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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018
or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 0-14338
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AUTODESK INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 94-2819853
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. employer Identification No.)
111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, California |  | 94903
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (415) 507-5000
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Select Market)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”). Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x |  | Accelerated filer o |  | Non-accelerated filer o |  | Smaller reporting company o |  | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
As of July 31, 2017, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, there were approximately 218.5 million shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding that were held by non-affiliates, and the aggregate market value of such shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based on the closing sale price of such shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on July 31, 2017) was approximately $24.2 billion. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer and director have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of March 12, 2018, the registrant had outstanding 218,327,862 shares of common stock.
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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement for registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. The Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended January 31, 2018.

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AUTODESK, INC. FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 5
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 14
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 30
Item 2. | Properties | 30
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 30
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 30
PART II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 31
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 34
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 35
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 61
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 62
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 106
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 106
Item 9B. | Other Information | 106
PART III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 107
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 108
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 108
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 108
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 108
PART IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 109
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 109
| Signatures | 111

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
The discussion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains trend analyses and other forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements are any statements that look to future events and consist of, among other things, our business strategies, future financial results ( by product type and geography) and subscriptions, the effectiveness of our restructuring efforts, the effectiveness of our efforts to successfully manage transitions to new business models and markets, our expectations regarding the continued transition of our business model, expectations for and our ability to increase our subscription base, expected market trends, including the growth of cloud and mobile computing, the effect of unemployment, the availability of credit, the effects of global economic conditions, the effects of revenue recognition, the effects of newly recently issued accounting standards, expected trends in certain financial metrics, including expenses, the impact of acquisitions and investment activities, expectations regarding our cash needs, the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates and our hedging activities on our financial results, our ability to successfully expand adoption of our products, our ability to gain market acceptance of new businesses and sales initiatives, and the impact of economic volatility and geopolitical activities in certain countries, particularly emerging economy countries, the timing and amount of purchases under our stock buy-back plan, and the effects of potential non-cash charges on our financial results and the resulting effect on our financial results. In addition, forward-looking statements also consist of statements involving expectations regarding product capability and acceptance, statements regarding our liquidity and short-term and long-term cash requirements, as well as statements involving trend analyses and statements including such words as “may,” “believe,” “could,” “anticipate,” “would,” “might,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to business and economic risks. As such, our actual results could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth below in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in our other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made, except as required by law.
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PART I

ITEM 1. | BUSINESS

Note: A glossary of terms used in this Form 10-K appears at the end of this Item 1.
GENERAL
We are a global leader in design software and services, offering customers productive business solutions through powerful technology products and services. We serve customers in architecture, engineering and construction; product design and manufacturing; and digital media and entertainment industries. Our customers are able to design, fabricate, manufacture and build anything by visualizing, simulating and analyzing real-world performance early in the design process. These capabilities allow our customers to foster innovation, optimize their designs, streamline their manufacturing and construction processes, save time and money, improve quality, communicate plans, and collaborate with others. Our professional software products are sold globally, both directly to customers and through a network of resellers and distributors.
Segments
We report segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source of our reportable segments. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") allocates resources and assesses the operating performance of the Company as a whole. As such, Autodesk has one segment manager (the CODM), and one operating segment.
A summary of our revenue by geographic area and product family is found in Note 13, “Segment, Geographic and Product Family Information,” in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in California in April 1982 and were reincorporated in Delaware in May 1994. Our principal executive office is located at 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, California 94903, and the telephone number at that address is (415) 507-5000. Our internet address is www.autodesk.com. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on the Investor Relations portion of our web site at www.autodesk.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The public may also read and copy any material we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street N.E. Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1 (800) SEC-0330.
PRODUCTS
Our architecture, engineering and construction products improve the way building, infrastructure, and industrial projects are designed, built, and operated. Our product development and manufacturing software provides manufacturers in automotive, transportation, industrial machinery, consumer products and building product industries with comprehensive digital design, engineering, manufacturing and production solutions. These technologies bring together data from all phases of the product development and production life cycle, creating a digital pipeline that supports greater productivity and accuracy through process automation. Our digital media and entertainment products provide tools for digital sculpting, modeling, animation, effects, rendering, and compositing for design visualization, visual effects and games production. Our portfolio of products and services enables our customers to foster innovation, optimize and improve their designs, save time and money, improve quality, communicate plans, and collaborate with others.
Autodesk’s product offerings include:

• | AutoCAD

AutoCAD software, which is our largest single revenue-generating product, is a customizable and extensible CAD application for professional design, drafting, detailing, and visualization. AutoCAD software provides digital tools that can be
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used independently and in conjunction with other specific applications in fields ranging from construction and civil engineering to manufacturing and plant design.

• | AutoCAD LT

AutoCAD LT software is purpose built for professional drafting and detailing. AutoCAD LT includes document sharing capability without the need for software customization or certain advanced functionality found in AutoCAD. Users can share all design data with team members who use AutoCAD or other Autodesk products built on AutoCAD. AutoCAD LT software is our second largest revenue-generating product.

• | Industry Collections

Autodesk's Industry Collections provide our customers with increased access to a broader selection of Autodesk products, greater value, more flexibility, and a simpler way to subscribe and manage Autodesk subscriptions. The collections are tailored to provide the essential software needed by professionals within each industry: AEC, Product Design, and M&E.
The AEC Collection aims to help our customers design, engineer, and construct higher quality, more predictable building and civil infrastructure projects, commonly used by AEC industry experts, such as AutoCAD, AutoCAD Civil3D, and Revit.
The Product Design Collection offers connected, professional-grade tools that help our customers make great products today and compete in the changing manufacturing landscape of the future. The collection offers access to a wide range of our products, including AutoCAD and Inventor.
The M&E Collection provides end-to-end creative tools for entertainment creation. This collection enables animators, modelers and visual effect artists to access the tool they need, including Maya and 3ds Max, to create compelling effects, 3D characters and digital worlds.

• | CAM Solutions

Our computer-aided manufacturing ("CAM") software offers industry-leading solutions for Computer Numeric Control ("CNC") machining, inspection, and modeling for manufacturing. A comprehensive line-up of expert products, including PowerMill, FeatureCAM, PowerInspect, PowerShare, and others, help our customers manufacture complex, innovative products and components with maximum quality, control, and production efficiency.

• | AutoCAD Civil 3D

AutoCAD Civil 3D products provide a surveying, design, analysis, and documentation solution for civil engineering, including land development, transportation, and environmental projects. Using a model-centric approach that automatically updates documentation as design changes are made, AutoCAD Civil 3D products enable civil engineers, designers, drafters, and surveyors to significantly boost productivity and deliver higher-quality designs and construction documentation faster. With AutoCAD Civil 3D products, the entire project team works from the same consistent, up-to-date model so they stay coordinated throughout all project phases.

• | Maya

Maya software provides 3D modeling, animation, effects, rendering and compositing solutions that enable film and video artists, game developers, and design visualization professionals to digitally create engaging, lifelike images, realistic animations and simulations, extraordinary visual effects, and full length animated feature films.

• | 3ds Max

3ds Max software provides 3D modeling, animation, and rendering solutions that enable game developers, design visualization professionals and visual effects artists to digitally create realistic images, animations, and complex scenes and to digitally communicate abstract or complex mechanical, architectural, engineering, and construction concepts.

• | Revit

Revit software is built for Building Information Modeling ("BIM") to help professionals design, build, and maintain higher-quality, more energy-efficient buildings. Using the information-rich models created with Revit, architects, engineers,
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and construction firms can collaborate to make better-informed decisions earlier in the design process to deliver projects with greater efficiency. Revit includes features for architectural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing design as well as structural engineering and construction, providing a comprehensive solution for the entire building project team.

• | Inventor

Inventor enables manufacturers to go beyond 3D design to digital prototyping by giving engineers a comprehensive and flexible set of tools for 3D mechanical design, simulation, analysis, tooling, visualization, and documentation. Engineers can integrate AutoCAD drawings and model-based design data into a single digital model, creating a virtual representation of a final product that enables them to validate the form, fit, and function of the product before it is ever built.

• | BIM 360

BIM 360 construction management cloud-based software enables almost anytime, anywhere access to project data throughout the building construction lifecycle. BIM 360 empowers those in the field to better anticipate and act, and those in the back office to optimize and manage all aspects of construction performance.

• | Shotgun

Shotgun is cloud-based software for review and production tracking in the M&E industry. Creative companies use the Shotgun platform to provide essential business tools for managers and visual collaboration tools for artists and supervisors, who often work globally with distributed teams.

• | Fusion 360

Fusion 360 is the first 3D CAD, CAM, and Computer-aided Engineering ("CAE") tool of its kind. It connects the entire product development process on a single cloud-based platform that works on both Apple and PC operating systems.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION
The technology industry is characterized by rapid technological change in computer hardware, operating systems, and software. In addition, our customers’ requirements and preferences rapidly evolve, as do their expectations of the performance of our software and services. To keep pace with these changes, we maintain a vigorous program of new product development to address demands in the marketplace for our products.
The software industry is undergoing a transition from the personal computer to cloud, social, and mobile computing. In fiscal 2018, we continued to successfully implement a strategic transition of our business model announced in fiscal 2014. To support our transition, effective February 1, 2016, we discontinued the sale of new commercial seats of most individual software products, which are now exclusively available by desktop subscription, and discontinued selling perpetual licenses of suites while introducing industry collections effective August 1, 2016. Industry collections allow access to a broad set of products and cloud services th at exceeds those previously available in suites - simplifying the customers' ability to access a complete set of industry tools. Additionally, on June 15, 2017, we commenced a program to incentivize maintenance plan customers to move to subscription plan offerings. Through this program we offer discounts to those maintenance plan customers that move to subscription plan offerings, while at the same time increasing maintenance plan pricing over time for customers that remain on maintenance plans. Subscription plan offerings are designed to give our customers increased flexibility with how they use our products and service offerings and to attract a broader range of customers such as project-based users and small businesses. Subscriptions represent a combined hybrid offering of desktop software and cloud functionality which provides a device-independent, collaborative design workflow for designers and their stakeholders.
We dedicate considerable technical and financial resources to research and development to further enhance our existing products and to create new products and technologies to expand our market opportunity. For example, in fiscal 2018, we continued and expanded our investments in construction. We continued to make investments in the traditional data creation tools to support the design and pre-construction phases, while expanding our investment in the areas of site execution with process and project management cloud-based tools. Recognizing the value of data continuity across the construction lifecycle of design, building and operations, we made investments in the handover and operations phase of the project through our cloud-based tools. To connect the phases of construction upstream with design, we invested in and announced our cloud-based project delivery platform that allows individuals, teams and projects to be connected across all phases in a common data platform. We anticipate ongoing investments in construction that support pre-construction, site execution as well as the handover phase of the project and will continue to invest in connecting workflows and data across the ecosystem of the project.
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Research and development expenditures were $755.5 million or 37% of fiscal 2018 net revenue, $766.1 million or 38% of fiscal 2017 net revenue and $790.0 million or 32% of fiscal 2016 net revenue. Our software is primarily developed internally; however, we also use independent firms and contractors to perform some of our product development activities. Additionally, we acquire products or technology developed by others by purchasing or licensing products and technology from third parties. We continually review these investments in an effort to ensure that we are generating sufficient revenue or gaining a competitive advantage to justify their costs.
The majority of our research and product development is performed in the United States, China, Singapore, Canada, and the United Kingdom. However, we employ experienced software developers in many of our other locations. Translation and localization of our products are performed in a number of local markets, principally Singapore and Switzerland. We generally localize and translate our products into German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Japanese, Korean, and simplified and traditional Chinese.
We plan to continue managing significant product development operations internationally over the next several years. We believe that our ability to conduct research and development at various locations throughout the world allows us to optimize product development, lower costs, and integrate local market knowledge into our development activities. We continually assess the significant costs and challenges, including intellectual property protection, against the benefits of our international development activities.
For further discussion regarding risks from our product development and introduction efforts, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
MARKETING AND SALES
We license or sell our products and services globally, primarily through indirect channels consisting of distributors and resellers. To a lesser extent we also transact directly with our enterprise and named account customers and with customers through our online Autodesk branded store. Our indirect channel model includes both a two-tiered distribution structure, where distributors sell to resellers, and a one-tiered structure, where Autodesk sells directly to resellers. We have a network of approximately 1,600 resellers and distributors worldwide. For fiscal 2018, approximately 70% of our revenue was derived from indirect channel sales through distributors and resellers.
We anticipate that our channel mix will continue to change, particularly as we scale our online Autodesk branded store business and our largest accounts shift towards direct-only business models. Importantly, we expect our indirect channel will continue to transact and support the majority of our future revenue. We employ a variety of incentive programs and promotions to align our reseller channel with our business strategies. Our ability to effectively distribute our products depends in part upon the financial and business condition of our distributor and reseller networks. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, business with any one of our major distributors or large resellers could harm our business; see Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion.
Sales through our largest distributor, Tech Data Corporation and its global affiliates, accounted for 31%, 30%, and 25% of our net revenue for fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. We believe our business is not substantially dependent on Tech Data. Our customers through Tech Data are the resellers and end users who purchase our software licenses and services. Should any of the agreements between us and Tech Data be terminated for any reason, we believe the resellers and end users who currently purchase our products through Tech Data would be able to continue to do so under substantially the same terms from one of our many other distributors without substantial disruption to our revenue. No other distributor, reseller, or direct customer accounted for 10% or more of our revenue.
Our customer-related operations are divided into three geographic regions, the Americas; Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”), and Asia Pacific (“APAC”). Each geographic region is supported by global marketing and sales organizations. These organizations develop and manage overall marketing and sales programs and work closely with a network of domestic and international sales offices. Fiscal 2018 net revenue in the Americas, EMEA, and APAC was $871.1 million (42%), $815.4 million (40%), and $370.1 million (18%), respectively. We believe that international sales will continue to comprise the majority of our total net revenue. Adverse economic conditions and currency exchange rates in the countries that contribute a significant portion of our net revenue, including emerging economies, may have an adverse effect on our business in those countries and our overall financial performance. A summary of our financial information by geographic location is found in Note 13, “Segment, Geographic and Product Family Information,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our international operations and sales subject us to a variety of risks; see Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion.
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We also work directly with reseller and distributor sales organizations, computer manufacturers, other software developers, and peripherals manufacturers in cooperative advertising, promotions, and trade-show presentations. We employ mass-marketing techniques such as webcasts, seminars, telemarketing, direct mailings, sponsorships, advertising in business and trade journals, and social media. We have a worldwide user group organization and we have created online user communities dedicated to the exchange of information related to the use of our products and services.
We generate revenue primarily through various offerings that provide recurring revenue. Under our maintenance plan program, our customers who own a perpetual use license for the most recent version of the underlying product are able to renew a previously purchased maintenance plan that provides them with unspecified upgrades when and if available, and receive online support during the term of their maintenance contract. Under our subscription plan, customers can use our software anytime, anywhere, and get access to the latest updates to previous versions through term-based product subscriptions, cloud service offerings, and enterprise business agreements. With the discontinuation of the sale of perpetual licenses, we have transitioned away from selling a mix of perpetual licenses and maintenance plans in favor of a consolidated subscription model.
CUSTOMER AND RESELLER SUPPORT
We provide technical support and training to customers through a multi-tiered support model, augmented by direct programs designed to address certain specific customer needs. Most of our customers receive support and training from the resellers and distributors from which they purchased subscriptions or licenses for our products or services, with Autodesk in turn providing second tier support to the resellers and distributors. Other customers are supported directly via self-service using the Autodesk Knowledge Network which guides customers to answers in our online support assets, support forums, webinars or to support representatives using a number of different modalities such as social media, phone, email and webchat. We also support our resellers and distributors through technical product training, sales training classes, webinars and other knowledge sharing programs.
EDUCATION, SUSTAINABILITY, AND PHILANTHROPIC PROGRAMS
Education
Autodesk is committed to helping fuel a lifelong passion for design and making among students of all ages, both within and outside the classroom. We offer free educational licenses of Autodesk's professional software to students, educators, and accredited educational institutions worldwide. We inspire and support beginners with Tinkercad, a simple online 3D design and 3D printing tool. Through Autodesk Design Academy, we provide secondary and postsecondary schools hundreds of standards-aligned class projects to support design-based disciplines in Science, Technology, Engineering, Digital Arts, and Math (STEAM) using Autodesk's professional-grade design, engineering and entertainment software. Autodesk Design Academy curricula is also syndicated on iTunes U and Udemy, where millions of students go to learn online. Classes and projects are available on our Instructables website for anyone looking to expand their "making" skills. Our intention is to make Autodesk software ubiquitous and the design and making software of choice for those poised to become the next generation of professional users.
Sustainability Programs
To help our customers imagine, design, and make a better world, our Sustainability initiatives focus our efforts on the area where we can have the greatest impact enabling sustainable practices through our products delivering free sustainable-design learning and training resources, providing software grants to qualifying nonprofits and entrepreneurs, and leading by example with our sustainable business practices. Through our products and services, we are supporting our customers to better understand and improve the environmental performance of everything they make.
Climate Change
In addressing the global challenges posed by climate change, we make it possible for our customers to innovate and respond to associated changes in regulation, building code, physical climate parameters and other climate-related developments. This effort can directly and indirectly create more demand for existing and new Autodesk products and services in the short and long-term. Furthermore, our leadership is committed to taking climate action and that commitment goes hand-in-hand with our reputation in the marketplace.
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Climate Change Management Actions
To drive continued progress and meet growing demand, we continue to expand the solutions, education, and support we offer, helping customers secure a competitive advantage for a low-carbon future by designing high-performance buildings, resilient cities and infrastructure, and more efficient transportation and products. To continue to grow this market, we provide software and support to early stage entrepreneurs and start-up companies who are designing clean technologies. We plan to expand these offerings in the future based upon demand and opportunity in response to challenges posed by climate change.
Internally, we are investing in best practices to mitigate our greenhouse gas emissions and climate change risk through investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, disaster management and recovery strategies, and materials innovation. We are on track to meet our science-based greenhouse gas reduction target of 43% absolute emissions by 2020.
Climate Change Governance
With oversight from our CEO, the Sustainability & Foundation Team has direct responsibility for setting and implementing the corporate sustainability strategy, including the climate change strategy.
Emissions Performance & Other Key Performance Indicators
By end of fiscal 2017, Autodesk had reduced its net greenhouse gas emissions for its operational boundary by 44% from our fiscal year 2009 baseline to 156,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. This reduction was accomplished through increased investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency in our global real estate portfolio, and continued transition from physical software delivery to cloud and electronic software delivery. More information about our sustainability commitment can be found in our annual sustainability reports, which we have published on our website since 2008. Our fiscal 2018 sustainability report will be published in the second quarter of fiscal 2019.
Philanthropy
The Autodesk Foundation (the "Foundation"), a privately funded 501(c)(3) charity organization established and solely funded by us, leads our philanthropic efforts. The purpose of the Foundation is twofold: to support employees to create a better world at work, at home, and in the community by matching employee’s volunteer time and/or donations to nonprofit organizations; and to support organizations and individuals using design to drive positive social and environmental impact. In the latter case, we use grant funding, software donations, and training to accomplish this goal, selecting the most impactful and innovative organizations around the world, thus, leading to a better future for our planet. On our behalf, the Foundation also administers a discounted software donation program to nonprofit organizations, social and environmental entrepreneurs, and others who are developing design solutions that will shape a more sustainable future.
DEVELOPER PROGRAMS
Our business and our customers benefit from our relationships with an extensive developer network. These developers create and sell their own interoperable products that further enhance the range of integrated solutions available to our customers. One of our key strategies is to maintain an open-architecture design of our software products to facilitate third-party development of complementary products and industry-specific software solutions. This approach enables customers and third-parties to customize solutions for a wide variety of highly specific uses. We offer several programs that provide strategic investment funding, technological platforms, user communities, technical support, forums, and events to developers who develop add-on applications for our products. For example, we have created our web services platform, Autodesk Forge. The Forge Platform includes a number of web services that enable software developers to rapidly develop the next generation of applications, and experiences that will power the future of making things. Forge facilitates the development of a single connected ecosystem for integrating Autodesk applications with other enterprise, web and mobile solutions.
COMPETITION
The markets for our products are highly competitive, are subject to rapid change, and can have complex interdependencies between many of the larger businesses. We strive to increase our competitive separation by investing in research and development, allowing us to bring new products to market and create exciting new versions of existing products that offer compelling efficiencies for our customers. We also compete through investments in marketing and sales to more effectively reach new customers and better serve existing customers.
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Our competitors include large, global, publicly traded companies; small, geographically focused firms; startup firms; and solutions produced in-house by their users. Our primary global competitors include Adobe Systems Incorporated, ANSYS, Inc., Apple Inc., AVEVA Group plc, Avid Technology, Inc., Bentley Systems, Inc., Dassault Systèmes S.A. and its subsidiary Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp., Intergraph Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hexagon AB, MSC Software Corporation, Nemetschek AG, PTC, 3D Systems, Siemens PLM, SONY Corporation, Technicolor, and Trimble Navigation Limited, among others.
The software industry has limited barriers to entry, and the availability of computing power with continually expanding performance at progressively lower prices contributes to the ease of market entry. The industry is presently undergoing a platform shift from the personal computer to cloud and mobile computing. This shift further lowers barriers to entry and poses a disruptive challenge to established software companies. The design software market is characterized by vigorous competition in each of the vertical markets in which we compete, both from existing competitors and by entry of new competitors with innovative technologies. Competition is increasingly enhanced by consolidation of companies with complementary products and technologies and the possibility that competitors in one vertical segment may enter other vertical segments that we serve. In addition, some of our competitors in certain markets have greater financial, technical, sales and marketing, and other resources than we do. Because of these and other factors, competitive conditions in these industries are likely to continue to intensify in the future. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced net revenue and profit margins, and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion of risks regarding competition.
We believe that our future results depend largely upon our ability to better serve customers by offering new products, including cloud and mobile computing products, whether by internal development or acquisition, and to continue to provide existing product offerings that compete favorably with respect to ease of use, reliability, performance, range of useful features, continuing product enhancements, reputation, price, and training.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND LICENSES
We maintain an active program to legally protect our investment in technology through intellectual property rights. We protect our intellectual property through a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protections, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions. The nature and extent of legal protection associated with each such intellectual property right depends on, among other things, the type of intellectual property right and the given jurisdiction in which such right arises. We believe that our intellectual property rights are valuable and important to our business.
Nonetheless, our intellectual property rights may not be successfully asserted in the future or may be invalidated, circumvented or challenged. In addition, the laws and enforcement of the laws of various foreign countries where our products are distributed do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws. Enforcement of intellectual property rights against alleged infringers can sometimes lead to costly litigation and counterclaims. Our inability to protect our proprietary information could harm our business.
From time to time, we receive claims alleging infringement of a third party’s intellectual property rights, including patents. Disputes involving our intellectual property rights or those of another party have in the past and may in the future lead to, among other things, costly litigation or product shipment delays, which could harm our business.
We retain ownership of software we develop. Our combined hybrid offerings include both desktop software and cloud functionality. Desktop software is licensed to users pursuant to ‘click through’ or signed license agreements containing restrictions on duplication, disclosure, and transfer. Cloud software and associated services are provided to users pursuant to on-line or signed terms of service agreements containing restrictions on access and use.
We believe that because of the limitations of laws protecting our intellectual property and the rapid, ongoing technological changes in both the computer hardware and software industries, we must rely principally upon software engineering and marketing skills to continually maintain and enhance our competitive market position.
While we have recovered some revenue resulting from the unauthorized use of our software products, we are unable to measure the full extent to which piracy of our software products exists. We believe, however, that software piracy is and can be expected to be a persistent problem that negatively impacts our revenue and financial results. We believe that our transition from perpetual use software licenses to a subscription-based business model combined with the change from desktop to cloud-based computing will shift the incentives and means by which software is pirated.
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In addition, through various licensing arrangements, we receive certain rights to intellectual property of others. We expect to maintain current licensing arrangements and to secure licensing arrangements in the future, as needed and to the extent available on reasonable terms and conditions, to support continued development and sales of our products and services. Some of these licensing arrangements require or may require royalty payments and other licensing fees. The amount of these payments and fees may depend on various factors, including but not limited to: the structure of royalty payments, offsetting considerations, if any, and the degree of use of the licensed technology.
See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for further discussion of risks related to protecting our intellectual property.
PRODUCTION AND SUPPLIERS
The production of our software products and services involves duplication or hosting of software media. The way that we deliver software has evolved during our business model transition. For certain cloud-based products, we use a combination of co-located hosting facilities and increasingly Amazon Web Services and to a lesser degree other infrastructure-as-a-service providers. Over 95% of our customers choose an electronic software download option for both initial product fulfillment and subsequent product updates. Customers who choose electronic fulfillment receive the latest version of the software from our vendor’s secure servers. Customers may also obtain our software through media such as DVDs and USB flash drives available from multiple sources. The purchase of media and the transfer of the software programs onto media for distribution to customers are performed by us and by licensed subcontractors. Packaging materials are produced to our specifications by outside sources. Production is performed in leased facilities operated by independent third-party contractors. To date, we have not experienced any material difficulties or delays in the production of our software and documentation.
EMPLOYEES
As of January 31, 2018, we employed approximately 8,800 people. None of our employees in the United States are represented by a labor union. In certain foreign countries, our employees are represented by work councils. We have never experienced any work stoppages and believe our employee relations are good. Reliance upon employees in other countries entails various risks and changes in these foreign countries, such as government instability or regulation unfavorable to foreign-owned businesses, which could negatively impact our business in the future.
ACQUISITIONS
Over the past three years, we acquired new technology or supplemented our technology by purchasing businesses or technology related assets focused in specific markets or industries. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we acquired companies and technology related assets, some of which were accounted for as business combinations. The following were significant acquisitions for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016:

Date of closing |  | Company |  | Details
November 2015 |  | netfabb GmbH ("netfabb") |  | The acquisition of netfabb GmbH (“netfabb”) provided Autodesk with software solutions that reduced production costs and increased efficiency in 3D printing and additive manufacturing.

DEFERRED REVENUE AND UNBILLED DEFERRED REVENUE
Our deferred revenue balance at January 31, 2018 was $1,955.1 million and primarily relates to subscription and maintenance agreements invoiced for which the revenue has not yet been recognized but will be recognized as revenue ratably over the life of the contracts. The term of our subscription contracts is typically between one and three years.
We define unbilled deferred revenue as contractually stated or committed orders under multi-year billing plans for subscription, services, license and maintenance for which the associated deferred revenue has not been recognized and the customer has not been invoiced. Unbilled deferred revenue is not included on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet until invoiced to the customer.

| Fiscal Year Ended
(in millions) | January 31, 2018
Deferred revenue | $ | 1,955.1 |
Unbilled deferred revenue (1) | 326.4 |
Total | $ | 2,281.5 |

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________________

(1) | This is our first year presenting this metric and we are not able to provide historical information at this time. Comparative information will not be available until fiscal 2019.

