and (Level 3) unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require Autodesk to develop its own assumptions. When determining fair value, Autodesk uses observable market data and relies on unobservable inputs only when observable market data is not available. There have been no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the year ended January 31, 2017.
Autodesk's cash equivalents, marketable securities, and financial instruments are primarily classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Autodesk values it's available for sale securities on pricing from pricing vendors, who may use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly in determining fair value (Level 2). Autodesk's Level 2 securities are valued primarily using observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Autodesk's Level 3 securities consist of investments held in auction rate securities, convertible debt securities, and derivative contracts which are valued using probability weighted discounted cash flow models and some of the inputs to the models are unobservable in the market.
A reconciliation of the change in Autodesk’s Level 3 items for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 was as follows:

| Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
| (Level 3)
|  | Derivative Contracts |  | Convertible Debt Securities |  | Total
Balances, January 31, 2016 |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |
Purchases |  | 1.1 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.1 |
Settlements |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (1.7 | ) |  | (2.4 | )
Gains (losses) included in earnings |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.7 |
Gains included in OCI |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Balances, January 31, 2017 |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |

The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of Autodesk's “available-for-sale securities” classified by the contractual maturity date of the security:

| January 31, 2017
| Cost |  | Fair Value
Due within in 1 year | $ | 635.6 |  |  | $ | 635.9 |
Due in 1 year through 5 years | 305.4 |  |  | 305.8 |
Due in 5 years through 10 years | 2.6 |  |  | 2.6 |
Due after 10 years | 7.0 |  |  | 7.0 |
Total | $ | 950.6 |  |  | $ | 951.3 |

As of January 31, 2017 and 2016, Autodesk had no material securities, individually and in the aggregate, in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than twelve months.
As of January 31, 2017 and 2016 Autodesk had $117.2 million and $104.3 million, respectively, in direct investments in privately held companies accounted for under the cost method. The privately held investments are included in other long-term assets and are periodically assessed for other-than-temporary impairment. If Autodesk determines that an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, Autodesk writes down the investment to its fair value. Other than the amounts disclosed in the following paragraph, Autodesk does not intend to sell these cost method investments and it is not more likely than not that Autodesk will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the amortized cost bases, which may be maturity. Therefore, Autodesk does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at January 31, 2017. Autodesk estimates fair value of its cost method investments considering available information such as pricing in recent rounds of financing, current cash positions, earnings and cash flow forecasts, recent operational performance, and any other readily available market data.
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During fiscal 2017 and 2016, Autodesk recorded $1.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in other-than-temporary impairment on its privately held equity and debt investments. The impairment expense was recorded in “Interest and other expense, net” on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The sales or redemptions of “available-for-sale securities” in fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 resulted in gain s of $1.5 million, $0.1 million, and $0.7 million, respectively. The losses and gains were recorded in "Interest and other expense, net" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Proceeds from the sale and maturity of marketable securities for fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 were $2.3 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Under its risk management strategy, Autodesk uses derivative instruments to manage its short-term exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates which exist as part of ongoing business operations. Autodesk's general practice is to hedge a portion of transaction exposures denominated in euros, Japanese yen, Swiss francs, British pounds, Canadian dollars and Australian dollars. These instruments have maturities between one and twelve months in the future. Autodesk does not enter into derivative instrument transactions for trading or speculative purposes.
The bank counterparties to the derivative contracts potentially expose Autodesk to credit-related losses in the event of their nonperformance. However, to mitigate that risk, Autodesk only contracts with counterparties who meet the Company's minimum requirements under its counterparty risk assessment process. Autodesk monitors ratings, credit spreads, and potential downgrades on at least a quarterly basis. Based on Autodesk's ongoing assessment of counterparty risk, the Company will adjust its exposure to various counterparties. Autodesk generally enters into master netting arrangements, which reduce credit risk by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. However, Autodesk does not have any master netting arrangements in place with collateral features.
Foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges
Autodesk uses foreign currency contracts to reduce the exchange rate impact on a portion of the net revenue or operating expense of certain anticipated transactions. These contracts are designated and documented as cash flow hedges. The effectiveness of the cash flow hedge contracts is assessed quarterly using regression analysis as well as other timing and probability criteria. To receive cash flow hedge accounting treatment, all hedging relationships are formally documented at the inception of the hedge and the hedges are expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on hedged transactions. The gross gains and losses on these hedges are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and are reclassified into earnings at the time the forecasted revenue or expense is recognized. In the event the underlying forecasted transaction does not occur, or it becomes probable that it will not occur, Autodesk reclassifies the gain or loss on the related cash flow hedge from “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” to “Interest and other expense, net” in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements at that time.
The net notional amount of these contracts are presented net settled and were $369.4 million at January 31, 2017 and $142.4 million at January 31, 2016. Outstanding contracts are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. The majority of the net gain of $14.6 million remaining in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” as of January 31, 2017 is expected to be recognized into earnings within the next twelve months.
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Autodesk uses foreign currency contracts which are not designated as hedging instruments to reduce the exchange rate risk associated primarily with foreign currency denominated receivables and payables. These forward contracts are marked-to-market at the end of each fiscal quarter with gains and losses recognized as “Interest and other expense, net.” These derivative instruments do not subject the Company to material balance sheet risk due to exchange rate movements because gains and losses on these derivative instruments are intended to offset the gains or losses resulting from the settlement of the underlying foreign currency denominated receivables and payables. The net notional amounts of these foreign currency contracts are presented net settled and were $270.6 million at January 31, 2017 and $231.6 million at January 31, 2016.
In addition to these foreign currency contracts, Autodesk holds derivative instruments issued by privately held companies, which are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivatives consist of certain conversion options on the convertible debt securities held by Autodesk and an option to acquire a privately held company. These derivatives are recorded at fair value as of
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each balance sheet date and are recorded in “Other assets.” Changes in the fair values of these instruments are recognized in income as “Interest and other expense, net.”
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:
The fair value of derivative instruments in Autodesk’s Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows as of January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016:

| Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value at
| January 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2016
Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets |  | 3.2 |  |  | 4.9 |
Total derivative assets |  |  | $ | 13.3 |  |  | $ | 8.3 |
Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instrument | Other accrued liabilities |  | 6.0 |  |  | 3.0 |
Total derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |

The effects of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Autodesk’s Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively (amounts presented include any income tax effects):

| Foreign Currency Contracts
| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Amount of gain recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income on derivatives (effective portion) | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 46.4 |
Amount and location of gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income (effective portion) |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 39.8 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |
Operating expenses | (1.8 | ) |  | (10.5 | ) |  | (3.5 | )
Total | $ | 7.4 |  |  | $ | 29.3 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |
Amount and location of (loss) gain recognized in income on derivatives (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | $ | 0.9 |

The effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on Autodesk’s Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively (amounts presented include any income tax effects):

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Amount and location of (loss) gain recognized in income on derivatives |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (11.1 | ) |  | $ | (1.7 | ) |  | $ | (25.5 | )

3. Employee and Director Stock Plans
Stock Plans
As of January 31, 2017, Autodesk maintained two active stock plans for the purpose of granting equity awards to employees and to non-employee members of Autodesk’s Board of Directors: the 2012 Employee Stock Plan (as amended, the “2012 Employee Plan”), which is available only to employees, and the Autodesk 2012 Outside Directors’ Stock Plan (“2012 Directors' Plan”), which is available only to non-employee directors. Additionally, there are two expired or terminated plans with options outstanding. The exercise price of all stock options granted under these plans was equal to the fair market value of the stock on the grant date.
The 2012 Employee Plan was approved by Autodesk's stockholders and became effective on January 6, 2012. On June 10, 2015, Autodesk's stockholders approved amendments to the 2012 Employee Plan, which increased the number of shares reserved for issuance under the plan by 12.5 million shares. The 2012 Employee Plan replaced the 2008 Employee Stock Plan, as amended ("2008 Plan"), and no further equity awards may be granted under the 2008 Plan. The 2012 Employee Plan reserves up to 45.1 million shares which includes 39.1 million shares reserved under the 2012 Employee Plan, as well as up to 6.0 million shares forfeited under certain prior employee stock plans during the life of the 2012 Employee Plan. The 2012 Employee Plan permits the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. Each restricted stock unit or restricted stock award granted will be counted against the shares authorized for issuance under the 2012 Employee Plan as 1.79 shares. If a granted option, restricted stock unit, or restricted stock award expires or becomes unexercisable for any reason, the unpurchased or forfeited shares that were granted may be returned to the 2012 Employee Plan and may become available for future grant under the 2012 Employee Plan. As of January 31, 2017, 36.7 million shares subject to options or restricted stock awards have been granted under the 2012 Employee Plan. Options and restricted stock that were granted under the 2012 plan vest over periods ranging from immediately upon grant to over a three year period and options expire 10 years from the date of grant. The 2012 Employee Plan will expire on June 30, 2022. At January 31, 2017, 12.4 million shares were available for future issuance under the 2012 Employee Plan.
The 2012 Director's Plan was approved by Autodesk's stockholders and became effective on January 6, 2012. The 2012 Directors' Plan replaced the 2010 Outside Directors' Stock Plan, as amended ("2010 Plan"). The 2012 Directors' Plan permits the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards to non-employee members of Autodesk’s Board of Directors. Each restricted stock unit or restricted stock award granted will be counted against the shares authorized for issuance under the 2012 Directors' Plan as 2.11 shares. As of January 31, 2017, 0.8 million shares subject to restricted stock unit awards have been granted under the 2012 Directors' Plan. Restricted stock units that were granted under the 2012 Outside Directors' Plan vest over one to three years from the date of grant. On March 12, 2015, the Board reduced the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2012 Directors' Plan by 0.9 million shares, so that 1.7 million shares are now reserved for issuance under the 2012 Directors' Plan. The 2012 Directors' Plan will expire on June 30, 2022. At January 31, 2017, 0.9 million shares were available for future issuance under the 2012 Director's Plan.
The following sections summarize activity under Autodesk’s stock plans.
Stock Options:
A summary of stock option activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 is as follows:

