Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments

The Company uses available market information and other valuation methodologies in assessing the fair value of financial instruments. Judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value and, accordingly, changes in assumptions or the estimation methodologies may affect the fair value estimates. The Company is exposed to the risk of credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instrument contracts; however, nonperformance is considered unlikely and any nonperformance is unlikely to be material, as it is the Company’s policy to contract only with diverse, credit-worthy counterparties based upon both strong credit ratings and other credit considerations.

The Company is exposed to market risk from foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity price fluctuations. Volatility relating to these exposures is managed on a global basis by utilizing a number of techniques, including working capital management, sourcing strategies, selling price increases, selective borrowings in local currencies and entering into selective derivative instrument transactions, issued with standard features, in accordance with the Company’s treasury and risk management policies, which prohibit the use of derivatives for speculative purposes and leveraged derivatives for any purpose. It is the Company’s policy to enter into derivative instrument contracts with terms that match the underlying exposure being hedged. Hedge ineffectiveness, if any, is not material for any period presented.

The Company’s derivative instruments include interest rate swap contracts, foreign currency contracts and commodity contracts. The Company utilizes interest rate swap contracts to manage its targeted mix of fixed and floating rate debt, and these swaps are valued using observable benchmark rates (Level 2 valuation). The Company utilizes foreign currency contracts, including forward and swap contracts, option contracts, local currency deposits and local currency borrowings to hedge portions of its foreign currency purchases, assets and liabilities arising in the normal course of business and the net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries. These contracts are valued using observable market rates (Level 2 valuation). Commodity futures contracts are utilized to hedge the purchases of raw materials used in production. These contracts are measured using quoted commodity exchange prices (Level 1 valuation). The duration of foreign currency and commodity contracts generally does not exceed 12 months.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments and other financial instruments which are carried at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



	Assets					Liabilities
	Account	Fair Value				Account	Fair Value
Designated derivative instruments		6/30/18		12/31/17			6/30/18		12/31/17
Interest rate swap contracts	Other current assets	$	—	$	—	Other accruals	$	4	$	—
Interest rate swap contracts	Other assets	—		—		Other liabilities	14		7
Foreign currency contracts	Other current assets	34		25		Other accruals	10		20
Foreign currency contracts	Other assets	—		—		Other liabilities	30		46
Commodity contracts	Other current assets	—		—		Other accruals	—		—
Total designated		$	34	$	25		$	58	$	73

Other financial instruments
Marketable securities	Other current assets	$	83	$	14
Total other financial instruments		$	83	$	14

The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and short-term debt approximated fair value as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The estimated fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including the current portion, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, was $6,597 and $6,799, respectively, and the related carrying value was $6,519 and $6,566, respectively. The estimated fair value of long-term debt was derived principally from quoted prices on the Company’s outstanding fixed-term notes (Level 2 valuation).

Fair Value Hedges

The Company has designated all interest rate swap contracts and certain foreign currency forward and option contracts as fair value hedges, for which the gain or loss on the derivative and the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item are recognized in current earnings. The impact of foreign currency contracts is primarily recognized in Selling, general and administrative expenses and the impact of interest rate swap contracts is recognized in Interest (income) expense, net.

Activity related to fair value hedges recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:



	2018									2017
	Foreign Currency Contracts			Interest Rate Swaps			Total			Foreign Currency Contracts			Interest Rate Swaps			Total
Notional Value at June 30,	$	420		$	1,000		$	1,420		$	930		$	600		$	1,530
Three months ended June 30,
Gain (loss) on derivatives	6			(1		)	5			(3		)	—			(3		)
Gain (loss) on hedged items	(6		)	1			(5		)	3			—			3
Six months ended June 30,
Gain (loss) on derivatives	(7		)	(11		)	(18		)	(1		)	(2		)	(3		)
Gain (loss) on hedged items	7			11			18			1			2			3

Cash Flow Hedges

All of the Company’s commodity contracts and certain foreign currency forward contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges, for which the effective portion of the gain or loss is reported as a component of Other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Activity related to cash flow hedges recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:



	2018								2017
	Foreign Currency Contracts			Commodity Contracts		Total			Foreign Currency Contracts			Commodity Contracts		Total
Notional Value at June 30,	$	833		$	6	$	839		$	719		$	2	$	721
Three months ended June 30,
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI	14			—		14			(7		)	—		(7		)
Gain (loss) reclassified into Cost of sales	(2		)	—		(2		)	(1		)	—		(1		)
Six months ended June 30,
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI	6			—		6			(20		)	—		(20		)
Gain (loss) reclassified into Cost of sales	(8		)	—		(8		)	2			—		2

The net gain (loss) recognized in OCI for both foreign currency contracts and commodity contracts is generally expected to be recognized in Cost of sales within the next twelve months.

Net Investment Hedges

The Company has designated certain foreign currency forward and option contracts and certain foreign currency-denominated debt as net investment hedges, for which the gain or loss on the instrument is reported as a component of Cumulative translation adjustments within OCI, along with the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged items.

Activity related to net investment hedges recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:



	2018									2017
	Foreign Currency Contracts			Foreign Currency Debt			Total			Foreign Currency Contracts			Foreign Currency Debt			Total
Notional Value at June 30,	$	594		$	1,572		$	2,166		$	800		$	572		$	1,372
Three months ended June 30,
Gain (loss) on instruments	43			78			121			(28		)	(78		)	(106		)
Gain (loss) on hedged items	(41		)	(78		)	(119		)	27			78			105
Six months ended June 30,
Gain (loss) on instruments	25			59			84			(46		)	(93		)	(139		)
Gain (loss) on hedged items	(23		)	(59		)	(82		)	47			93			140