We expect that the amount of unbilled deferred revenue and deferred revenue will change from quarter to quarter for several reasons, including the specific timing, duration and size of large customer subscription and support agreements, varying billing cycles of such agreements, the specific timing of customer renewals, foreign currency fluctuations and the timing of when billed and unbilled deferred revenue are recognized as revenue.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Annualized Recurring Revenue (ARR)— Represents the annualized value of our average monthly recurring revenue for the preceding three months. "Maintenance plan ARR” captures ARR relating to traditional maintenance attached to perpetual licenses. "Subscription plan ARR" captures ARR relating to subscription offerings. Refer to the definition of recurring revenue below for more details on what is included within ARR. Recurring revenue acquired with the acquisition of a business is captured when total subscriptions are captured in our systems and may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.
ARR is currently one of our key performance metrics to assess the health and trajectory of our business. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue and deferred revenue as ARR is a performance metric and is not intended to be combined with any of these items.
Annualized Revenue Per Subscription (ARPS)—Is calculated by dividing our annualized recurring revenue by the total number of subscriptions.
Building Information Modeling (BIM)—Describes a model-based technology linked with a database of project information, and is the process of generating and managing information throughout the life cycle of a building. BIM is used as a digital representation of the building process to facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital formats.
Cloud Service Offerings—Represents individual term-based offerings deployed through web browser technologies or in a hybrid software and cloud configuration. Cloud service offerings that are bundled with other product offerings are not captured as a separate cloud service offering.
Constant Currency (CC) Growth Rates—We attempt to represent the changes in the underlying business operations by eliminating fluctuations caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates as well as eliminating hedge gains or losses recorded within the current and comparative periods. We calculate constant currency growth rates by (i) applying the applicable prior period exchange rates to current period results and (ii) excluding any gains or losses from foreign currency hedge contracts that are reported in the current and comparative periods.
Enterprise Business Agreements (EBAs)—Represents programs providing enterprise customers with token-based access or a fixed maximum number of seats to a broad pool of Autodesk products over a defined contract term.
Industry Collections—Autodesk industry collections are a combination of products and services that target a specific user objective and support a set of workflows for that objective. Our Industry Collections consist of: Autodesk Architecture, Engineering and Construction Collection, Autodesk Product Design Collection, and Autodesk Media and Entertainment Collection. We introduced industry collections effective August 1, 2016 to replace our suites.
License and Other Revenue—Represents (1) perpetual license revenue and (2) other revenue. Perpetual license revenue includes software license revenue from the sale of perpetual licenses, and Creative Finishing. Other revenue includes revenue such as standalone consulting and training, and is recognized over time as the services are performed.
Maintenance Plans—Our maintenance plans provide our customers with a cost effective and predictable budgetary option to obtain the productivity benefits of our new releases and enhancements when and if released during the term of their contracts. Under our maintenance plans, customers are eligible to receive unspecified upgrades when and if available, and technical support. We recognize maintenance revenue over the term of the agreements, generally between one and three years.
Product Subscriptions—Provide customers the most flexible, cost-effective way to access and manage 3D design, engineering, and entertainment software tools. Our product subscriptions currently represent a hybrid of desktop and SaaS functionality, which provides a device-independent, collaborative design workflow for designers and their stakeholders.
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Recurring revenue—Consists of the revenue for the period from our traditional maintenance plans and revenue from our subscription plan offerings. It excludes subscription revenue related to consumer product offerings, select Creative Finishing product offerings, education offerings, and third party products. Recurring revenue acquired with the acquisition of a business is captured when total subscriptions are captured in our systems and may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.
Subscription Plans—Comprises our term-based product subscriptions, cloud service offerings, and enterprise business agreements (EBAs). Subscriptions represent a combined hybrid offering of desktop software and cloud functionality which provides a device-independent, collaborative design workflow for designers and their stakeholders. With subscription, customers can use our software anytime, anywhere, and get access to the latest updates to previous versions.
Subscription revenue—Includes subscription fees from product subscriptions, cloud service offerings, and enterprise business agreements (EBAs) and all other services as part of a bundled subscription agreement accounted for as a single unit of accounting. (i.e. cloud services, maintenance, and consulting).
Total Subscriptions—Consists of subscriptions from our maintenance plans and subscription plan offerings that are active and paid as of the fiscal year end date. For certain cloud service offerings and enterprise business agreements (EBAs), subscriptions represent the monthly average activity reported within the last three months of the fiscal year end date. Total subscriptions do not include education offerings, consumer product offerings, select Creative Finishing product offerings, Autodesk Buzzsaw, Autodesk Constructware, and third party products. Subscriptions acquired with the acquisition of a business are captured once the data conforms to our subscription count methodology and when added, may cause variability in the comparison of this calculation.
Unbilled deferred revenue—Unbilled deferred revenue represents contractually stated or committed orders under multi-year billing plans for subscription, services, license and maintenance for which the associated deferred revenue has not been recognized and the customer has not been invoiced. Unbilled deferred revenue is not included on our Consolidated Balance Sheet until invoiced to the customer.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves significant risks, a number of which are beyond our control. In addition to the other information contained in this Form 10-K, the following discussion highlights some of these risks and the possible impact of these factors on our business, financial condition, and future results of operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely impacted, causing the trading price of our common stock to decline. In addition, these risks and uncertainties may impact the “forward-looking” statements described elsewhere in this Form 10-K and in the documents incorporated herein by reference. They could affect our actual results of operations, causing them to differ materially from those expressed in “forward-looking” statements.
Global economic and political conditions may further impact our industries, business and financial results.
Our overall performance depends largely upon domestic and worldwide economic and political conditions. The United States and other international economies have experienced cyclical downturns from time to time in which economic activity was impacted by falling demand for a variety of goods and services, restricted credit, poor liquidity, decreased government spending, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies and overall uncertainty with respect to the economy. These economic conditions can occur abruptly. If economic growth in countries where we do business slows or if such countries experience further economic recessions, customers may delay or reduce technology purchases. Our customers include government entities, including the U.S. federal government, and if spending cuts impede the ability of governments to purchase our products and services, our revenue could decline. In addition, a number of our customers rely, directly and indirectly, on government spending.
Geopolitical trends toward nationalism and protectionism and the weakening or dissolution of international trade pacts may increase the cost of, or otherwise interfere with, conducting business. These trends have increased levels of political and economic unpredictability globally, and may increase the volatility of global financial markets; the impact of such developments on the global economy remains uncertain. Political instability or adverse political developments in any of the countries in which we do business could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
A financial sector credit crisis could impair credit availability and the financial stability of our customers, including our distribution partners and channels. A disruption in the financial markets may also have an effect on our derivative counter-parties and could also impair our banking partners, on which we rely for operating cash management. Any of
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these events could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we fail to successfully manage our business model transition to cloud-based products and more flexible product licenses, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
To address the industry transition from personal computer to cloud, mobile, and social computing, we accelerated our move to the cloud and are offering more flexible product licenses. To support our transition, we discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of most individual software products effective February 1, 2016, and discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites effective August 1, 2016. On June 15, 2017, we commenced a program to incentivize maintenance plan customers to move to subscription plan offerings. Through this program we offer discounts to those maintenance plan customers that move to subscription plan offerings, while at the same time increasing maintenance plan pricing over time for customers that remain on maintenance.
As a result, we expect to derive an increasing portion of our revenues in the future from subscriptions. This subscription model prices and delivers our products in a way that differs from the historical perpetual pricing and delivery methods. These changes reflect a significant shift from perpetual license sales and distribution of our software in favor of providing our customers the right to access certain of our software in a hosted environment or use downloaded software for a specified subscription period. During the first three years of the transition, revenue, billings, gross margin, operating margin, net income (loss), earnings (loss) per share, deferred revenue, and cash flow from operations have been impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new offerings bring a wider variety of price points.
Our ability to achieve our financial objectives is subject to risks and uncertainties. The new offerings require a considerable investment of technical, financial, legal, and sales resources, and a scalable organization. Market acceptance of such offerings is affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to: security, reliability, performance, current license terms, customer preference, social/community engagement, customer concerns with entrusting a third party to store and manage their data, public concerns regarding privacy and the enactment of restrictive laws or regulations. Whether our business model transition will prove successful and will accomplish our business and financial objectives is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: customer demand, attach and renewal rates, channel acceptance, our ability to further develop and scale infrastructure, our ability to include functionality and usability in such offerings that address customer requirements, tax and accounting implications, pricing, and our costs. In addition, the metrics we use to gauge the status of our business model transition may evolve over the course of the transition as significant trends emerge. If we are unable to successfully establish these new offerings and navigate our business model transition in light of the foregoing risks and uncertainties, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Our strategy to develop and introduce new products and services exposes us to risks such as limited customer acceptance, costs related to product defects, and large expenditures, each of which may not result in additional net revenue or could result in decreased net revenue.
Rapid technological changes, as well as changes in customer requirements and preferences, characterize the software industry. Just as the transition from mainframes to personal computers transformed the industry 30 years ago, we believe our industry is undergoing a similar transition from the personal computer to cloud, mobile, and social computing. Customers are also reconsidering the manner in which they license software products, which requires us to constantly evaluate our business model and strategy. In response, we are focused on providing solutions to enable our customers to be more agile and collaborative on their projects. We devote significant resources to the development of new technologies. In addition, we frequently introduce new business models or methods that require a considerable investment of technical and financial resources such as our introduction of flexible license and service offerings. It is uncertain whether these strategies will prove successful or whether we will be able to develop the necessary infrastructure and business models more quickly than our competitors. We are making such investments through further development and enhancement of our existing products and services, as well as through acquisitions of new product lines. Such investments may not result in sufficient revenue generation to justify their costs and could result in decreased net revenue. If we are not able to meet customer requirements, either with respect to our software or hardware products or the manner in which we provide such products, or if we are not able to adapt our business model to meet our customers' requirements, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.
In particular, a critical component of our growth strategy is to have customers of our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT products expand their portfolios to include our other offerings and cloud-based services. We want customers using individual Autodesk products to expand their portfolio with our other offerings and cloud-based services, and we are taking steps to accelerate this migration. At times, sales of licenses of our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT or individual Autodesk flagship products have decreased without a corresponding increase in industry collections or cloud-based
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services revenue or without purchases of customer seats to our industry collections. Should this continue, our results of operations will be adversely affected. Also, adoption of our cloud and mobile computing offerings and changes in the delivery of our software and services to our customers, such as product subscription offerings, will change the way in which we recognize revenue relating to our software and services, with a potential negative impact on our financial performance. The accounting impact of these offerings and other business decisions are expected to result in an increase in the percentage of our ratable revenue, as well as recurring revenue, making for a more predictable business over time, while potentially reducing our upfront perpetual revenue stream.
Our executive management team must act quickly, continuously, and with vision, given the rapidly changing customer expectations and technology advancements inherent in the software industry, the extensive and complex efforts required to create useful and widely accepted products and the rapid evolution of cloud computing, mobile devices, new computing platforms, and other technologies, such as consumer products. Although we have articulated a strategy that we believe will fulfill these challenges, if we fail to execute properly on that strategy or adapt that strategy as market conditions evolve, we may fail to meet our customers' expectations, fail to compete with our competitors' products and technology, and lose the confidence of our channel partners and employees. This in turn could adversely affect our business and financial performance.
A significant portion of our revenue is generated through maintenance revenue; if decreases in maintenance revenue are not offset by increases in subscription revenue, our future revenue and financial results will be negatively impacted.
Our maintenance customers have no obligation to renew their maintenance contracts after the expiration of their maintenance period, which is typically one year. The discontinuance of our perpetual licenses for most individual software products on February 1, 2016 and for perpetual suites on August 1, 2016 resulted in the loss of future opportunities to sell maintenance. On June 15, 2017, we commenced a program to incentivize maintenance plan customers to move to subscription plan offerings. As a result, we expect customer renewal rates will decline or fluctuate over time as a result of a number of factors, including the overall global economy, the health of their businesses, the perceived value of the maintenance program and planned maintenance pricing increases. If our non-renewing maintenance customers do not transition to subscriptions, our future revenue and financial results will be negatively impacted.
We may not be able to predict subscription renewal rates and their impact on our future revenue and operating results.
Our customers are not obligated to renew their subscriptions for our offerings, and they may elect not to renew. We cannot assure renewal rates, or the mix of subscriptions renewals. Customer renewal rates may decline or fluctuate due to a number of factors, including offering pricing, competitive offerings, customer satisfaction, and reductions in customer spending levels or customer activity due to economic downturns or financial markets uncertainty. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions or if they renew on less favorable terms, our revenues may decline.
Revenue from our offerings may be difficult to predict during our business model transition.
The discontinuance of our perpetual licenses for most individual software products on February 1, 2016 and for perpetual suites on August 1, 2016 has and will continue to result in the loss of future upfront licensing revenue. This also has frozen the growth of our maintenance revenue because there will be no further opportunities to attach maintenance licensing. On June 15, 2017, we commenced a program to incentivize maintenance plan customers to move to subscription plan offerings. As a result, we expect our maintenance revenue to decline over time, but it may decline more quickly than anticipated due to low maintenance renewals. At the same time, our subscription revenue may not grow as rapidly as anticipated. Our subscription pricing allows customers to use our offerings at a lower initial cost when compared to the sale of a perpetual license. Although our subscriptions are designed to increase the number of customers who purchase offerings and create a recurring revenue stream that is more predictable over time, it creates risks related to the timing of revenue recognition and expected reductions in cash flows in the near term.
Actions that we are taking to restructure our business in alignment with our strategic priorities may not be as effective as anticipated.
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, we commenced a world-wide restructuring plan to support the Company's strategic priorities of completing the subscription transition; digitizing the Company; and re-imagining manufacturing, construction, and production. Through the restructuring, we seek to reduce our investment in areas not aligned with our strategic priorities, including in areas related to research and development and go-to-market activities. At the same time, we plan to further invest in strategic priority areas related to as digital infrastructure, customer success, and construction.
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As a result of these actions, we will incur additional costs in the short term that will have the effect of reducing our GAAP operating margins. We may encounter challenges in the execution of these efforts, and these challenges could impact our financial results. If we are unable to successfully complete our restructuring efforts, our business and operating results may be harmed.
We are dependent on international revenue and operations, exposing us to significant regulatory, global economic, intellectual property, collections, currency exchange rate, taxation, political instability and other risks, which could adversely impact our financial results.
We are dependent on our international operations for a significant portion of our revenue. International net revenue represented 64% and 63% of our net revenue in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our international revenue, including that from emerging economies, is subject to general economic and political conditions in foreign markets, including conditions in foreign markets resulting from economic and political conditions in the U.S. Our revenue is also impacted by the relative geographical and country mix of our revenue over time. At times, these factors adversely impact our international revenue, and consequently our business as a whole. Our dependency on international revenue makes us much more exposed to global economic and political trends, which can negatively impact our financial results, even if our results in the U.S. are strong for a particular period.
We anticipate that our international operations will continue to account for a significant portion of our net revenue, and, as we expand our international development, sales and marketing expertise, will provide significant support to our overall efforts in countries outside of the U.S.
Risks inherent in our international operations include:

• | economic volatility;

• | fluctuating currency exchange rates, including risks related to any hedging activities we undertake;

• | unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and practices;

• | delays resulting from difficulty in obtaining export licenses for certain technology;

• | different purchase patterns as compared to the developed world;

• | tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers and restrictions;

• | operating in locations with a higher incidence of corruption and fraudulent business practices, particularly in emerging economies;

• | increasing enforcement by the U.S. under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and adoption of stricter anti-corruption laws in certain countries, including the United Kingdom;

• | difficulties in staffing and managing foreign sales and development operations;

• | local competition;

• | longer collection cycles for accounts receivable;

• | U.S. and foreign tax law changes impacting how multinational companies are taxed;

• | tax arrangements with foreign governments, including our ability to meet and renew the terms of those tax arrangements;

• | laws regarding the management of and access to data and public networks;

• | possible future limitations upon foreign owned businesses;

• | increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

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• | inadequate local infrastructure;

• | greater difficulty in protecting intellectual property;

• | software piracy; and

• | other factors beyond our control, including popular uprisings, terrorism, war, natural disasters, and diseases.

Some of our business partners also have international operations and are subject to the risks described above.
The Brexit vote has exacerbated and may further exacerbate many of the risks and uncertainties described above. The proposed withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union could, among other potential outcomes, adversely affect the tax, tax treaty, currency, operational, legal and regulatory regimes to which our businesses in the region are subject. The withdrawal could also, among other potential outcomes, disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people between the United Kingdom and the European Union and significantly disrupt trade between the United Kingdom and the European Union and other parties. Further, uncertainty around these and related issues could lead to adverse effects on the economy of the United Kingdom and the other economies in which we operate.
Even if we are able to successfully manage the risks of international operations, our business may be adversely affected if our business partners are not able to successfully manage these risks.
We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls.
Our offerings are subject to U.S. export controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations that prohibit the shipment of certain products and services without the required export authorizations or export to locations, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. While we have processes in place to prevent our offerings from being exported in violation of these laws, including obtaining authorizations as appropriate and screening against U.S. Government and international lists of restricted and prohibited persons, we cannot guarantee that these processes will prevent all violations of export control and sanctions laws.
We also note that if our channel partners fail to obtain appropriate import, export or re-export licenses or permits, we may also be adversely affected, through reputational harm as well as other negative consequences including government investigations and penalties. We presently incorporate export control and sanctions compliance requirements in our channel partner agreements. Complying with export control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities.
Violations of U.S. sanctions or export control laws can result in fines or penalties. While we have extensive compliance procedures in place, licensing of our product offerings may have been made in potential violation of the export control and economic sanctions laws. We filed a Voluntary Self Disclosure in December 2016 with the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) with respect to the sale of certain licenses in an aggregate amount of less than $700,000. We are currently waiting for OFAC to complete its review of this matter. We could be subject to monetary penalties or other sanctions by OFAC in connection with its review of this issue.
Our software is highly complex and may contain undetected errors, defects or vulnerabilities, each of which could harm our business and financial performance.
The software products that we offer are complex, and despite extensive testing and quality control, may contain errors, defects or vulnerabilities. Some errors, defects and vulnerabilities in our software products may only be discovered after the product or service has been released. Any errors, defects or vulnerabilities could result in the need for corrective releases to our software products, damage to our reputation, loss of revenue, an increase in product returns or lack of market acceptance of our products, any of which would likely harm our business and financial performance.
Existing and increased competition and rapidly evolving technological changes may reduce our revenue and profits.
The software industry has limited barriers to entry, and the availability of computing devices with continually expanding performance at progressively lower prices contributes to the ease of market entry. The industry is presently undergoing a platform shift from the personal computer to cloud and mobile computing. This shift further lowers barriers
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to entry and poses a disruptive challenge to established software companies. The markets in which we compete are characterized by vigorous competition, both by entry of competitors with innovative technologies and by consolidation of companies with complementary products and technologies. In addition, some of our competitors in certain markets have greater financial, technical, sales and marketing, and other resources. Furthermore, a reduction in the number and availability of compatible third-party applications, or our inability to rapidly adapt to technological and customer preference changes, including those related to cloud computing, mobile devices, and new computing platforms, may adversely affect the sale of our products. Because of these and other factors, competitive conditions in the industry are likely to intensify in the future. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced net revenue and profit margins and loss of market share, any of which would likely harm our business.
We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could negatively impact our financial results and cash flows.
Because we conduct a substantial portion of our business outside the U.S., we face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve and economic conditions change. Our exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates could have a material adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows.
We use derivative instruments to manage a portion of our cash flow exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As part of our risk management strategy, we use foreign currency contracts to manage a portion of our exposures of underlying assets, liabilities, and other obligations, which exist as part of our ongoing business operations. These foreign currency instruments have maturities that extend for one to twelve months in the future, and provide us with some protection against currency exposures. However, our attempts to hedge against these risks may not be completely successful, resulting in an adverse impact on our financial results.
The fluctuations of currencies in which we conduct business can both increase and decrease our overall revenue and expenses for any given fiscal period. Although our foreign currency cash flow hedge program extends beyond the current quarter in order to reduce our exposure to foreign currency volatility, we do not attempt to completely mitigate this risk, and in any case, will incur transaction fees in adopting such hedging programs. Such volatility, even when it increases our revenues or decreases our expenses, impacts our ability to accurately predict our future results and earnings.
Security incidents may compromise the integrity of our or our customers’ products, services, data or intellectual property, harm our reputation, damage our competitiveness, create additional liability and adversely impact our financial results.
As we digitize the Company and use cloud and web base technologies to leverage customer data to deliver the total customer experience, we are exposed to increased security risks and the potential for unauthorized access to, or improper use of our and our customers' information. Like all software products and systems, ours are vulnerable to security incidents. We devote resources to maintain the security and integrity of our systems, products, services and applications (online, mobile and desktop). We accomplish this by enhancing security features, conducting penetration tests, code hardening, releasing security vulnerability updates and accelerating our incident response time. Despite these efforts, we may not prevent security incidents.
Hackers regularly have targeted our systems, products, services and applications, and we expect them to do so in the future. The impact of security incidents could disrupt the proper functioning of our systems, products or services; cause errors in the output of our customers' work; allow unauthorized access to sensitive, data or intellectual property, including proprietary or confidential information of ours or our customers; or other destructive outcomes.
The risk of a security incident, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. These threats include but are not limited to identity theft, unauthorized access, DNS attacks, wireless network attacks, viruses and worms, advanced persistent threat (APT), application centric attacks, peer-to-peer attacks, phishing, malicious file uploads, backdoor trojans and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In addition, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees, vendors, partners or users to disclose information to gain access to our data or our users’ data and there is the risk of employee, contractor, or vendor error or malfeasance. Any of the foregoing could attack our systems, products or services. Despite efforts to create security barriers to such programs, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk.
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If any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation may suffer, our competitive position may be diminished, customers may stop buying our products and services, we could face lawsuits and potential liability, and our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy issues and expanding laws may impact our business or expose us to increased liability.
Our strategy to digitize the Company involves increasing our use of cloud and web based technologies and applications to leverage customer data. To accomplish this strategy, we must collect customer data, which may include personal data. Federal, state and foreign government privacy and data security laws apply to the treatment of personal data. Governments, the plaintiffs’ bar, privacy advocates and customers have increased their focus on how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data.
The General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") will apply in all EU member states effective May 25, 2018, and replace the current EU Data Protection Directive. The GDPR introduces new data protection requirements in the EU and substantial fines for non-compliance. The GDPR increases our responsibility and potential liability in relation to personal data, and we have and will continue to put in place additional processes and programs to demonstrate compliance. Compliance with these laws is costly and could delay or impede the development of new offerings. Any failure to comply with GDPR or other data privacy laws could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties. Further, any perceived privacy right violation could cause result in reputational harm, third-party claims, lawsuits or investigations. Additionally, we store customer information and content and if our customers fail to comply with contractual obligations or applicable laws, it could result in litigation or reputational harm to us.
GDPR, other new laws and self-regulatory codes may affect our ability to reach current and prospective customers, to understand how our products and services are being used, to respond to customer requests allowed under the laws, and to implement our new business models effectively. These new laws and regulations would similarly affect our competitors as well as our customers. These requirements could impact demand for our products and services and result in more onerous contract obligations.
We rely on third-parties to provide us with a number of operational and technical services; third-party security incidents could expose us to liability, harm our reputation, damage our competitiveness and adversely impact our financial performance.
We rely on third-parties, such as Amazon Web Services, to provide us with operational and technical services. These third parties may have access to our systems, provide hosting services, or otherwise process data about us, our customers, employees, or partners. Any third party security incident could compromise the integrity or availability or result in the theft of data. In addition, our operations, or the operations of our customers or partners, could be negatively affected in the event of a security breach, and could be subject to the loss or theft of confidential or proprietary information, including source code. Unauthorized access to this data may be obtained through break-ins, network breaches by unauthorized parties, employee theft or misuse, or other misconduct. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation may suffer, our competitive position may be diminished, customers may stop buying our products and services, we could face lawsuits and potential liability, and our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
We rely on third-party services; any interruption or delay in service from these third parties could expose us to liability, harm our reputation, damage our competitiveness and adversely impact our financial performance.
We rely on a number of third party suppliers, such as Amazon Web Services, in the operation of our business for the provision of various services and materials that we use in the operation of our business and production of our products. We may from time to time rely on a single or limited number of suppliers, or upon suppliers in a single country, for these services or materials. The inability of such third parties to satisfy our requirements could disrupt our business operations or make it more difficult for us to implement our business strategy. If any of these situations were to occur, our reputation could be harmed, we could be subject to third party liability, including under data protection and privacy laws in certain jurisdictions, and our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
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If we do not maintain good relationships with the members of our distribution channel, our ability to generate revenue will be adversely affected. If our distribution channel suffers financial losses, becomes financially unstable or insolvent, or is not provided the right mix of incentives to sell our products, our ability to generate revenue will be adversely affected.
We sell our software products both directly to end-users and through a network of distributors and resellers. For fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017, approximately 70% and 72%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from indirect channel sales through distributors and resellers and we expect that the majority of our revenue will continue to be derived from indirect channel sales in the future. Our ability to effectively distribute our products depends in part upon the financial and business condition of our distributor and reseller network. Computer software distributors and resellers typically are not highly capitalized, have previously experienced difficulties during times of economic contraction and experienced difficulties during the past several years. We have processes to ensure that we assess the creditworthiness of distributors and resellers prior to our sales to them. In the past we have taken steps to support them, and may take additional steps in the future, such as extending credit terms and providing temporary discounts. These steps, if taken, could harm our financial results. If our distributors and resellers were to become insolvent, they would not be able to maintain their business and sales, or provide customer support services, which would negatively impact our business and revenue.
We rely significantly upon major distributors and resellers in both the U.S. and international regions, including the distributor Tech Data. Tech Data accounted for 31% and 30% of our total net revenue for fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively. Although we believe that we are not substantially dependent on Tech Data, if Tech Data were to experience a significant disruption with its business or if our relationship with Tech Data were to significantly deteriorate, it is possible that our ability to sell to end users would be, at least temporarily, negatively impacted. This could in turn negatively impact our financial results.
Over time, we have modified and will continue to modify aspects of our relationship with our distributors and resellers, such as their incentive programs, pricing to them and our distribution model to motivate and reward them for aligning their businesses with our strategy and business objectives. Changes in these relationships and underlying programs could negatively impact their business and harm our business. Further, our distributors and resellers may lose confidence in our business model transition, move to competitive products, or may not have the skills or ability to support customers under the new model. The loss of or a significant reduction in business with those distributors or resellerscould harm our business. In particular, if one or more of such distributors or resellers were unable to meet their obligations with respect to accounts payable to us, we could be forced to write off such accounts and may be required to delay the recognition of revenue on future sales to these customers. These events could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
Our financial results fluctuate within each quarter and from quarter to quarter making our future revenue and financial results difficult to predict.
Our quarterly financial results have fluctuated in the past and will continue to do so in the future. These fluctuations could cause our stock price to change significantly or experience declines. We also provide investors with quarterly and annual financial forward-looking guidance that could prove to be inaccurate as a result of these fluctuations. In addition to the other factors described in this Part I, Item 1A, some of the factors that could cause our financial results to fluctuate include:

• | general market, economic, business, and political conditions in particular geographies, including Europe, APAC, and emerging economies;

• | failure to produce sufficient revenue, billings or subscription growth, and profitability;

• | failure to achieve anticipated levels of customer acceptance of our business model transition, including the impact of the end of perpetual licenses and the introduction of our maintenance-to-subscription program;

• | restructuring or other accounting charges and unexpected costs or other operating expenses;

• | changes in product mix, pricing pressure or changes in product pricing;

• | weak or negative growth in one or more of the industries we serve, including AEC, manufacturing, and digital media and entertainment markets;

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• | the success of new business or sales initiatives;

• | security breaches, related reputational harm, and potential financial penalties to customers and government entities;

• | timing of additional investments in the development of our platform or deployment of our services;

• | changes in revenue recognition or other accounting guidelines employed by us and/or established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other rule-making bodies;

• | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the effectiveness of our hedging activity;

• | failure to achieve and maintain cost reductions and productivity increases;

• | dependence on and the timing of large transactions;

• | changes in billings linearity;

• | adjustments arising from ongoing or future tax examinations;

• | the ability of governments around the world to adopt fiscal policies, meet their financial and debt obligations, and to finance infrastructure projects;

• | lower renewals of our maintenance program;

• | failure to expand our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT customer base to related design products and services;

• | our ability to rapidly adapt to technological and customer preference changes, including those related to cloud computing, mobile devices, new computing platforms, and 3D printing;

• | the timing of the introduction of new products by us or our competitors;

• | the financial and business condition of our reseller and distribution channels;

• | failure to accurately predict the impact of acquired businesses or to identify and realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, and successfully integrate such acquired businesses and technologies;

• | perceived or actual technical or other problems with a product or combination of products;

• | unexpected or negative outcomes of matters and expenses relating to litigation or regulatory inquiries;

• | increases in cloud services-related expenses;

• | timing of product releases and retirements;

• | changes in tax laws or regulations, tax arrangements with foreign governments or accounting rules, such as increased use of fair value measures;

• | changes in sales compensation practices;

• | failure to effectively implement our copyright legalization programs, especially in developing countries;

• | failure to achieve sufficient sell-through in our channels for new or existing products;

• | renegotiation or termination of royalty or intellectual property arrangements;

• | interruptions or terminations in the business of our consultants or third-party developers;

• | the timing and degree of expected investments in growth and efficiency opportunities;

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• | failure to achieve continued success in technology advancements;

• | catastrophic events or natural disasters;

• | regulatory compliance costs;

• | potential goodwill impairment charges related to prior acquisitions; and

• | failure to appropriately estimate the scope of services under consulting arrangements.

We have also experienced fluctuations in financial results in interim periods in certain geographic regions due to seasonality or regional economic or political conditions. In particular, our financial results in Europe during our third quarter are usually affected by a slower summer period, and our APAC operations typically experience seasonal slowing in our third and fourth quarters.
Our operating expenses are based in part on our expectations for future revenue and are relatively fixed in the short term. Accordingly, any revenue shortfall below expectations has had, and in the future could have, an immediate and significant adverse effect on our profitability. Greater than anticipated expenses or a failure to maintain rigorous cost controls would also negatively affect profitability.
Our business could suffer as a result of risks, costs, charges and integration risks associated with strategic acquisitions and investments.
We regularly acquire or invest in businesses, software products and technologies that are complementary to our business through acquisitions, strategic alliances or equity or debt investments. The risks associated with such acquisitions include, among others, the difficulty of assimilating products, operations and personnel, inheriting liabilities such as intellectual property infringement claims, the failure to realize anticipated revenue and cost projections, the requirement to test and assimilate the internal control processes of the acquired business in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the diversion of management's time and attention.
In addition, such acquisitions and investments involve other risks such as:

• | the inability to retain customers, key employees, vendors, distributors, business partners, and other entities associated with the acquired business;

• | the potential that due diligence of the acquired business or product does not identify significant problems;

• | exposure to litigation or other claims in connection with, or inheritance of claims or litigation risk as a result of, an acquisition, including but not limited to, claims from terminated employees, customers, or other third parties;

• | the potential for incompatible business cultures;

• | significantly higher than anticipated transaction or integration-related costs;

• | potential additional exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and

• | the potential impact on relationships with existing customers, vendors, and distributors as business partners as a result of acquiring another business.

We may not be successful in overcoming such risks, and such acquisitions and investments may negatively impact our business. In addition, such acquisitions and investments have in the past and may in the future contribute to potential fluctuations in our quarterly financial results. These fluctuations could arise from transaction-related costs and charges associated with eliminating redundant expenses or write-offs of impaired assets recorded in connection with acquisitions and investments. These costs or charges could negatively impact our financial results for a given period, cause quarter to quarter variability in our financial results or negatively impact our financial results for several future periods.
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Because we derive a substantial portion of our net revenue from a small number of products, including our AutoCAD-based software products and collections, if these products are not successful, our revenue will be adversely affected.
We derive a substantial portion of our net revenue from sales of licenses of a limited number of our products, including AutoCAD software, products based on AutoCAD, which include our collections that serve specific markets and products that are interoperable with AutoCAD. Any factor adversely affecting sales of these products, including the product release cycle, market acceptance, product competition, performance and reliability, reputation, price competition, economic and market conditions and the availability of third-party applications, would likely harm our financial results. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, combined revenue from our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT products, not including collections (formerly suites) having AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT as a component, represented 20% and 16% of our total net revenue, respectively.
We are investing in resources to update and improve our information technology systems to digitize the Company and support our business model transition. Should our investments not succeed, or if delays or other issues with new or existing internal technology systems disrupt our operations, our business model transition could be compromised and our business could be harmed.
We rely on our network and data center infrastructure, technology systems and our websites for our development, marketing, operational, support, sales, accounting and financial reporting activities. We continually invest resources to update and improve these systems and environments in order to meet the growing and evolving requirements of our business and customers. In particular, our transition to cloud-based products and a subscription-only business model requires considerable investment in the development of technologies, as well as back office systems for technical, financial, compliance and sales resources to enable a scalable organization.
Such improvements are often complex, costly and time consuming. In addition, such improvements can be challenging to integrate with our existing technology systems, or uncover problems with our existing technology systems. Unsuccessful implementation of hardware or software updates and improvements could result in disruption in our business operations, loss of customers, loss of revenue, errors in our accounting and financial reporting or damage to our reputation, all of which could compromise our business model transition.
If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary rights, our business could be harmed.
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trademark laws, trade secret protections, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights. Despite such efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties from time to time have copied aspects of our software products or have obtained and used information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our software products is time-consuming and costly. We are unable to measure the extent to which piracy of our software products exists and we expect that software piracy will remain a persistent problem, particularly in emerging economies. Furthermore, our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate.
Additionally, we actively protect the secrecy of our confidential information and trade secrets, including our source code. If unauthorized disclosure of our source code occurs, we could potentially lose future trade secret protection for that source code. The loss of future trade secret protection could make it easier for third-parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could adversely affect our financial performance and our reputation. We also seek to protect our confidential information and trade secrets through the use of non-disclosure agreements with our customers, contractors, vendors and partners. However, it is possible that our confidential information and trade secrets may be disclosed or published without our authorization. If this were to occur, it may be difficult and/or costly for us to enforce our rights, and our financial performance and reputation could be negatively impacted.
We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be costly to defend and result in the loss of significant rights.
As more software patents are granted worldwide, the number of products and competitors in our industry segments grows and the functionality of products in different industry segments overlaps, we expect that software product developers will be increasingly subject to infringement claims. Infringement or misappropriation claims have in the past been, and may in the future be, asserted against us, and any such assertions could harm our business. Additionally, certain patent holders without products have become more aggressive in threatening and pursuing litigation in attempts to obtain fees for licensing the right to use patents. Any such claims or threats, whether with or without merit, have been and could in the future be time-consuming to defend, result in costly litigation and diversion of resources, cause product shipment
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delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. In addition, such royalty or license agreements, if required, may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, which would likely harm our business.
From time to time we realign or introduce new business and sales initiatives; if we fail to successfully execute and manage these initiatives, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
As part of our effort to accommodate our customers' needs and demands and the rapid evolution of technology, we from time to time evolve our business and sales initiatives such as realigning our development and marketing organizations, offering software as a service, and realigning our internal resources in an effort to improve efficiency. We may take such actions without clear indications that they will prove successful, and at times, we have been met with short-term challenges in the execution of such initiatives. Market acceptance of any new business or sales initiative is dependent on our ability to match our customers' needs at the right time and price. Often we have limited prior experience and operating history in these new areas of emphasis. If any of our assumptions about expenses, revenue or revenue recognition principles from these initiatives proves incorrect, or our attempts to improve efficiency are not successful, our actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, and our financial results will be negatively impacted.
Net revenue, billings, earnings or subscriptions shortfalls or the volatility of the market generally may cause the market price of our stock to decline.
The market price for our common stock has experienced significant fluctuations and may continue to fluctuate significantly. The market price for our common stock may be affected by a number of factors, including the other factors described in this Part I, Item 1A and the following:

• | shortfalls in our expected financial results, including net revenue, billings, ARR, ARPS, earnings, subscriptions, or other key performance metrics;

• | results and future projections related to our business model transition;

• | quarterly variations in our or our competitors' results of operations;

• | general socio-economic, political or market conditions;

• | changes in estimates of future results or recommendations or confusion on the part of analysts and investors about the short-term and long-term impact to our business resulting from our business model transition;

• | uncertainty about certain governments' abilities to repay debt or effect fiscal policy;

• | the announcement of new products or product enhancements by us or our competitors;

• | unusual events such as significant acquisitions, divestitures, regulatory actions, and litigation;

• | changes in laws, rules, or regulations applicable to our business;

• | outstanding debt service obligations; and

• | other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance, such as instability affecting the economy or the operating performance of our competitors.