| Number of Shares (in millions) |  | Weighted average exercise price per share |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in millions)
Options outstanding at January 31, 2016 | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 37.06 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (1.0 | ) |  | 35.85 |  |  |  |  |
Options vested, exercisable and outstanding at January 31, 2017 | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 39.25 |  |  | 3.1 |  | $ | 25.8 |
Options available for grant at January 31, 2017 | 13.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_______________

(1) | Represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on Autodesk’s closing stock price of $81.34 per share as of January 31, 2017, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.

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As of January 31, 2017, compensation cost related to stock options has been fully recognized.
The following table summarizes information about the pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised (1) | $ | 32.0 |  |  | $ | 32.6 |  |  | $ | 67.6 |

——————

(1) | The intrinsic value of options exercised is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the option and the market value of the stock on the date of exercise.

The following table summarizes information about options vested and exercisable, and outstanding at January 31, 2017:

| Number of Shares (in millions) |  | Weighted average exercise price per share
Range of per-share exercise prices: |  |  |
$27.40 - $38.55 | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 33.00 |
$38.56 - $42.38 | 0.3 |  |  | 41.62 |
$42.39 - $43.81 | 0.1 |  |  | 43.81 |
| 0.6 |  |  | $ | 39.25 |

These options will expire if not exercised at specific dates ranging through September 2022.
Restricted Stock:
A summary of restricted stock activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 is as follows:

| Unreleased Restricted Stock Units (in thousands) |  | Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Unvested restricted stock at January 31, 2016 | 7,739.6 |  |  | $ | 51.80 |
Granted | 4,226.3 |  |  | 65.95 |
Vested | (3,585.0 | ) |  | 52.12 |
Canceled/Forfeited | (725.2 | ) |  | 53.25 |
Performance Adjustment (1) | (33.3 | ) |  | 63.74 |
Unvested restricted stock at January 31, 2017 | 7,622.4 |  |  | $ | 60.13 |

_______________

(1) | Based on Autodesk's financial results and relative total stockholder return for the fiscal 2016 performance period. The performance stock units were attained at rates ranging from 86.1% to 98.0% of the target award.

For the restricted stock granted during fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the weighted average grant date fair value was $65.95, $52.53, and $54.17, respectively. The fair value of the shares vested during fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $232.2 million, $193.3 million, and $147.8 million, respectively.
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, Autodesk granted 3.8 million restricted stock units. Restricted stock units vest over periods ranging from immediately upon grant to a pre-determined date that is typically within three years from the date of grant. Restricted stock units are not considered outstanding stock at the time of grant, as the holders of these units are not entitled to any of the rights of a stockholder, including voting rights. The fair value of the restricted stock units is expensed ratably over the vesting period. Autodesk recorded stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units of $173.0 million, $146.4 million, and $118.9 million during fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. As of January 31, 2017, total compensation cost not yet recognized of $309.8 million related to non-vested awards, is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. At January 31, 2017, the number of restricted stock units granted but unvested was 6.8 million.
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During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, Autodesk granted 0.4 million performance stock units for which the ultimate number of shares earned is determined based on the achievement of performance criteria at the end of the stated service. The performance criteria for these grants are based upon net new model subscription additions, new model Annualized Recurring Revenue ("ARR"), non-GAAP total spend, and total subscription renewal rate goals ("FY17 performance criteria") adopted by the Compensation and Human Resource Committee, as well as total stockholder return compared against companies in the S&P Computer Software Select Index (“Relative TSR”). Each performance stock unit covers a three year period:

• | Up to one third of the performance stock units may vest following year one, depending upon the achievement of the FY17 performance criteria as well as 1-year Relative TSR (covering year one).

• | Up to one third of the performance stock units may vest following year two, depending upon the achievement of the performance criteria for year two as well as 2-year Relative TSR (covering years one and two).

• | Up to one third of the Performance stock units may vest following year three, depending upon the achievement of the performance criteria for year three as well as 3-year Relative TSR (covering years one, two and three).

Performance stock units are not considered outstanding stock at the time of grant, as the holders of these units are not entitled to any of the rights of a stockholder, including voting rights. Autodesk has determined the grant-date fair value for these awards using a Monte Carlo simulation model since the awards are subject to a market condition. The fair value of the performance stock units is expensed using the accelerated attribution over the vesting period. Autodesk recorded stock-based compensation expense related to performance stock units of $22.9 million, $23.2 million, and $17.5 million during fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 respectively. As of January 31, 2017, total compensation cost not yet recognized of $3.2 million related to unvested performance stock units, is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.8 years. At January 31, 2017, the number of performance stock units granted but unvested was 0.8 million.
1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
Under Autodesk’s ESPP, which was approved by stockholders in 1998, eligible employees may purchase shares of Autodesk’s common stock at their discretion using up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to certain limitations, at 85% of the lower of Autodesk's closing price (fair market value) on the offering date or the exercise date. The offering period for ESPP awards consists of four, six-month exercise periods within a 24-month offering period.
At January 31, 2017, a total of 45.6 million shares were available for future issuance. This amount automatically increases on the first trading day of each fiscal year by an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0 million shares or 2% of the total of (1) outstanding shares plus (2) any shares repurchased by Autodesk during the prior fiscal year. Under the ESPP, the Company issues shares on the first trading day following March 31 and September 30 of each fiscal year. The ESPP expires during fiscal 2018.
Autodesk issued 2.3 million shares under the ESPP at an average price of $36.99 per share in fiscal 2017, 2.1 million shares at an average price of $36.29 per share in fiscal 2016, and 2.1 million shares at an average price of $33.91 per share in fiscal 2015. The weighted average grant date fair value of awards granted under the ESPP during fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, calculated as of the award grant date using the BSM option pricing model, was $19.20, $11.85, and $15.14 per share, respectively. Autodesk recorded $25.9 million, $27.1 million, and $23.9 million of compensation expense associated with the ESPP in fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
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Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table summarizes the number of outstanding options granted to employees and directors, as well as the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under these plans as of January 31, 2017:

| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |
Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options (in millions) |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (in millions) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 39.25 |  |  | 58.9 |  | (1)
Total | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 39.25 |  |  | 58.9 |  |

____________________

(1) | Included in this amount are 45.6 million securities available for future issuance under Autodesk’s ESPP.

4. Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of the following:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Federal: |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | (4.7 | ) |  | $ | (43.8 | )
Deferred | 8.4 |  |  | 220.9 |  |  | (11.9 | )
State: |  |  |  |  |
Current | (1.9 | ) |  | 0.5 |  |  | (13.2 | )
Deferred | 1.3 |  |  | 20.9 |  |  | 9.0 |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |
Current | 93.9 |  |  | 68.4 |  |  | 69.5 |
Deferred | (45.0 | ) |  | 4.2 |  |  | (8.4 | )
| $ | 58.3 |  |  | $ | 310.2 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |

Foreign pretax income (loss) was $(27.6) million in fiscal 2017, $218.2 million in fiscal 2016, and $302.5 million in fiscal 2015.
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The differences between the U.S. statutory rate and the aggregate income tax provision are as follows:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Income tax provision (benefit) at U.S. Federal statutory rate | $ | (177.0 | ) |  | $ | (7.1 | ) |  | $ | 29.0 |
State income tax benefit, net of the U.S. Federal benefit | (17.3 | ) |  | (7.6 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Foreign income taxed at rates different from the U.S. statutory rate | 22.3 |  |  | (29.4 | ) |  | (40.0 | )
U.S. valuation allowance | 233.0 |  |  | 345.0 |  |  | 2.9 |
Increase in attributes due to ASU 2016-9 adoption | (119.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance from ASU 2016-9 adoption | 119.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax effect of non-deductible stock-based compensation | 18.8 |  |  | 19.3 |  |  | 15.7 |
Stock compensation windfall shortfall | (23.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Research and development tax credit benefit | (10.3 | ) |  | (9.4 | ) |  | (7.2 | )
Closure of income tax audits and changes in uncertain tax positions | 8.2 |  |  | (4.7 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Tax effect of officer compensation in excess of $1.0 million | 2.2 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 2.4 |
Non-deductible expenses | 2.0 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 2.2 |
Other | (0.6 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.9 |
| $ | 58.3 |  |  | $ | 310.2 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |

Significant components of Autodesk’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

| January 31,
2017 |  | 2016
Stock-based compensation | $ | 37.6 |  |  | $ | 37.5 |
Research and development tax credit carryforwards | 136.7 |  |  | 91.3 |
Foreign tax credit carryforwards | 127.3 |  |  | 51.1 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 39.5 |  |  | 41.5 |
Other accruals not currently deductible for tax | 18.7 |  |  | 23.6 |
Purchased technology and capitalized software | 76.9 |  |  | 64.3 |
Fixed assets | 24.3 |  |  | 18.6 |
Tax loss carryforwards | 173.6 |  |  | 17.6 |
Deferred Revenue | 128.3 |  |  | 56.7 |
Other | 27.6 |  |  | 13.9 |
Total deferred tax assets | 790.5 |  |  | 416.1 |
Less: valuation allowance | (748.0 | ) |  | (398.0 | )
Net deferred tax assets | 42.5 |  |  | 18.1 |
Indefinite lived intangibles | (70.1 | ) |  | (54.1 | )
Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries | — |  |  | (22.4 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities | (70.1 | ) |  | (76.5 | )
Net deferred tax assets | $ | (27.6 | ) |  | $ | (58.4 | )

Autodesk’s tax expense is primarily driven by tax expense in foreign locations, withholding taxes paid on payments made to the U.S. from foreign sources, and tax amortization on indefinite-lived intangibles.
Autodesk regularly assesses the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, Autodesk considers both positive and negative evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance in the U.S., Autodesk considered cumulative losses in the U.S. arising from the Company's business model transition as a significant piece of negative evidence. Consequently, in our fiscal year 2016, Autodesk determined that a valuation allowance was required on our accumulated domestic tax attributes. In the current year, losses generated in the U.S. created incremental deferred tax assets, primarily net operating losses and R&D
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credits, and those deferred tax attributes have also been offset by a full valuation allowance. As a result, Autodesk has no material federal income tax expense or benefit in the current fiscal year. The valuation allowance increased by $352.4 million, $327.2 million, and $3.6 million in fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, primarily related to U.S. and Canadian deferred tax attribute. As Autodesk continually strives to optimize our overall business model, tax planning strategies may become feasible and prudent allowing us to realize many of the deferred tax assets that are offset by a valuation allowance; therefore, Autodesk will continue to evaluate our ability to utilize our net deferred tax assets each quarter, both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions, based on all available evidence, both positive and negative.
In the second quarter of this fiscal 2017, Autodesk adopted ASU 2016-9 and recorded on our balance sheet U.S. deferred tax assets related to stock-based compensation that were not recorded on the balance sheet until they reduced Autodesk’s current tax expense. Under ASU 2016-9, those federal and state deferred tax assets were recorded on Autodesk’s balance sheet in the second quarter of fiscal 2017 and consequently increased our valuation allowance by an equivalent amount. See Part II, Item 8, Note 1, “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the impact on the valuation allowance as a result of the adoption in the rate reconciliation above.
Realization of foreign non-current net deferred tax assets of $49.7 million is dependent upon the Company's ability to generate future taxable income in appropriate tax jurisdictions to obtain benefit from the reversal of temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income are reduced and Autodesk then determines that it is not more likely than not to realize such deferred tax assets.
As of January 31, 2017, Autodesk had $575.0 million of cumulative federal tax loss carryforwards and $526.8 million of cumulative state tax loss carryforwards, which may be available to reduce future income tax liabilities in federal and state jurisdictions. As discussed above, these cumulative assets have full valuation allowance against them on our balance sheet as the Company has determined it is more likely that not that these losses will not be utilized. These federal and state tax loss carryforwards will expire beginning fiscal 2019 through fiscal 2038 and fiscal 2019 through fiscal 2038, respectively.
As of January 31, 2017, Autodesk had $127.1 million of cumulative federal research tax credit carryforwards, $66.8 million of cumulative California state research tax credit carryforwards, and $54.6 million of cumulative Canadian federal tax credit carryforwards, which may be available to reduce future income tax liabilities in the respective jurisdictions. The federal tax credit carryforwards will expire beginning fiscal 2021 through fiscal 2038, the state credit carryforwards may reduce future California income tax liabilities indefinitely, and the Canadian tax credit carryforwards will expire beginning fiscal 2027 through fiscal 2038. Autodesk also has $211.5 million of cumulative foreign tax credit carryforwards, which may be available to reduce future U. S. tax liabilities. The foreign tax credit will expire beginning fiscal 2019 through fiscal 2028. As discussed above, these cumulative assets have full valuation allowance against them on our balance sheet as the Company has determined it is more likely that not that these losses will not be utilized.
Utilization of net operating losses and tax credits may be subject to an annual limitation due to ownership change limitations provided in the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. This annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. No ownership change has occurred through the balance sheet date that would limit a material amount of U.S. federal and state tax attributes.
As of January 31, 2017, the Company had $261.4 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which $247.3 million would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized. However, this rate impact would be offset to the extent that recognition of unrecognized tax benefits currently presented as a reduction of deferred tax assets would increase the valuation allowance.
It is possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next twelve months; however an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.
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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning of the fiscal year | $ | 254.3 |  |  | $ | 245.8 |  |  | $ | 222.1 |
Increases for tax positions of prior years | 11.9 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 3.2 |
Decreases for tax positions of prior years | (4.1 | ) |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (2.5 | )
Increases for tax positions related to the current year | 11.1 |  |  | 15.8 |  |  | 33.2 |
Decreases relating to settlements with taxing authorities | (10.8 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (5.4 | )
Reductions as a result of lapse of the statute of limitations | (1.0 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (4.8 | )
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at the end of the fiscal year | $ | 261.4 |  |  | $ | 254.3 |  |  | $ | 245.8 |

It is the Company's continuing practice to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. Autodesk had $2.5 million, $3.3 million, and $2.0 million, net of tax benefit, accrued for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as of January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. There was $1.5 million and, $1.3 million of net expense and, $(0.8) million of net benefit for interest and penalties related to tax matters recorded through the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 respectively.
Autodesk's U.S. and state income tax returns for fiscal year 2003 through fiscal year 2017 remain open to examination. The Internal Revenue Service has started an examination of the Company's U.S. consolidated federal income tax returns and employment tax for fiscal years 2014 and 2015. While it is possible that the Company's tax positions may be challenged, the Company believes its positions are consistent with the tax law, and the balance sheet reflects appropriate liabilities for uncertain federal tax positions for the years being examined.
Autodesk files tax returns in multiple foreign taxing jurisdictions with open tax years ranging from fiscal year 2005 to 2017.
Autodesk provides U.S. income taxes on the earnings of foreign subsidiaries, except to the extent subsidiaries' earnings are considered permanently reinvested outside the United States. As of January 31, 2017, the cumulative amount of earnings upon which U.S. income taxes have not been provided was $1,738.9 million. The unrecognized deferred tax liability for these earnings was approximately $435.1 million.
As a result of certain business and employment actions and capital investments undertaken by Autodesk, income earned in certain Europe and Asia Pacific countries is subject to reduced tax rates through fiscal 2019. We have $27.1 million benefit ($0.12 basic net income per share) attributable to the tax status of these business arrangements in fiscal 2017, compared to none in fiscal 2016, and $1.2 million ($0.01 basic net income per share) in fiscal 2015.
5. Acquisitions
During the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016, Autodesk completed the business combinations and technology purchases described below. The results of operations for the following acquisitions are included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations since their respective acquisition dates. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented because the effects of the acquisitions, individually and in the aggregate, were not material to Autodesk's Consolidated Financial Statements.
For acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, Autodesk recorded the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair values assigned to the identifiable intangible assets acquired were based on estimates and assumptions determined by management. Autodesk recorded the excess of consideration transferred over the aggregate fair values as goodwill. The goodwill recorded is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisitions.
Fiscal 2017 Acquisitions
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, Autodesk completed several business combinations and technology acquisitions for total cash consideration of $87.0 million. These business combinations and technology acquisitions were not material individually or in aggregate to Autodesk's Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by major class for each of the business combinations and technology acquisitions completed during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017:

