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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Under the stockholder-approved LTIP, the Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee (Committee), which is made up of nonemployee members of the Board, or the Chief Executive Officer (when delegated authority by such Committee), may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock units (RSUs), restricted shares, performance share units (PSUs), and performance shares, up to a maximum of 104,125,000 shares of our Common Stock, of which 8,238,993 remain available for future grants as of December 31, 2022. The number of shares remaining for issuance under the LTIP is reduced (i) by 1 for each award granted as a stock option or stock-settled SAR, or (ii) by 1.61 for an award made in the form other than a stock option or stock-settled SAR. Under the Board-approved Thoroughbred Stock Option Plan (TSOP), the Committee may grant stock options up to a maximum of 6,000,000 shares of Common Stock. We use newly issued shares to satisfy any exercises and awards under the LTIP and the TSOP. The LTIP also permits the payment, on a current or a deferred basis and in cash or in stock, of dividend equivalents on shares of Common Stock covered by stock options, RSUs, or PSUs in an amount commensurate with regular quarterly dividends paid on Common Stock. With respect to stock options, if employment of the participant is terminated for any reason, including retirement, disability, or death, we have no further obligation to make any dividend equivalent payments. Regarding RSUs, we have no further obligation to make any dividend equivalent payments unless employment of the participant is terminated as a result of qualifying retirement or disability. Should an employee terminate employment, they are not required to forfeit dividend equivalent payments already received. Outstanding PSUs do not receive dividend equivalent payments. The Committee granted stock options, RSUs and PSUs pursuant to the LTIP for the last three years as follows:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Granted |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Granted |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Granted |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Stock options | 140,080 |  | $ | 61.32 |  |  | 42,770 |  | $ | 62.49 |  |  | 43,770 |  | $ | 52.05 |
RSUs | 180,306 |  | 265.21 |  |  | 183,093 |  | 240.09 |  |  | 178,190 |  | 210.11 |
PSUs | 58,945 |  | 272.22 |  |  | 50,100 |  | 240.72 |  |  | 78,830 |  | 212.66 |
Recipients of certain RSUs and PSUs pursuant to the LTIP who retire prior to October 1st will forfeit awards received in the current year. Receipt of certain LTIP awards is contingent on the recipient having executed a non-compete agreement with the company. We account for our grants of stock options, RSUs, PSUs, and dividend equivalent payments in accordance with FASB ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation.” Accordingly, all awards result in charges to net income while dividend equivalent payments, which are all related to equity classified awards, are charged to retained income. Compensation cost for the awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Related compensation costs and tax benefits during the years were:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| ($ in millions)
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 28 |
Total tax benefit | 27 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 44 |
Stock Options Option exercise prices will be at least the higher of (i) the average of the high and low prices at which Common Stock is traded on the grant date, or (ii) the closing price of Common Stock on the grant date. All options are subject to a vesting period of at least one year, and the term of the option will not exceed ten years. Holders of the options granted under the LTIP who remain actively employed receive cash dividend equivalent payments for four years in an amount equal to the regular quarterly dividends paid on Common Stock. For all years, options granted under the LTIP and the TSOP may not be exercised prior to the fourth and third anniversaries of the date of grant, respectively, or if the optionee retires or dies before that anniversary date, may not be exercised before the later of one year after the grant date or the date of the optionee’s retirement or death. The fair value of each option awarded was measured on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Expected volatility is based on implied volatility from traded options on, and historical volatility of, Common Stock. Historical data is used to estimate option exercises and employee terminations within the valuation model. Historical exercise data is used to estimate the average expected option term. The average risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. A dividend yield of zero was used for the LTIP options during the vesting period. For 2022, 2021, and 2020, a dividend yield of 1.85%, 1.64%, and 1.76%, respectively, was used for the vested period during the remaining expected option term for LTIP options. The assumptions for the LTIP grants for the last three years are shown in the following table:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Average expected volatility | 27 | % |  | 26 | % |  | 22 | %
Average risk-free interest rate | 1.80 | % |  | 0.75 | % |  | 1.47 | %
Average expected option term | 6.5 years |  | 7.5 years |  | 7.5 years
A summary of changes in stock options is presented below:
| Stock Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 1,095,895 |  |  | $ | 106.58 |
Granted | 140,080 |  |  | 287.31 |
Exercised | (307,660) |  |  | 82.72 |
Forfeited | (48,313) |  |  | 270.92 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 880,002 |  |  | 134.66 |
The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2022 was $103 million with a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 4.1 years. Of these options outstanding, 742,810 were exercisable and had an aggregate intrinsic value of $101 million with a weighted-average exercise price of $110.09 and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 2.1 years. The following table provides information related to options exercised for the last three years:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| ($ in millions)
Options exercised | 307,660 |  |  | 470,632 |  |  | 1,171,786 |
Total intrinsic value | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 144 |
Cash received upon exercise | 25 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 98 |
Related tax benefits realized | 12 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 29 |
At December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation related to options granted under the LTIP was $3 million, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 3.0 years. Restricted Stock Units RSUs granted primarily have a four-year ratable restriction period and will be settled through the issuance of shares of Common Stock. Certain RSU grants include cash dividend equivalent payments during the restriction period in an amount equal to regular quarterly dividends paid on Common Stock. The fair value of each RSU was measured on the date of grant as the average of the high and low prices at which Common Stock is traded on the grant date, adjusted for the impact of dividend equivalent payments as applicable.
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| ($ in millions)
RSUs vested | 249,138 |  |  | 260,307 |  |  | 204,665 |
Common Stock issued net of tax withholding | 175,781 |  |  | 184,319 |  |  | 146,047 |
Related tax benefits realized | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 4 |
A summary of changes in RSUs is presented below:
| RSUs |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 501,103 |  |  | $ | 193.23 |
Granted | 180,306 |  |  | 265.21 |
Vested | (249,138) |  |  | 168.66 |
Forfeited | (44,890) |  |  | 244.99 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 387,381 |  |  | 236.53 |
At December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation related to RSUs was $37 million, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.6 years. Performance Share Units PSUs provide for awards based on the achievement of certain predetermined corporate performance goals at the end of a three-year cycle and are settled through the issuance of shares of Common Stock. All PSUs will earn out based on the achievement of performance conditions and some will also earn out based on a market condition. The market condition fair value was measured on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation model.
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| ($ in millions)
PSUs earned | 86,420 |  |  | 78,727 |  |  | 235,935 |
Common Stock issued net of tax withholding | 54,651 |  |  | 49,967 |  |  | 156,477 |
Related tax benefits realized | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7 |
A summary of changes in PSUs is presented below:
| PSUs |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 202,930 |  |  | $ | 197.33 |
Granted | 58,945 |  |  | 272.22 |
Earned | (86,420) |  |  | 161.14 |
Unearned | (260) |  |  | 161.14 |
Forfeited | (32,758) |  |  | 254.83 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 142,437 |  |  | 236.70 |
At December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation related to PSUs granted under the LTIP was $3 million, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. Shares Available and Issued Shares of Common Stock available for future grants and issued in connection with all features of the LTIP and the TSOP at December 31, were as follows:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Available for future grants: |  |  |  |  |
LTIP | 8,238,993 |  |  | 8,609,075 |  |  | 8,995,582 |
TSOP | 436,402 |  |  | 435,867 |  |  | 435,699 |
Issued: |  |  |  |  |
LTIP | 503,090 |  |  | 632,279 |  |  | 1,270,208 |
TSOP | 35,002 |  |  | 72,639 |  |  | 204,102 |

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