Significant changes in the price of our common stock could expose us to costly and time-consuming litigation. Historically, after periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, a company becomes more susceptible to securities class action litigation. This type of litigation is often expensive and diverts management's attention and resources.
Our business could be adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel.
Our success and ability to invest and grow depend largely on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled technical, professional, managerial, sales, and marketing personnel. Historically, competition for these key personnel has been intense. The loss of services of any of our key personnel (including key personnel joining our company through acquisitions), the inability to retain and attract qualified personnel in the future, or delays in hiring required personnel,
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particularly engineering and sales personnel, could make it difficult to meet key objectives, such as timely and effective product introductions and financial goals.
Our investment portfolio consists of a variety of investment vehicles in a number of countries that are subject to interest rate trends, market volatility, and other economic factors. If general economic conditions decline, this could cause the credit ratings of our investments to deteriorate, illiquidity in the financial marketplace, and we may experience a decline in interest income and an inability to sell our investments, leading to impairment in the value of our investments.
It is our policy to invest our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings and to limit the amounts invested with any one institution, type of security and issuer. However, we are subject to general economic conditions, interest rate trends and volatility in the financial marketplace that can affect the income that we receive from our investments, the net realizable value of our investments (including our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities) and our ability to sell them. Any one of these factors could reduce our investment income, or result in material charges, which in turn could impact our overall net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share.
From time to time we make direct investments in privately held companies. Privately held company investments are considered inherently risky. The technologies and products these companies have under development are typically in the early stages and may never materialize, which could result in a loss of all or a substantial part of our initial investment in these companies. The evaluation of privately held companies is based on information that we request from these companies, which is not subject to the same disclosure regulations as U.S. publicly traded companies, and as such, the basis for these evaluations is subject to the timing and accuracy of the data received from these companies.
A loss on any of our investments may cause us to record an other-than-temporary impairment charge. The effect of this charge could impact our overall net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share. In any of these scenarios, our liquidity may be negatively impacted, which in turn may prohibit us from making investments in our business, taking advantage of opportunities and potentially meeting our financial obligations as they come due.
We are subject to legal proceedings and regulatory inquiries, and we may be named in additional legal proceedings or become involved in regulatory inquiries in the future, all of which are costly, distracting to our core business and could result in an unfavorable outcome, or a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or the trading prices for our securities.
We are involved in legal proceedings and receive inquiries from regulatory agencies. As the global economy has changed and our business has evolved, we have seen an increase in litigation activity and regulatory inquiries. Like many other high technology companies, the number and frequency of inquiries from U.S. and foreign regulatory agencies we have received regarding our business and our business practices, and the business practices of others in our industry, have increased in recent years. In the event that we are involved in significant disputes or are the subject of a formal action by a regulatory agency, we could be exposed to costly and time consuming legal proceedings that could result in any number of outcomes. Any claims or regulatory actions initiated by or against us, whether successful or not, could result in expensive costs of defense, costly damage awards, injunctive relief, increased costs of business, fines or orders to change certain business practices, significant dedication of management time, diversion of significant operational resources, or otherwise harm our business. In any of these cases, our financial results, results of operations, cash flows or the trading prices for our securities could be negatively impacted.
We are subject to risks related to taxation in multiple jurisdictions.
We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate is primarily based on our expected geographic mix of earnings, statutory rates, intercompany arrangements, including the manner in which we develop, value and license our intellectual property, and enacted tax rules. Significant judgment is required in determining our effective tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions, including intercompany transfer pricing policies, are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities and may have a significant impact on our effective tax rate.
Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. For example, the U.S. government enacted significant tax law changes in December 2017, commonly referred to as the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), which will impact our tax obligations and effective tax rate beginning in our fiscal 2018 tax year. Increasingly, governmental tax authorities are scrutinizing corporate tax strategies. Many
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countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, are actively considering changes to existing tax laws that, if enacted, could increase our tax obligations in many countries where we do business. If U.S. or other foreign tax authorities change applicable tax laws or successfully challenge the manner in which our profits are currently recognized, our overall taxes could increase, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.
Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the Tax Act could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.
The Tax Act was enacted on December 22, 2017, and provides broad and significant changes to the U.S. tax code and how the U.S. imposes income tax on multinational corporations. Due to the complexity and varying interpretations of the Tax Act, the U.S. Department of Treasury and other standard-setting bodies may issue regulations and interpretative guidance that could significantly impact how we will apply the law and the ultimate impact to our results of operations from the Tax Act.
The Tax Act requires complex computations to be performed that were not previously provided for in the U.S. tax law. These computations require significant judgments to be made regarding the interpretation of the provisions within the Tax Act along with preparation and analysis of information not previously required. In conjunction with the Tax Act, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (“SAB 118”) which allows for the Company to record provisional amounts until a final assessment can be made within a period not to exceed one year from the date of enactment. As a result, we have recorded a provisional estimate on the effect of the Tax Act in our financial statements based on our initial assessment. As additional regulatory guidance is issued and we continue to collect and analyze necessary data, we may make adjustments to provisional amounts previously recorded. We do not anticipate these adjustments to materially impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which the adjustments are made since we are in a full valuation allowance in the U.S.
Changes in existing financial accounting standards or practices, or taxation rules or practices may adversely affect our results of operations.
Changes in existing accounting or taxation rules or practices, new accounting pronouncements or taxation rules, or varying interpretations of current accounting pronouncements or taxation practice could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations or the manner in which we conduct our business. Further, such changes could potentially affect our reporting of transactions completed before such changes are effective.
For example, in May 2014, FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. This standard establishes a principle for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. The standard also provides guidance on the recognition of costs related to obtaining and fulfilling customer contracts. In August 2015, FASB subsequently issued ASU 2015-14, which deferred the effectiveness of ASU 2014-09, so that it will now be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The revised effective date for the Company under the new standard will be the beginning of fiscal 2019. We are implementing changes to our policies, procedures and systems in order to successfully adopt the standard. This new standard is both technical and complex, and we expect to incur significant ongoing costs to implement and maintain compliance with this new standard. In addition, there may be greater uncertainty with respect to projecting revenue results from future operations as we work through the new revenue recognition standard.
Adoption of ASU 2014-09 along with any other changes in accounting principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change. Any difficulties in the implementation of new or changed accounting standards including ASU 2014-09 could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. If our estimates relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions or judgments that change or prove to be incorrect, our operating results could fall below expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. In addition, as we evolve and change our business and sales models, we are currently unable to determine how these potential changes may impact our new models, particularly in the area of revenue recognition.
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We are required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and any adverse results from such evaluation could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. The report contains, among other matters, an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of our fiscal year, including a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective. This assessment must include disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by management.
If our management or independent registered public accounting firm identifies one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we would be unable to assert that such internal control over financial reporting is effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective (or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion that our internal controls are effective), we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on our business and stock price.
In preparing our financial statements we make certain assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results.
We make assumptions, judgments and estimates for a number of items, including the fair value of financial instruments, goodwill, long-lived assets and other intangible assets, the realizability of deferred tax assets and the fair value of stock awards. We also make assumptions, judgments and estimates in determining the accruals for employee related liabilities including commissions, bonuses, and sabbaticals; and in determining the accruals for uncertain tax positions, partner incentive programs, product returns reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, asset retirement obligations and legal contingencies. These assumptions, judgments and estimates are drawn from historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates, and such differences could significantly impact our financial results.
We rely on third party technologies and if we are unable to use or integrate these technologies, our product and service development may be delayed and our financial results negatively impacted.
We rely on certain software that we license from third parties, including software that is integrated with internally developed software and used in our products to perform key functions. These third-party software licenses may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, and the software may not be appropriately supported, maintained or enhanced by the licensors. The loss of licenses to, or inability to support, maintain and enhance any such software could result in increased costs, or in delays or reductions in product shipments until equivalent software can be developed, identified, licensed and integrated, which would likely harm our business.
Disruptions with licensing relationships and third party developers could adversely impact our business.
We license certain key technologies from third parties. Licenses may be restricted in the term or the use of such technology in ways that negatively affect our business. Similarly, we may not be able to obtain or renew license agreements for key technology on favorable terms, if at all, and any failure to do so could harm our business.
Our business strategy has historically depended in part on our relationships with third-party developers who provide products that expand the functionality of our design software. Some developers may elect to support other products or may experience disruption in product development and delivery cycles or financial pressure during periods of economic downturn. In particular markets, such disruptions have in the past, and would likely in the future, negatively impact these third-party developers and end users, which could harm our business.
Additionally, technology created by outsourced product development, whether outsourced to third parties or developed externally and transferred to us through business or technology acquisitions, has certain additional risks such as effective integration into existing products, adequate transfer of technology know-how and ownership and protection of transferred intellectual property.
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As a result of our strategy of partnering with other companies for product development, our product delivery schedules could be adversely affected if we experience difficulties with our product development partners.
We partner with certain independent firms and contractors to perform some of our product development activities. We believe our partnering strategy allows us to, among other things, achieve efficiencies in developing new products and maintaining and enhancing existing product offerings. Our partnering strategy creates a dependency on such independent developers. Independent developers, including those who currently develop products for us in the U.S. and throughout the world, may not be able or willing to provide development support to us in the future. In addition, use of development resources through consulting relationships, particularly in non-U.S. jurisdictions with developing legal systems, may be adversely impacted by, and expose us to risks relating to, evolving employment, export and intellectual property laws. These risks could, among other things, expose our intellectual property to misappropriation and result in disruptions to product delivery schedules.
Our business may be significantly disrupted upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event.
Our business is highly automated and relies extensively on the availability of our network and data center infrastructure, our internal technology systems and our websites. We also rely on hosted computer services from third parties for services that we provide to our customers and computer operations for our internal use. The failure of our systems or hosted computer services due to a catastrophic event, such as an earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, weather event, telecommunications failure, power failure, cyber attack, terrorism, or war, could adversely impact our business, financial results and financial condition. We have developed disaster recovery plans and maintain backup systems in order to reduce the potential impact of a catastrophic event, however there can be no assurance that these plans and systems would enable us to return to normal business operations. In addition, any such event could negatively impact a country or region in which we sell our products. This could in turn decrease that country's or region's demand for our products, thereby negatively impacting our financial results.
If we were required to record an impairment charge related to the value of our long-lived assets, or an additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, our results of operations would be adversely affected.
Our long-lived assets are tested for impairment if indicators of impairment exist. If impairment testing shows that the carrying value of our long-lived assets exceeds their estimated fair values, we would be required to record a non-cash impairment charge, which would decrease the carrying value of our long-lived assets, as the case may be, and our results of operations would be adversely affected. Our deferred tax assets include net operating loss, amortizable tax assets and tax credit carryforwards that can be used to offset taxable income and reduce income taxes payable in future periods. Each quarter, we assess the need for a valuation allowance, considering both positive and negative evidence to determine whether all or a portion of the deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. In fiscal 2016, we determined that it was more likely than not that the Company would not realize our U.S. deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets. We continued to have a full valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets in fiscal 2018. Changes in the amount of the valuation allowance could result in a material non-cash expense or benefit in the period in which the valuation allowance is adjusted and our results of operations could be materially affected. We will continue to perform these tests and any future adjustments may have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We issued $1.6 billion aggregate principal amount of unsecured notes in debt offerings and have an existing $400.0 million revolving credit facility, and expect to incur other debt in the future, which may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results.
In June 2017, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.5% notes due June 15, 2027. In June 2015, we issued 3.125% notes due June 15, 2020 in an aggregate principal amount of $450.0 million and 4.375% notes due June 15, 2025 in an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. In December 2012, we issued 3.6% notes due December 15, 2022 in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million. As the debt matures, we will have to expend significant resources to either repay or refinance these notes. For example, in July 2017, we redeemed outstanding senior notes due December 15, 2017, for a total cash repayment of $401.8 million by using the proceeds from the notes we issued in 2017. If we decide to refinance notes in the future, we may be required to do so on different or less favorable terms or we may be unable to refinance the notes at all, both of which may adversely affect our financial condition.
We also have a $400.0 million revolving credit facility. As of January 31, 2018, we had no outstanding borrowings on the line of credit. Although we have no current plans to borrow under this credit facility, we may use the proceeds of any future borrowing for general corporate purposes, or for future acquisitions or expansion of our business. Our existing
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and future levels of indebtedness may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results by, among other things:

• | increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions;

• | requiring the dedication of a greater than expected portion of our expected cash from operations to service our indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of expected cash flow available for other purposes, including capital expenditures and acquisitions; and

• | limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry.

This credit agreement contains customary covenants that could restrict the imposition of liens on Autodesk’s assets, and restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness or make dispositions of assets if Autodesk fails to maintain the financial covenants. The financial covenants consist of a maximum debt to total cash ratio, a fixed charge coverage ratio through April 30, 2018, and, after April 30, 2018, a minimum interest coverage ratio.
We are required to comply with the covenants set forth in our unsecured notes and revolving credit facility. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. If we breach any of the covenants and do not obtain a waiver from the note holders or lenders, then, subject to applicable cure periods, we would not be able to incur additional indebtedness under the credit facility and any outstanding indebtedness may be declared immediately due and payable. In addition, changes by any rating agency to our credit rating may negatively impact the value and liquidity of our securities. Under certain circumstances, if our credit ratings are downgraded or other negative action is taken, the interest rate payable by us under our revolving credit facility could increase. Downgrades in our credit ratings could also restrict our ability to obtain additional financing in the future and could affect the terms of any such financing.

ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES

We lease 2,128,261 square feet of office space in 124 locations in the United States and internationally through our foreign subsidiaries. Our executive offices are located in leased office space in San Francisco, California, and our corporate headquarters are located in leased office space in San Rafael, California. Our San Rafael facilities consist of approximately 189,000 square feet under leases that have expiration dates ranging from February 2018 to December 2019. Our San Francisco facilities consist of approximately 264,000 square feet under leases that have expiration dates ranging from December 2018 to December 2023. We and our foreign subsidiaries lease additional space in various locations throughout the world for local sales, product development, and technical support personnel.
All facilities are in good condition. Our facilities are operating at capacities averaging 80% occupancy worldwide as of January 31, 2018. We believe that our existing facilities and offices are adequate to meet our requirements for the foreseeable future. See Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our lease commitments.

ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations, and proceedings in the normal course of business activities including claims of alleged infringement of intellectual property rights, commercial, employment, piracy prosecution, business practices, and other matters. In our opinion, resolution of pending matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or financial position. Given the unpredictable nature of legal proceedings, there is a reasonable possibility that an unfavorable resolution of one or more such proceedings could in the future materially affect our results of operations, cash flows, or financial position in a particular period, however, based on the information known by us as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of our financial statements, any such amount is either immaterial or it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such potential loss.

ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
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PART II

ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol ADSK. The following table lists the intraday high and low sales prices for each quarter in the last two fiscal years.

| High |  | Low
Fiscal 2018 |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 90.94 |  |  | $ | 80.04 |
Second Quarter | 115.25 |  |  | 91.17 |
Third Quarter | 125.01 |  |  | 104.77 |
Fourth Quarter | 131.10 |  |  | 103.19 |
Fiscal 2017 |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 62.42 |  |  | $ | 41.60 |
Second Quarter | 61.42 |  |  | 49.82 |
Third Quarter | 73.40 |  |  | 56.80 |
Fourth Quarter | 83.96 |  |  | 67.15 |

Dividends
We did not declare any cash or stock dividends in either fiscal 2018 or fiscal 2017. We anticipate that, for the foreseeable future, we will not pay any cash or stock dividends.
Stockholders
As of January 31, 2018, the number of common stockholders of record was 388. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers or other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the record holders.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Autodesk's stock repurchase program is largely to help offset the dilution from the issuance of stock under our employee stock plans and for such other purposes as may be in the interests of Autodesk and its stockholders, and has the effect of returning excess cash generated from our business to stockholders. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the pace and timing of repurchases will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, available surplus, the volume of employee stock plan activity, cash requirements for acquisitions, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements. In September 2016, the Board of Directors approved a plan which authorized the repurchase of up to an additional 30.0 million shares of the Company's common stock. As of January 31, 2018, 10.4 million shares have been repurchased under this plan. During the three and twelve months ended January 31, 2018, we repurchased 2.5 million and 6.9 million shares, respectively, of our common stock under the Board of Director authorized share repurchase program. At January 31, 2018, 19.6 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors. See Note 9, “Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity (Deficit),” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
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The following table provides information about the repurchase of common stock in open-market transactions during the quarter ended January 31, 2018:

(Shares in millions) | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2)
November 1- November 30 | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 109.18 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 21.7 |
December 1 - December 31 | 2.0 |  |  | 107.35 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 19.7 |
January 1 - January 31 | 0.1 |  |  | 113.26 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 19.6 |
Total | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 107.86 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |

____________________

(1) | Represents shares purchased in open-market transactions under the stock repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors.

(2) | These amounts correspond to the plan approved by the Board of Directors in September 2016 that authorizes the repurchase of 30.0 million shares. The plan does not have a fixed expiration date.

Sales of Unregistered Securities
There were no sales of unregistered securities during the three months ended January 31, 2018.
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Company Stock Performance
The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total return (equal to dividends plus stock appreciation) for our Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Software Index. The following graph and related information will not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor will such information be incorporated by reference into any filing pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
Comparison of Five Year Cumulative Total Stockholder Return (1)
___________________

(1) | Assumes $100 invested on January 31, 2013, in Autodesk’s stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Software Index, with reinvestment of all dividends. Total stockholder returns for prior periods are not an indication of future investment returns.

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ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated financial data is not necessarily indicative of results of future operations, and should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K to fully understand factors that may affect the comparability of the information presented below. The financial data for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are derived from, and are qualified by reference to, the audited consolidated financial statements that are included in this Form 10-K. The Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows data for the year ended January 31, 2016 are derived from, and are qualified by reference to, the audited consolidated financial statements that are included in this Form 10-K. The Consolidated Balance Sheet data for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016 and the remaining financial data for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2015 and 2014 are derived from audited, consolidated financial statements which are not included in this Form 10-K.

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (In millions, except per share data)
For the Fiscal Year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 2,056.6 |  |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | 2,512.2 |  |  | $ | 2,273.9 |
(Loss) income from operations | (509.1 | ) |  | (499.6 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 120.7 |  |  | 284.8 |
Net (loss) income | (566.9 | ) |  | (582.1 | ) |  | (330.5 | ) |  | 81.8 |  |  | 228.8 |
Cash flow from operations | 0.9 |  |  | 169.7 |  |  | 414.0 |  |  | 708.6 |  |  | 572.6 |
Common Stock Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | ) |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share | (2.58 | ) |  | (2.61 | ) |  | (1.46 | ) |  | 0.35 |  |  | 1.00 |
At Year End: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 4,113.6 |  |  | $ | 4,798.1 |  |  | $ | 5,515.3 |  |  | $ | 4,909.7 |  |  | $ | 4,589.9 |
Long-term liabilities | 2,246.4 |  |  | 1,879.1 |  |  | 2,304.7 |  |  | 1,290.4 |  |  | 1,256.9 |
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity | (256.0 | ) |  | 733.6 |  |  | 1,619.6 |  |  | 2,219.2 |  |  | 2,261.5 |

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ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion in our MD&A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K contains trend analyses and other forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements are any statements that look to future events and consist of, among other things, our business strategies, including those discussed in “Strategy” and “Overview of Fiscal 2018” below, future net revenue, operating expenses, recurring revenue, annualized recurring revenue, annualized revenue per subscription, other future financial results (by product type and geography) and subscriptions, the effectiveness of our restructuring efforts, the effectiveness of our efforts to successfully manage transitions to new business models and markets, our expectations regarding the continued transition of our business model, expectations for our maintenance plan and subscription plan subscriptions, our ability to increase our subscription base, expected market trends, including the growth of cloud and mobile computing, the effect of unemployment, the availability of credit, our expectations for our restructuring, the effects of global economic conditions, the effects of revenue recognition, the effects of recently issued accounting standards, expected trends in certain financial metrics, including expenses, the impact of acquisitions and investment activities, expectations regarding our cash needs, the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates and our hedging activities on our financial results, our ability to successfully expand adoption of our products, our ability to gain market acceptance of new businesses and sales initiatives, the impact of economic volatility and geopolitical activities in certain countries, particularly emerging economy countries, the timing and amount of purchases under our stock buy-back plan, and the effects of potential non-cash charges on our financial results and the resulting effect on our financial results. In addition, forward-looking statements also consist of statements involving expectations regarding product capability and acceptance, remediation to our controls environment, statements regarding our liquidity and short-term and long-term cash requirements, as well as statements involving trend analyses and statements including such words as “may,” “believe,” “could,” “anticipate,” “would,” “might,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to business and economic risks. As such, our actual results could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth below in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in our other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made, except as required by law.
Strategy
Autodesk makes software for people who make things. If you have ever driven a high-performance car, admired a towering skyscraper, used a smartphone, or watched a great film, chances are you have experienced what millions of Autodesk customers are doing with our software. Autodesk gives you the power to make anything.
Autodesk was founded during the platform transition from mainframe computers and engineering workstations to personal computers. We developed and sustained a compelling value proposition based upon desktop software for the personal computer. Just as the transition from mainframes to personal computers transformed the industry over 30 years ago, we believe our industry is undergoing a similar transition from the personal computer to cloud, mobile, and social computing. To address this transition, we have accelerated our move to the cloud and mobile devices and are offering more flexible licensing. Our product subscriptions currently represent a hybrid of desktop software and cloud functionality, which provides a device-independent, collaborative design workflow for designers and their stakeholders. Our SaaS offerings, for example, BIM 360, Shotgun, Fusion, and AutoCAD 360 Pro, provide tools, including mobile and social capabilities, to streamline design, collaboration, building and manufacturing and data management processes. We believe that customer adoption of these new offerings will continue to grow as customers across a range of industries begin to take advantage of the scalable computing power and flexibility provided through these new services.
Our strategy is to lead the industries we serve to cloud-based technologies and business models. This entails both a technological shift and a business model shift. As part of the transition, we discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of most individual software products effective February 1, 2016, and discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites while introducing industry collections effective August 1, 2016. Industry collections provide our customers with increased access to a broader selection of Autodesk products and services that exceeds those previously available in suites - simplifying the customer ability to get access to a complete set of tools for their industry. We now offer subscriptions for individual products and industry collections, cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business agreements (collectively referred to as "subscription plan"). These subscription plan offerings are designed to give our customers more flexibility with how they use our products and service offerings and to attract a broader range of customers, such as project-based users and small businesses.
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With the discontinuation of the sale of most perpetual licenses, we have transitioned away from selling a mix of perpetual licenses and term-based product subscriptions toward a single subscription model. On June 15, 2017, we commenced a program to incentivize maintenance plan customers to move to subscription plan offerings. Through this program we offer discounts to those maintenance customers that move to a subscription plan, while at the same time increasing maintenance plan pricing over time for customers that remain on maintenance.
To provide more meaningful information as to the performance of different categories of product and services, we have changed our presentation of revenue and cost of revenue on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations effective the first quarter of fiscal 2018. See Note 1, "Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," for additional information.
During the first three years of the transition, revenue, margins, EPS, deferred revenue and cash flow from operations have been impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as subscription plan offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price.
As we progress through the current stage of the business model transition, annualized recurring revenue ("ARR"), growth of billings, and total subscriptions better reflect business momentum. To further analyze progress, we disaggregate our growth between the original maintenance model ("maintenance plan") and the subscription plan model. Maintenance plan subscriptions peaked in the fourth quarter of our fiscal 2016 as we discontinued selling new maintenance plan subscriptions in fiscal 2017, and we expect them to decline slowly over time as maintenance plan customers continue to convert to our subscription plans.
In order to support our strategic priorities of completing the subscription transition, digitizing the Company, and re-imagining manufacturing, construction, and production, we commenced a world-wide restructuring plan in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018. Through the restructuring, we seek to reduce our investments in areas not aligned with our strategic priorities, including in areas related to research and development and go-to-market activities. At the same time, we plan to further invest in strategic priority areas related to digital infrastructure, customer success, and construction. By re-balancing resources to better align with our strategic priorities, we are positioning ourselves to meet our long-term goals, while keeping non-GAAP spend flat in fiscal 2019. We anticipate incurring pre-tax restructuring charges of $135 million to $149 million, substantially all of which would result in cash expenditures, $124 million to $137 million of which would be for one-time employee termination benefits, and $11 million to $12 million of which would be for facilities-related and other costs. If we are unable to successfully complete our reorganizational efforts we may need to undertake additional restructuring efforts, and our business and operating results may be harmed.
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We sell our products and services globally, through a combination of indirect and direct channels. Our indirect channels include value added resellers, direct market resellers, distributors, computer manufacturers, and other software developers. Our direct channels include internal sales resources dedicated to selling in our largest accounts, our highly specialized products, and business transacted through our online Autodesk branded store. The following chart shows our split between indirect and direct
channels for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
We anticipate that our channel mix will continue to change as we scale our online Autodesk branded store business and our largest accounts shift towards direct-only business models. However, we expect our indirect channel will continue to transact and support the majority of our customers and revenue as we move beyond the business model transition. We employ a variety of incentive programs and promotions to align our direct and indirect channels with our business strategies. In addition, we have a worldwide user group organization and we have created online user communities dedicated to the exchange of information related to the use of our products.
One of our key strategies is to maintain an open-architecture design of our software products to facilitate third-party development of complementary products and industry-specific software solutions. This approach enables customers and third parties to customize solutions for a wide variety of highly specific uses. We offer several programs that provide strategic investment funding, technological platforms, user communities, technical support, forums, and events to developers who develop add-on applications for our products. For example, we have established the Autodesk Forge program to support innovators that build solutions to facilitate the development of a single connected ecosystem for the future of how things are designed, made, and used as well as support ideas that push the boundaries of 3D printing.
In addition to the competitive advantages afforded by our technology, our large global network of distributors, resellers, third-party developers, customers, educational institutions, educators, and students is a key competitive advantage which has been cultivated over an extensive period of time. This network of partners and relationships provides us with a broad and deep reach into volume markets around the world. Our distributor and reseller network is extensive and provides our customers with the resources to purchase, deploy, learn, and support our products quickly and easily. We have a significant number of registered third-party developers who create products that work well with our products and extend them for a variety of specialized applications.
Autodesk is committed to helping fuel a lifelong passion for design in students of all ages. We offer free educational licenses of Autodesk software worldwide to students, educators, and accredited educational institutions. We inspire and support beginners with Tinkercad, a simple online 3D design and 3D printing tool. Through Autodesk Design Academy, we provide
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secondary and postsecondary school markets hundreds of standards-aligned class projects to support design-based disciplines in Science, Technology, Engineering, Digital Arts, and Math (STEAM) while using Autodesk's professional-grade 3D design, engineering and entertainment software used in industry. We also have made Autodesk Design Academy curricula available on iTunes U and Udemy. Our intention is to make Autodesk software ubiquitous and the design and making software of choice for those poised to become the next generation of professional users.
Our strategy includes improving our product functionality and expanding our product offerings through internal development as well as through the acquisition of products, technology, and businesses. Acquisitions often increase the speed at which we can deliver product functionality to our customers; however, they entail cost and integration challenges and may, in certain instances, negatively impact our operating margins. We continually review these trade-offs in making decisions regarding acquisitions. We currently anticipate that we will continue to acquire products, technology, and businesses as compelling opportunities become available.
Our strategy depends upon a number of assumptions to successfully make the transition toward new cloud and mobile platforms, including: the related technology and business model shifts; making our technology available to mainstream markets; leveraging our large global network of distributors, resellers, third-party developers, customers, educational institutions, and students; improving the performance and functionality of our products; and adequately protecting our intellectual property. If the outcome of any of these assumptions differs from our expectations, we may not be able to implement our strategy, which could potentially adversely affect our business. For further discussion regarding these and related risks, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, we make assumptions, judgments, and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements. We base our assumptions, judgments, and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly reevaluate our assumptions, judgments, and estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1, “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that of all our significant accounting policies, the following policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.
Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable. However, determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue we report.
For multiple element arrangements containing only software and software-related elements, we allocate the sales price among each of the deliverables using the residual method, under which revenue is allocated to undelivered elements based on our vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value. VSOE is the price charged when an element is sold separately or a price set by management with the relevant authority. If we do not have VSOE of an undelivered software license, we defer revenue recognition on the entire sales arrangement until all elements for which we do not have VSOE are delivered. If we do not have VSOE for undelivered product subscriptions, maintenance or services, the revenue for the arrangement is recognized over the longest contractual service period in the arrangement. We are required to exercise judgment in determining whether VSOE exists for each undelivered element based on whether our pricing for these elements is sufficiently consistent.
For multiple elements arrangements involving non-software elements, including cloud subscription services, our revenue recognition policy is based upon the accounting guidance contained in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 605, Revenue Recognition. For these arrangements, we first allocate the total arrangement consideration based on the relative selling prices of the software group of elements as a whole and to the non-software elements. We then further allocate consideration within the software group to the respective elements within that group using the residual method as described above. We exercise judgment and use estimates in connection with the determination of the amount of revenue to be recognized in each accounting period.
We allocate the total arrangement consideration among the various elements based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its VSOE if available, third-party evidence ("TPE") if VSOE is not available, or the best estimated selling price ("BESP") if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. BESP represents the price at which Autodesk would transact for the deliverable if it were sold regularly on a standalone basis. To establish BESP for those elements for which
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neither VSOE nor TPE are available, we perform a quantitative analysis of pricing data points for historical standalone transactions involving such elements for a twelve-month period. As part of this analysis, we monitor and evaluate the BESP against actual pricing to ensure that it continues to represent a reasonable estimate of the standalone selling price, considering several other external and internal factors including, but not limited to, pricing and discounting practices, contractually stated prices, the geographies in which we offer our products and services, and the type of customer (i.e. distributor, value-added reseller, and direct end user, among others). We analyze BESP at least annually or on a more frequent basis if a significant change in our business necessitates a more timely analysis or if we experience significant variances in our selling prices.
In situations when we have multiple contracts with a single counterparty, we use the guidance in ASC 985-605 to evaluate both the form and the substance of the arrangements to determine if they should be combined and accounted for as one arrangement or as separate arrangements.
Our assessment of the likelihood of collection is also a critical factor in determining the timing of revenue recognition. If we do not believe that collection is probable, the revenue will be deferred until payment is received.
Our indirect channel model includes both a two-tiered distribution structure, where distributors sell to resellers, and a one-tiered structure where Autodesk sells directly to resellers. Our subscription revenue from distributors and resellers generally commences recognition at the time access is provided to their customers, provided all other criteria for revenue recognition are met. This policy is predicated on our ability to estimate sales returns, among other criteria. We are also required to evaluate whether our distributors and resellers have the ability to honor their commitment to make fixed or determinable payments, regardless of whether they collect payment from their customers. If we were to change any of these assumptions or judgments, it could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that we report in a particular period.
As part of the indirect channel model, we have a partner incentive program that uses quarterly attainment of monetary rewards to motivate distributors and resellers to achieve mutually agreed upon business goals in a specified time period. A portion of these incentives reduce license and other revenue in the current period. The remainder, which relates to incentives on our Subscription Program, is recorded as a reduction to deferred revenue in the period the subscription transaction is billed and subsequently recognized as a reduction to subscription revenue over the contract period. These incentive balances do not require significant assumptions or judgments. Depending on how the payments are made, the reserves associated with the partner incentive program are treated on the balance sheet as either contra account receivable or accounts payable.
Marketable Securities and Privately Held Company Investments. As described in Note 2, “Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, our investments in marketable securities are measured at the end of each reporting period and reported at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In determining the fair value of our investments, we are sometimes required to use various alternative valuation techniques. Inputs to valuation techniques are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

• | Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

• | Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

• | Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

This hierarchy requires us to minimize the use of unobservable inputs and to use observable market data, if available, when determining fair value. This is generally true for our cash and cash equivalents and the majority of our marketable securities, which we consider to be Level 1 assets and Level 2 assets. However, determining the fair value of marketable securities or convertible note investments in privately held companies when observable inputs are not available (Level 3) requires significant judgment. For example, we use probability weighted discounted cash flow models, in which some of the inputs are unobservable in the market, to estimate the fair value of our convertible debt securities. These assumptions are inherently subjective and involve significant management judgment. Whenever possible, we use observable market data and rely on unobservable inputs only when observable market data is not available, when determining fair value.
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All of Autodesk’s marketable securities and privately held company investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. We recognize an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Autodesk considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than Autodesk’s cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and Autodesk’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in the market value.
Business Combinations. We allocate the fair value of the consideration transferred to the assets and liabilities acquired, as well as to in-process research and development based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The purchase price allocation requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date with respect to intangible assets and deferred revenue obligations.
Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates used in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future include but are not limited to:

• | future expected cash flows from sales, maintenance agreements, and acquired developed technologies;

• | the acquired company's trade name, trademark and existing customer relationship, as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired trade name and trademark will continue to be used in the our product portfolio;

• | expected costs to develop the in-process research and development into commercially viable products and estimated cash flows from the projects when completed; and

• | discount rates used to determine the present value of estimated future cash flows.