Developed technologies |  | $ | 18.8 |
Customer relationships and other non-current intangible assets |  | 10.2 |
Trade name |  | 3.8 |
Goodwill |  | 62.8 |
Deferred Revenue (current and non-current) |  | (2.1 | )
Deferred tax liability |  | (7.1 | )
Net tangible assets |  | 0.6 |
|  | $ | 87.0 |

For certain business combinations included in the table above, the allocation of purchase price consideration to certain assets and liabilities is not yet finalized. Autodesk's estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). For certain business combinations, the primary areas of the preliminary purchase price allocation that are not yet finalized are amounts for tax assets and liabilities, pending finalization of estimates and assumptions in respect of certain tax aspects of the transaction and residual goodwill, and the valuation of certain intangible assets.
Fiscal 2016 Acquisitions
On November 12, 2015, Autodesk closed a share purchase agreement with FIT AG (“FIT”) to acquire all of the outstanding shares of netfabb GmbH ("netfabb") for approximately $42.5 million cash consideration. Autodesk simultaneously entered into an investment agreement with FIT to invest approximately $27.4 million cash to acquire an equity interest in FIT. netfabb is a German-based provider of industrial grade additive manufacturing software solutions supporting most major 3D printers. FIT is a German-based provider of rapid prototyping and additive design and manufacturing services. The acquisition of netfabb provides Autodesk with software solutions that will reduce production costs and increase efficiency in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. The amount of goodwill that is deductible for U.S. income tax purposes is $29.8 million.
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, Autodesk also completed several other business combination and technology acquisitions for total cash consideration of $106.8 million. These business combinations and technology acquisitions were not material individually or in aggregate to Autodesk's Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by major class for each of the business combinations and technology acquisitions completed during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016:

| netfabb (1) |  | Other (2)
Developed technologies | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | 27.3 |
Customer relationships | 6.2 |  |  | 12.9 |
Trade name | 1.4 |  |  | 4.7 |
Goodwill | 36.1 |  |  | 63.7 |
Deferred revenue (current and non-current) | (1.0 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Deferred tax liability | (3.9 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Net tangible (liabilities) assets | (2.9 | ) |  | 0.5 |
Total | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 106.8 |

_______________

(1) | During fiscal 2017, Autodesk recorded measurement period adjustments in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The measurement period adjustments were recorded as a $3.3 million increase to goodwill, with an offsetting $3.3 million increase to net tangible liabilities.

(2) | During fiscal 2017, Autodesk recorded a measurement period adjustment in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The measurement period adjustment was recorded as an $0.8 million decrease to goodwill, with an offsetting $0.8 million decrease to deferred tax liability.

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6. Deferred Compensation
At January 31, 2017, Autodesk had marketable securities totaling $993.0 million, of which $47.3 million related to investments in debt and equity securities that are held in a rabbi trust under non-qualified deferred compensation plans. The total related deferred compensation liability was $47.3 million at January 31, 2017, of which $3.1 million was classified as current and $44.2 million was classified as non-current liabilities. The total related deferred compensation liability at January 31, 2016 was $38.0 million, of which $1.9 million was classified as current and $36.1 million was classified as non-current liabilities. The securities are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the current portion of "Marketable securities". The current and non-current portions of the liability are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under “Accrued compensation” and “Other liabilities,” respectively.
7. Borrowing Arrangements
In June 2015, Autodesk issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% senior notes due June 15, 2020 and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due June 15, 2025 (collectively, the “2015 Notes”). Autodesk received net proceeds of $742.0 million from issuance of the 2015 Senior Notes, net of a discount of $1.7 million and issuance costs of $6.3 million. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the 2015 Notes using the effective interest method. The proceeds of the 2015 Notes are available for general corporate purposes. Autodesk may redeem the 2015 Notes at any time, subject to a make whole premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, Autodesk may be required to repurchase the 2015 Notes, at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The 2015 Notes contain restrictive covenants that limit Autodesk's ability to create certain liens, to enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions and to consolidate or merge with, or convey, transfer or lease all or substantially all of its assets, subject to significant qualifications and exceptions. Based on quoted market prices, the fair value of the 2015 Notes was approximately $768.1 million as of January 31, 2017.
In December 2012, Autodesk issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.95% senior notes due December 15, 2017 and $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.6% senior notes due December 15, 2022 (collectively, the "2012 Notes"). Autodesk received net proceeds of $739.3 million from issuance of the 2012 Notes, net of a discount of $4.5 million and issuance costs of $6.1 million. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the 2012 Notes using the effective interest method. The proceeds of the 2012 Notes are available for general corporate purposes. Autodesk may redeem the 2012 Notes at any time, subject to a make whole premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, Autodesk may be required to repurchase the 2012 Notes, at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The 2012 Notes contain restrictive covenants that limit Autodesk's ability to create certain liens, to enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions and to consolidate or merge with, or convey, transfer, or lease all or substantially all of our assets, subject to significant qualifications and exceptions. Based on quoted market prices, the fair value of the 2012 Notes was approximately $758.6 million as of January 31, 2017.
Autodesk’s line of credit facility permits unsecured short-term borrowings of up to $400.0 million with an option to request an increase in the amount of the credit facility by up to an additional $100.0 million, and is available for working capital or other business needs. This credit agreement contains customary covenants that could restrict the imposition of liens on Autodesk’s assets, and restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness or make dispositions of assets if Autodesk fails to maintain the financial covenants. The financial covenants consist of a leverage ratio, and an interest coverage ratio. As a result of the business model transition, we would not have complied with the leverage ratio requirement of the credit agreement at the end of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 and obtained a waiver for that period. The line of credit is syndicated with various financial institutions, including Citibank, N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup, which is one of the lead lenders and an agent. The maturity date on the line of credit facility is May 2020. At January 31, 2017, and January 31, 2016, Autodesk had no outstanding borrowings on this line of credit.
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8. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease commitments
Autodesk leases office space and computer equipment under non-cancellable operating lease agreements that expire at various dates through 2090. The leases generally provide that Autodesk pay taxes, insurance, and maintenance expenses related to the leased assets. Certain of these lease arrangements contain escalation clauses whereby monthly rent increases over time.
At January 31, 2017, the aggregate future minimum lease payments required were as follows:

2018 | $ | 60.7 |
2019 | 48.4 |
2020 | 31.4 |
2021 | 21.1 |
2022 | 12.2 |
Thereafter | 41.2 |
| 215.0 |
Less: Sublease income | 2.5 |
| $ | 212.5 |

Rent expense related to these operating leases recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease period, was as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Rent expense | $ | 65.3 |  |  | $ | 58.7 |  |  | $ | 55.0 |