These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that we have made. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates, and if such events occur we may be required to record a charge against the value ascribed to an acquired asset or an increase in the amounts recorded for assumed liabilities.
Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We assess the realizability of our long-lived assets and related intangible assets, other than goodwill, quarterly, or sooner should events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying values of such assets may not be recoverable. We consider the following factors important in determining when to perform an impairment review: significant under-performance of a business or product line relative to budget; shifts in business strategies which affect the continued uses of the assets; significant negative industry or economic trends; and the results of past impairment reviews. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, we assess recoverability of these assets.
We assess recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If impairment indicators were present based on our undiscounted cash flow models, which include assumptions regarding projected cash flows, we would perform a discounted cash flow analysis to assess impairments on long-lived assets. Variances in these assumptions could have a significant impact on our conclusion as to whether an asset is impaired or the amount of any impairment charge. Impairment charges, if any, result in situations where any fair values of these assets are less than their carrying values.
In addition to our recoverability assessments, we routinely review the remaining estimated useful lives of our long-lived assets. Any reduction in the useful life assumption will result in increased depreciation and amortization expense in the quarter when such determinations are made, as well as in subsequent quarters.
We will continue to evaluate the values of our long-lived assets in accordance with applicable accounting rules. As changes in business conditions and our assumptions occur, we may be required to record impairment charges.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets, including those related to tax loss carryforwards and credits, and deferred tax liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize the tax benefit for an uncertain tax position when it meets a more
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likely than not threshold. We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.
A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax asset will be recovered. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Significant judgment is required in determining whether the valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income. Beginning in the second quarter of fiscal 2016, we considered cumulative losses in the U.S. arising from the Company’s business model transition as a significant source of negative evidence. Considering this negative evidence and the absence of sufficient positive objective evidence that we would generate sufficient taxable income in the U.S. to realize the deferred tax assets, we determined that it was more likely than not that the Company would not realize U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets and recorded a valuation allowance on our federal and state deferred tax assets. We continue to have a full valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets in fiscal 2018.
As we continually strive to optimize our overall business model, tax planning strategies may become feasible and prudent whereby management may determine that it is more likely than not that the federal and state deferred tax assets will be realized; therefore, we will continue to evaluate the evidence around our ability to utilize our net deferred tax assets each quarter, both in the US and in foreign jurisdictions, based on all available evidence, both positive and negative.
Stock-Based Compensation. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date fair value of the award, and recognize expense ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. We estimate the fair value of certain stock-based payment awards (including grants of employee stock purchases related to the employee stock purchase plan) using either the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model or a binomial-lattice model (e.g., Monte Carlo simulation model). To determine the grant-date fair value of our stock-based payment awards, we use a Black-Scholes model or the quoted stock price on the date of grant, unless the awards are subject to market conditions, in which case we use the Monte Carlo simulation model. The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability that market conditions will be achieved. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the award, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the award, and expected dividends. The variables used in these models are reviewed on a quarterly basis and adjusted, as needed. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock is measured on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Legal Contingencies. As described in Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings” and Part II, Item 8, Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we are periodically involved in various legal claims and proceedings. We routinely review the status of each significant matter and assess our potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any matter is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we record a liability for the estimated loss. Because of inherent uncertainties related to these legal matters, we base our loss accruals on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess our potential liability and may revise our estimates. Such revisions could have a material impact on future quarterly or annual results of operations.
Restructuring Charges and other facility exit costs, net and Accruals. The Company’s restructuring plans include one–time termination benefits as well as certain contractual termination benefits. We record costs associated with exit activities related to restructuring plans in accordance with the ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Obligations. Liabilities for costs associated with an exit or disposal activity are recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred. The timing of associated cash payments is dependent upon the type of exit cost and may extend over a 12-month period or longer. We record restructuring charge liabilities in “Other accrued liabilities,” or "Other liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheet.
Restructuring charges include employee termination costs, facility closure, accelerated depreciation of certain assets and relocation costs, and contract termination costs. One–time termination benefits are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value when the approved plan of termination has been communicated to employees, unless employees must provide future service that is longer than the statutory requirement, in which case the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period. For the facility-related restructuring charges, we recognize upon exiting all or a portion of a leased facility and meeting cease-use and other requirements. The amount of restructuring charges is based on the fair value of the lease obligation for the abandoned space, which includes a sublease assumption that could be reasonably obtained. We also recognize accelerated depreciation related to assets at the time we commit to a plan to abandon.
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Restructuring charges require significant estimates and assumptions, including sub-lease income and expenses for severance and other employee separation costs. Our estimates involve a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control, including future real estate market conditions and our ability to successfully enter into subleases or termination agreements with terms as favorable as those assumed when arriving at our estimates. We monitor these estimates and assumptions on at least a quarterly basis for changes in circumstances and any corresponding adjustments to the accrual are recorded in our statement of operations in the period when such changes are known.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
See Part II, Item 8, Note 1, “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition.
Overview of Fiscal 2018

• | Total net revenue increased 1 percent during fiscal 2018 as compared to the prior fiscal year.

• | Total ARR increased 25 percent as of January 31, 2018, as compared to the end of fiscal 2017.

• | Total subscriptions increased 20 percent to $3.72 million.

• | The base of both subscription plan ARR and subscriptions surpassed the base of maintenance plan ARR and subscriptions.

• | Total spend (cost of revenue + operating expenses) increased 1 percent.

• | Total deferred revenue (short term + long term deferred revenue) increased 9 percent.

We are undergoing a business model transition in which we have discontinued selling new perpetual licenses for most of our products in favor of subscriptions. During the first three years of the transition, revenue, margins, EPS, deferred revenue and cash flow from operations were impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as product subscription plan offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price.
Revenue Analysis
During fiscal 2018, net revenue increased 1%, as compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to a 102% increase in subscription revenue. The increase in subscription revenue was partially offset by a 64% decrease in license and other revenue.
Further discussion of the drivers of these results are described below under the heading “Results from Operations.”
We rely significantly upon major distributors and resellers in both the U.S. and international regions, including Tech Data Corporation and its global affiliates (collectively, “Tech Data”). Total sales to Tech Data accounted for 31%, 30%, and 25% of our consolidated net revenue during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Our customers through Tech Data are the resellers and end users who purchase our software licenses and services. Should any of the agreements with Tech Data be terminated for any reason, we believe the resellers and end users who currently purchase our products through Tech Data would be able to continue to do so under substantially the same terms from one of our many other distributors without substantial disruption to our revenue. Consequently, we believe our business is not substantially dependent on Tech Data.
Business Model Transition Metrics
In order to help better understand our financial performance during and after the business model transition, we use several metrics including recurring revenue, total subscriptions, ARR, and annualized revenue per subscription ("ARPS"). ARR, ARPS, and recurring revenue are performance metrics and should be viewed independently of revenue and deferred revenue as ARR, ARPS, and recurring revenue are not intended to be combined with those items. Our determination and presentation may differ from that of other companies. Please refer to the Glossary of Terms for the definitions of these metrics.
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The following table outlines our recurring revenue metric for the fiscal years ended 2018, 2017, and 2016:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year end |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017(1) | Change compared to prior fiscal year end | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016(1)
|  | $ |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Recurring Revenue (in millions) (2) | $ | 1,882.3 |  |  | $ | 342.0 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 1,540.3 |  | $ | 160.2 |  |  | 12 | % | $ | 1,380.1 |
As a percentage of net revenue | 92 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 76 | % |  |  |  | 55 | %

________________

(1) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with current period's presentation.

(2) | The acquisition of a business may cause variability in the comparison of recurring revenue in this table above and recurring revenue derived from the revenue reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following table outlines our ARR, subscriptions, and ARPS metrics as of fiscal years ended January 31, 2018 and 2017:

|  |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  |
| January 31, 2018 |  | $ |  | % |  | January 31, 2017 (1)
ARR (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription plan ARR | $ | 1,175.0 |  |  | $ | 603.6 |  |  | 106 | % |  | $ | 571.4 |
Maintenance plan ARR | $ | 879.1 |  |  | $ | (188.9 | ) |  | (18 | )% |  | $ | 1,068.0 |
Total ARR (2) | $ | 2,054.1 |  |  | $ | 414.7 |  |  | 25 | % |  | $ | 1,639.4 |
Number of Subscriptions (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription plan | 2,266.8 |  |  | 1,179.7 |  |  | 109 | % |  | 1,087.1 |
Maintenance plan | 1,448.9 |  |  | (569.1 | ) |  | (28 | )% |  | 2,018.0 |
Total subscriptions | 3,715.7 |  |  | 610.6 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 3,105.1 |
ARPS (ARR divided by number of Subscriptions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription plan ARPS | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  | $ | 526 |
Maintenance plan ARPS | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | 15 | % |  | $ | 529 |
Total ARPS (3) | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 528 |

________________

(1) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with the current period's presentation.

(2) | The acquisition of a business may cause variability in the comparison of ARR reported in this table above and ARR derived from the revenue reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(3) | There are small variances between ARR and total subscriptions due in part to the inherent limitation with collecting all subscriptions information. For example, Buzzsaw and Constructware are included with ARR but not in total subscriptions due to these inherent limitations. We do not view these variances as meaningful to amounts or quarterly comparisons presented here for ARPS.

Total ARR increased 25% as of January 31, 2018 as compared to the end of fiscal 2017, due to a 106% increase in subscription plan ARR, which for the first time represents the majority of our total ARR. The increase in subscription plan ARR was driven by growth in all subscription plan types, led by product subscription. The increase was partially offset by an 18% decrease in maintenance plan ARR.
Subscription plan subscriptions increased 109% or approximately 1.2 million as compared to the end of fiscal 2017, driven by growth in all subscription plan types, led by new product subscriptions. Subscription plan subscriptions benefited from approximately 342,000 maintenance subscribers that were converted to product subscription under the maintenance-to-subscription program during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018.
Maintenance plan subscriptions decreased 28% or approximately 569,000 as compared to the end of fiscal 2017, primarily as a result of the discontinuation of new maintenance agreement sales as well as the maintenance-to-subscription program in which approximately 342,000 maintenance plan subscriptions were converted to product subscription during the fiscal year
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ended January 31, 2018. The net decrease was expected and we expect to see ongoing declines in maintenance plan subscriptions going forward as part of the business model transition. The rate of decline will vary based on the number of subscriptions subject to renewal, the renewal rate, and our ability to incentivize customers to switch over to enterprise business agreements ("EBAs") or product subscriptions.
ARPS was $553, a 5% increase compared to the prior fiscal year primarily driven by a 15% increase in maintenance plan ARPS as a result of the maintenance-to-subscription program and a 14% increase in product subscription ARPS, which is a component of our subscription plan. Partially offsetting the increase in maintenance plan and product subscription ARPS was a decrease in both cloud and EBA subscription ARPS.
Our ARPS is currently, and will continue to be, affected by various factors including subscription term-length, migration from maintenance plan subscriptions, geography and product mix, promotions, sales linearity within a quarter, pricing changes, and foreign currency. We expect to see ARPS fluctuate up or down on a quarterly basis. As we progress through our business model transition, we expect all of the impacts of these factors to start to stabilize.
Foreign Currency Analysis
We generate a significant amount of our revenue in the U.S., Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and Canada.
The following table shows the impact of foreign exchanges rate changes on our net revenue and total spend:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018
| Percent change compared to prior fiscal year (as reported) |  | Constant Currency percent change compared to prior fiscal year (2) |  | Positive/Negative/Neutral impact from foreign exchange rate changes
Revenue | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  | Negative
Spend (1) | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | Neutral

________________

(1) | Our total spend is defined as cost of revenue plus operating expenses.

(2) | Please refer to Glossary of Terms for the definitions of our constant currency growth rates.

Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar may have a significant effect on net revenue, total spend, and income (loss) from operations in future periods. We use foreign currency contracts to reduce the exchange rate effect on a portion of the net revenue of certain anticipated transactions but do not attempt to completely mitigate the impact of fluctuations of such foreign currency against the U.S. dollar.
Deferred Revenue and Unbilled Deferred Revenue
Our deferred revenue balance at January 31, 2018, was $1.96 billion and primarily relates to subscription and maintenance agreements invoiced for which the revenue has not yet been recognized but will be recognized as revenue ratably over the life of the contracts. The term of our subscription contracts is typically between one and three years.
We define unbilled deferred revenue as contractually stated or committed orders under multi-year billing plans for subscription, services, license and maintenance for which the associated deferred revenue has not been recognized and the customer has not been invoiced. Unbilled deferred revenue is not included on our Consolidated Balance Sheet until invoiced to the customer.

(in millions) | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018
Deferred revenue | $ | 1,955.1 |
Unbilled deferred revenue (1) | 326.4 |
Total | $ | 2,281.5 |

________________

(1) | This is our first year presenting this metric and we are not able to provide historical information at this time. Comparative information will not be available until our first quarter of fiscal 2019.

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We expect that the amount of unbilled deferred revenue and deferred revenue will change from quarter to quarter for several reasons, including the specific timing, duration and size of large customer subscription and support agreements, varying billing cycles of such agreements, the specific timing of customer renewals, foreign currency fluctuations and the timing of when unbilled deferred revenue is recognized as revenue.
Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Items
At January 31, 2018, we had $1.51 billion in cash and marketable securities. This amount includes the aggregate net proceeds of $492.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and related offering expenses, from our June 2017 registered underwritten public offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.5% notes due June 15, 2027. On July 27, 2017, we redeemed in full, $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding 1.95% senior notes due December 15, 2017. To redeem the notes, we used a portion of the proceeds of the June 2017 notes to pay a redemption price of approximately $400.9 million, plus accrued and unpaid interest from June 15, 2017, to, but excluding, the redemption date. Total cash repayment was $401.8 million. Our cash flow from operations decreased 99% to $0.9 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018 from $169.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017. We repurchased 6.9 million shares of our common stock for $690.1 million during fiscal 2018. Comparatively, we repurchased 9.7 million shares of our common stock for $631.6 million during fiscal 2017. Further discussion regarding the balance sheet and cash flow activities are discussed below under the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Results of Operations
Net Revenue
Income Statement Presentation
Maintenance revenue consists of renewal fees for existing maintenance plan agreements that were initially purchased with a perpetual software license. Under our maintenance plan, customers are eligible to receive unspecified upgrades, when and if available, and technical support. We recognize maintenance revenue over the term of the agreements, generally between one and three years.
Subscription revenue consists of our term-based product subscriptions, cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business arrangements. Note that with the change in our presentation of revenue in our condensed consolidated statement of operations in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, our term-based product subscriptions and flexible enterprise business arrangements are classified and presented in a single line item. Revenue from these arrangements is recognized ratably over the contract term. Revenue for our cloud service offerings is recognized ratably over the contract term commencing with the date our service is made available to customers and when all other revenue recognition criteria have been satisfied.
License and other revenue consists of (1) license revenue and (2) other revenue. License revenue includes software license revenue from the sale of perpetual licenses. Other revenue includes revenue such as consulting and training, and is recognized over time as the services are performed.
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| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Management Comments
(in millions) | $ |  | % |  |
Net Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance (1) | $ | 989.6 |  |  | $ | (113.5 | ) |  | (10 | )% |  | $ | 1,103.1 |  |  | The decrease in maintenance revenue is driven by the discontinuation of new maintenance agreements. We expect maintenance revenue will slowly decline; however, the rate of decline will vary based on the number of renewals, the renewal rate, and our ability to incentivize maintenance plan customers to switch over to subscription plan offerings.
Subscription (1) | 894.3 |  |  | 451.2 |  |  | 102 | % |  | 443.1 |  |  | The increase in subscription revenue is primarily a result of the business model transition. We saw growth across all subscription plan types, led by product subscriptions and enterprise business agreements.
Total maintenance and subscription revenue | 1,883.9 |  |  | 337.7 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 1,546.2 |  |  |
License and other (1) (2) | 172.7 |  |  | (312.1 | ) |  | (64 | )% |  | 484.8 |  |  | The decrease in license revenue is driven by the business model transition, and the discontinuation of suite license sales, resulting in a decrease in revenue from perpetual licenses.
| $ | 2,056.6 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  |

____________________

(1) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with current period's presentation. See Note 1, "Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

(2) | Within license and other revenue, there was an 18% decrease in other revenue during fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017. Other revenue represented 5% and 6% of total revenue for fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Management Comments
(in millions) | $ |  | % |  |
Net Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance (1) | $ | 1,103.1 |  |  | $ | (49.4 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  | $ | 1,152.5 |  |  | The decrease in maintenance revenue is driven by the discontinuation of new maintenance agreements. We expect maintenance revenue will slowly decline; however, the rate of decline will vary based on the number of renewals, the renewal rate, and our ability to incentivize maintenance plan customers to switch over to subscription plan offerings.
Subscription (1) | 443.1 |  |  | 215.0 |  |  | 94 | % |  | 228.1 |  |  | The increase in subscription revenue is primarily a result of the business model transition. We saw growth across all subscription plan types, led by product subscriptions and enterprise business agreements.
Total maintenance and subscription revenue | 1,546.2 |  |  | 165.6 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 1,380.6 |  |  |
License and other (1) (2) | 484.8 |  |  | (638.7 | ) |  | (57 | )% |  | 1,123.5 |  |  | The decrease in license and other revenue is driven by the discontinuation of our perpetual license sales in favor of subscription offerings.
| $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  |

____________________

(1) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with current period's presentation. See Note 1, "Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

(2) | Within license and other revenue, there was a 17% decrease in other revenue during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. Other revenue represented 6% and 6% of total revenue for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Net Revenue by Product Family
Our product offerings are focused in four primary product families: AEC, MFG, AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT (“ACAD”), and M&E. During the business model transition, revenue has been and will be negatively impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new product offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price. As part of the transition, we discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of most individual software products effective February 1, 2016, and discontinued selling new perpetual licenses of suites effective August 1, 2016. These broad impacts are reflected in the summary below.
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| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Management Comments
(in millions) | $ |  | % |
Net Revenue by Product Family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Architecture, Engineering and Construction ("AEC") | $ | 866.5 |  |  | (14.4 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  | $ | 880.9 |  |  | Driven by a net decrease in AEC collections and legacy suites due to the discontinuation of perpetual licenses. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in revenue from individual AEC product offerings and EBAs driven by the respective increases in subscription additions.
Manufacturing ("MFG") | 589.2 |  |  | (36.6 | ) |  | (6 | )% |  | 625.8 |  |  | Driven by a net decrease in MFG collections and legacy suites due to the discontinuation of perpetual licenses, partially offset by an increase in revenue from MFG EBAs driven by an increase in subscription additions.
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT ("ACAD") | 401.4 |  |  | 74.7 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 326.7 |  |  | Driven by increases in both AutoCAD LT and AutoCAD due to increases in subscription additions.
Media and Entertainment ("M&E") | 152.0 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 138.9 |  |  | Driven by an increase in Animation, partially offset by a decrease in Creative Finishing.
Other | 47.5 |  |  | (11.2 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | 58.7 |  |  |
| $ | 2,056.6 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  |

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Management Comments
(in millions) | $ |  | % |  |
Net Revenue by Product Family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Architecture, Engineering and Construction ("AEC") | $ | 880.9 |  |  | $ | (68.2 | ) |  | (7 | )% |  | $ | 949.1 |  |  | Driven by a decrease in revenue from individual product offerings.
Manufacturing ("MFG") | 625.8 |  |  | (98.8 | ) |  | (14 | )% |  | 724.6 |  |  | Driven by a decrease in individual product offerings and a decrease in our MFG suites.
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT ("ACAD") | 326.7 |  |  | (268.1 | ) |  | (45 | )% |  | 594.8 |  |  | As part of the transition to term-based product subscriptions for our individual software products in February 2016, products like AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT were negatively impacted when compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year as revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront.
Media and Entertainment ("M&E") | 138.9 |  |  | (21.1 | ) |  | (13 | )% |  | 160.0 |  |  | Driven by a decrease in Creative Finishing, as we exited the Creative Finishing hardware business at the beginning of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016.
Other | 58.7 |  |  | (16.9 | ) |  | (22 | )% |  | 75.6 |  |  |
| $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  |

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Net Revenue by Geographic Area

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Constant Currency Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Constant Currency Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016
(in millions) | $ |  | % | % | $ |  | % | %
Net Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 740.4 |  |  | $ | (1.7 | ) |  | — | % |  | * |  |  | $ | 742.1 |  |  | $ | (61.8 | ) |  | (8 | )% |  | * |  |  | $ | 803.9 |
Other Americas | 130.7 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1 | % |  | * |  |  | 129.8 |  |  | (39.1 | ) |  | (23 | )% |  | * |  |  | 168.9 |
Total Americas | 871.1 |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 871.9 |  |  | (100.9 | ) |  | (10 | )% |  | (10 | )% |  | 972.8 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa ("EMEA") | 815.4 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 800.4 |  |  | (134.2 | ) |  | (14 | )% |  | (8 | )% |  | 934.6 |
Asia Pacific ("APAC") | 370.1 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 358.7 |  |  | (238.0 | ) |  | (40 | )% |  | (39 | )% |  | 596.7 |
Total Net Revenue (1) | $ | 2,056.6 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | (473.1 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | (16 | )% |  | $ | 2,504.1 |
Emerging Economies | $ | 226.5 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | $ | 227.5 |  |  | (138.4 | ) |  | (38 | )% |  | (37 | )% |  | $ | 365.9 |

____________________

(1) | Totals may not sum due to rounding.

* Constant currency data not provided at this level.
We believe that international revenue will continue to comprise a majority of our net revenue. Unfavorable economic conditions in the countries that contribute a significant portion of our net revenue, including in emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China, may have an adverse effect on our business in those countries and our overall financial performance. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies have significantly affected, and could continue to significantly affect, our financial results for a given period even though we hedge a portion of our current and projected revenue. Increases to the levels of political and economic unpredictability in the global market may impact our future financial results. Additionally, during the first three years of the business model transition, revenue has been impacted as more revenue is recognized ratably rather than upfront and as new product offerings generally have a lower initial purchase price. While the transition to a subscription model has had a broad impact within all markets, it has had a particular impact to emerging economies as sales of perpetual licenses have historically comprised a greater percentage of total emerging economy sales in comparison to mature markets.
Cost of Revenue and Operating Expenses
Cost of maintenance and subscription revenue includes the labor costs of providing product support to our maintenance and subscription customers, including allocated IT and facilities costs, shipping and handling costs, professional services fees related to operating our network and cloud infrastructure, royalties, depreciation expense and operating lease payments associated with computer equipment, data center costs, salaries, related expenses of network operations, and stock-based compensation expense.
Cost of license and other revenue includes labor costs associated with product setup, costs of consulting and training services contracts, and collaborative project management services contracts. Cost of license and other revenue also includes stock-based compensation expense, direct material and overhead charges, allocated IT and facilities costs, professional services fees and royalties. Direct material and overhead charges include the cost associated with electronic and physical fulfillment.
Cost of revenue, at least over the near term, is affected by the volume and mix of product sales, fluctuations in consulting costs, amortization of developed technology, new customer support offerings, royalty rates for licensed technology embedded in our products and employee stock-based compensation expense.
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Marketing and sales expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for our marketing and sales employees, the expense of travel, entertainment and training for such personnel, the costs of programs aimed at increasing revenue, such as advertising, trade shows and expositions, and various sales and promotional programs. Marketing and sales expenses also include labor costs associated with sales and order management, sales and dealer commissions, payment processing fees, the cost of supplies and equipment, gains and losses on our operating expense cash flow hedges, and allocated IT and facilities costs.
Research and development expenses, which are expensed as incurred, consist primarily of salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for research and development employees, and the expense of travel, entertainment and training for such personnel, professional services such as fees paid to software development firms and independent contractors, gains and losses on our operating expense cash flow hedges, and allocated IT and facilities costs.
General and administrative expenses include salaries, bonuses, transition costs, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for our CEO, finance, human resources and legal employees, as well as professional fees for legal and accounting services, certain foreign business taxes, gains and losses on our operating expense cash flow hedges, expense of travel, entertainment and training, net IT and facilities costs, and the cost of supplies and equipment.

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Management Comments
(in millions) | $ |  | %
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance and subscription (1) | $ | 214.4 |  |  | $ | 22.7 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 191.7 |  |  | Up due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by increased headcount associated with maintenance and subscription services in support of the business model transition.
License and other (1) | 72.6 |  |  | (37.6 | ) |  | (34 | )% |  | 110.2 |  |  | Down due to lower employee-related costs from reduced headcount associated with license and other revenue products and services as a result of our move to a subscription based business model.
Amortization of developed technology (1) | 16.4 |  |  | (23.6 | ) |  | (59 | )% |  | 40.0 |  |  | Down as previously acquired developed technologies continue to become fully amortized while fewer assets are acquired compared to the prior year.
Total cost of revenue | $ | 303.4 |  |  | $ | (38.5 | ) |  | (11 | )% |  | $ | 341.9 |  |  |
Marketing and sales | $ | 1,087.3 |  |  | $ | 64.8 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 1,022.5 |  |  | Up due to increase in employee-related costs from higher headcount, increased commissions, and increased stock-based compensation expense from a higher fair value of awards granted.
Research and development | 755.5 |  |  | (10.6 | ) |  | (1 | )% |  | 766.1 |  |  | Down due to a decrease in employee-related costs from lower headcount.
General and administrative | 305.2 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 287.8 |  |  | Up driven by costs associated with the CEO transition and an increase in stock-based compensation expense from a higher fair value of awards granted, partially offset by a decrease in employee-related costs from lower headcount.
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 20.2 |  |  | (11.6 | ) |  | (36 | )% |  | 31.8 |  |  | Down as previously acquired intangible assets continue to become fully amortized and fewer assets are acquired compared to the prior year.
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 94.1 |  |  | 13.6 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 80.5 |  |  | Driven by the Fiscal 2018 Plan to re-balance resources to better align with the Company's strategic priorities and position itself to meet long-term goals. Costs associated with the Fiscal 2018 Plan are principally from employee termination benefits, lease termination costs and other exit costs.
| $ | 2,262.3 |  |  | $ | 73.6 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 2,188.7 |  |  |

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| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Change compared to prior fiscal year |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  | Management Comments
(in millions) | $ |  | %
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance and subscription (1) | $ | 191.7 |  |  | $ | 29.4 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 162.3 |  |  | Up due to increases in employee related costs and direct costs associated with our subscription plan offerings, such as royalties and fulfillment costs.
License and other (1) | 110.2 |  |  | (49.2 | ) |  | (31 | )% |  | 159.4 |  |  | Down due to lower professional fees and employee-related costs from reduced headcount associated with license and other revenue products and the elimination of our Creative Finishing hardware business that was exited in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016.
Amortization of developed technology (1) | 40.0 |  |  | (9.0 | ) |  | (18 | )% |  | 49.0 |  |  | Down as previously acquired developed technologies continue to become fully amortized while fewer assets are acquired compared to the prior year.
Total cost of revenue | $ | 341.9 |  |  | $ | (28.8 | ) |  | (8 | )% |  | $ | 370.7 |  |  |
Marketing and sales | $ | 1,022.5 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,015.5 |  |  | Up due to increases in stock-based compensation and advertising and promotional expenses, offset by a decrease in employee-related costs from reduced headcount and lower professional fees.
Research and development | 766.1 |  |  | (23.9 | ) |  | (3 | )% |  | 790.0 |  |  | Down due to a decrease in professional fees and employee-related costs, partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation expense.
General and administrative | 287.8 |  |  | (5.6 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  | 293.4 |  |  | Down due to decreases in bad debt expense and professional fees.
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 31.8 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  | 33.2 |  |  | Down as previously acquired intangible assets continue to become fully amortized and fewer assets are acquired compared to the prior year.
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 80.5 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | * |  | — |  |  | Driven by the Fiscal 2017 Plan to re-balance staffing levels and reduce operating expenses to better align with the evolving needs of the Company. Costs associated with the Fiscal 2017 Plan are principally from employee termination benefits, lease termination costs and other exit costs.
| $ | 2,188.7 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 2,132.1 |  |  |

____________________

(1) | Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with current period's presentation. See Note 11, Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Basis of Presentation, of our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

* Percentage is not meaningful.
The following table highlights our expectation for the absolute dollar change and percent of revenue change between the fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018:

| Absolute dollar impact |  | Percent of net revenue impact
Cost of Revenue | Decrease |  | Decrease
Marketing and sales | Increase |  | Decrease
Research and development | Increase |  | Decrease
General and administrative | Increase |  | Decrease
Amortization of purchased intangibles | Decrease |  | Flat

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Interest and Other Expense, Net
The following table sets forth the components of interest and other expense, net:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (in millions)
Interest and investment expense, net | $ | (34.5 | ) |  | $ | (29.7 | ) |  | $ | (33.9 | )
Loss on foreign currency | (3.3 | ) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | — |
(Loss) gain on strategic investments | (16.4 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | 3.8 |
Other income | 6.0 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 8.5 |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (48.2 | ) |  | $ | (24.2 | ) |  | $ | (21.6 | )

Interest and other expense, net, increased $24.0 million during fiscal 2018, as compared to fiscal 2017, primarily related to increases in impairment losses on certain of our privately-held strategic investments and interest expense resulting from our June 2017 issuance of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.5% notes due June 15, 2027.
Interest and other expense, net, increased $2.6 million during fiscal 2017, as compared to fiscal 2016, primarily related to a decrease in gains on certain of our privately-held strategic investments and an increase in losses on foreign currency. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in interest and investments expense, net, that was primarily driven by mark to market gains on deferred compensation plans partially offset by an increase in interest expense resulting from the June 2015 issuance of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% senior notes due June 15, 2020 and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due June 15, 2025.
Interest expense and investment income fluctuates based on average cash, marketable securities and debt balances, average maturities and interest rates.
Gains and losses on foreign currency are primarily due to the impact of re-measuring foreign currency transactions and net monetary assets into the functional currency of the corresponding entity. The amount of the gain or loss on foreign currency is driven by the volume of foreign currency transactions and the foreign currency exchange rates for the year.
Provision for Income Taxes
We account for income taxes and the related accounts under the liability method. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted rates expected to be in effect during the year in which the basis differences reverse.
Income tax expense was $9.6 million and $58.3 million for fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively, relative to pre-tax losses of $557.3 million and $523.8 million, respectively, for the same periods. Tax expense for fiscal 2018 consists primarily of foreign tax expense including withholding tax, and tax amortization on indefinite-lived intangibles offset by a benefit on the revaluation of our deferred tax liability due to the corporate rate reduction under the Tax Act. Tax expense for fiscal 2017 consisted primarily of foreign tax expense including withholding tax, and tax amortization on indefinite-lived intangibles.
The Tax Act was enacted on December 22, 2017, and provides broad and significant changes to the U.S. tax code and how the U.S. imposes income tax on multinational corporations. The Tax Act requires complex computations to be performed that were not previously provided for in the U.S. tax law. These computations require significant judgments to be made regarding the interpretation of the provisions within the Tax Act along with preparation and analysis of information not previously required. In conjunction with the Tax Act, the SEC issued SAB 118 that allows for the Company to record provisional amounts until a final assessment can be made within a period not to exceed one year from the date of enactment.
We have not completed our determination of the accounting implications of the Tax Act on our results of operations. However, we have reasonably estimated the effects of the Tax Act and recorded provisional amounts in our financial statements as of January 31, 2018. We recorded a provisional tax benefit for the impact of the Tax Act of approximately $32.3 million. This amount is primarily comprised of the remeasurement of our indefinite-lived deferred tax liability resulting from the permanent reduction in the U.S. statutory corporate rate from 35% to 21%. We recorded a provisional estimate of the
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mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of our foreign subsidiaries that is primarily offset by other current year operating losses and net operating loss carryforwards that are fully valued resulting in no impact to the current year effective tax rate. As additional regulatory guidance is issued and we continue to collect and analyze necessary data, we may make adjustments to provisional amounts previously recorded. We do not anticipate these adjustments to materially impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which the adjustments are made since we are in a full valuation allowance in the U.S.
A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax asset will be recovered. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Significant judgment is required in determining whether the valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income. Beginning in the second quarter of fiscal 2016, we considered recent cumulative losses in the U.S. arising from the Company's business model transition as a significant source of negative evidence. Considering this negative evidence and the absence of sufficient positive objective evidence that we would generate sufficient taxable income in the U.S. to realize the deferred tax assets, we determined that it was more likely than not that the Company would not realize the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets and recorded a full valuation allowance. As we continually strive to optimize our overall business model, tax planning strategies may become feasible whereby management may determine that it is more likely than not that the federal and state deferred tax assets will be realized; as a result, we will continue to evaluate the realizability of our net deferred tax assets each quarter, both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions, based on all available evidence, both positive and negative.
As of January 31, 2018, the Company had $337.6 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which $304.8 million would reduce our valuation allowance, if recognized. The remaining $32.8 million would impact the effective tax rate. It is possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next twelve months; however, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.
Our future effective annual tax rate may be materially impacted by the amount of benefits and charges from tax amounts associated with our foreign earnings that are taxed at rates different from the federal statutory rate, changes in valuation allowances, level of profit before tax, accounting for uncertain tax positions, business combinations, closure of statute of limitations or settlement of tax audits, and changes in tax laws including impacts of the Tax Act. A significant amount of our earnings is generated by our Europe and Asia Pacific subsidiaries. Our future effective tax rates may be adversely affected to the extent earnings are lower than anticipated in countries where we have lower statutory tax rates.
At January 31, 2018, we had non-current foreign net deferred tax assets of $68.0 million that management believes are more likely than not to be realized in future years.
For additional information regarding our income tax provision and reconciliation of our effective rate to the federal statutory rate of 33.81%, see Note 4, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Other Financial Information
In addition to our results determined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) discussed above, we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, our gross profit, gross margin, (loss) income from operations, operating margin, net (loss) income, diluted net (loss) income per share and diluted shares used in per share calculation on a GAAP and non-GAAP basis were as follows (in millions except for gross margin, operating margin, and per share data):

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (Unaudited)
Gross profit | $ | 1,753.2 |  |  | $ | 1,689.1 |  |  | $ | 2,133.4 |
Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 1,785.5 |  |  | $ | 1,743.2 |  |  | $ | 2,194.2 |
Gross margin | 85 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 85 | %
Non-GAAP gross margin | 87 | % |  | 86 | % |  | 88 | %
(Loss) income from operations | $ | (509.1 | ) |  | $ | (499.6 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |
Non-GAAP (loss) income from operations | $ | (112.0 | ) |  | $ | (125.5 | ) |  | $ | 280.7 |
Operating margin | (25 | )% |  | (25 | )% |  | — | %
Non-GAAP operating margin | (5 | )% |  | (6 | )% |  | 11 | %
Net loss | $ | (566.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | )
Non-GAAP net (loss) income | $ | (106.3 | ) |  | $ | (111.0 | ) |  | $ | 194.1 |
Diluted net (loss) income per share (1) | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Non-GAAP diluted (loss) income per share (1) | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.50 | ) |  | $ | 0.84 |
GAAP diluted weighted average shares used in per share calculation | 219.5 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |
Non-GAAP diluted weighted average shares used in per share calculation | 219.5 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | 230.7 |

_______________

(1) | Net (loss) income per share were computed independently for each of the periods presented; therefore the sum of the net (loss) income per share amount for the quarters may not equal the total for the year.

For our internal budgeting and resource allocation process and as a means to provide consistency in period-to-period comparisons, we use non-GAAP measures to supplement our consolidated financial statements presented on a GAAP basis. These non-GAAP measures do not include certain items that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. We also use non-GAAP measures in making operating decisions because we believe those measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our earning potential and performance for management by excluding certain benefits, credits, expenses and charges that may not be indicative of our core business operating results. For the reasons set forth below, we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors both because (1) they allow for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by management in its financial and operational decision-making and (2) they are used by our institutional investors and the analyst community to help them analyze the health of our business. This allows investors and others to better understand and evaluate our operating results and future prospects in the same manner as management, compare financial results across accounting periods and to those of peer companies and to better understand the long-term performance of our core business. We also use some of these measures for purposes of determining company-wide incentive compensation.
There are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures because non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures included above are limited in value because they exclude certain items that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgments by management about which charges are excluded from the non-GAAP financial measures. We compensate for these limitations by analyzing current and future results on a GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis and also by providing GAAP measures in our public disclosures. The presentation of non-GAAP financial information is meant to be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. We urge investors to review the reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP financial measures included below, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
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Reconciliation of GAAP Financial Measures to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(In millions except for gross margin, operating margin, and per share data):

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (Unaudited)
Gross profit | $ | 1,753.2 |  |  | $ | 1,689.1 |  |  | $ | 2,133.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 15.9 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | 11.8 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 16.4 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |
Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 1,785.5 |  |  | $ | 1,743.2 |  |  | $ | 2,194.2 |
Gross margin | 85 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 85 | %
Stock-based compensation expense | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
Amortization of developed technologies | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
Non-GAAP gross margin | 87 | % |  | 86 | % |  | 88 | %
(Loss) income from operations | $ | (509.1 | ) |  | $ | (499.6 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 245.0 |  |  | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 16.4 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 20.2 |  |  | 31.8 |  |  | 33.2 |
CEO transition costs (1) | 21.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 94.1 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP (loss) income from operations | $ | (112.0 | ) |  | $ | (125.5 | ) |  | $ | 280.7 |
Operating margin | (25 | )% |  | (25 | )% |  | — | %
Stock-based compensation expense | 12 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 8 | %
Amortization of developed technologies | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 1 | %
CEO transition costs (1) | 1 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 5 | % |  | 4 | % |  | — | %
Non-GAAP operating margin | (5 | )% |  | (6 | )% |  | 11 | %
Net loss | $ | (566.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | 245.0 |  |  | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 16.4 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 20.2 |  |  | 31.8 |  |  | 33.2 |
CEO transition costs (1) | 21.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 94.1 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | — |
Loss (gain) on strategic investments | 16.5 |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (3.7 | )
Establishment of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 230.9 |
Discrete tax provision items | (20.7 | ) |  | (2.7 | ) |  | 0.8 |
Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments | 67.7 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 17.2 |
Non-GAAP net (loss) income | $ | (106.3 | ) |  | $ | (111.0 | ) |  | $ | 194.1 |

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| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (Unaudited)
Diluted net (loss) income per share (2) | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | 1.11 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 0.86 |
Amortization of developed technologies | 0.08 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.21 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 0.09 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 0.15 |
CEO transition costs (1) | 0.09 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 0.43 |  |  | 0.35 |  |  | — |
Loss (gain) on strategic investments | 0.08 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.01 | )
Establishment of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.01 |
Discrete tax provision items | (0.09 | ) |  | (0.01 | ) |  | — |
Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments | 0.31 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  | 0.08 |
Non-GAAP diluted (loss) income per share (2) | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.50 | ) |  | $ | 0.84 |

_______________

(1) | CEO transition costs include stock-based compensation of $16.4 million related to the acceleration of eligible stock awards in conjunction with the Company's former CEOs' transition agreements.

(2) | Net (loss) income per share were computed independently for each of the periods presented; therefore the sum of the net (loss) income per share amount for the quarters may not equal the total for the year.

Our non-GAAP financial measures may exclude the following:
Stock-based compensation expense s. We exclude stock-based compensation expenses from non-GAAP measures primarily because they are non-cash expenses and management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. Moreover, because of varying available valuation methodologies, subjective assumptions and the variety of award types that companies can use under FASB ASC Topic 718, we believe excluding stock-based compensation expenses allows investors to make meaningful comparisons between our recurring core business operating results and those of other companies.
Amortization of developed technologies and purchased intangibles. We incur amortization of acquisition-related developed technology and purchased intangibles in connection with acquisitions of certain businesses and technologies. Amortization of developed technologies and purchased intangibles is inconsistent in amount and frequency and is significantly affected by the timing and size of our acquisitions. Management finds it useful to exclude these variable charges from our cost of revenues to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. Investors should note that the use of intangible assets contributed to our revenues earned during the periods presented and will contribute to our future period revenues as well. Amortization of developed technologies and purchased intangible assets will recur in future periods.
CEO transition costs. We exclude amounts paid to the Company's former CEOs upon departure under the terms of their transition agreements, including severance payments, acceleration of restricted stock units, and continued vesting of performance stock units, and legal fees incurred with the transition. Also excluded from our non-GAAP measures are recruiting costs related to the search for a new CEO. These costs represent non-recurring expenses and are not indicative of our ongoing operating expenses. We further believe that excluding the CEO transition costs from our non-GAAP results is useful to investors in that it allows for period-over-period comparability.
Goodwill impairment. This is a non-cash charge to write-down goodwill to fair value when there was an indication that the asset was impaired. As explained above, management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods.
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs (benefits), net. These expenses are associated with realigning our business strategies based on current economic conditions. In connection with these restructuring actions or other exit actions, we recognize costs related to termination benefits for former employees whose positions were eliminated, the closure of facilities and cancellation of certain contracts. We exclude these charges because these expenses are not reflective of ongoing business and operating results. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of these items on our total operating expenses.
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Loss (gain) on strategic investments. We exclude gains and losses related to our strategic investments from our non-GAAP measures primarily because management finds it useful to exclude these variable gains and losses on these investments in assessing our financial results. Included in these amounts are non-cash unrealized gains and losses on the derivative components and realized gains and losses on the sale or losses on the impairment of these investments. We believe excluding these items is useful to investors because these excluded items do not correlate to the underlying performance of our business and these losses or gains were incurred in connection with strategic investments which do not occur regularly.
Establishment of a valuation allowance on certain net deferred tax assets. This is a non-cash charge to record a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets. As explained above, management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various cash expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods.
Discrete tax items. We exclude the GAAP tax provision, including discrete items, from the non-GAAP measure of net (loss) income, and include a non-GAAP tax provision based upon the projected annual non-GAAP effective tax rate. Discrete tax items include income tax expenses or benefits that do not relate to ordinary income from continuing operations in the current fiscal year, unusual or infrequently occurring items, or the tax impact of certain stock-based compensation. Examples of discrete tax items include, but are not limited to, certain changes in judgment and changes in estimates of tax matters related to prior fiscal years, certain costs related to business combinations, certain changes in the ability to utilize deferred tax assets or changes in tax law. Management believes this approach assists investors in understanding the tax provision and the effective tax rate related to ongoing operations. We believe the exclusion of these discrete tax items provides investors with useful supplemental information about our operational performance.
Income tax effects on the difference between GAAP and non-GAAP costs and expenses. The income tax effects that are excluded from the non-GAAP measures relate to the tax impact on the difference between GAAP and non-GAAP expenses, primarily due to stock-based compensation, amortization of purchased intangibles, restructuring charges and other facilities exit costs, and impacts of the corporate rate reduction and one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of certain foreign earnings under the Tax Act, net for GAAP and non-GAAP measures.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary source of cash is from subscriptions to our products, maintenance payments, and related services. Our primary use of cash is payment of our operating costs, which consist primarily of employee-related expenses, such as compensation and benefits, as well as general operating expenses for marketing, facilities and overhead costs. In addition to operating expenses, we also use cash to fund our stock repurchase program and invest in our growth initiatives, which include acquisitions of products, technology and businesses. See further discussion of these items below.
At January 31, 2018, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $1.5 billion and net accounts receivable of $438.2 million.
In June 2017, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.5% notes due June 15, 2027. In June 2015, we issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% notes due June 15, 2020, and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% notes due June 15, 2025. In December 2012, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.95% notes due December 15, 2017, and $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.6% notes due December 15, 2022 (all five series of notes collectively, the “Notes”). In July 2017, we redeemed in full $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding 1.95% senior notes due December 15, 2017. The redemption was completed pursuant to the optional redemption provisions of the first supplemental indenture dated December 13, 2012. To redeem the notes, we used a portion of the proceeds of the June 2017 Notes to pay a redemption price of approximately $400.9 million, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Total cash repayment was $401.8 million. The Company did not incur any additional early termination penalties relating to such redemption.
As of January 31, 2018, we have $1.6 billion aggregate principal amount of Notes outstanding. In addition, we have a line of credit facility that permits unsecured short-term borrowings of up to $400.0 million with a May 2020 maturity date, with an option to request an increase in the amount of the credit facility by up to an additional $100.0 million. This credit agreement contains customary covenants that could restrict the imposition of liens on our assets, and restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness or make dispositions of assets if we fail to maintain the financial covenants. The financial covenants consist of a maximum debt to total cash ratio, a fixed charge coverage ratio through April 30, 2018, and after April 30, 2018, a minimum interest coverage ratio. As of January 31, 2018, we are compliant with all financial covenants related to our line of credit facility and as of March 22, 2018, we have no amounts outstanding under the credit facility. If we are unable to remain in compliance with the covenants, we will not be able to draw on our credit facility. Borrowings under the credit facility and the
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net proceeds from the offering of the Notes are available for general corporate purposes.
Our cash and cash equivalents are held by diversified financial institutions globally. Our primary commercial banking relationship is with Citigroup and its global affiliates. In addition, Citibank N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup, is one of the lead lenders and agent in the syndicate of our $400.0 million line of credit.
Long-term cash requirements for items other than normal operating expenses are anticipated for the following: repayment of debt; common stock repurchases; the acquisition of businesses, software products, or technologies complementary to our business; and capital expenditures, including the purchase and implementation of internal-use software applications.
Our strategy includes improving our product functionality and expanding our product offerings through internal development as well as through the acquisition of products, technology, and businesses. Acquisitions often increase the speed at which we can deliver product functionality to our customers; however, they entail cost and integration challenges and, in certain instances, negatively impact our operating margins. We continually review these trade-offs in making decisions regarding acquisitions. We currently anticipate that we will continue to acquire products, technology, and businesses as compelling opportunities become available. Our decision to acquire businesses or technology is dependent on our business needs, the availability of suitable sellers and technology, and our own financial condition.
Our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances are concentrated in a few locations around the world, with substantial amounts held outside of the United States. As of January 31, 2018, approximately 74% of our total cash or cash equivalents and marketable securities are located in foreign jurisdictions and that percentage will fluctuate subject to business needs. There are several factors that can impact our ability to utilize foreign cash balances, such as foreign exchange restrictions, foreign regulatory restrictions or adverse tax costs. The Tax Act includes a mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries and generally eliminates U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiary distributions in future periods. As a result, earnings in foreign jurisdictions are generally available for distribution to the U.S. with little to no incremental U.S. taxes. We expect to meet our liquidity needs through current cash balances, ongoing cash flows, external borrowings, or a combination. We regularly review our capital structure and consider a variety of potential financing alternatives and planning strategies to ensure we have the proper liquidity available in the locations in which it is needed.
Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the risks detailed in Part I, Item 1A titled “Risk Factors.” However, based on our current business plan and revenue prospects, we believe that our existing balances, our anticipated cash flows from operations and our available credit facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating resource expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.
Our revenue, earnings, cash flows, receivables, and payables are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, for which we have put in place foreign currency contracts as part of our risk management strategy. See Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for further discussion.

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 169.7 |  |  | $ | 414.0 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 506.4 |  |  | 272.0 |  |  | (809.5 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (656.6 | ) |  | (578.3 | ) |  | 343.2 |

Net cash provided by operating activities of $0.9 million for fiscal 2018 consisted of $330.7 million of non-cash expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, depreciation, amortization and accretion expense, and $135.7 million of cash flow provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities, offsetting our net loss of $566.9 million.
The primary working capital source of cash was an increase in deferred revenue from $1,788.0 million as of January 31, 2017, to $1,955.1 million as of January 31, 2018. The primary working capital uses of cash were decreases in accrued income taxes and other accrued liabilities.
Net cash provided by investing was $506.4 million for fiscal 2018 and was primarily due to the sale and maturities of marketable securities. These cash inflows were partially offset by purchases of marketable securities and capital expenditures.
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At January 31, 2018, our short-term investment portfolio had an estimated fair value of $245.2 million and a cost basis of $236.4 million. The portfolio fair value consisted of $99.3 million invested in corporate debt securities, $37.1 million invested in U.S. government securities, $27.5 million invested in commercial paper, $13.1 million invested in asset backed securities, and $9.2 million invested in other short-term securities.
At January 31, 2018, $59.0 million of trading securities were invested in a defined set of mutual funds as directed by the participants in our Deferred Compensation Plan (see Note 6, “Deferred Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion).
Net cash used in financing activities was $656.6 million fiscal 2018 and was primarily due to repurchases of our common stock and the repayment of debt noted earlier in this section. These cash outflows were offset in part by the issuance of debt also noted earlier in this section.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our significant financial contractual obligations at January 31, 2018, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods.

| Total |  | Fiscal 2019 |  | Fiscal Years 2010-2021 |  | Fiscal Years 2022-2023 |  | Thereafter
|  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Notes | $ | 1,955.6 |  |  | $ | 57.3 |  |  | $ | 555.7 |  |  | $ | 434.9 |  |  | $ | 907.7 |
Operating lease obligations | 247.0 |  |  | 61.3 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | 47.5 |  |  | 57.7 |
Purchase obligations | 147.6 |  |  | 63.8 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | 14.8 |  |  | 9.3 |
Deferred compensation obligations | 59.0 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | 38.3 |
Pension obligations | 67.6 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 34.8 |
Asset retirement obligations | 10.6 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total (1) | $ | 2,487.4 |  |  | $ | 195.8 |  |  | $ | 725.1 |  |  | $ | 518.4 |  |  | $ | 1,048.1 |

____________________

(1) | This table generally excludes amounts already recorded on the balance sheet as current liabilities, certain purchase obligations as discussed below, long term deferred revenue, and amounts related to income tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions, since we cannot predict with reasonable reliability the timing of cash settlements to the respective taxing authorities (see Note 4, “Income Taxes” to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).

Notes consist of the Senior Notes issued in December 2012, June 2015 and June 2017 described above.
Operating lease obligations consist primarily of obligations for facilities, net of sublease income, computer equipment and other equipment leases.
Purchase obligations are contractual obligations for purchase of goods or services and are defined as agreements that are enforceable and legally binding on Autodesk and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. Purchase obligations relate primarily to enterprise subscription agreements, IT infrastructure costs, and marketing costs.
Deferred compensation obligations relate to amounts held in a rabbi trust under our non-qualified deferred compensation plan. See Note 6, “Deferred Compensation,” in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding this plan.
Pension obligations relate to our obligations for pension plans outside of the U.S. See Note 14, “Retirement Benefit Plans,” in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding these obligations.
Asset retirement obligations represent the estimated costs to bring certain office buildings that we lease back to their original condition after the termination of the lease.
Purchase orders or contracts for the purchase of supplies and other goods and services are not included in the table above. We are not able to determine the aggregate amount of such purchase orders that represent contractual obligations, as purchase
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orders may represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. Our purchase orders are based on our current procurement or development needs and are fulfilled by our vendors within short time horizons. We do not have significant agreements for the purchase of supplies or other goods specifying minimum quantities or set prices that exceed our expected requirements for three months. In addition, we have certain software royalty commitments associated with the shipment and licensing of certain products.
The expected timing of payment of the obligations discussed above is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different depending on the time of receipt of goods or services or changes to agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.
We provide indemnifications of varying scopes and certain guarantees, including limited product warranties. Historically, costs related to these warranties and indemnifications have not been significant, but because potential future costs are highly variable, we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these guarantees on our future results of operations.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Autodesk's stock repurchase program provides Autodesk with the ability to offset the dilution from the issuance of stock under our employee stock plans and reduce shares outstanding over time, and has the effect of returning excess cash generated from our business to stockholders. Under the share repurchase program, Autodesk may repurchase shares from time to time in open market transactions, privately-negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, tender offers, or by other means. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the pace and timing of repurchases will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, available surplus, the volume of employee stock plan activity, remaining shares available in the authorized pool, cash requirements for acquisitions, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements.
During the three and twelve months ended January 31, 2018, we repurchased 2.5 million and 6.9 million shares of our common stock, respectively. At January 31, 2018, 19.6 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors. This programs does not have a fixed expiration date. See Note 9, “Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of January 31, 2018, we did not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements other than operating leases, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.
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ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign currency exchange risk
Our revenue, earnings, cash flows, receivables, and payables are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our risk management strategy utilizes foreign currency contracts to manage our exposure to foreign currency volatility that exists as part of our ongoing business operations. We utilize cash flow hedge contracts to reduce the exchange rate impact on a portion of the net revenue or operating expense of certain anticipated transactions. In addition, we use balance sheet hedge contracts to reduce the exchange rate risk associated primarily with foreign currency denominated receivables and payables. As of January 31, 2018, and 2017, we had open cash flow and balance sheet hedge contracts with future settlements within one to twelve months. Contracts were primarily denominated in euros, Japanese yen, Swiss francs, British pounds, Canadian dollars, and Australian dollars. We do not enter into foreign exchange derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The notional amount of our option and forward contracts was $949.5 million and $640.0 million at January 31, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
We use foreign currency contracts to reduce the exchange rate impact on the net revenue and operating expenses of certain anticipated transactions. A sensitivity analysis performed on our hedging portfolio as of January 31, 2018, indicated that a hypothetical 10% appreciation of the U.S. dollar from its value at January 31, 2018 and 2017 would increase the fair value of our foreign currency contracts by $57.9 million and $60.9 million, respectively. A hypothetical 10% depreciation of the dollar from its value at January 31, 2018, and 2017 would decrease the fair value of our foreign currency contracts by $83.2 million and $32.5 million, respectively.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate movements affect both the interest income we earn on our short-term investments and the market value of certain longer term securities. At January 31, 2018, we had $1,078.6 million of cash equivalents and marketable securities, including $245.2 million classified as short-term marketable securities and $190.8 million classified as long-term marketable securities. If interest rates were to move up by 50 or 100 basis points over a twelve month period, the market value change of our marketable securities would have an unrealized gain or loss of $1.4 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
Other Market Risk
From time to time we make direct investments in privately held companies. Privately held company investments generally are considered inherently risky. The technologies and products these companies have under development are typically in the early stages and may never materialize, which could result in a loss of all or a substantial part of our initial investment in these companies. The evaluation of privately held companies is based on information that we request from these companies, which is not subject to the same disclosure regulations as U.S. publicly traded companies, and as such, the basis for these evaluations is subject to the timing and accuracy of the data received from these companies. See Note 2, "Financial Instruments" for further discussion regarding our privately held investments.
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ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions, except per share data)

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance | $ | 989.6 |  |  | $ | 1,103.1 |  |  | $ | 1,152.5 |
Subscription | 894.3 |  |  | 443.1 |  |  | 228.1 |
Total maintenance and subscription revenue | 1,883.9 |  |  | 1,546.2 |  |  | 1,380.6 |
License and other | 172.7 |  |  | 484.8 |  |  | 1,123.5 |
Total net revenue | 2,056.6 |  |  | 2,031.0 |  |  | 2,504.1 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of maintenance and subscription revenue | 214.4 |  |  | 191.7 |  |  | 162.3 |
Cost of license and other revenue | 72.6 |  |  | 110.2 |  |  | 159.4 |
Amortization of developed technology | 16.4 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 49.0 |
Total cost of revenue | 303.4 |  |  | 341.9 |  |  | 370.7 |
Gross profit | 1,753.2 |  |  | 1,689.1 |  |  | 2,133.4 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Marketing and sales | 1,087.3 |  |  | 1,022.5 |  |  | 1,015.5 |
Research and development | 755.5 |  |  | 766.1 |  |  | 790.0 |
General and administrative | 305.2 |  |  | 287.8 |  |  | 293.4 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 20.2 |  |  | 31.8 |  |  | 33.2 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 94.1 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses | 2,262.3 |  |  | 2,188.7 |  |  | 2,132.1 |
(Loss) income from operations | (509.1 | ) |  | (499.6 | ) |  | 1.3 |
Interest and other expense, net | (48.2 | ) |  | (24.2 | ) |  | (21.6 | )
Loss before income taxes | (557.3 | ) |  | (523.8 | ) |  | (20.3 | )
Provision for income taxes | (9.6 | ) |  | (58.3 | ) |  | (310.2 | )
Net loss | $ | (566.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | )
Basic net loss per share | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Diluted net loss per share | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Weighted average shares used in computing basic net loss per share | 219.5 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted net loss per share | 219.5 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In millions)

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net loss | $ | (566.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on derivative instruments (net of tax effect of $3.2, ($1.1), and $0.6) | (31.2 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (27.1 | )
Change in net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities (net of tax effect of $0.1, ($0.5), and $0.0) | (0.2 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | (1.4 | )
Change in defined benefit pension items (net of tax effect of ($0.7), ($0.9), and $0.9) | 4.5 |  |  | (5.5 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
Net change in cumulative foreign currency translation gain (loss) (net of tax effect of ($4.8), $0.2, and $0.5) | 81.6 |  |  | (52.1 | ) |  | (34.7 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 54.7 |  |  | (57.4 | ) |  | (67.8 | )
Total comprehensive loss | $ | (512.2 | ) |  | $ | (639.5 | ) |  | $ | (398.3 | )

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share data)

| January 31, 2018 |  | January 31, 2017
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,078.0 |  |  | $ | 1,213.1 |
Marketable securities | 245.2 |  |  | 686.8 |
Accounts receivable, net | 438.2 |  |  | 452.3 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 116.5 |  |  | 108.4 |
Total current assets | 1,877.9 |  |  | 2,460.6 |
Marketable securities | 190.8 |  |  | 306.2 |
Computer equipment, software, furniture, and leasehold improvements, net | 145.0 |  |  | 158.6 |
Developed technologies, net | 27.1 |  |  | 45.7 |
Goodwill | 1,620.2 |  |  | 1,561.1 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 81.7 |  |  | 63.9 |
Other assets | 170.9 |  |  | 202.0 |
Total assets | $ | 4,113.6 |  |  | $ | 4,798.1 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 94.7 |  |  | $ | 93.5 |
Accrued compensation | 250.9 |  |  | 238.2 |
Accrued income taxes | 28.0 |  |  | 50.0 |
Deferred revenue | 1,551.6 |  |  | 1,270.1 |
Current portion of long-term notes payable, net | — |  |  | 398.7 |
Other accrued liabilities | 198.0 |  |  | 134.9 |
Total current liabilities | 2,123.2 |  |  | 2,185.4 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 403.5 |  |  | 517.9 |
Long-term income taxes payable | 41.6 |  |  | 39.3 |
Long-term deferred income taxes | 66.6 |  |  | 91.5 |
Long-term notes payable, net | 1,586.0 |  |  | 1,092.0 |
Long-term other liabilities | 148.7 |  |  | 138.4 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; shares authorized 2.0; none issued or outstanding at January 31, 2018 and 2017 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.01 par value; shares authorized 750.0; 218.3 outstanding at January 31, 2018 and 220.3 outstanding at January 31, 2017 | 1,952.7 |  |  | 1,876.3 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (123.8 | ) |  | (178.5 | )
Accumulated deficit | (2,084.9 | ) |  | (964.2 | )
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity | (256.0 | ) |  | 733.6 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity | $ | 4,113.6 |  |  | $ | 4,798.1 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (566.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | 108.4 |  |  | 139.2 |  |  | 145.8 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 261.4 |  |  | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |
Deferred income taxes | (39.1 | ) |  | (38.8 | ) |  | 235.9 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | 94.1 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | — |
Other operating activities | 7.3 |  |  | (7.7 | ) |  | (25.0 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business combinations: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 13.3 |  |  | 201.5 |  |  | (195.5 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (9.9 | ) |  | (13.5 | ) |  | (2.8 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (13.9 | ) |  | 2.7 |  |  | 24.9 |
Deferred revenue | 168.3 |  |  | 267.0 |  |  | 360.5 |
Accrued income taxes | (22.1 | ) |  | (100.9 | ) |  | 3.5 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 0.9 |  |  | 169.7 |  |  | 414.0 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of marketable securities | (514.0 | ) |  | (1,867.9 | ) |  | (2,250.1 | )
Sales of marketable securities | 489.0 |  |  | 1,257.7 |  |  | 329.4 |
Maturities of marketable securities | 594.3 |  |  | 1,057.2 |  |  | 1,376.6 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (85.2 | ) |  | (148.5 | )
Capital expenditures | (50.7 | ) |  | (76.0 | ) |  | (72.4 | )
Other investing activities | (12.2 | ) |  | (13.8 | ) |  | (44.5 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 506.4 |  |  | 272.0 |  |  | (809.5 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 94.4 |  |  | 119.6 |  |  | 110.8 |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | (143.1 | ) |  | (76.2 | ) |  | (51.6 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (699.0 | ) |  | (621.7 | ) |  | (458.0 | )
Proceeds from debt, net of discount | 496.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 748.3 |
Repayments of debt | (400.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other financing activities | (5.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6.3 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (656.6 | ) |  | (578.3 | ) |  | 343.2 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 14.2 |  |  | (3.3 | ) |  | (5.3 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (135.1 | ) |  | (139.9 | ) |  | (57.6 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of fiscal year | 1,213.1 |  |  | 1,353.0 |  |  | 1,410.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of fiscal year | $ | 1,078.0 |  |  | $ | 1,213.1 |  |  | $ | 1,353.0 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for interest | $ | 54.6 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 34.7 |
Net cash paid during the year for income taxes | $ | 84.5 |  |  | $ | 77.7 |  |  | $ | 59.1 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY
(In millions)

| Common stock and additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Retained earnings (Accumulated deficit) |  | Total stockholders' (deficit) equity
Shares |  | Amount |
Balances, January 31, 2015 | 227.0 |  |  | $ | 1,773.1 |  |  | $ | (53.3 | ) |  | $ | 499.4 |  |  | $ | 2,219.2 |
Common shares issued under stock plans | 5.9 |  |  | 59.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59.2 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 197.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 197.2 |
Tax benefits from employee stock plans | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (330.5 | ) |  | (330.5 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (67.8 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (8.5 | ) |  | (208.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (249.7 | ) |  | (458.0 | )
Balances, January 31, 2016 | 224.4 |  |  | 1,821.5 |  |  | (121.1 | ) |  | (80.8 | ) |  | 1,619.6 |
Common shares issued under stock plans | 5.6 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 221.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 221.8 |
Cumulative effect of accounting changes | — |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 113.0 |  |  | 119.9 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (582.1 | ) |  | (582.1 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (57.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (57.4 | )
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (9.7 | ) |  | (217.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (414.3 | ) |  | (631.6 | )
Balances, January 31, 2017 | 220.3 |  |  | 1,876.3 |  |  | (178.5 | ) |  | (964.2 | ) |  | 733.6 |
Common shares issued under stock plans | 4.9 |  |  | (48.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48.7 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | 261.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 261.4 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (566.9 | ) |  | (566.9 | )
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 54.7 |
Repurchase and retirement of common shares | (6.9 | ) |  | (136.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (553.8 | ) |  | (690.1 | )
Balances, January 31, 2018 | 218.3 |  |  | $ | 1,952.7 |  |  | $ | (123.8 | ) |  | $ | (2,084.9 | ) |  | $ | (256.0 | )