Purchase commitments
In the normal course of business, Autodesk enters into various purchase commitments for goods or services. Total non-cancellable purchase commitments as of January 31, 2017 were approximately $166.4 million for periods through fiscal 2020. These purchase commitments primarily result from contracts for the acquisition of IT infrastructure, marketing, and software development services.
Autodesk has certain royalty commitments associated with the sale and licensing of certain products. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit sold or a percentage of the underlying revenue. Royalty expense, which was recorded under cost of subscription revenue and cost of license and other revenue on Autodesk’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, was $16.2 million in fiscal 2017, $17.4 million in fiscal 2016, and $17.9 million in fiscal 2015.
Guarantees and Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, Autodesk provides indemnifications of varying scopes, including limited product warranties and indemnification of customers against claims of intellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of its products or services. Autodesk accrues for known indemnification issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Historically, costs related to these indemnifications have not been significant, and because potential future costs are highly variable, Autodesk is unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnifications on its future results of operations.
In connection with the purchase, sale, or license of assets or businesses with third parties, Autodesk has entered into or assumed customary indemnification agreements related to the assets or businesses purchased, sold or licensed. Historically, costs related to these indemnifications have not been significant, and because potential future costs are highly variable, Autodesk is unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnifications on its future results of operations.
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As permitted under Delaware law, Autodesk has agreements whereby it indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at Autodesk’s request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments Autodesk could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, Autodesk has directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage that is intended to reduce its financial exposure and may enable Autodesk to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Autodesk believes the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.
Legal Proceedings
Autodesk is involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations, and proceedings in the normal course of business activities including claims of alleged infringement of intellectual property rights, commercial, employment, piracy prosecution, business practices, and other matters. Autodesk routinely reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any matter is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, Autodesk records a liability for the estimated loss. Because of inherent uncertainties related to these legal matters, Autodesk bases its loss accruals on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, Autodesk reassesses its potential liability and may revise its estimates. In the Company's opinion, resolution of pending matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or its financial position. Given the unpredictable nature of legal proceedings, there is a reasonable possibility that an unfavorable resolution of one or more such proceedings could in the future materially affect the Company's results of operations, cash flows, or financial position in a particular period, however, based on the information known by the Company as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of the Company's financial statements, any such amount is either immaterial or it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such potential loss.
9. Stockholders' Equity
Preferred Stock
Under Autodesk’s Certificate of Incorporation, 2.0 million shares of preferred stock are authorized. At January 31, 2017, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding. The Board of Directors has the authority to issue the preferred stock in one or more series and to fix rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions, including dividends and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by the stockholders.
Common Stock Repurchase Program
Autodesk has a stock repurchase program that is used to offset dilution from the issuance of stock under the Company’s employee stock plans and for such other purposes as may be in the interests of Autodesk and its stockholders, which has the effect of returning excess cash generated from the Company’s business to stockholders. Autodesk repurchased and retired approximately 9.7 million shares in fiscal 2017 at an average repurchase price of $64.73 per share, 8.5 million shares in fiscal 2016 at an average repurchase price of $53.58 per share, and 6.9 million shares in fiscal 2015 at an average repurchase price of $53.83.
At January 31, 2017, 26.6 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors, including the 30.0 million share increase approved by the Board of Directors in September 2016. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the pace and timing of repurchases will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, available surplus, the volume of employee stock plan activity, cash requirements for acquisitions, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements.
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10. Interest and Other Expense, net
Interest and other expense, net, consists of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Interest and investment expense, net | $ | (29.7 | ) |  | $ | (33.9 | ) |  | $ | (13.2 | )
Loss on foreign currency | (3.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3.9 | )
Gain (loss) on strategic investments | 0.3 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | (23.3 | )
Other income | 8.5 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 2.7 |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (24.2 | ) |  | $ | (21.6 | ) |  | $ | (37.7 | )

11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes, consisted of the following:

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available for Sale Securities |  | Defined Benefit Pension Components |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Total
Balances, January 31, 2015 | $ | 42.8 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | (23.7 | ) |  | $ | (74.0 | ) |  | $ | (53.3 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 1.6 |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | (6.8 | ) |  | (35.2 | ) |  | (41.7 | )
Pre-tax (gains) losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (29.3 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (28.1 | )
Tax effects | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.0 |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (27.1 | ) |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (4.6 | ) |  | (34.7 | ) |  | (67.8 | )
Balances, January 31, 2016 | 15.7 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (28.3 | ) |  | (108.7 | ) |  | (121.1 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 7.4 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | (5.8 | ) |  | (52.3 | ) |  | (47.4 | )
Pre-tax (gains) losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (7.4 | ) |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (7.7 | )
Tax effects | (1.1 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | (2.3 | )
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (1.1 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | (5.5 | ) |  | (52.1 | ) |  | (57.4 | )
Balances, January 31, 2017 | $ | 14.6 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | (33.8 | ) |  | $ | (160.8 | ) |  | $ | (178.5 | )

Reclassifications related to gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included in Interest and other expense, net. Refer to Note 2, "Financial Instruments" for the amount and location of reclassifications related to derivative instruments. Reclassifications of the defined benefit pension components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. Refer to Note 14, "Retirement Benefit Plans."
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12. Net (Loss) Income Per Share
Basic net (loss) income per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, excluding stock options and restricted stock. Diluted net (loss) income per share is based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period and potentially dilutive common shares, including the effect of stock options and restricted stock units under the treasury stock method. The following table sets forth the computation of the numerators and denominators used in the basic and diluted net (loss) income per share amounts:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | ) |  | $ | 81.8 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic net (loss) income per share—weighted average shares | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |  |  | 227.1 |
Effect of dilutive securities (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.3 |
Denominator for dilutive net (loss) income per share | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |  |  | 232.4 |
Basic net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.36 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.35 |

____________________

(1) | The effect of dilutive securities of 4.6 million and 4.7 million shares for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share as those shares would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss incurred during these fiscal years.

The computation of diluted net (loss) income per share does not include shares that are anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method because their exercise prices are higher than the average market value of Autodesk’s stock during the fiscal year. For each of the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, 0.1 million potentially anti-dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of net (loss) income per share.
13. Segments
Autodesk reports segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. Prior to the third quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk had four operating segments: AEC, MFG, PSEB, and M&E.
As a result of the Company’s business model transition, there have been a number of changes in the business including a platform shift from perpetual licenses to subscription-based offerings and organizational changes in how the business is managed including a restructuring announced in the first quarter of fiscal 2017. In the third quarter of fiscal 2017, these organizational changes resulted in a change in the internal reporting provided to Autodesk’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) used to assess the performance of the business to focus on consolidated operating results. Accordingly, the Company's CODM now allocates resources and assesses the operating performance of the Company as a whole. As such, beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2017, Autodesk concluded that it has one segment manager (the CODM), one operating segment, and one reporting unit for goodwill impairment purposes.
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Information regarding Autodesk’s revenue by geographic area and product family is as follows:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net revenue by geographic area (1): |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 742.1 |  |  | $ | 803.9 |  |  | $ | 736.4 |
Other Americas | 129.8 |  |  | 168.9 |  |  | 161.6 |
Total Americas | 871.9 |  |  | 972.8 |  |  | 898.0 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 800.4 |  |  | 934.6 |  |  | 980.0 |
Asia Pacific | 358.7 |  |  | 596.7 |  |  | 634.2 |
Total net revenue | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | 2,512.2 |
Net revenue by product family: |  |  |  |  |
Architecture, Engineering and Construction | $ | 880.9 |  |  | $ | 949.1 |  |  | $ | 872.6 |
Manufacturing | 625.8 |  |  | 724.6 |  |  | 675.6 |
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT (2) | 326.7 |  |  | 594.8 |  |  | 695.1 |
Media and Entertainment | 138.9 |  |  | 160.0 |  |  | 167.3 |
Other (2) | 58.7 |  |  | 75.6 |  |  | 101.6 |
| $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | 2,512.2 |

__________________

(1) | Revenue by geographic area is based on the bill to country.

(2) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with current period's presentation.

Information regarding Autodesk’s long-lived assets by geographic area is as follows:

| January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Long-lived assets (1): |  |  |
Americas |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 118.8 |  |  | $ | 118.8 |
Other Americas | 5.9 |  |  | 3.2 |
Total Americas | 124.7 |  |  | 122.0 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 18.7 |  |  | 25.7 |
Asia Pacific | 15.2 |  |  | 21.6 |
Total long-lived assets | $ | 158.6 |  |  | $ | 169.3 |

____________________

(1) | Long-lived assets exclude deferred tax assets, marketable securities, goodwill, and other intangible assets.

14. Retirement Benefit Plans
Pretax Savings Plan
Autodesk has a 401(k) plan that covers nearly all U.S. employees. Eligible employees may contribute up to 50% of their pretax salary, subject to limitations mandated by the Internal Revenue Service. Autodesk makes voluntary cash contributions and matches a portion of employee contributions in cash. Autodesk’s contributions were $16.4 million in fiscal 2017, $17.3 million in fiscal 2016, and $11.2 million in fiscal 2015. Autodesk does not allow participants to invest in Autodesk common stock through the 401(k) plan.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Autodesk maintains certain defined benefit pension plans to employees primarily located in countries outside of the U.S, particularly the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Japan. The Company deposits funds for specific plans, consistent with the requirements of local law, with insurance companies, third-party trustees, or into government-managed accounts, and accrues for the unfunded portion of the obligation, where material. Depending on the design of the plan, local customs, and market circumstances, the liabilities of a plan may exceed qualified plan assets.
Benefit Obligation and Plan Assets
The changes in the projected benefit obligations and plan assets for the plans described above were as follows:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning projected benefit obligation | $ | 145.2 |  |  | $ | 144.7 |
Service cost | 5.6 |  |  | 5.7 |
Interest cost | 3.0 |  |  | 3.3 |
Actuarial loss (gain) | 7.1 |  |  | 6.3 |
Benefits paid | (2.6 | ) |  | (6.5 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes | (9.5 | ) |  | (10.1 | )
Curtailments and settlements | (6.8 | ) |  | (2.2 | )
Contributions by plan participants | 4.4 |  |  | 4.0 |
Ending projected benefit obligation | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 145.2 |
Beginning fair value of plan assets | $ | 101.4 |  |  | $ | 104.2 |
Actual return on plan assets | 4.2 |  |  | 1.3 |
Contributions paid by employer | 15.3 |  |  | 4.5 |
Contributions paid by plan participants | 4.4 |  |  | 4.0 |
Benefit payments | (2.6 | ) |  | (6.5 | )
Curtailments and settlements | (6.8 | ) |  | — |
Foreign currency exchange rate changes | (8.5 | ) |  | (6.1 | )
Ending fair value of plan assets | $ | 107.4 |  |  | $ | 101.4 |
Funded status | $ | (39.0 | ) |  | $ | (43.8 | )

The amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at the end of each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Other long-term liabilities | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | 43.8 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax | 36.9 |  |  | 32.2 |
Net amount recognized | $ | 75.9 |  |  | $ | 76.0 |

On a worldwide basis, our defined benefit pension plans were 73% funded as of January 31, 2017.
2017 Form 10-K 98

As of January 31, 2017, the aggregate accumulated benefit obligation was $128.2 million for the defined benefit pension plans compared to $127.1 million as of January 31, 2016. Included in the aggregate data in the following tables are the amounts applicable to our defined benefit pension plans, with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, as well as plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. Amounts related to such plans at the end of each period were as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligations |  | $ | 119.2 |  |  | $ | 127.1 |
Plan Assets |  | 98.3 |  |  | 101.4 |
Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligations |  | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 145.2 |
Plan Assets |  | 107.4 |  |  | 101.4 |

Defined Benefit Pension Plan Assets
The investments of the plans are managed by insurance companies or third-party investment managers selected by Autodesk's Trustees, consistent with regulations or market practice of the country where the assets are invested. Investments managed by qualified insurance companies or third-party investment managers under standard contracts follow local regulations, and Autodesk is not actively involved in their investment strategies.
Defined benefit pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following investment categories at the end of each period as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  |  | Total
Insurance contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46.3 |  |  | $ | 42.6 |
Other investments | — |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 55.7 |  |  | 42.6 |
Cash |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Investment Fund valued using net asset value |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51.7 |  |  | 58.5 |
Total pension plan assets at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 107.4 |  |  | $ | 101.4 |

The insurance contracts in the preceding table represent the immediate cash surrender value of assets managed by qualified insurance companies. Autodesk does not have control over the target allocation or visibility of the investment strategies of those investments. Insurance contracts and investments held by insurance companies made up 43% and 42% of total plan assets as of January 31, 2017 and January 31, 2016, respectively.
The assets held in the investment fund in the preceding table are invested in a diversified growth fund actively managed by Russell Investments in association with Aon Hewitt. The objective of the fund is to generate capital appreciation on a long-term basis through a diversified portfolio of investments. The fund aims to deliver equity-like returns in the medium to long term with around two-thirds the volatility of equity markets. The fair value of the assets held in the investment fund are priced monthly at net asset value without restrictions on redemption.
2017 Form 10-K 99

Estimated Future Benefit Payments
Estimated benefit payments over the next 10 fiscal years are as follows:

| Pension Benefits
2018 | $ | 4.2 |
2019 | 3.8 |
2020 | 3.5 |
2021 | 3.5 |
2022 | 3.4 |
2023-2027 | 19.1 |

Funding Expectations
Our expected required funding for the plans during fiscal 2018 is approximately $4.3 million.
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
The components of net periodic pension cost for the defined benefit pension plans for fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 are as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Service cost for benefits earned during the period | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation | 3.0 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.9 |
Expected return on plan assets | (4.2 | ) |  | (3.9 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
Amortization of prior service credit | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Amortization of loss | 1.5 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 0.6 |
Settlement loss | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |

Amounts Recorded in OCI
The components of other comprehensive income for the defined benefit pension plans before taxes for fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 are as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Prior service credit for period | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2.2 | ) |  | $ | — |
Effect of settlement | (1.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss (gain) for period | 7.2 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 18.4 |
Amortization of prior service credit | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Amortization of net loss | (1.7 | ) |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Other comprehensive loss (income) | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 17.9 |

Amounts Recorded in AOCI
The amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss before taxes at the end of each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Net prior service credit | $ | (3.6 | ) |  | $ | (3.9 | )
Net actuarial loss | 40.5 |  |  | 36.1 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax | $ | 36.9 |  |  | $ | 32.2 |

2017 Form 10-K 100

The estimated amounts that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year for the qualified defined benefit pension plans are as follows:

| Pension Benefits
Amortization of prior service credit | $ | 0.3 |
Amortization of the net loss | (0.3 | )
Total amortization | $ | — |

Assumptions
Weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine costs for the plans for each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Discount rate | 3.2 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 3.3 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets | 4.3 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 3.9 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 2.2 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.2 | %

The weighted-average expected long-term rate of return for the plan assets is 4.3%. The weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on the interest rates guaranteed under the insurance contracts, and the expected rate of return appropriate for each category of assets weighted for the distribution within the diversified investment fund. The assumptions used for the plans are based upon customary rates and practices for the location of the plans. Factors such as asset class allocations, long-term rates of return (actual and expected), and results of periodic asset liability modeling studies are considered when constructing the long-term rate of return assumption for our defined benefit pension plans.
Weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations for the plans at the end of each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Discount rate | 1.7 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 2.6 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 1.2 | %

In selecting the appropriate discount rate for the plans, the Company uses country-specific information, adjusted to reflect the duration of the particular plan. The discount rate was based on highly rated long-term bond indexes and yield curves that match the duration of the plan’s benefit obligations.
Defined Contribution Plans
Autodesk also provides defined contribution plans in certain foreign countries where required by statute. Autodesk’s funding policy for foreign defined contribution plans is consistent with the local requirements in each country. Autodesk’s contributions to these plans were $26.6 million in fiscal 2017, $23.0 million in fiscal 2016, and $23.5 million in fiscal 2015.
Other Plans
In addition, Autodesk offers a non-qualified deferred compensation plan to certain key employees whereby they may defer a portion (or all) of their annual compensation until retirement or a different date specified by the employee in accordance with terms of the plan. See Note 6, “Deferred Compensation,” for further discussion.
2017 Form 10-K 101

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15. Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net
During fiscal 2017, the Board of Directors approved a world-wide restructuring plan (“Fiscal 2017 Plan”) in order to re-balance staffing levels and reduce operating expenses to better align them with the evolving needs of the Company's business. The restructuring plan included a reduction of approximately 840 positions and the consolidation of 18 leased facilities. During fiscal 2017, restructuring charges under the Fiscal 2017 Plan included $63.3 million in employee termination benefits and $7.6 million in lease termination and other exit costs. By January 31, 2017, the personnel and facilities related actions included in this restructuring plan were substantially complete.
Other costs primarily consist of legal, consulting, and other costs related to employee terminations and are expensed when incurred. During fiscal 2017, we incurred $9.6 million in lease termination costs not related to the Fiscal 2017 Plan.
The following tables set forth the restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:

| Balances, January 31, 2016 |  | Additions |  | Payments |  | Adjustments (1) |  | Balances, January 31, 2017
Fiscal 2017 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee terminations costs | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63.3 |  |  | $ | (62.2 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Facility terminations and other exit costs |  |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | (3.2 | ) |  | (2.0 | ) |  | 1.9 |
Other Facility Termination Costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination costs | — |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 4.5 |
Fiscal 2014 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination and other exit costs | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Fiscal 2013 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination and other exit costs | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | (67.6 | ) |  | $ | (3.1 | ) |  | $ | 8.4 |
Current portion (2) | $ | 0.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6.6 |
Non-current portion (2) | 0.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Total | $ | 1.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8.4 |

____________________

(1) | Adjustments include the impact of change in estimates, computer equipment, software, furniture, straight-line rent and leasehold improvement write-offs, and foreign currency translation.

(2) | The current and non-current portions of the reserve are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under “Other accrued liabilities” and “Other liabilities,” respectively.

| Balances, January 31, 2015 |  | Additions |  | Payments |  | Adjustments (1) |  | Balances, January 31, 2016
Fiscal 2013 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination and other exit costs | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Fiscal 2014 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination and other exit costs | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Total | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |
Current portion (2) | $ | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.8 |
Non-current portion (2) | 0.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.5 |
Total | $ | 1.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.3 |

_______________

(1) | Adjustments include the impact of foreign currency translation.

(2) | The current and non-current portions of the reserve are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under “Other accrued liabilities” and “Other liabilities,” respectively.