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AUTODESK, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
January 31, 2018
(Tables in millions of dollars, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)
1. Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business
Autodesk, Inc. (“Autodesk” or the “Company”) is a world leading design software and services company, offering customers productive business solutions through powerful technology products and services. The Company serves customers in the architecture, engineering, and construction; manufacturing; and digital media, consumer, and entertainment industries. The Company’s sophisticated software products, offered through a hybrid of desktop and cloud functionality, enable its customers to experience their ideas before they are real by allowing them to imagine, design, and create their ideas and to visualize, simulate, and analyze real-world performance early in the design process by creating digital prototypes. These capabilities allow Autodesk’s customers to foster innovation, optimize and improve their designs, help save time and money, improve quality, and collaborate with others. Autodesk software products are sold globally, both directly to customers and through a network of resellers and distributors.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Autodesk and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Change in Presentation
During the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company changed its historical presentation of its revenue and cost of revenue categories. Previously, the Company presented revenue and cost of revenue on two lines: subscription, and license and other. Included within subscription was maintenance revenue for all of the Company's software products and revenue for the Company's cloud service offerings. License and other revenue included product license revenue, standalone consulting services, and other immaterial items. Also, included within license and other revenue was an allocation of the estimated value of the software license from the Company's term-based product subscriptions and enterprise offerings, which contain a software license, maintenance and cloud services. For these arrangements, as there is no vendor-specific-objective evidence ("VSOE") for the related maintenance, the arrangement consideration was allocated between the license and maintenance deliverables based on best estimated selling prices in our consolidated statements of operations. The Company performed the allocation because it provided a meaningful presentation to investors based on the Company's then current product mix.
As part of the Company's technological and business model transition, the Company discontinued the sale of most of its perpetual licenses, transitioning away from selling a mix of perpetual licenses and term-based product subscriptions to a single subscription model involving a combined hybrid offering of desktop software and cloud functionality, which provides a device-independent, collaborative design workflow for designers and their stakeholders. Fiscal 2018 marks the first full year in the Company's history that it sold substantially all term-based product subscriptions. To better reflect this shift in its business, the Company adopted a revised presentation in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, including the separation of subscription revenue and maintenance revenue on distinct line items on the Company's consolidated statement of operations.
Subscription revenue now consists of our term-based product subscriptions, cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business arrangements. Note that with the change in presentation of revenue in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations in fiscal 2018, term-based product subscriptions and flexible enterprise business arrangements are classified and presented in a single line item.
Maintenance revenue is presented as a separate line item in the new presentation and consists of revenue from the Company's existing maintenance plan agreements and related renewals.
License and other revenue will continue to be presented as a separate line item and include any residual perpetual licenses sold, standalone consulting services, and other immaterial items.
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In connection with these revisions, the Company also revised its cost of revenue classification to present cost of subscription and maintenance revenue and amortization of developed technology separately. Cost of license and other revenue will continue to be presented as a separate line item. This change in presentation does not affect the Company's total net revenues, total cost of net revenues or overall gross margin. The following table shows reclassified amounts to conform to the periods' presentation:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016
| Previously Reported |  | Change in Presentation Reclassification |  | Current Presentation |  | Previously Reported |  | Change in Presentation Reclassification |  | Current Presentation
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance (1) | N/A |  | $ | 1,103.1 |  |  | $ | 1,103.1 |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 1,152.5 |  |  | $ | 1,152.5 |
Subscription | $ | 1,290.0 |  |  | (846.9 | ) |  | 443.1 |  |  | $ | 1,277.2 |  |  | (1,049.1 | ) |  | 228.1 |
License and other | 741.0 |  |  | (256.2 | ) |  | 484.8 |  |  | 1,226.9 |  |  | (103.4 | ) |  | 1,123.5 |
Total | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maintenance and subscription (2) | $ | 151.3 |  |  | $ | 40.4 |  |  | $ | 191.7 |  |  | $ | 156.1 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 162.3 |
License and other | 190.6 |  |  | (80.4 | ) |  | 110.2 |  |  | 214.6 |  |  | (55.2 | ) |  | 159.4 |
Amortization of developed technology (1) | N/A |  | 40.0 |  |  | 40.0 |  | N/A |  | 49.0 |  |  | 49.0
Total | $ | 341.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 341.9 |  |  | $ | 370.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 370.7 |

_______________
(1) These lines were not previously reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
(2) Previously, titled "Subscription."
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in Autodesk’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. On a regular basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Examples of significant estimates and assumptions made by management involve the determination of the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, goodwill, financial instruments including strategic investments, long-lived assets and other intangible assets, the realizability of deferred tax assets, and the fair value of stock awards. The Company also makes assumptions, judgments, and estimates in determining the accruals for uncertain tax positions, provisional estimates associated with the December 22, 2017 enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act"), variable compensation, partner incentive programs, product returns reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, asset retirement obligations, and legal contingencies.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
The assets and liabilities of Autodesk’s foreign subsidiaries are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at the rates in effect at the balance sheet date, and revenue and expense amounts are translated at exchange rates that approximate those rates in effect during the period in which the underlying transactions occur. Foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as other comprehensive (loss) income.
Gains and losses realized from foreign currency transactions, those transactions denominated in currencies other than the foreign subsidiary’s functional currency, are included in interest and other income, net. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using foreign currency exchange rates at the end of the period, and non-monetary assets are remeasured based on historical exchange rates.
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Derivative Financial Instruments
Autodesk accounts for its derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and carries them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are adjusted to fair value through earnings. See Note 2, "Financial Instruments" for information regarding Autodesk's hedging activities.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Autodesk considers all highly liquid investments with insignificant interest rate risk and remaining maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value.
Marketable Securities and Privately Held Company Investments
Marketable securities are stated at fair value. Marketable securities maturing within one year that are not restricted are classified as current assets. Substantially all marketable debt and equity investments held by Autodesk are classified as current based on the nature of the investments and their availability for use in current operations.
Autodesk determines the appropriate classification of its marketable securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such classification as of each balance sheet date. Autodesk carries all “available-for-sale securities” at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in stockholders’ equity (deficit) until disposition or maturity. Autodesk carries all “trading securities” at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, recorded in “Interest and other income, net” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method.
Autodesk regularly invests in non-marketable debt and equity securities of privately held companies. The carrying values of such investments are included in other long-term assets. For the majority of our privately held company investments, we use the cost method of accounting.
All of Autodesk’s marketable securities and privately held company investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Autodesk considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than Autodesk’s cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and Autodesk’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in the market value. For additional information, see “Concentration of Credit Risk” within this Note 1 and Note 2, “Financial Instruments.”
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of January 31:

| 2018 |  | 2017
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 469.2 |  |  | $ | 477.5 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts | (2.3 | ) |  | (1.5 | )
Product returns reserve | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Partner programs and other obligations | (28.5 | ) |  | (23.5 | )
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 438.2 |  |  | $ | 452.3 |

Allowances for uncollectible trade receivables are based upon historical loss patterns, the number of days that billings are past due, and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with problem accounts.
As part of the indirect channel model, Autodesk has a partner incentive program that uses quarterly attainment of monetary rewards to motivate distributors and resellers to achieve mutually agreed upon business goals in a specified time period. A portion of these incentives reduce license and other revenue in the current period. The remainder, which relates to incentives on our Subscription Program, is recorded as a reduction to deferred revenue in the period the subscription transaction is billed and subsequently recognized as a reduction to subscription revenue over the contract period. These incentive balance
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s do not require significant assumptions or judgments. Depending on how the payments are made, the reserves associated with the partner incentive program are treated on the balance sheet as either contra account receivable or accounts payable.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Autodesk places its cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, multiple diversified financial institutions globally with high credit ratings and limits the amounts invested with any one institution, type of security, and issuer.
Autodesk’s primary commercial banking relationship is with Citigroup Inc. and its global affiliates. Citibank, N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup, is one of the lead lenders and an agent in the syndicate of Autodesk’s $400.0 million line of credit facility. It is Autodesk’s policy to limit the amounts invested with any one institution by type of security and issuer.
The bank counterparties to the derivative contracts potentially expose Autodesk to credit-related losses in the event of their nonperformance. However, to mitigate that risk, Autodesk only contracts with counterparties who meet the Company's minimum requirements under its counterparty risk assessment process. Autodesk monitors counterparty risk on at least a quarterly basis and will adjust its exposure to various counterparties as necessary. Autodesk generally enters into master netting arrangements, which reduce credit risk by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. However, Autodesk does not have any master netting arrangements in place with collateral features.
Autodesk’s accounts receivable are derived from sales to a large number of resellers, distributors, and direct customers in the Americas; EMEA; and APAC geographies. Autodesk performs ongoing evaluations of these partners' financial condition and limits the amount of credit extended when deemed necessary, but generally does not require collateral from such parties. Total sales to the Company's largest distributor Tech Data Corporation, and its global affiliates (“Tech Data”), accounted for 31%, 30%, and 25% of Autodesk's net revenue for fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The majority of the net revenue from sales to Tech Data is for sales made outside of the United States. In addition, Tech Data accounted for 31% and 20% of trade accounts receivable as of January 31, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Computer Equipment, Software, Furniture, and Leasehold Improvements, Net
Computer equipment, software, and furniture are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term. Depreciation expense was $67.6 million in fiscal 2018, $73.1 million in fiscal 2017, and $60.6 million in fiscal 2016.
Computer equipment, software, furniture, leasehold improvements and the related accumulated depreciation at January 31 were as follows:

| 2018 |  | 2017
Computer hardware, at cost | $ | 217.1 |  |  | $ | 206.1 |
Computer software, at cost | 72.6 |  |  | 73.5 |
Leasehold improvements, land and buildings, at cost | 228.9 |  |  | 206.3 |
Furniture and equipment, at cost | 63.4 |  |  | 58.2 |
Computer software, hardware, leasehold improvements, furniture, and equipment, at cost | 582.0 |  |  | 544.1 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (437.0 | ) |  | (385.5 | )
Computer software, hardware, leasehold improvements, furniture, and equipment, net | $ | 145.0 |  |  | $ | 158.6 |

Costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized for application development activities, if material, and immediately expensed for preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities. These capitalized costs are amortized over the software’s expected useful life, which is generally three years.
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Software Development Costs
Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are included in research and development expenses. Autodesk defines establishment of technological feasibility as the completion of a working model. Software development costs incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility through the period of general market availability of the products are capitalized and generally amortized over a three-year period, if material. Autodesk had no material capitalized software development costs at January 31, 2018, and January 31, 2017.
Other Intangible Assets, Net
Other intangible assets include developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, user lists and the related accumulated amortization. These assets are shown as “Developed technologies, net” and as part of “Other assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The majority of Autodesk’s other intangible assets are amortized to expense over the estimated economic life of the product, which ranges from two to ten years. Amortization expense for developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists was $36.6 million in fiscal 2018, $72.2 million in fiscal 2017 and $82.6 million in fiscal 2016.
Other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization at January 31 were as follows:

| 2018 |  | 2017
Developed technologies, at cost | $ | 578.5 |  |  | $ | 583.6 |
Customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists, at cost (1) | 372.5 |  |  | 375.9 |
Other intangible assets, at cost (2) | 951.0 |  |  | 959.5 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (895.8 | ) |  | (862.0 | )
Other intangible assets, net | $ | 55.2 |  |  | $ | 97.5 |

_______________

(1) | Included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Includes the effects of foreign currency translation.

The weighted average amortization period for developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists during fiscal 2018 was 4.9 years. Excluding in-process research and development, expected future amortization expense for developed technologies, customer relationships, trade names, patents, and user lists for each of the fiscal years ended thereafter is as follows:

| Fiscal Year ended January 31,
2019 | $ | 28.0 |
2020 | 16.1 |
2021 | 7.7 |
2022 | 3.4 |
Thereafter | — |
Total | $ | 55.2 |

Goodwill
Goodwill consists of the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Autodesk tests goodwill for impairment annually in its fourth fiscal quarter or more often if circumstances indicate a potential impairment may exist, or if events have affected the composition of reporting units.
When goodwill is assessed for impairment, Autodesk has the option to perform an assessment of qualitative factors of impairment (“optional assessment”) prior to necessitating a quantitative impairment test. Should the optional assessment be used for any given fiscal year, qualitative factors to consider include cost factors; financial performance; legal, regulatory, contractual, political, business, or other factors; entity specific factors; industry and market considerations, macroeconomic conditions, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. If, after assessing the totality of events or
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circumstances, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, then performing the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary.
The quantitative impairment test is necessary when either Autodesk does not use the optional assessment or, as a result of the optional assessment, it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value.
As described in the "Accounting Standards Adopted" section of Note 1, Autodesk early adopted ASU 2017-04, which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill to eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, removing the need to determine the implied fair value of goodwill and comparing it to the carrying amount of that goodwill to measure the impairment loss, if any. In situations in which an entity's reporting unit is publicly traded, the fair value of the Company may be approximated by its market capitalization, in performing the quantitative impairment test.
Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. If impairment exists, the carrying value of the goodwill is reduced to fair value through an impairment charge recorded in the Company's statements of operations. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis. The value of Autodesk’s goodwill could also be impacted by future adverse changes such as: (i) declines in Autodesk’s actual financial results, (ii) a sustained decline in Autodesk’s market capitalization, (iii) a significant slowdown in the worldwide economy or the industries Autodesk serves, or (iv) changes in Autodesk’s business strategy.
For the annual impairment test, Autodesk's market capitalization was substantially in excess of the carrying value of the Company as of January 31, 2018. Accordingly, Autodesk has determined there was no goodwill impairment during the year ended January 31, 2018. In addition, Autodesk did not recognize any goodwill impairment losses in fiscal 2017 or 2016.
The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018 and 2017:

| January 31, 2018 |  | January 31, 2017
Goodwill, beginning of the year | $ | 1,710.3 |  |  | $ | 1,684.2 |
Less: accumulated impairment losses, beginning of the year | (149.2 | ) |  | (149.2 | )
Additions arising from acquisitions during the year | — |  |  | 62.8 |
Effect of foreign currency translation, measurement period adjustments, and other (1) | 59.1 |  |  | (36.7 | )
Goodwill, end of the year | $ | 1,620.2 |  |  | $ | 1,561.1 |

_______________

(1) | Purchase accounting adjustments reflect revisions made to the Company’s preliminary purchase price allocations during fiscal 2018 and 2017.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
At least annually or more frequently as circumstances dictate, Autodesk reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever impairment indicators exist. Autodesk continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate the carrying amounts of its long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, Autodesk assesses recoverability of these assets. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amounts of the assets to the future undiscounted cash flow the assets are expected to generate. If the long-lived assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds its fair market value. Autodesk did not recognize any material impairments of long-lived assets during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
In addition to the recoverability assessments, Autodesk routinely reviews the remaining estimated useful lives of its long-lived assets. Any reduction in the useful life assumption will result in increased depreciation and amortization expense in the quarter when such determinations are made, as well as in subsequent quarters.
Deferred Tax Assets
Deferred tax assets arise primarily from tax credits, net operating losses, and timing differences for reserves, accrued liabilities, stock options, deferred revenue, purchased technologies, and capitalized intangibles, partially offset by U.S. deferred tax liabilities on acquired intangibles, and valuation allowances against U.S. and foreign deferred tax assets. Autodesk performed a quarterly assessment of the recoverability of these net deferred tax assets and believe it will generate sufficient
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future taxable income in appropriate tax jurisdictions to realize the net deferred tax assets. They are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce gross deferred tax assets to the amount that is "more likely than not" to be realized.
Revenue Recognition
Autodesk recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable.
For multiple element arrangements containing only software and software-related elements, Autodesk allocates the sales price among each of the deliverables using the residual method, under which a portion of the total arrangement consideration is allocated to undelivered elements based on their vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value and the remainder or residual of the total consideration is recognized as revenue for the delivered elements. VSOE is the price charged when an element is sold separately or a price set by management with the relevant authority. If Autodesk does not have VSOE of an undelivered element, revenue recognition is deferred on the entire sales arrangement until all elements for which Autodesk does not have VSOE are delivered. If Autodesk does not have VSOE for undelivered product subscriptions, maintenance or services, the total consideration for the arrangement is recognized ratably over the longest contractual service period in the arrangement.
For multiple element arrangements involving non-software elements, including cloud subscription services, our revenue recognition policy is based upon the accounting guidance contained in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. For these arrangements, Autodesk first allocates the total arrangement consideration based on the relative selling prices of the software group of elements as a whole and to the non-software elements. Autodesk then further allocates consideration within the software group to the respective elements within that group using the residual method as described above. Autodesk exercises judgment and uses estimates in connection with the determination of the amount of revenue to be recognized in each accounting period.
Autodesk allocates the total arrangement consideration among the various elements based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its VSOE if available, third-party evidence ("TPE") if VSOE is not available, or the best estimated selling price ("BESP") if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. BESP represents the price at which Autodesk would transact for the deliverable if it were sold regularly on a standalone basis. To establish BESP for those elements for which neither VSOE nor TPE are available, Autodesk performs a quantitative analysis of pricing data points for historical standalone transactions involving such elements for a twelve-month period. As part of this analysis, Autodesk monitors and evaluates the BESP against actual pricing to ensure that it continues to represent a reasonable estimate of the standalone selling price, considering several other external and internal factors including, but not limited to, pricing and discounting practices, contractually stated prices, the geographies in which Autodesk offers products and services, and the type of customer (i.e. distributor, value-added reseller, and direct end user, among others). Autodesk analyzes BESP at least annually or on a more frequent basis if a significant change in our business necessitates a more timely analysis, or if significant selling price variances are experienced.
In situations when Autodesk has multiple contracts with a single counterparty, Autodesk uses the guidance in ASC 985-605 to evaluate both the form and the substance of the arrangements to determine if they should be combined and accounted for as one arrangement or as separate arrangements.
Autodesk’s assessment of the likelihood of collection is also a critical factor in determining the timing of revenue recognition. If Autodesk does not believe that collection is probable, the revenue will be deferred until payment is received.
Autodesk's maintenance revenue consists of renewal fees for existing maintenance plan agreements that were initially purchased with a perpetual software license. Under the maintenance plan, customers are eligible to receive unspecified upgrades, when and if available, and technical support. Autodesk recognizes maintenance revenue ratably over the term of the maintenance agreement, which is generally between one and three years.
Autodesk's subscription revenue consists of term-based product subscriptions, cloud service offerings, and flexible enterprise business arrangements. With Autodesk's subscription plan, customers can use Autodesk software anytime, anywhere, and get access to the latest updates to previous versions. Revenue from these arrangements is recognized ratably over the contract term. Revenue for Autodesk's cloud service offerings is recognized ratably over the contract term, commencing with the date Autodesk's service is made available to customers and when all other revenue recognition criteria have been satisfied.
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License and other revenue consists of two components: license revenue and other revenue. License revenue includes software license revenue from the sale of perpetual licenses. Other revenue includes revenue such as standalone consulting and training, and is recognized over time as the services are performed.
Taxes Collected from Customers
Autodesk nets taxes collected from customers against those remitted to government authorities in the consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, taxes collected from customers are not reported as revenue.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of revenue for all periods presented.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Cost of maintenance and subscription revenue | $ | 11.9 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |
Cost of license and other revenue | 4.0 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 6.0 |
Marketing and sales | 107.3 |  |  | 94.1 |  |  | 85.2 |
Research and development | 82.9 |  |  | 81.3 |  |  | 70.4 |
General and administrative | 55.3 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 29.8 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards and Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") purchases | 261.4 |  |  | 221.8 |  |  | 197.2 |
Tax benefit | (2.6 | ) |  | (2.6 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards and ESPP purchases, net | $ | 258.8 |  |  | $ | 219.2 |  |  | $ | 195.6 |

Autodesk determines the grant date fair value of its share-based payment awards using a Black-Scholes Merton ("BSM") option pricing model or the quoted stock price on the date of grant, unless the awards are subject to market conditions, in which case Autodesk uses a binomial-lattice model (e.g., Monte Carlo simulation model). The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability that market conditions will be achieved. Autodesk uses the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | January 31, 2018 |  | January 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2016
|  | Performance Stock Unit |  | ESPP |  | Performance Stock Unit |  | ESPP |  | Performance Stock Unit |  | ESPP
Range of expected volatilities |  | 32% |  | 31% - 34% |  | 38 - 39% |  | 30 - 40% |  | 27% |  | 28 -29%
Range of expected lives (in years) |  | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0
Expected dividends |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —%
Range of risk-free interest rates |  | 1.0% - 1.2% |  | 0.9% - 1.4% |  | 0.6 - 0.7% |  | 0.5 - 0.9% |  | 0.2% |  | 0.1 - 0.7%

Autodesk estimates expected volatility for stock-based awards based on the average of the following two measures: (1) a measure of historical volatility in the trading market for the Company’s common stock, and (2) the implied volatility of traded forward call options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The expected volatility for performance stock units subject to market conditions includes the expected volatility of Autodesk's peer companies within the S&P Computer Software Select Index or S&P North American Technology Software Index with a market capitalization over $2.00 billion, depending on the award type.
Autodesk estimates the expected life of stock-based awards using both exercise behavior and post-vesting termination behavior as well as consideration of outstanding options. The range of expected lives of ESPP awards are based upon the four, six-month exercise periods within a 24-month offering period.
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Autodesk did not pay cash dividends in fiscal 2018, 2017, or 2016 and does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, an expected dividend yield of zero is used in the BSM option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulation model.
The risk-free interest rate used in the BSM option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulation model for stock-based awards is the historical yield on U.S. Treasury securities with equivalent remaining lives.
Autodesk recognizes expense only for the stock-based awards that ultimately vest. Autodesk accounts for forfeitures of stock-based awards as those forfeitures occur.
Advertising Expenses
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expenses incurred were $31.1 million in fiscal 2018, $33.6 million in fiscal 2017, and $29.8 million in fiscal 2016.
Net (Loss) Income Per Share
Basic net (loss) income per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, excluding stock options and restricted stock. Diluted net (loss) income per share is computed based upon the weighted average shares of common shares outstanding for the period and potentially dilutive common shares, including the effect of stock options and restricted stock units under the treasury stock method.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
The funded status of Autodesk's defined benefit pension plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation for the fiscal years presented. The projected benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on employee services already rendered and estimated future compensation levels. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of Autodesk's cumulative company and participant contributions made to the various plans in effect.
Net periodic benefit cost is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs, and gains or losses previously recognized as a component of other comprehensive loss. Certain events, such as changes in the employee base, plan amendments, and changes in actuarial assumptions may result in a change in the defined benefit obligation and the corresponding change to other comprehensive income.
Gains and losses and prior service costs not recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as they arise are recognized as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Those gains and losses and prior service costs are subsequently amortized as a component of net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service lives of the plan participants using a corridor approach to determine the portion of gain or loss subject to amortization.
The measurement of projected benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost is based on estimates and assumptions that reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of services, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return of plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest rates, and mortality rates.
Accounting Standards in Fiscal 2018
With the exception of those discussed below, there have been no recent changes in accounting pronouncements issued by FASB or adopted by the Company during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018, that are of significance, or potential significance, to the Company.
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Accounting Standards Adopted
Autodesk adopted FASB's Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04 ("ASU 2017-04"), "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" during the three months ended April 30, 2017. The ASU simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Under current guidance, Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test requires entities to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The carrying value in excess of the implied fair value is recognized as goodwill impairment. Under the new standard, goodwill impairment is recognized based on Step 1 of the current guidance, which calculates the carrying value in excess of the reporting unit’s fair value. The new guidance is required to be applied on a prospective basis and as such, Autodesk used the simplified test in its annual fourth fiscal quarter testing. ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on Autodesk's consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards But Not Yet Adopted
In February 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-02 (“ASU 2018-02”), “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” The amendment allows entities to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The amendment only impacts the income tax effect of the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act but does not affect the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations. The amendment is effective for Autodesk fiscal year beginning February 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Autodesk is currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact of adoption.
In August 2017, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-12 ("ASU 2017-12"), "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." The targeted amendments help simplify certain aspects of hedge accounting and result in a more accurate portrayal of the economics of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. For cash flow and net investment hedges as of the adoption date, the guidance requires a modified retrospective approach. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is required only prospectively. The amendments are effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Autodesk is currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact of adoption.
In February 2017, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-05 ("ASU 2017-05"), "Other Income– Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets." The ASU, among other things, clarifies the scope of the derecognition of nonfinancial assets, the definition of in substance financial assets, and impacts the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets by requiring full gain recognition upon the sale. The amendments are effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018. The guidance may be applied retrospectively for all periods presented or retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment at the date of adoption. The effect of the implementation will depend upon the nature of the Company's future acquisitions or dispositions, if any. The adoption of the guidance would not have had a material impact on acquisitions prior to the current period and on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations.
In January 2017, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01 ("ASU 2017-01"), "Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business" which provides a more robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is considered a business. The amendments will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018. The new guidance is required to be applied on a prospective basis. The effect of the implementation will depend upon the nature of the Company's future acquisitions, if any.
In October 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-16 ("ASU 2016-16"), “Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory” which requires that entities recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. The amendments will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018. The new guidance is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. Autodesk does not believe the ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
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In June 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 ("ASU 2016-13") regarding ASC Topic 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," which modifies the measurement of expected credit losses of certain financial instruments. Autodesk plans to adopt ASU 2016-13 as of the effective date which represents Autodesk’s fiscal year beginning February 1, 2020. Autodesk does not believe the ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 ("ASU 2016-02") regarding ASC Topic 842, "Leases." The amendments in this ASU require balance sheet recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for leases classified as operating leases, with an optional policy election to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. The amendments also require new disclosures, including qualitative and quantitative requirements, providing additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Autodesk plans to adopt ASU 2016-02 in Autodesk’s fiscal year beginning February 1, 2019. The amendments require a modified retrospective approach with optional practical expedients. Autodesk is currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact of adoption.
In January 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01 ("ASU 2016-01") regarding ASC Topic 825-10, "Financial Instruments - Overall." The amendments address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments, and require equity securities to be measured at fair value, unless the measurement alternative method has been elected, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. The amendments also simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment for impairment quarterly at each reporting period. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 will be effective for Autodesk's fiscal year beginning February 1, 2018. An entity should apply the amendments by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption, with prospective adoption of the amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values existing as of the date of adoption. Autodesk does not believe ASU 2016-01 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606),” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in "Revenue Recognition (ASC Topic 605)." ASU 2014-09 provides principles for recognizing revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-14 to defer the effective date by one year with early adoption permitted as of the original effective date. In addition, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-08, Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-10, Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-12, and Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-20 in March 2016, April 2016, May 2016, and December 2016, respectively, to help provide interpretive clarifications on the new guidance in ASC Topic 606.
Autodesk will adopt ASU 2014-09 as of February 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective transition method. The Company's implementation efforts are substantially complete.
The Company has concluded that the desktop software and related cloud services that are included in the majority of its product subscription offerings and enterprise arrangements are not distinct in the context of the contract as they are considered highly interrelated and represent a single combined performance obligation that should be recognized over time. Therefore, the new standard will not result in a material change in the timing and amount of the recognition of revenue for the majority of the Company's product subscription offerings and enterprise arrangements.
One impact of the new standard relates to product subscriptions that do not incorporate substantial cloud services. A limited number of Autodesk's product subscriptions do not incorporate substantial cloud services, and under ASU 2014-09, will be recognized as distinct license and service performance obligations. Currently, under ASC Topic 605, licenses sold with undelivered elements without VSOE are recognized ratably over the term of the undelivered elements. Under ASC Topic 606, Autodesk is no longer required to establish VSOE to recognize software license revenue separately from the other elements and will recognize software licenses once the customer obtains control of the license, which is generally upon delivery of the license. Therefore, revenue allocated to the licenses in these offerings under Topic 606 will be recognized at a point in time instead of over the contract term. While the Company is still evaluating, Autodesk believes the impact of the change to the timing of revenue recognition is expected to have a balance sheet pre-tax impact at the date of adoption of approximately $80 - $100 million reduction to the deferred revenue balance.
Another significant provision under ASU 2014-09 includes the capitalization and amortization of costs associated with obtaining a contract, most significantly sales commissions. The amortization period for the Company's deferred costs will be
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recognized over the estimated period of benefit. The Company expects there to be a balance sheet pre-tax impact at the date of adoption recognizing the deferred sales commission capitalization costs of approximately $102 - $112 million.
2. Financial Instruments
The following tables summarize the Company's financial instruments' amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value by significant investment category as of January 31, 2018 and 2017.

|  |  | January 31, 2018
|  |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Cash equivalents (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Agency bonds | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| Certificates of deposit | 17.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Commercial paper | 324.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 324.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 324.2 |  |  | — |
| Corporate debt securities | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Custody cash deposit | 5.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Money market funds | 278.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 278.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 278.8 |  |  | — |
| Municipal bonds | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Sovereign debt | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | — |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Short-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Asset backed securities | 13.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | — |
|  | Commercial paper | 27.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 27.5 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate debt securities | 99.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 99.3 |  |  | 99.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Other (2) | 9.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 37.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37.1 |  |  | 37.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Short-term trading securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Mutual funds | 50.1 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 59.0 |  |  | 59.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Long-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 13.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 13.6 |  |  | 13.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 36.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 36.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.6 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate debt securities | 100.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | 99.9 |  |  | 99.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 12.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 12.6 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 25.5 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 25.3 |  |  | 25.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible debt securities (3) | 7.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 7.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.8 |
Derivative contract assets (4) | 2.0 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | 8.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 1.0 |
Derivative contract liabilities (5) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26.6 | ) |  | (26.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26.6 | ) |  | — |
|  | Total | $ | 1,080.2 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | $ | (29.2 | ) |  | $ | 1,068.0 |  |  | $ | 392.1 |  |  | $ | 667.1 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |

____________________

(1) | Included in “Cash and cash equivalents” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Consists of agency bonds, certificates of deposit, sovereign debt, and municipal bonds.

(3) | Considered “available for sale” and included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4) | Included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets,” “Other assets,” or “Other accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(5) | Included in “Other accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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|  |  | January 31, 2017
|  |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Cash equivalents (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Agency bonds | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| Certificates of deposit | 63.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63.1 |  |  | 63.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Commercial paper | 207.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 207.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 207.4 |  |  | — |
| Corporate debt securities | 40.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40.2 |  |  | 40.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Custody cash deposit | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Money market funds | 256.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 256.5 |  |  | — |
| Municipal bonds | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Sovereign debt | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |
| U.S. government securities | 309.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 309.5 |  |  | 309.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Short-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 13.2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 19.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | — |
|  | Certificates of deposit | 157.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157.3 |  |  | 157.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Commercial paper | 109.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 109.2 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate debt securities | 234.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 234.5 |  |  | 234.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 43.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 30.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 32.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Short-term trading securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Mutual funds | 44.8 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 47.3 |  |  | 47.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Long-term available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Agency bonds | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Asset backed securities | 65.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 65.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 65.9 |  |  | — |
|  | Corporate debt securities | 172.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 172.1 |  |  | 172.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Municipal bonds | 10.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Sovereign debt | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |
|  | U.S. government securities | 48.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 48.9 |  |  | 48.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible debt securities (2) | 4.9 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |
Derivative contract assets (3) | 2.2 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | 13.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 1.3 |
Derivative contract liabilities (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10.4 | ) |  | (10.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10.4 | ) |  | — |
|  | Total | $ | 1,903.5 |  |  | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | (13.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,907.3 |  |  | $ | 1,193.8 |  |  | $ | 706.6 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |

____________________

(1) | Included in “Cash and cash equivalents” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Considered "available for sale" securities and included in "Other assets" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) | Included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets,” "Other assets," or “Other accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4) | Included in “Other accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Autodesk classifies its marketable securities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date. Generally marketable securities with remaining maturities of less than 12 months are classified as short-term and marketable securities with remaining maturities greater than 12 months are classified as long-term. Autodesk may sell certain of its marketable securities prior to their stated maturities for strategic purposes or in anticipation of credit deterioration.
Autodesk applies fair value accounting for certain financial assets and liabilities, which consist of cash equivalents, marketable securities, and other financial instruments, on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that
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would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: (Level 1) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; (Level 2) inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and (Level 3) unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require Autodesk to develop its own assumptions. When determining fair value, Autodesk uses observable market data and relies on unobservable inputs only when observable market data is not available. There have been no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the year ended January 31, 2018.
Autodesk's cash equivalents, marketable securities, and financial instruments are primarily classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Autodesk values it's available for sale securities on pricing from pricing vendors, who may use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly in determining fair value (Level 2). Autodesk's Level 2 securities are valued primarily using observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Autodesk's Level 3 securities consist of investments held in convertible debt securities, and derivative contracts which are valued using probability weighted discounted cash flow models as some of the inputs to the models are unobservable in the market.
A reconciliation of the change in Autodesk’s Level 3 items for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018 was as follows:

| Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
| (Level 3)
|  | Derivative Contracts |  | Convertible Debt Securities |  | Total
Balances, January 31, 2017 |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |
Purchases |  | 1.1 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 7.0 |
Gains (losses) included in earnings (1) |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (3.2 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
Gains included in OCI |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.5 | )
Balances, January 31, 2018 |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |

____________________

(1) | Included in “Interest and other expense, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of Autodesk's “available-for-sale securities” classified by the contractual maturity date of the security:

| January 31, 2018
| Cost |  | Fair Value
Due within in 1 year | $ | 193.8 |  |  | $ | 194.0 |
Due in 1 year through 5 years | 186.9 |  |  | 186.0 |
Due in 5 years through 10 years | 3.7 |  |  | 3.7 |
Due after 10 years | 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total | $ | 385.5 |  |  | $ | 384.8 |

As of January 31, 2018, and 2017, Autodesk had no material securities, individually and in the aggregate, in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than twelve months.
As of January 31, 2018, and 2017, Autodesk had $112.3 million and $117.2 million, respectively, in direct investments in privately held companies accounted for under the cost method, which are periodically assessed for other-than-temporary impairment. , Autodesk does not intend to sell these cost method investments and it is not more likely than not that Autodesk will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the amortized cost bases, which may be maturity. Therefore, Autodesk does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at January 31, 2018. Autodesk estimates fair value of its cost method investments considering available information such as pricing in recent rounds of financing, current cash positions, earnings and cash flow forecasts, recent operational performance, and any other readily available market data.
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If Autodesk determines that an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, Autodesk writes down the investment to its fair value. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, Autodesk recorded $15.5 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in other-than-temporary impairment on its privately held equity and debt investments. The impairment expense was recorded in “Interest and other expense, net” on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The sales or redemptions of “available-for-sale securities” in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 resulted in a loss of $0.3 million, gain of $1.5 million, and gain of $0.1 million, respectively. The loss and gains were recorded in "Interest and other expense, net" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Proceeds from the sale and maturity of marketable securities for fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017 were $1.1 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Under its risk management strategy, Autodesk uses derivative instruments to manage its short-term exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates which exist as part of ongoing business operations. Autodesk's general practice is to hedge a portion of transaction exposures denominated in euros, Japanese yen, Swiss francs, British pounds, Canadian dollars and Australian dollars. These instruments have maturities between one and twelve months in the future. Autodesk does not enter into derivative instrument transactions for trading or speculative purposes.
The bank counterparties to the derivative contracts potentially expose Autodesk to credit-related losses in the event of their nonperformance. However, to mitigate that risk, Autodesk only contracts with counterparties who meet the Company's minimum requirements under its counterparty risk assessment process. Autodesk monitors counterparty risk on at least a quarterly basis and will adjust its exposure to various counterparties as necessary. Autodesk generally enters into master netting arrangements, which reduce credit risk by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. However, Autodesk does not have any master netting arrangements in place with collateral features.
Foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges
Autodesk uses foreign currency contracts to reduce the exchange rate impact on a portion of the net revenue or operating expense of certain anticipated transactions. These contracts are designated and documented as cash flow hedges. The effectiveness of the cash flow hedge contracts is assessed quarterly using regression analysis as well as other timing and probability criteria. To receive cash flow hedge accounting treatment, all hedging relationships are formally documented at the inception of the hedge and the hedges are expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on hedged transactions. The gross gains and losses on these hedges are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and are reclassified into earnings at the time the forecasted revenue or expense is recognized. In the event the underlying forecasted transaction does not occur, or it becomes probable that it will not occur, Autodesk reclassifies the gain or loss on the related cash flow hedge from “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” to “Interest and other expense, net” in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements at that time.
The net notional amounts of these contracts are presented net settled and were $619.9 million at January 31, 2018 and $369.4 million at January 31, 2017. Outstanding contracts are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. The majority of the net loss of $16.6 million remaining in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” as of January 31, 2018, is expected to be recognized into earnings within the next twelve months.
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Autodesk uses foreign currency contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to reduce the exchange rate risk associated primarily with foreign currency denominated receivables, payables, and cash. These forward contracts are marked-to-market at the end of each month with gains and losses recognized as “Interest and other expense, net.” These derivative instruments do not subject the Company to material balance sheet risk due to exchange rate movements because gains and losses on these derivative instruments are intended to offset the gains or losses resulting from the revaluation and settlement of the underlying foreign currency denominated receivables, payables, and cash. The net notional amounts of these foreign currency contracts are presented net settled and were $329.6 million at January 31, 2018, and $270.6 million at January 31, 2017.
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In addition to these foreign currency contracts, Autodesk holds derivative instruments issued by privately held companies, which are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivatives consist of certain conversion options on the convertible debt securities held by Autodesk and an option to acquire a privately held company. These derivatives are recorded at fair value as of each balance sheet date and are recorded in “Other assets.” Changes in the fair values of these instruments are recognized in “Interest and other expense, net.”
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:
The fair value of derivative instruments in Autodesk’s Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows as of January 31, 2018, and January 31, 2017:

| Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value at
| January 31, 2018 |  | January 31, 2017
Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.2 |
Total derivative assets |  |  | $ | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 13.3 |
Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 18.7 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | Other accrued liabilities |  | 7.9 |  |  | 6.0 |
Total derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | 26.6 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |

The effects of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Autodesk’s Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively (amounts presented include any income tax effects):

| Foreign Currency Contracts
| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss on derivatives (effective portion) | $ | (21.3 | ) |  | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |
Amount and location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into (loss) income (effective portion) |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 39.8 |
Operating expenses | 1.9 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | (10.5 | )
Total | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 7.4 |  |  | $ | 29.3 |
Amount and location of loss recognized in (loss) income on derivatives (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | )

The effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on Autodesk’s Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively (amounts presented include any income tax effects):

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Amount and location of loss recognized in loss (income) on derivatives |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (19.1 | ) |  | $ | (11.1 | ) |  | $ | (1.7 | )

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3. Employee and Director Stock Plans
Stock Plans
As of January 31, 2018, Autodesk maintained two active stock plans for the purpose of granting equity awards to employees and to non-employee members of Autodesk’s Board of Directors: the 2012 Employee Stock Plan (as amended, the “2012 Employee Plan”), which is available only to employees, and the Autodesk 2012 Outside Directors’ Stock Plan (“2012 Directors' Plan”), which is available only to non-employee directors.
The 2012 Employee Plan was approved by Autodesk's stockholders and became effective on January 6, 2012. Since the 2012 Stock Plan was adopted by stockholders in January 2012, Autodesk has received stockholder approval to increase the number of shares subject to the plan by 36.1 million shares. The 2012 Employee Plan replaced the 2008 Employee Stock Plan, as amended ("2008 Plan"), and no further equity awards may be granted under the 2008 Plan. The 2012 Employee Plan reserves up to 57.3 million shares which includes 51.3 million shares reserved under the 2012 Employee Plan, as well as up to 6.0 million shares forfeited under certain prior employee stock plans during the life of the 2012 Employee Plan. The 2012 Employee Plan permits the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. Each restricted stock unit or restricted stock award granted will be counted against the shares authorized for issuance under the 2012 Employee Plan as 1.79 shares. If a granted option, restricted stock unit, or restricted stock award expires or becomes unexercisable for any reason, the unpurchased or forfeited shares that were granted may be returned to the 2012 Employee Plan and may become available for future grant under the 2012 Employee Plan. As of January 31, 2018, 41.1 million shares subject to options or restricted stock awards have been granted under the 2012 Employee Plan. Options and restricted stock that were granted under the 2012 plan vest over periods ranging from immediately upon grant to over a three year period and options expire 10 years from the date of grant. The 2012 Employee Plan will expire on June 30, 2022. At January 31, 2018, 21.3 million shares were available for future issuance under the 2012 Employee Plan.
The 2012 Director's Plan was approved by Autodesk's stockholders and became effective on January 6, 2012. The 2012 Directors' Plan replaced the 2010 Outside Directors' Stock Plan, as amended ("2010 Plan"). The 2012 Directors' Plan permits the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards to non-employee members of Autodesk’s Board of Directors. Each restricted stock unit or restricted stock award granted will be counted against the shares authorized for issuance under the 2012 Directors' Plan as 2.11 shares. As of January 31, 2018, 0.9 million shares subject to restricted stock unit awards have been granted under the 2012 Directors' Plan. Restricted stock units that were granted under the 2012 Outside Directors' Plan vest over one to three years from the date of grant. On March 12, 2015, the Board reduced the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2012 Directors' Plan by 0.9 million shares, so that 1.7 million shares are now reserved for issuance under the 2012 Directors' Plan. The 2012 Directors' Plan will expire on June 30, 2022. At January 31, 2018, 0.9 million shares were available for future issuance under the 2012 Director's Plan.
The following sections summarize activity under Autodesk’s stock plans.
Stock Options:
A summary of stock option activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018 is as follows:

| Number of Shares (in millions) |  | Weighted average exercise price per share |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in millions)
Options outstanding at January 31, 2017 | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 39.25 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (0.4 | ) |  | 38.66 |  |  |  |  |
Options vested, exercisable and outstanding at January 31, 2018 | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 40.49 |  |  | 2.87 |  | $ | 16.4 |
Shares available for grant at January 31, 2018 | 22.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_______________

(1) | Represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on Autodesk’s closing stock price of $115.62 per share as of January 31, 2018, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.

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As of January 31, 2018, compensation cost related to stock options has been fully recognized.
The following table summarizes information about the pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised (1) | $ | 22.8 |  |  | $ | 32.0 |  |  | $ | 32.6 |

——————

(1) | The intrinsic value of options exercised is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the option and the market value of the stock on the date of exercise.

The following table summarizes information about options vested and exercisable, and outstanding at January 31, 2018:

| Number of Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted average exercise price per share
Range of per-share exercise prices: |  |  |
$28.56 - $36.44 | 32.6 |  |  | $ | 34.23 |
$38.55 - $38.55 | 1.8 |  |  | 38.55 |
$41.62 - $41.62 | 184.4 |  |  | 41.62 |
| 218.8 |  |  | $ | 40.49 |

These options will expire if not exercised at specific dates ranging through September 2022.
Restricted Stock Units:
A summary of restricted stock activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018 is as follows:

| Unreleased Restricted Stock Units (in thousands) |  | Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Unvested restricted stock at January 31, 2017 | 7,622.4 |  |  | $ | 60.13 |
Granted | 2,481.8 |  |  | 106.55 |
Vested | (3,765.7 | ) |  | 57.85 |
Canceled/Forfeited | (692.5 | ) |  | 69.08 |
Performance Adjustment (1) | 24.7 |  |  | 61.79 |
Unvested restricted stock at January 31, 2018 | 5,670.7 |  |  | $ | 82.94 |

_______________

(1) | Based on Autodesk's financial results and relative total stockholder return for the fiscal 2017 performance period. The performance stock units were attained at rates ranging from 99.7% to 114.7% of the target award.

For the restricted stock granted during fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the weighted average grant date fair value was $106.55, $65.95, and $52.53, respectively. The fair value of the shares vested during fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $399.7 million, $232.2 million, and $193.3 million, respectively.
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018, Autodesk granted 2.2 million restricted stock units. Restricted stock units vest over periods ranging from immediately upon grant to a pre-determined date that is typically within three years from the date of grant. Restricted stock units are not considered outstanding stock at the time of grant, as the holders of these units are not entitled to any of the rights of a stockholder, including voting rights. The fair value of the restricted stock units is expensed ratably over the vesting period. Autodesk recorded stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units of $202.1 million, $173.0 million, and $146.4 million during fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. As of January 31, 2018, total compensation cost not yet recognized of $310.2 million related to non-vested awards, is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.65 years. At January 31, 2018, the number of restricted stock units granted but unvested was 5.1 million.
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During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018, Autodesk granted 0.3 million performance stock units for which the ultimate number of shares earned is determined based on the achievement of performance criteria at the end of the stated service and performance period. During the period, Autodesk granted two different types of performance stock units.
The performance criteria for the first type of performance stock units were based on a mix of net subscription additions, Annualized Recurring Revenue ("ARR"), non-GAAP total spend, and total subscription renewal rate goals adopted by the Compensation and Human Resource Committee, as well as total stockholder return compared against companies in the S&P Computer Software Select Index or the S&P North American Technology Software Index ("Relative TSR"). These performance stock units vest over a three-year period and have the following vesting schedule:

• | Up to one third of the performance stock units may vest following year one, depending upon the achievement of the performance criteria for fiscal 2018 as well as 1-year Relative TSR (covering year one).

• | Up to one third of the performance stock units may vest following year two, depending upon the achievement of the performance criteria for year two as well as 2-year Relative TSR (covering years one and two).

• | Up to one third of the performance stock units may vest following year three, depending upon the achievement of the performance criteria for year three as well as 3-year Relative TSR (covering years one, two and three).

The performance criteria for the second type of performance stock units granted to our Chief Executive Officer during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018 were based on fiscal 2020 free cash flow per share and ARR goals adopted by the Compensation and Human Resource Committee. These performance stock units vest in March 2020 based on the Company's fiscal 2020 performance against the performance criteria.
Performance stock units are not considered outstanding stock at the time of grant, as the holders of these units are not entitled to any of the rights of a stockholder, including voting rights. Autodesk has determined the grant-date fair value for these awards using the stock price on the date of grant or if the awards are subject to a market condition, a Monte Carlo simulation model. The fair value of the performance stock units is expensed using the accelerated attribution over the vesting period. Autodesk recorded stock-based compensation expense related to performance stock units of $33.7 million, $22.9 million, and $23.2 million during fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 respectively. As of January 31, 2018, total compensation cost not yet recognized of $6.8 million related to unvested performance stock units, is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.76 years. At January 31, 2018, the number of performance stock units granted but unvested was 0.6 million. Autodesk recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the acceleration of eligible performance stock awards in conjunction with the Company's former CEO transition agreement of $7.3 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018.
1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
Under Autodesk’s ESPP, which was approved by stockholders in 1998, eligible employees may purchase shares of Autodesk’s common stock at their discretion using up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to certain limitations, at 85% of the lower of Autodesk's closing price (fair market value) on the offering date or the exercise date. The offering period for ESPP awards consists of four, six-month exercise periods within a 24-month offering period.
At January 31, 2018, a total of 9.1 million shares were available for future issuance. Under the ESPP, the Company issues shares on the first trading day following March 31 and September 30 of each fiscal year. The ESPP expires during fiscal 2018.
A summary of the ESPP activity for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Issued shares |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.1 |
Average price of issued shares |  | $ | 39.03 |  |  | $ | 36.99 |  |  | $ | 36.29 |
Weighted average grant date fair value of awards granted under the ESPP |  | $ | 32.41 |  |  | $ | 19.20 |  |  | $ | 11.85 |

Autodesk recorded $25.7 million, $25.9 million, and $27.1 million of compensation expense associated with the ESPP in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
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Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table summarizes the number of outstanding options and awards granted to employees and directors, as well as the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under these plans as of January 31, 2018:

| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |
Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options (in millions) |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (in millions) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 5.9 |  |  | $ | 40.49 |  |  | 31.3 |  | (1)
Total | 5.9 |  |  | $ | 40.49 |  |  | 31.3 |  |

____________________

(1) | Included in this amount are 9.1 million securities available for future issuance under Autodesk’s ESPP.

4. Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of the following:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Federal: |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | (4.7 | )
Deferred | (19.3 | ) |  | 8.4 |  |  | 220.9 |
State: |  |  |  |  |
Current | (0.3 | ) |  | (1.9 | ) |  | 0.5 |
Deferred | 2.2 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 20.9 |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |
Current | 50.9 |  |  | 93.9 |  |  | 68.4 |
Deferred | (23.1 | ) |  | (45.0 | ) |  | 4.2 |
| $ | 9.6 |  |  | $ | 58.3 |  |  | $ | 310.2 |

Foreign pretax (loss) income was $(76.2) million in fiscal 2018, $(27.6) million in fiscal 2017, and $218.2 million in fiscal 2016.
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The differences between the U.S. statutory rate and the aggregate income tax provision are as follows:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Income tax provision (benefit) at U.S. Federal statutory rate | $ | (188.4 | ) |  | $ | (177.0 | ) |  | $ | (7.1 | )
State income tax benefit, net of the U.S. Federal benefit | (21.9 | ) |  | (17.3 | ) |  | (7.6 | )
Foreign income taxed at rates different from the U.S. statutory rate | (53.3 | ) |  | 22.3 |  |  | (29.4 | )
U.S. valuation allowance | (82.5 | ) |  | 233.0 |  |  | 345.0 |
Transition tax | 408.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Increase in attributes due to ASU 2016-9 adoption |  |  |  | (119.4 | ) |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance from ASU 2016-9 adoption | — |  |  | 119.4 |  |  | — |
Tax effect of non-deductible stock-based compensation | 20.7 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 19.3 |
Stock compensation windfall / shortfall | (67.7 | ) |  | (23.0 | ) |  | — |
Research and development tax credit benefit | (11.3 | ) |  | (10.3 | ) |  | (9.4 | )
Closure of income tax audits and changes in uncertain tax positions | 1.2 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | (4.7 | )
Tax effect of officer compensation in excess of $1.0 million | 2.2 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.4 |
Non-deductible expenses | 2.1 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.6 |
Other | 0.1 |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | 0.1 |
| $ | 9.6 |  |  | $ | 58.3 |  |  | $ | 310.2 |

Significant components of Autodesk’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

| January 31,
2018 |  | 2017
Stock-based compensation | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 37.6 |
Research and development tax credit carryforwards | 170.3 |  |  | 136.7 |
Foreign tax credit carryforwards | 162.2 |  |  | 127.3 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 25.9 |  |  | 39.5 |
Other accruals not currently deductible for tax | 22.9 |  |  | 18.7 |
Purchased technology and capitalized software | 43.4 |  |  | 76.9 |
Fixed assets | 16.5 |  |  | 24.3 |
Tax loss carryforwards | 85.7 |  |  | 173.6 |
Deferred revenue | 120.3 |  |  | 128.3 |
Other | 32.4 |  |  | 27.6 |
Total deferred tax assets | 706.3 |  |  | 790.5 |
Less: valuation allowance | (634.2 | ) |  | (748.0 | )
Net deferred tax assets | 72.1 |  |  | 42.5 |
Indefinite lived intangibles | (57.0 | ) |  | (70.1 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities | (57.0 | ) |  | (70.1 | )
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | (27.6 | )

Autodesk’s tax expense is primarily driven by the reduction in the U.S. tax rate from 35% to 21% on the deferred tax liabilities related to indefinite lived intangibles offset by tax expense in foreign locations, withholding taxes paid on payments made to the U.S. from foreign sources, and tax amortization on indefinite-lived intangibles.
Autodesk regularly assesses the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, Autodesk considers both positive and negative evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, Autodesk considered cumulative losses arising from the Company's business model transition as a significant piece of negative evidence. Consequently, in the fiscal year 2016, Autodesk determined that a valuation allowance was required on the accumulated domestic tax attributes. In the current year,
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the U.S. created incremental deferred tax assets, primarily foreign tax and R&D credits, and those deferred tax attributes have also been offset by a full valuation allowance. As a result, Autodesk has no material federal income tax expense or benefit in the current fiscal year, other than the deferred tax liabilities related to indefinite lived intangibles and the revaluation of these liabilities as a result of U.S. tax reform. The valuation allowance decreased by $113.8 million in fiscal 2018 primarily due to a change in tax rates used to value deferred tax attributes. The valuation allowance increased by $352.4 million, and $327.2 million in fiscal 2017, and 2016, respectively, primarily related to U.S. and Canadian deferred tax attributes. As Autodesk continually strives to optimize the overall business model, tax planning strategies may become feasible and prudent allowing the Company to realize many of the deferred tax assets that are offset by a valuation allowance; therefore, Autodesk will continue to evaluate the ability to utilize the net deferred tax assets each quarter, both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions, based on all available evidence, both positive and negative.
The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017 and provides broad and significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax regime. The Tax Act reduces the statutory federal corporate rate from 35% to 21% effective fiscal 2019 year and forward and provides for a blended rate of 33.81% to fiscal 2018 year. The Tax Act also, among many other provisions, imposes a one-time mandatory tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries (commonly referred to as a "transition tax"), introduces new tax regimes changing how foreign earnings are subject to U.S. tax, modifies the accelerated depreciation deduction rules, and makes updates to the deductibility of certain expenses. The SEC staff acknowledged the challenges companies face incorporating the effects of the Tax Act by the financial reporting deadlines. In response, on December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued SAB 118 to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. Autodesk has not completed the determination of the accounting implications of the Tax Act but was able to calculate a reasonable estimate and recorded a provisional tax benefit of the Tax Act in the financial statements of approximately $32.3 million mainly driven by the corporate rate remeasurement of the indefinite-lived intangible deferred tax liability. The provisional amounts recorded are based on the Company’s current interpretation and understanding of the Tax Act and may change as the Company receives additional clarification and implementation guidance and finalizes the analysis of all impacts and positions with regard to the Tax Act. The tax impact of the mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries is primarily offset by other current year operating losses and fully valued net operating loss carryforwards resulting in no impact to the effective tax rate. As additional regulatory guidance is issued, the Company will continue to collect and analyze necessary data and may adjust provisional amounts previously recorded in the period in which the adjustments are made. Pursuant to SAB 118, the Company will complete the accounting for the tax effects of all provisions of the Tax Act within the required measurement period not to extend beyond one year from the enactment date.
Realization of foreign non-current net deferred tax assets of $68.0 million is dependent upon the Company's ability to generate future taxable income in appropriate tax jurisdictions to obtain benefit from the reversal of temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income are reduced and Autodesk then determines that it is not more likely than not to realize such deferred tax assets.
As of January 31, 2018, Autodesk had $179.4 million of cumulative federal tax loss carryforwards and $939.1 million of cumulative state tax loss carryforwards, which may be available to reduce future income tax liabilities in federal and state jurisdictions. As discussed above, these cumulative assets have full valuation allowance against them on our balance sheet as the Company has determined it is more likely that not that these losses will not be utilized. These federal and state tax loss carryforwards will expire beginning fiscal 2021 through fiscal 2038 and fiscal 2020 through fiscal 2039, respectively.
As of January 31, 2018, Autodesk had $138.4 million of cumulative federal research tax credit carryforwards, $72.6 million of cumulative California state research tax credit carryforwards, and $58.1 million of cumulative Canadian federal tax credit carryforwards, which may be available to reduce future income tax liabilities in the respective jurisdictions. The federal tax credit carryforwards will expire beginning fiscal 2021 through fiscal 2039, the state credit carryforwards may reduce future California income tax liabilities indefinitely, and the Canadian tax credit carryforwards will expire beginning fiscal 2027 through fiscal 2039. Autodesk also has $336.9 million of cumulative foreign tax credit carryforwards, which may be available to reduce future U. S. tax liabilities. The foreign tax credit will expire beginning fiscal 2019 through fiscal 2029. As discussed above, these cumulative assets have full valuation allowance against them on our balance sheet as the Company has determined it is more likely that not that these losses will not be utilized.
Utilization of net operating losses and tax credits may be subject to an annual limitation due to ownership change limitations provided in the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. This annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. No ownership change has occurred through the balance sheet date that would limit a material amount of U.S. federal and state tax attributes.
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As of January 31, 2018, the Company had $337.6 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which $304.8 million would reduce our valuation allowance, if recognized. The remaining $32.8 million would impact the effective tax rate.
It is possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next twelve months; however, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning of the fiscal year | $ | 261.4 |  |  | $ | 254.3 |  |  | $ | 245.8 |
Increases for tax positions of prior years | 22.8 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 1.4 |
Decreases for tax positions of prior years | (22.5 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) |  | (7.0 | )
Increases for tax positions related to the current year | 78.4 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 15.8 |
Decreases relating to settlements with taxing authorities | (0.8 | ) |  | (10.8 | ) |  | (0.5 | )
Reductions as a result of lapse of the statute of limitations | (1.7 | ) |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at the end of the fiscal year | $ | 337.6 |  |  | $ | 261.4 |  |  | $ | 254.3 |

It is the Company's continuing practice to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. Autodesk had $2.8 million, $2.5 million, and $3.3 million, net of tax benefit, accrued for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as of January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. There was $0.3 million, $1.5 million, and $1.3 million of net expense for interest and penalties related to tax matters recorded through the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 respectively.
Autodesk's U.S. and state income tax returns for fiscal year 2003 through fiscal year 2018 remain open to examination. The Internal Revenue Service has started an examination of the Company's U.S. consolidated federal income tax returns for fiscal years 2014 and 2015. While it is possible that the Company's tax positions may be challenged, the Company believes its positions are consistent with the tax law, and the balance sheet reflects appropriate liabilities for uncertain federal tax positions for the years being examined.
Autodesk files tax returns in multiple foreign taxing jurisdictions with open tax years ranging from fiscal year 2005 to 2018.
As a result of certain business and employment actions and capital investments undertaken by Autodesk, income earned in certain Europe and Asia Pacific countries is subject to reduced tax rates through fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2018, the Company incurred no net benefit from the tax status of these business arrangements, compared to $27.1 million benefit ($0.12 basic net income per share) in fiscal 2017, and none in fiscal 2016.
5. Acquisitions
During the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, and January 31, 2017, Autodesk completed the business combinations and technology purchases described below. The results of operations for the following acquisitions are included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations since their respective acquisition dates. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented because the effects of the acquisitions, individually and in the aggregate, were not material to Autodesk's Consolidated Financial Statements.
For acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, Autodesk recorded the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair values assigned to the identifiable intangible assets acquired were based on estimates and assumptions determined by management. Autodesk recorded the excess of consideration transferred over the aggregate fair values as goodwill. The goodwill recorded is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisitions.
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Fiscal 2018 Acquisitions
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018, Autodesk did not complete any business combinations or technology acquisitions.
Fiscal 2017 Acquisitions
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, Autodesk completed several business combination and technology acquisitions for total cash consideration of $87.0 million. These business combinations and technology acquisitions were not material individually or in aggregate to Autodesk's Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by major class for each of the business combinations and technology acquisitions completed during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017:

Developed technologies |  | $ | 18.8 |
Customer relationships |  | 10.2 |
Trade name |  | 3.8 |
Goodwill |  | 62.8 |
Deferred revenue (current and non-current) |  | (2.1 | )
Deferred tax liability |  | (7.1 | )
Net tangible (liabilities) assets |  | 0.6 |
Total |  | $ | 87.0 |

6. Deferred Compensation
At January 31, 2018, Autodesk had marketable securities totaling $436.0 million, of which $59.0 million related to investments in debt and equity securities that are held in a rabbi trust under non-qualified deferred compensation plans. The total related deferred compensation liability was $59.0 million at January 31, 2018, of which $3.4 million was classified as current and $55.6 million was classified as non-current liabilities. The total related deferred compensation liability at January 31, 2017 was $47.3 million, of which $3.1 million was classified as current and $44.2 million was classified as non-current liabilities. The securities are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the current portion of "Marketable securities". The current and non-current portions of the liability are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under “Accrued compensation” and “Other liabilities,” respectively.
7. Borrowing Arrangements
In June 2017, Autodesk issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.5% notes due June 15, 2027 (collectively, the “2017 Notes”). Net of a discount of $3.1 million and issuance costs of $4.9 million, Autodesk received net proceeds of $492.0 million from issuance of the 2017 Notes. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2017 Notes using the effective interest method. The proceeds of the 2017 Notes have been used for the repayment of $400.0 million of debt originally due December 15, 2017 and the remainder is available for general corporate purposes. Autodesk may redeem the 2017 Notes at any time, subject to a make whole premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, Autodesk may be required to repurchase the 2017 Notes at a price equal to 101.0% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The 2017 Notes contain restrictive covenants that limit Autodesk's ability to create certain liens, to enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions and to consolidate or merge with, or convey, transfer or lease all or substantially all of its assets, subject to important qualifications and exceptions. Based on quoted market prices, the fair value of the 2017 Notes was approximately $485.6 million as of January 31, 2018.
In June 2015, Autodesk issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.125% senior notes due June 15, 2020 and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due June 15, 2025 (collectively, the “2015 Notes”). Net of a discount of $1.7 million and issuance costs of $6.3 million, Autodesk received net proceeds of $742.0 million from issuance of the 2015 Senior Notes. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the 2015 Notes using the effective interest method. The proceeds of the 2015 Notes are available for general corporate purposes. Autodesk may redeem the 2015 Notes at any time, subject to a make whole premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, Autodesk may be required to repurchase the 2015 Notes, at a price
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equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The 2015 Notes contain restrictive covenants that limit Autodesk's ability to create certain liens, to enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions and to consolidate or merge with, or convey, transfer or lease all or substantially all of its assets, subject to significant qualifications and exceptions. Based on quoted market prices, the fair value of the 2015 Notes was approximately $763.8 million as of January 31, 2018.
In December 2012, Autodesk issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.95% senior notes due December 15, 2017 and $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.6% senior notes due December 15, 2022 (collectively, the "2012 Notes"). Autodesk received net proceeds of $739.3 million from issuance of the 2012 Notes, net of a discount of $4.5 million and issuance costs of $6.1 million. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the 2012 Notes using the effective interest method. The proceeds of the 2012 Notes are available for general corporate purposes. In July 2017, Autodesk redeemed in full $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its outstanding 1.95% senior notes due December 15, 2017. The redemption was completed pursuant to the optional redemption provisions of the first supplemental indenture dated December 13, 2012. To redeem the notes, Autodesk used the proceeds of the 2017 Notes to pay a redemption price of approximately $400.9 million, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Total cash repayment was $401.8 million. The Company did not incur any additional early termination penalties in connection with such redemption. Based on the quoted market price, the fair value of the remaining 2012 Notes was approximately $354.4 million as of January 31, 2018.
Autodesk’s line of credit facility permits unsecured short-term borrowings of up to $400.0 million with an option to request an increase in the amount of the credit facility by up to an additional $100.0 million, and is available for working capital or other business needs. This credit agreement contains customary covenants that could restrict the imposition of liens on Autodesk’s assets, and restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness or make dispositions of assets if Autodesk fails to maintain the financial covenants. The Company renegotiated the credit agreement's financial covenants in April 2017. The financial covenants now consist of a maximum debt to total cash ratio, a fixed charge coverage ratio through April 30, 2018, and after April 30, 2018, a minimum interest coverage ratio.
The line of credit is syndicated with various financial institutions, including Citibank, N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup, which is one of the lead lenders and an agent. The maturity date on the line of credit facility is May 2020. At January 31, 2018, Autodesk was in compliance with the credit facility’s covenants. At January 31, 2018, and January 31, 2017, Autodesk had no outstanding borrowings on this line of credit.
8. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease commitments
Autodesk leases office space and computer equipment under non-cancellable operating lease agreements that expire at various dates through 2090. The leases generally provide that Autodesk pay taxes, insurance, and maintenance expenses related to the leased assets. Certain of these lease arrangements contain escalation clauses whereby monthly rent increases over time.
At January 31, 2018, the aggregate future minimum lease payments required were as follows:

2019 | $ | 62.2 |
2020 | 46.3 |
2021 | 34.1 |
2022 | 24.7 |
2023 | 22.8 |
Thereafter | 57.7 |
| 247.8 |
Less: Sublease income | 0.8 |
| $ | 247.0 |

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Rent expense related to these operating leases recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease period, was as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Rent expense | $ | 55.9 |  |  | $ | 65.3 |  |  | $ | 58.7 |

Purchase commitments
In the normal course of business, Autodesk enters into various purchase commitments for goods or services. Total non-cancellable purchase commitments as of January 31, 2018, were approximately $147.6 million for periods through fiscal 2028. These purchase commitments primarily result from contracts entered into for the acquisition of IT infrastructure, marketing, and software development services, as well as includes commitments related to our investment agreements with limited liability partnership funds.
Autodesk has certain royalty commitments associated with the sale and licensing of certain products. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit sold or a percentage of the underlying revenue. Royalty expense, which was recorded under cost of maintenance and subscription revenue and cost of license and other revenue on Autodesk’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, was $15.3 million in fiscal 2018, $16.2 million in fiscal 2017, and $17.4 million in fiscal 2016.
Guarantees and Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, Autodesk provides indemnifications of varying scopes, including limited product warranties and indemnification of customers against claims of intellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of its products or services. Autodesk accrues for known indemnification issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Historically, costs related to these indemnifications have not been significant, and because potential future costs are highly variable, Autodesk is unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnifications on its future results of operations.
In connection with the purchase, sale, or license of assets or businesses with third parties, Autodesk has entered into or assumed customary indemnification agreements related to the assets or businesses purchased, sold or licensed. Historically, costs related to these indemnifications have not been significant, and because potential future costs are highly variable, Autodesk is unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnifications on its future results of operations.
As permitted under Delaware law, Autodesk has agreements whereby it indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at Autodesk’s request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments Autodesk could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, Autodesk has directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage that is intended to reduce its financial exposure and may enable Autodesk to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Autodesk believes the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.
Legal Proceedings
Autodesk is involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations, and proceedings in the normal course of business activities including claims of alleged infringement of intellectual property rights, commercial, employment, piracy prosecution, business practices, and other matters. Autodesk routinely reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any matter is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, Autodesk records a liability for the estimated loss. Because of inherent uncertainties related to these legal matters, Autodesk bases its loss accruals on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, Autodesk reassesses its potential liability and may revise its estimates. In the Company's opinion, resolution of pending matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or its financial position. Given the unpredictable nature of legal proceedings, there is a reasonable possibility that an unfavorable resolution of one or more such proceedings could in the future materially affect the Company's results of operations, cash flows, or financial position in a particular period, however, based on the information known by the Company as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of the Company's financial statements, any such amount is either immaterial or it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such potential loss.
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9. Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity
Preferred Stock
Under Autodesk’s Certificate of Incorporation, 2.0 million shares of preferred stock are authorized. At January 31, 2018, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding. The Board of Directors has the authority to issue the preferred stock in one or more series and to fix rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions, including dividends and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by the stockholders.
Common Stock Repurchase Program
Autodesk has a stock repurchase program that is used to offset dilution from the issuance of stock under the Company’s employee stock plans and for such other purposes as may be in the interests of Autodesk and its stockholders, which has the effect of returning excess cash generated from the Company’s business to stockholders. Autodesk repurchased and retired approximately 6.9 million shares in fiscal 2018 at an average repurchase price of $100.45 per share, 9.7 million shares in fiscal 2017 at an average repurchase price of $64.73 per share, and 8.5 million shares in fiscal 2016 at an average repurchase price of $53.58.
At January 31, 2018, 19.6 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the pace and timing of repurchases will depend on factors such as cash generation from operations, available surplus, the volume of employee stock plan activity, cash requirements for acquisitions, economic and market conditions, stock price and legal and regulatory requirements.
10. Interest and Other Expense, net
Interest and other expense, net, consists of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Interest and investment expense, net | $ | (34.5 | ) |  | $ | (29.7 | ) |  | $ | (33.9 | )
Loss on foreign currency | (3.3 | ) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | — |
(Loss) gain on strategic investments | (16.4 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | 3.8 |
Other income | 6.0 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 8.5 |
Interest and other expense, net | $ | (48.2 | ) |  | $ | (24.2 | ) |  | $ | (21.6 | )

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11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes, consisted of the following:

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available for Sale Securities |  | Defined Benefit Pension Components |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Total
Balances, January 31, 2016 | $ | 15.7 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (28.3 | ) |  | $ | (108.7 | ) |  | $ | (121.1 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 7.4 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | (5.8 | ) |  | (52.3 | ) |  | (47.4 | )
Pre-tax (gains) losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (7.4 | ) |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (7.7 | )
Tax effects | (1.1 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | (2.3 | )
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (1.1 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | (5.5 | ) |  | (52.1 | ) |  | (57.4 | )
Balances, January 31, 2017 | 14.6 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (33.8 | ) |  | (160.8 | ) |  | (178.5 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (24.5 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | 4.3 |  |  | 86.3 |  |  | 65.5 |
Pre-tax (gains) losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (9.9 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (8.6 | )
Tax effects | 3.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (4.8 | ) |  | (2.2 | )
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (31.2 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 4.5 |  |  | 81.6 |  |  | 54.7 |
Balances, January 31, 2018 | $ | (16.6 | ) |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | (29.3 | ) |  | $ | (79.2 | ) |  | $ | (123.8 | )

Reclassifications related to gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included in Interest and other expense, net. Refer to Note 2, "Financial Instruments" for the amount and location of reclassifications related to derivative instruments. Reclassifications of the defined benefit pension components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. Refer to Note 14, "Retirement Benefit Plans."
12. Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, excluding stock options and restricted stock units. Diluted net loss per share is based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period and potentially dilutive common shares, including the effect of stock options and restricted stock units under the treasury stock method. The following table sets forth the computation of the numerators and denominators used in the basic and diluted net loss per share amounts:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (566.9 | ) |  | $ | (582.1 | ) |  | $ | (330.5 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic net loss per share—weighted average shares | 219.5 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |
Effect of dilutive securities (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Denominator for dilutive net loss per share | 219.5 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | 226.0 |
Basic net loss per share | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )
Diluted net loss per share | $ | (2.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | ) |  | $ | (1.46 | )

____________________

(1) | The effect of dilutive securities of 4.5 million, 4.6 million, and 4.7 million shares for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as those shares would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss incurred during those fiscal years.