2017 Form 10-K 102

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16. Selected Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
Summarized quarterly financial information for fiscal 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

2017 | 1st quarter (1) |  | 2nd quarter |  | 3rd quarter |  | 4th quarter |  | Fiscal year
Net revenue | $ | 511.9 |  |  | $ | 550.7 |  |  | $ | 489.6 |  |  | $ | 478.8 |  |  | $ | 2,031.0 |
Gross profit | 419.5 |  |  | 465.6 |  |  | 408.1 |  |  | 395.9 |  |  | 1,689.1 |
Loss from operations | (149.7 | ) |  | (62.9 | ) |  | (119.9 | ) |  | (167.1 | ) |  | (499.6 | )
Provision for income taxes | (14.4 | ) |  | (25.2 | ) |  | (13.5 | ) |  | (5.2 | ) |  | (58.3 | )
Net loss | (167.7 | ) |  | (98.2 | ) |  | (142.8 | ) |  | (173.4 | ) |  | (582.1 | )
Basic net loss per share | $ | (0.75 | ) |  | $ | (0.44 | ) |  | $ | (0.64 | ) |  | $ | (0.78 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | )
Diluted net loss per share | $ | (0.75 | ) |  | $ | (0.44 | ) |  | $ | (0.64 | ) |  | $ | (0.78 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | )
Loss from operations includes the following items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 51.6 |  |  | $ | 54.3 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | 59.3 |  |  | $ | 221.8 |
Amortization of acquisition related intangibles | 18.8 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 71.8 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 52.3 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 80.5 |
2016 | 1st quarter |  | 2nd quarter (2) |  | 3rd quarter |  | 4th quarter |  | Fiscal year
Net revenue | $ | 646.5 |  |  | $ | 609.5 |  |  | $ | 599.8 |  |  | $ | 648.3 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |
Gross profit | 554.7 |  |  | 516.5 |  |  | 508.8 |  |  | 553.4 |  |  | 2,133.4 |
Income (loss) from operations | 21.5 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | (14.8 | ) |  | (9.7 | ) |  | 1.3 |
Provision for income taxes | (2.7 | ) |  | (269.5 | ) |  | (21.3 | ) |  | (16.7 | ) |  | (310.2 | )
Net income (loss) | 19.1 |  |  | (268.6 | ) |  | (43.8 | ) |  | (37.2 | ) |  | (330.5 | )
Basic net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | (1.18 | ) |  | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | (1.18 | ) |  | $ | (0.19 | ) |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Income (loss) from operations includes the following items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 50.2 |  |  | $ | 40.7 |  |  | $ | 50.2 |  |  | $ | 56.1 |  |  | $ | 197.2 |
Amortization of acquisition related intangibles | 22.4 |  |  | 20.2 |  |  | 19.7 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | 82.2 |

____________________

(1) | Certain first quarter fiscal 2017 balances have been revised to reflect the adoption of ASU 2016-09. As the adoption occurred in the second quarter of fiscal 2017, we are required to reflect any adjustments as of February 1, 2016, the beginning of the annual period that includes the interim period of adoption, and are required to revise our reported quarterly results for the first quarter. The revision resulted in a $5.3 million decrease of stock-based compensation expense from the previously reported expense. See Note 1, "Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion on the adoption.

(2) | Certain second quarter fiscal 2016 balances have been revised to include the correction of an error identified in the third quarter of fiscal 2016, resulting in an additional $33.1 million of income tax expense from the previously reported results, primarily related to the establishment of a valuation allowance. See Note 1, "Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion.

2017 Form 10-K 103

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Autodesk, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Autodesk, Inc. as of January 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2017. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2). These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Autodesk, Inc. at January 31, 2017 and 2016, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Autodesk, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 21, 2017 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
/s/ E RNST & Y OUNG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 21, 2017
2017 Form 10-K 104

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Autodesk, Inc.
We have audited Autodesk, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Autodesk, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified a material weakness in controls related to the Company's income tax process. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Autodesk, Inc. as of January 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2017. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the fiscal 2017 financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 21, 2017, which expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described above on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Autodesk, Inc. has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.
/s/ E RNST & Y OUNG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 21, 2017
2017 Form 10-K 105

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ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to Autodesk management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon this evaluation, our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of January 31, 2017 for reasons described below.
We have performed additional analyses and other procedures to enable management to conclude that, notwithstanding the existence of the material weakness described above, the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP. Additionally, corrective actions continue to address the internal control material weakness as described below under the section "Remediation Efforts with Respect to Material Weakness".
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2017. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. Our management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will necessarily prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Autodesk have been detected.
Our management has concluded that, as of January 31, 2017, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles due to the material weakness discussed in further detail below. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young, LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in Item 8 herein.
In connection with the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, our management concluded that it has a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the operating effectiveness of our controls over the calculation of income tax expense. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Remediation Efforts with Respect to Material Weakness
Management first identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in connection with the preparation of our Condensed Consolidated financial statements for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2015. Since that time, management’s remediation activities have included the following:
2017 Form 10-K 106

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• | enhanced our technical accounting review for complex income tax considerations;

• | enhanced the design of our income tax controls to include specific activities to ensure proper classification of deferred taxes and calculation of income tax expense;

• | supplemented our accounting and tax professionals with the engagement of an internationally recognized accounting firm to assist us in the technical review regarding the application of tax rules around deferred tax assets and liabilities; and

• | reorganized the structure of our tax function to enhance the level of documentation, technical oversight, and review.

Management has enhanced its controls to include refinements and improvements to controls over the accounting for income taxes. While significant progress has been made as of January 31, 2017, management does not believe these controls are operating effectively. As a result, management does not believe that the material weakness has been remediated and will continue to enhance its controls over the accounting for income tax expense.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than with respect to the remediation efforts described above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the quarter ended January 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION

None.
2017 Form 10-K 107

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PART III
Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Annual Report because we intend to file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report (the “Proxy Statement”) and certain information included therein is incorporated herein by reference. Only those sections of the Proxy Statement that specifically address the items set forth herein are incorporated by reference.

ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled “Proposal One—Election of Directors,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and “Corporate Governance” in our Proxy Statement.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The following sets forth certain information as of March 21, 2017 regarding our executive officers.

Name | Age |  | Position
Andrew Anagnost | 52 |  | Co-CEO, Chief Marketing Officer and SVP, BSM
Amar Hanspal | 53 |  | Co-CEO, Chief Product Officer and SVP, PDG
R. Scott Herren | 55 |  | SVP and Chief Financial Officer
Jan Becker | 64 |  | SVP, Chief Human Resources Officer and Corporate Real Estate
Steve M. Blum | 52 |  | SVP, Worldwide Sales and Services
Pascal W. Di Fronzo | 52 |  | SVP, Corporate Affairs, Chief Legal Officer & Secretary

Andrew Anagnost joined Autodesk in September 1997 and has served as our co-CEO since February 2017 and as our Senior Vice President, Industry Strategy & Marketing since March 2012. From December 2009 to March 2012, Dr. Anagnost was Vice President, Product Suites and Web Services. Prior to this position, Dr. Anagnost served as Vice President of CAD/CAE products for the manufacturing division from March 2007 to December 2009. Previously, Dr. Anagnost held other senior management positions at Autodesk. Prior to joining Autodesk, Dr. Anagnost held various engineering, sales, marketing and product management positions at Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company and EXA Corporation. He also served as an NRC post-doctoral fellow at NASA Ames Research Center.
Amar Hanspal joined Autodesk in June 1987 and has served as our co-CEO since February 2017 and as our Senior Vice President, Autodesk Product Group since November 2015. From February 2012 to November 2015, Mr. Hanspal served as Senior Vice President, Information Modeling & Platform Product Group. Prior to this position, Mr. Hanspal served as Senior Vice President, Platform Solutions and Emerging Business from January 2007 to February 2012 and as Vice President of Autodesk Collaboration Solutions from January 2003 to January 2007. Previously, Mr. Hanspal held other executive and non-executive positions at Autodesk.
R. Scott Herren joined Autodesk in November 2014 and serves as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Autodesk, Mr. Herren was the Senior Vice President of Finance for Citrix Systems, Inc. from September 2011 to October 2014 where he led the company’s finance, accounting, tax, treasury, investor relations, real estate, and facilities teams. From March 2000 to September 2011, Mr. Herren held a variety of leadership positions at Citrix including Vice President and Managing Director for EMEA and Vice President and General Manager of the Virtualization Systems Group. Prior to Citrix, Mr. Herren served at FedEx Corporation as Vice President, Financial Planning. Prior to FedEx, he spent 13 years at International Business Machines Corporation in senior financial positions.
Jan Becker joined Autodesk in September 1992 and has served as Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Corporate Real Estate since December 2016. Ms. Becker served as Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Corporate Real Estate from June 2000 to December 2016. Ms. Becker previously served in other capacities in the Human Resources Department at Autodesk. Prior to joining Autodesk, Ms. Becker held a variety of senior management positions at Sun Microsystems. Prior to Sun Microsystems, Ms. Becker worked both domestically and internationally at a number of high-tech organizations, including Activision, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Hewlett-Packard Company.
2017 Form 10-K 108

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Steven M. Blum joined Autodesk in January 2003 and has served as Senior Vice President, Worldwide Sales and Services since February 2011. From January 2003 to February 2011, he served as Senior Vice President of Americas Sales. Prior to this position, Blum was Executive Vice President of Sales and Account Management for Parago, Inc. Blum also held positions at Mentor Graphics, most recently serving as Vice President of America's sales. Before joining Mentor Graphics, he held engineering and sales positions at NCR Corporation and Advanced Micro Devices.
Pascal W. Di Fronzo joined Autodesk in June 1998 and has served as SVP, Corporate Affairs, Chief Legal Officer & Secretary since December 2016. Mr. Di Fronzo served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from March 2007 to December 2016. From March 2006 to March 2007, Mr. Di Fronzo served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, and served as Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary from March 2005 through March 2006. Previously, Mr. Di Fronzo served in other business and legal capacities in our Legal Department. Prior to joining Autodesk, he advised high technology and emerging growth companies on business and intellectual property transactions and litigation while in private practice.
There is no family relationship among any of our directors or executive officers.

ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled "Corporate Governance" and “Executive Compensation,” in our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” and “Executive Compensation—Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Independence of the Board of Directors” in our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled “Proposal Two—Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our Proxy Statement.
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PART IV

ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

1. | Financial Statements: The information concerning Autodesk’s financial statements, and Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein to the section of this Report in Item 8, entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

2. | Financial Statement Schedule: The following financial statement schedule of Autodesk, Inc., for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, is filed as part of this Report and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of Autodesk, Inc.:

Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or are not required or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.

3. | Exhibits: See Item 15(b) below. We have filed, or incorporated into this Report by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits immediately following the signature page of this Form 10-K.

(b) Exhibits:
We have filed, or incorporated into the Report by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits immediately following the signature page of this Form 10-K.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules: See Item 15(a), above.
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ITEM 15(A)(2) | FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE II

Description | Balance at Beginning of Fiscal Year |  | Additions Charged to Costs and Expenses or Revenues |  | Deductions and Write-Offs |  | Balance at End of Fiscal Year
| (in millions)
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | (3.3 | ) |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Product returns reserves | 1.6 |  |  | (7.7 | ) |  | (6.3 | ) |  | 0.2 |
Partner Program reserves (1) | 45.2 |  |  | 240.3 |  |  | 257.4 |  |  | 28.1 |
Restructuring | 1.3 |  |  | 77.8 |  |  | 70.7 |  |  | 8.4 |
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |
Product returns reserves | 2.6 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 1.6 |
Partner Program reserves (1) | 36.5 |  |  | 267.4 |  |  | 258.7 |  |  | 45.2 |
Restructuring | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.3 |
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 6.3 |
Product returns reserves | 4.0 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 2.6 |
Partner Program reserves (1) | 38.4 |  |  | 237.3 |  |  | 239.2 |  |  | 36.5 |
Restructuring | 5.6 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 1.6 |

____________________

(1) | The partner program reserves balance impacts "Accounts receivable, net" and "Accounts payable" on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ITEM 16 | FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | AUTODESK, INC.
|  | By: | /s/ ANDREW ANAGNOST
|  |  | Andrew Anagnost
|  |  | Co-CEO, Chief Marketing Officer and SVP, BSM
Dated: | March 21, 2017 |  |

|  | AUTODESK, INC.
|  | By: | /s/ AMAR HANSPAL
|  |  | Amar Hanspal
|  |  | Co-CEO, Chief Product Officer and SVP, PDG
Dated: | March 21, 2017 |  |

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POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Andrew Anagnost, Amar Hanspal, and R. Scott Herren each as his or her attorney-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities as of March 21, 2017.

Signature |  | Title
/s/ ANDREW ANAGNOST |  | Co-CEO, Chief Marketing Officer and SVP, BSM (Principal Executive Officer)
Andrew Anagnost |  |
/s/ AMAR HANSPAL |  | Co-CEO, Chief Product Officer and SVP, PDG (Principal Executive Officer)
Amar Hanspal |  |
/s/ R. SCOTT HERREN |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
R. Scott Herren |  |
/s/ PAUL UNDERWOOD |  | Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
Paul Underwood |  |
/s/ CRAWFORD W. BEVERIDGE |  | Director (Non-executive Chairman of the Board)
Crawford W. Beveridge |  |
/s/ CARL BASS |  | Director
Carl Bass |  |
/s/ JEFF CLARKE |  | Director
Jeff Clarke |  |
/s/ SCOTT FERGUSON |  | Director
Scott Ferguson |  |
/s/ THOMAS GEORGENS |  | Director
Thomas Georgens |  |
/s/ RICK HILL |  | Director
Rick Hill |  |
/s/ MARY T. MCDOWELL |  | Director
Mary T. McDowell |  |
/s/ LORRIE M. NORRINGTON |  | Director
Lorrie M. Norrington |  |
/s/ ELIZABETH RAFAEL |  | Director
Elizabeth Rafael |  |
/s/ STACY J. SMITH |  | Director
Stacy J. Smith |  |

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Index to Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2006)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2017)
4.1 |  | Indenture dated December 13, 2012, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2012)
4.2 |  | First Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Notes) dated December 13, 2012, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2012)
4.3 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Notes) dated June 5, 2015, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2015)
10.1* |  | Description of Registrant's Performance Stock Unit Program (incorporated by reference to Item 5.02 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2016)
10.2* |  | Registrant’s 1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated effective as of October 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on September 19, 2016)
10.3* |  | Registrant’s 1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan Forms of Subscription Agreement, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2016)
10.4* |  | Registrant’s 2008 Employee Stock Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2010)
10.5* |  | Registrant’s 2008 Employee Stock Plan Forms of Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended April 30, 2008)
10.6* |  | Registrant’s 2008 Employee Stock Plan Form of Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2009)
10.7* |  | Registrant’s 2008 Employee Stock Plan Forms of Restricted Stock Unit Agreements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 18, 2008)
10.8* |  | Registrant’s 2008 Employee Stock Plan Forms of Agreement (non-U.S. Employees) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2009)

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Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.9* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2016)
10.10* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2016)
10.11* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Severance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2016)
10.12* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2012)
10.13* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement (non-U.S. Employees) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2012)
10.14* |  | Amendments to certain stock option agreements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2009)
10.15* |  | Registrant’s 2010 Outside Directors’ Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 16, 2009)
10.16* |  | Registrant’s 2010 Outside Directors’ Stock Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2010)
10.17* |  | Registrant’s 2010 Outside Directors’ Stock Plan Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2010)
10.18* |  | Registrant's 2012 Outside Directors' Stock Plan, as amended and restated (filed herewith)
10.19* |  | Registrant's 2012 Outside Directors' Stock Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2012)
10.20* |  | Registrant’s Executive Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016)
10.21* |  | Registrant’s 2005 Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2009)
10.22* |  | Participants, target awards and payout formulas for fiscal year 2017 under the Registrant's Executive Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Item 5.02 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2016)
10.23* |  | Executive Change in Control Program, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2016)
10.24* |  | Sub-Plan of the Autodesk, Inc. 1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on September 19, 2016)
10.25* |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement executed by the Registrant and each of its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005)
10.26* |  | Third Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Registrant and Carl Bass dated March 21, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2013)
10.27* |  | R. Scott Herren Offer Letter dated September 23, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2014)

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Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.28* |  | Registrant’s Equity Incentive Deferral Plan as amended and restated effective as of June 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2008)
10.29* |  | Amendment to Registrant's Equity Incentive Deferral Plan effective as of February 17, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 filed with the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2012)
10.30 |  | Office Lease between Registrant and the J.H.S. Trust for 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, CA, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2004)
10.31 |  | Fourth Amendment to Lease between Registrant and the J.H.S. Holdings L.P. for 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, CA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2010)
10.32 |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and among the Registrant, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 29, 2015)
10.33 |  | Letter Waiver, dated as of January 18, 2017, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and among the Registrant, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 19, 2017)
10.34 |  | Agreement, dated March 10, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Sachem Head Capital Management LP, Uncas GP LLC, and Sachem Head GP LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 11, 2016)
10.35 |  | Agreement, dated March 10, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Eminence Capital, LP, and Eminence GP, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 11, 2016)
10.36 |  | Agreement, dated February 6, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Sachem Head Capital Management LP, Uncas GP LLC, and Sachem Head GP LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2017)
10.37* |  | Transition and Separation Agreement, dated February 6, 2017, by and between the Company and Carl Bass (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2017)
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries (filed herewith)
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Ernst & Young LLP) (filed herewith)
24.1 |  | Power of Attorney (contained in the signature page to this Annual Report)
31.1 |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith)
31.2 |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith)
31.3 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith)
32.1† |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101.INS †† |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

____________________

* | Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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† | The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Autodesk, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

†† | The financial information contained in these XBRL documents is unaudited.

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