The computation of diluted net loss per share does not include shares that are anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method because their exercise prices are higher than the average market value of Autodesk’s stock during the fiscal year. The effect of 0.5 million, 0.1 million, and 0.1 million potentially anti-dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of net loss per share for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
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13. Segment, Geographic and Product Family Information
Autodesk reports segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") allocates resources and assesses the operating performance of the Company as a whole. As such, Autodesk has one segment manager (the CODM), and one operating segment.
Information regarding Autodesk’s revenue by geographic area and product family is as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net revenue by geographic area (1): |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 740.4 |  |  | $ | 742.1 |  |  | $ | 803.9 |
Other Americas | 130.7 |  |  | 129.8 |  |  | 168.9 |
Total Americas | 871.1 |  |  | 871.9 |  |  | 972.8 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 815.4 |  |  | 800.4 |  |  | 934.6 |
Asia Pacific | 370.1 |  |  | 358.7 |  |  | 596.7 |
Total net revenue | $ | 2,056.6 |  |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |
Net revenue by product family: |  |  |  |  |
Architecture, Engineering and Construction | $ | 866.5 |  |  | $ | 880.9 |  |  | $ | 949.1 |
Manufacturing | 589.2 |  |  | 625.8 |  |  | 724.6 |
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT | 401.4 |  |  | 326.7 |  |  | 594.8 |
Media and Entertainment | 152.0 |  |  | 138.9 |  |  | 160.0 |
Other | 47.5 |  |  | 58.7 |  |  | 75.6 |
| $ | 2,056.6 |  |  | $ | 2,031.0 |  |  | $ | 2,504.1 |

__________________

(1) | Revenue by geographic area is based on the bill to country.

Information regarding Autodesk’s long-lived assets by geographic area is as follows:

| January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Long-lived assets (1): |  |  |
Americas |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 99.3 |  |  | $ | 118.8 |
Other Americas | 14.6 |  |  | 5.9 |
Total Americas | 113.9 |  |  | 124.7 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa | 16.7 |  |  | 18.7 |
Asia Pacific | 14.4 |  |  | 15.2 |
Total long-lived assets | $ | 145.0 |  |  | $ | 158.6 |

____________________

(1) | Long-lived assets exclude deferred tax assets, marketable securities, goodwill, and other intangible assets.

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14. Retirement Benefit Plans
Pretax Savings Plan
Autodesk has a 401(k) plan that covers nearly all U.S. employees. Eligible employees may contribute up to 75% of their pretax salary, subject to limitations mandated by the Internal Revenue Service. Autodesk makes voluntary cash contributions and matches a portion of employee contributions in cash. Autodesk’s contributions were $17.3 million in fiscal 2018, $16.4 million in fiscal 2017, and $17.3 million in fiscal 2016. Autodesk does not allow participants to invest in Autodesk common stock through the 401(k) plan.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Autodesk maintains certain defined benefit pension plans to employees primarily located in countries outside of the U.S, particularly the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Japan. The Company deposits funds for specific plans, consistent with the requirements of local law, with insurance companies, third-party trustees, or into government-managed accounts, and accrues for the unfunded portion of the obligation, where material. Depending on the design of the plan, local customs, and market circumstances, the liabilities of a plan may exceed qualified plan assets.
Benefit Obligation and Plan Assets
The changes in the projected benefit obligations and plan assets for the plans described above were as follows:

| Fiscal year ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning projected benefit obligation | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 145.2 |
Service cost | 5.2 |  |  | 5.6 |
Interest cost | 2.7 |  |  | 3.0 |
Actuarial (gain) loss | (2.8 | ) |  | 7.1 |
Benefits paid | (3.3 | ) |  | (2.6 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes | 13.9 |  |  | (9.5 | )
Curtailments and settlements | (8.2 | ) |  | (6.8 | )
Contributions by plan participants | 4.0 |  |  | 4.4 |
Plan amendment | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Ending projected benefit obligation | $ | 158.1 |  |  | $ | 146.4 |
Beginning fair value of plan assets | $ | 107.4 |  |  | $ | 101.4 |
Actual return on plan assets | 3.8 |  |  | 4.2 |
Contributions paid by employer | 6.5 |  |  | 15.3 |
Contributions paid by plan participants | 4.0 |  |  | 4.4 |
Benefit payments | (3.3 | ) |  | (2.6 | )
Curtailments and settlements | (8.0 | ) |  | (6.8 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes | 10.7 |  |  | (8.5 | )
Ending fair value of plan assets | $ | 121.1 |  |  | $ | 107.4 |
Funded status | $ | (37.0 | ) |  | $ | (39.0 | )

The amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at the end of each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Other long-term liabilities | $ | 37.0 |  |  | $ | 39.0 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax | 31.7 |  |  | 37.0 |
Net amount recognized | $ | 68.7 |  |  | $ | 76.0 |

On a worldwide basis, the Company's defined benefit pension plans were 77% funded as of January 31, 2018.
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As of January 31, 2018, the aggregate accumulated benefit obligation was $139.5 million for the defined benefit pension plans compared to $128.2 million as of January 31, 2017. Included in the aggregate data in the following tables are the amounts applicable to the Company's defined benefit pension plans, with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, as well as plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. Amounts related to such plans at the end of each period were as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligations |  | $ | 130.7 |  |  | $ | 119.2 |
Plan assets |  | 112.1 |  |  | 98.3 |
Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligations |  | $ | 158.1 |  |  | $ | 146.4 |
Plan assets |  | 121.1 |  |  | 107.4 |

Defined Benefit Pension Plan Assets
The investments of the plans are managed by insurance companies or third-party investment managers selected by Autodesk's Trustees, consistent with regulations or market practice of the country where the assets are invested. Investments managed by qualified insurance companies or third-party investment managers under standard contracts follow local regulations, and Autodesk is not actively involved in their investment strategies.
Defined benefit pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following investment categories at the end of each period as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  |  | Total
Insurance contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53.0 |  |  | $ | 46.3 |
Other investments | — |  |  | 17.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.0 |  |  | 9.4 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 70.0 |  |  | 55.7 |
Cash |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Investment Fund valued using net asset value |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50.9 |  |  | 51.7 |
Total pension plan assets at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 121.1 |  |  | $ | 107.4 |

The insurance contracts in the preceding table represent the immediate cash surrender value of assets managed by qualified insurance companies. Autodesk does not have control over the target allocation or visibility of the investment strategies of those investments. Insurance contracts and investments held by insurance companies made up 44% and 43% of total plan assets as of January 31, 2018, and January 31, 2017, respectively.
The assets held in the investment fund in the preceding table are invested in a diversified growth fund actively managed by Russell Investments in association with Aon Hewitt. The objective of the fund is to generate capital appreciation on a long-term basis through a diversified portfolio of investments. The fund aims to deliver equity-like returns in the medium to long term with around two-thirds the volatility of equity markets. The fair value of the assets held in the investment fund are priced monthly at net asset value without restrictions on redemption.
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Estimated Future Benefit Payments
Estimated benefit payments over the next 10 fiscal years are as follows:

| Pension Benefits
2019 | $ | 7.1 |
2020 | 6.5 |
2021 | 6.4 |
2022 | 6.4 |
2023 | 6.4 |
2024-2028 | 34.8 |

Funding Expectations
Our expected required funding for the plans during fiscal 2019 is approximately $4.7 million.
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
The components of net periodic pension cost for the defined benefit pension plans for fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 are as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Service cost for benefits earned during the period | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation | 2.7 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 3.3 |
Expected return on plan assets | (3.9 | ) |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (3.9 | )
Amortization of prior service credit | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Amortization of loss | 1.2 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.4 |
Settlement loss | 1.9 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |
Curtailment gain | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |

Amounts Recorded in OCI
The components of other comprehensive income for the defined benefit pension plans before taxes for fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 are as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Prior service credit for period | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2.2 | )
Net (gain) loss for period | (2.5 | ) |  | 7.2 |  |  | 9.1 |
Effect of settlement | (1.9 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | — |
Effect of curtailment | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service credit | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Amortization of net loss | (1.2 | ) |  | (1.5 | ) |  | (1.4 | )
Other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | (5.3 | ) |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |

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Amounts Recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss before taxes at the end of each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Net prior service credit | $ | (3.1 | ) |  | $ | (3.6 | )
Net actuarial loss | 34.8 |  |  | 40.6 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax | $ | 31.7 |  |  | $ | 37.0 |

The estimated amounts that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year for the qualified defined benefit pension plans are as follows:

| Pension Benefits
Amortization of prior service credit | $ | 0.2 |
Amortization of the net loss | (0.6 | )
Total amortization | $ | (0.4 | )

Assumptions
Weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine costs for the plans for each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Discount rate | 2.4 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 3.2 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets | 3.3 | % |  | 4.3 | % |  | 3.8 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 2.3 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.2 | %

The weighted-average expected long-term rate of return for the plan assets is 3.3%. The weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on the interest rates guaranteed under the insurance contracts, and the expected rate of return appropriate for each category of assets weighted for the distribution within the diversified investment fund. The assumptions used for the plans are based upon customary rates and practices for the location of the plans. Factors such as asset class allocations, long-term rates of return (actual and expected), and results of periodic asset liability modeling studies are considered when constructing the long-term rate of return assumption for our defined benefit pension plans.
Weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations for the plans at the end of each period were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Discount rate | 1.8 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 2.2 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 2.6 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 2.6 | %

In selecting the appropriate discount rate for the plans, the Company uses country-specific information, adjusted to reflect the duration of the particular plan. The discount rate was based on highly rated long-term bond indexes and yield curves that match the duration of the plan’s benefit obligations.
Defined Contribution Plans
Autodesk also provides defined contribution plans in certain foreign countries where required by statute. Autodesk’s funding policy for foreign defined contribution plans is consistent with the local requirements in each country. Autodesk’s contributions to these plans were $27.2 million in fiscal 2018, $26.6 million in fiscal 2017, and $23.0 million in fiscal 2016.
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Other Plans
In addition, Autodesk offers a non-qualified deferred compensation plan to certain key employees whereby they may defer a portion (or all) of their annual compensation until retirement or a different date specified by the employee in accordance with terms of the plan. See Note 6, “Deferred Compensation,” for further discussion.
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15. Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, the Board of Directors approved a world-wide restructuring plan (“Fiscal 2018 Plan”) to support the Company's strategic priorities of completing the subscription transition, digitizing the Company, and re-imagining manufacturing, construction, and production. Through the restructuring, Autodesk seeks to reduce its investments in areas not aligned with its strategic priorities, including in areas related to research and development and go-to-market activities. At the same time, Autodesk plans to further invest in strategic priority areas related to digital infrastructure, customer success, and construction. By re-balancing resources to better align with the Company’s strategic priorities, Autodesk is positioning itself to meet its long-term goals. This world-wide restructuring plan includes a reduction in force that will result in the termination of approximately 13% of the Company’s workforce, or approximately 1,150 employees, and the consolidation of certain leased facilities.
The Company expects to substantially complete the reduction in force and the facilities consolidation by the end of fiscal 2019. The Company anticipates incurring pre-tax restructuring charges of $135 million to $149 million, of which $94 million was incurred during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018. Substantially all of the charges will result in cash expenditures, $124 million to $137 million of which will be for one-time employee termination benefits, and $11 million to $12 million of which will be for facilities-related and other costs.
Other costs primarily consist of legal, consulting, and other costs related to employee terminations and are expensed when incurred. During fiscal 2018, we incurred $0.4 million in lease termination costs not related to the Fiscal 2018 Plan.
The following tables set forth the restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018 and 2017:

| Balances, January 31, 2017 |  | Additions |  | Payments |  | Adjustments (1) |  | Balances, January 31, 2018
Fiscal 2018 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee terminations costs | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87.3 |  |  | $ | (35.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 53.0 |
Facility terminations and other exit costs | — |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | (2.5 | ) |  | 2.5 |
Fiscal 2017 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee terminations costs | 1.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Facility terminations and other exit costs | 1.9 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 0.2 |
Other Facility Termination Costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination costs | 4.5 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (3.0 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 1.5 |
Total | $ | 7.5 |  |  | $ | 94.1 |  |  | $ | (42.4 | ) |  | $ | (2.0 | ) |  | $ | 57.2 |
Current portion (2) | $ | 5.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 57.2 |
Non-current portion (2) | 1.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 7.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 57.2 |

____________________

(1) | Adjustments primarily relate to the accelerated depreciation of fixed assets and the impact of foreign exchanges rate changes.

(2) | The current and non-current portions of the reserve are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under “Other accrued liabilities” and “Other liabilities,” respectively.

2018 Form 10-K 101

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| Balances, January 31, 2016 |  | Additions |  | Payments |  | Adjustments (1) |  | Balances, January 31, 2017
Fiscal 2017 Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee terminations costs | — |  |  | 63.3 |  |  | (62.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Facility terminations and other exit costs | — |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | (3.2 | ) |  | (2.0 | ) |  | 1.9 |
Other Facility Termination Costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility termination costs | — |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 4.5 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | (67.2 | ) |  | $ | (3.1 | ) |  | $ | 7.5 |
Current portion (2) | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5.9 |
Non-current portion (2) | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Total | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7.5 |

_______________

(1) | Adjustments include the impact of foreign currency translation.

(2) | The current and non-current portions of the reserve are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under “Other accrued liabilities” and “Other liabilities,” respectively.

2018 Form 10-K 102

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16. Selected Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
Summarized quarterly financial information for fiscal 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

2018 | 1st quarter |  | 2nd quarter |  | 3rd quarter |  | 4th quarter |  | Fiscal year
Net revenue | $ | 485.7 |  |  | $ | 501.8 |  |  | $ | 515.3 |  |  | $ | 553.8 |  |  | $ | 2,056.6 |
Gross profit | 407.5 |  |  | 427.2 |  |  | 437.8 |  |  | 480.7 |  |  | 1,753.2 |
Loss from operations | (119.6 | ) |  | (107.6 | ) |  | (100.0 | ) |  | (181.9 | ) |  | (509.1 | )
Provision for income taxes | (8.2 | ) |  | (17.6 | ) |  | (8.6 | ) |  | 24.8 |  |  | (9.6 | )
Net loss | (129.6 | ) |  | (144.0 | ) |  | (119.8 | ) |  | (173.5 | ) |  | (566.9 | )
Basic net loss per share | $ | (0.59 | ) |  | $ | (0.66 | ) |  | $ | (0.55 | ) |  | $ | (0.79 | ) |  | $ | (2.58 | )
Diluted net loss per share | $ | (0.59 | ) |  | $ | (0.66 | ) |  | $ | (0.55 | ) |  | $ | (0.79 | ) |  | $ | (2.58 | )
Loss from operations includes the following items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 59.0 |  |  | $ | 58.8 |  |  | $ | 65.1 |  |  | $ | 62.1 |  |  | $ | 245.0 |
Amortization of acquisition related intangibles | 10.4 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 36.6 |
CEO transition costs | 11.0 |  |  | 10.6 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 21.4 |
Restructuring charges and other facility exit costs, net | (0.3 | ) |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 93.9 |  |  | 94.1 |
2017 | 1st quarter |  | 2nd quarter |  | 3rd quarter |  | 4th quarter |  | Fiscal year
Net revenue | $ | 511.9 |  |  | $ | 550.7 |  |  | $ | 489.6 |  |  | $ | 478.8 |  |  | $ | 2,031.0 |
Gross profit | 419.5 |  |  | 465.6 |  |  | 408.1 |  |  | 395.9 |  |  | 1,689.1 |
Loss from operations | (149.7 | ) |  | (62.9 | ) |  | (119.9 | ) |  | (167.1 | ) |  | (499.6 | )
Provision for income taxes | (14.4 | ) |  | (25.2 | ) |  | (13.5 | ) |  | (5.2 | ) |  | (58.3 | )
Net loss | (167.7 | ) |  | (98.2 | ) |  | (142.8 | ) |  | (173.4 | ) |  | (582.1 | )
Basic net loss per share | $ | (0.75 | ) |  | $ | (0.44 | ) |  | $ | (0.64 | ) |  | $ | (0.78 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | )
Diluted net loss per share | $ | (0.75 | ) |  | $ | (0.44 | ) |  | $ | (0.64 | ) |  | $ | (0.78 | ) |  | $ | (2.61 | )
Loss from operations includes the following items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 51.6 |  |  | $ | 54.3 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | 59.3 |  |  | $ | 221.8 |
Amortization of acquisition related intangibles | 18.8 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 71.8 |
Restructuring charges, net | 52.3 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 80.5 |

2018 Form 10-K 103

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Autodesk, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Autodesk, Inc. (the Company) as of January 31, 2018, and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ (deficit) equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at January 31, 2018, and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 22, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ E RNST & Y OUNG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 1983.
San Francisco, California
March 22, 2018
2018 Form 10-K 104

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Autodesk, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Autodesk, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Autodesk, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of January 31, 2018, and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ (deficit) equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) and our report dated March 22, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ E RNST & Y OUNG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 22, 2018
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ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to Autodesk management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of January 31, 2018.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2018. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will necessarily prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Autodesk have been detected.
Our management has concluded that, as of January 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting is effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young, LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in Item 8 herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the three months ended January 31, 2018, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION

None.
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PART III
Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Annual Report because we intend to file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report (the “Proxy Statement”) and certain information included therein is incorporated herein by reference. Only those sections of the Proxy Statement that specifically address the items set forth herein are incorporated by reference.

ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled “Proposal One—Election of Directors,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and “Corporate Governance” in our Proxy Statement.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The following sets forth certain information as of March 22, 2018, regarding our executive officers.

Name | Age |  | Position
Andrew Anagnost | 53 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
R. Scott Herren | 56 |  | SVP and Chief Financial Officer
Steve M. Blum | 53 |  | SVP, Worldwide Field Operations
Pascal W. Di Fronzo | 53 |  | SVP, Corporate Affairs, Chief Legal Officer & Secretary
Carmel Galvin | 49 |  | SVP, Chief Human Resources Officer

Andrew Anagnost joined Autodesk in September 1997 and has served as President and Chief Executive Officer since June 2017. Dr. Anagnost served as Co-CEO from February 2017 to June 2017, Chief Marketing Officer from December 2016 to June 2017 and as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Business Strategy & Marketing, from March 2012 to June 2017. From December 2009 to March 2012, Dr. Anagnost was Vice President, Product Suites and Web Services of the Company. Prior to this position, Dr. Anagnost served as Vice President of CAD/CAE products for the manufacturing division of the Company from March 2007 to December 2009. Previously, Dr. Anagnost held other senior management positions at the Company. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Anagnost held various engineering, sales, marketing and product management positions at Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company and EXA Corporation. He also served as an NRC post-doctoral fellow at NASA Ames Research Center.
R. Scott Herren joined Autodesk in November 2014 and serves as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Autodesk, Mr. Herren was the Senior Vice President of Finance for Citrix Systems, Inc. from September 2011 to October 2014 where he led the company’s finance, accounting, tax, treasury, investor relations, real estate, and facilities teams. From March 2000 to September 2011, Mr. Herren held a variety of leadership positions at Citrix including Vice President and Managing Director for EMEA and Vice President and General Manager of the Virtualization Systems Group. Prior to Citrix, Mr. Herren served at FedEx Corporation as Vice President, Financial Planning. Prior to FedEx, he spent 13 years at International Business Machines Corporation in senior financial positions.
Steven M. Blum joined Autodesk in January 2003 and has served as Senior Vice President, Worldwide Field Operations since September 2017. Mr. Blum served as Senior Vice President, Worldwide Sales and Services from February 2011 to September 2017. From January 2003 to February 2011, he served as Senior Vice President of Americas Sales. Prior to this position, Blum was Executive Vice President of Sales and Account Management for Parago, Inc. Blum also held positions at Mentor Graphics, most recently serving as Vice President of America's sales. Before joining Mentor Graphics, he held engineering and sales positions at NCR Corporation and Advanced Micro Devices.
Pascal W. Di Fronzo joined Autodesk in June 1998 and has served as SVP, Corporate Affairs, Chief Legal Officer & Secretary since December 2016. Mr. Di Fronzo served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from March 2007 to December 2016. From March 2006 to March 2007, Mr. Di Fronzo served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, and served as Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary from March 2005 through March 2006. Previously, Mr. Di Fronzo served in other business and legal capacities in our Legal Department. Prior to joining
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Autodesk, he advised high technology and emerging growth companies on business and intellectual property transactions and litigation while in private practice.
Carmel Galvin joined Autodesk in March 2018 and serves as Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer (“CHRO”). Prior to joining Autodesk, from April 2016 to February 2018, Ms. Galvin was the Senior Vice President, CHRO for Glassdoor, Inc. where she led all people functions of the company, including human resources planning, learning and development, talent acquisition, employee relations and engagement. From October 2014 to April 2016, Ms. Galvin served as Senior Vice President and CHRO at Advent Software, Inc., where she oversaw the company’s global people strategies and programs. Prior to Advent, she served as Vice President of Talent & Culture Development for Deloitte’s new-venture accelerator, advising a growing portfolio of innovative companies on how to scale and adjust their culture and talent programs. Prior to Deloitte, Ms. Galvin gained 20 years of human resources experience at global companies including Moody’s KMV, Barra Inc., Visa International and IBM (Ireland) Ltd.
There is no family relationship among any of our directors or executive officers.

ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled "Corporate Governance" and “Executive Compensation,” in our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” and “Executive Compensation—Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Independence of the Board of Directors” in our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled “Proposal Two—Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our Proxy Statement.
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PART IV

ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

1. | Financial Statements: The information concerning Autodesk’s financial statements, and Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein to the section of this Report in Item 8, entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

2. | Financial Statement Schedule: The following financial statement schedule of Autodesk, Inc., for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, is filed as part of this Report and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of Autodesk, Inc.:

Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or are not required or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.

3. | Exhibits: See Item 15(b) below. We have filed, or incorporated into this Report by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits immediately following the signature page of this Form 10-K.

(b) Exhibits:
We have filed, or incorporated into this Report by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits immediately following the signature page of this Form 10-K.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules: See Item 15(a), above.

ITEM 15(A)(2) | FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE II

Description | Balance at Beginning of Fiscal Year |  | Additions Charged to Costs and Expenses or Revenues |  | Deductions and Write-Offs |  | Balance at End of Fiscal Year
| (in millions)
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Partner Program reserves (1) | 28.1 |  |  | 224.3 |  |  | 215.9 |  |  | 36.5 |
Restructuring | 8.4 |  |  | 94.1 |  |  | 45.3 |  |  | 57.2 |
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | (3.3 | ) |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Partner Program reserves (1) | 45.2 |  |  | 240.3 |  |  | 257.4 |  |  | 28.1 |
Restructuring | 1.3 |  |  | 77.8 |  |  | 70.7 |  |  | 8.4 |
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |
Partner Program reserves (1) | 36.5 |  |  | 267.4 |  |  | 258.7 |  |  | 45.2 |
Restructuring | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.3 |

____________________

(1) | The partner program reserves balance impacts "Accounts receivable, net" and "Accounts payable" on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ITEM 16 | FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.
2018 Form 10-K 109

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2018 Form 10-K 110

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | AUTODESK, INC.
|  | By: | /s/ ANDREW ANAGNOST
|  |  | Andrew Anagnost
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Dated: | March 22, 2018 |  |

2018 Form 10-K 111

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POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Andrew Anagnost and R. Scott Herren each as his or her attorney-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities as of March 22, 2018.

Signature |  | Title
/s/ ANDREW ANAGNOST |  | President and Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer)
Andrew Anagnost |  |
/s/ R. SCOTT HERREN |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
R. Scott Herren |  |
/s/ PAUL UNDERWOOD |  | Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
Paul Underwood |  |
/s/ CRAWFORD W. BEVERIDGE |  | Director (Non-executive Chairman of the Board)
Crawford W. Beveridge |  |
/s/ CARL BASS |  | Director
Carl Bass |  |
/s/ REID FRENCH |  | Director
Reid French |  |
/s/ THOMAS GEORGENS |  | Director
Thomas Georgens |  |
/s/ RICK HILL |  | Director
Rick Hill |  |
/s/ MARY T. MCDOWELL |  | Director
Mary T. McDowell |  |
/s/ LORRIE M. NORRINGTON |  | Director
Lorrie M. Norrington |  |
/s/ ELIZABETH RAFAEL |  | Director
Elizabeth Rafael |  |
/s/ STACY J. SMITH |  | Director
Stacy J. Smith |  |
|  | Director
Karen Blasing |  |

2018 Form 10-K 112

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Index to Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2006)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2018)
4.1 |  | Indenture dated December 13, 2012, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2012)
4.2 |  | First Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Notes) dated December 13, 2012, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2012)
4.3 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Notes) dated June 5, 2015, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2015)
4.4 |  | Third Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Notes) dated June 8, 2017, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2017)
10.1* |  | Description of Registrant's Performance Stock Unit Program (incorporated by reference to Item 5.02 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2017)
10.2* |  | Registrant’s 1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated effective as of June 14, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 31, 2017)
10.3* |  | Registrant’s 1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan Forms of Subscription Agreement, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 30, 2016)
10.4* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 31, 2017)
10.5* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 30, 2016)
10.6* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Severance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 30, 2016)
10.7* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2012)
10.8* |  | Registrant's 2012 Employee Stock Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement (non-U.S. Employees) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2012)

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Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.9* |  | Registrant's 2012 Outside Directors' Stock Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 21, 2017)
10.10* |  | Registrant's 2012 Outside Directors' Stock Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2012)
10.11* |  | Registrant’s Executive Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 23, 2016)
10.12* |  | Registrant’s 2005 Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on December 8, 2009)
10.13* |  | Participants, target awards and payout formulas for fiscal year 2018 under the Registrant's Executive Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Item 5.02 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 17, 2017)
10.14* |  | Executive Change in Control Program, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2016)
10.15* |  | Sub-Plan of the Autodesk, Inc. 1998 Employee Qualified Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated (filed herewith)
10.16* |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement executed by the Registrant and each of its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2005)
10.17* |  | Third Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Registrant and Carl Bass dated March 21, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2013)
10.18* |  | R. Scott Herren Offer Letter dated September 23, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on December 5, 2014)
10.19* |  | Registrant’s Equity Incentive Deferral Plan as amended and restated effective as of June 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on September 5, 2008)
10.20* |  | Amendment to Registrant's Equity Incentive Deferral Plan effective as of February 17, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 filed with the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2012)
10.21 |  | Office Lease between Registrant and the J.H.S. Trust for 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, CA, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2004)
10.22 |  | Fourth Amendment to Lease between Registrant and the J.H.S. Holdings L.P. for 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafael, CA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 19, 2010)
10.23 |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and among the Registrant, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 29, 2015)
10.24 |  | Letter Amendment No. 1, dated April 26, 2017, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and among the Registrant, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 filed with the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 31, 2017)
10.25 |  | Agreement, dated March 10, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Sachem Head Capital Management LP, Uncas GP LLC, and Sachem Head GP LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 11, 2016)
10.26 |  | Agreement, dated March 10, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Eminence Capital, LP, and Eminence GP, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 11, 2016)
10.27 |  | Agreement, dated February 6, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Sachem Head Capital Management LP, Uncas GP LLC, and Sachem Head GP LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2017)

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Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.28* |  | Transition and Separation Agreement, dated February 6, 2017, by and between the Company and Carl Bass (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2017)
10.29* |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2017, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and Andrew Anagnost (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 19, 2017)
10.30 |  | Separation Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2017, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and Amar Hanspal (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 19, 2017)
10.31 |  | Separation Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2017, by and between Autodesk, Inc. and Jan Becker (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on December 5, 2017)
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries (filed herewith)
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Ernst & Young LLP) (filed herewith)
24.1 |  | Power of Attorney (contained in the signature page to this Annual Report)
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith)
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith)
32.1† |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101.INS †† |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE †† |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

____________________

* | Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

† | The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Autodesk, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

†† | The financial information contained in these XBRL documents is unaudited.

2018 Form 10-K 115