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Capital Stock and Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Capital Stock and Stock-Based Compensation Plans | Capital Stock and Stock-Based Compensation Plans Preference Stock The Company has the authority to issue 50,262,150 shares of preference stock. Stock Repurchases On June 18, 2018, the Board authorized the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate purchase price of up to $5 billion under a new share repurchase program (the “2018 Program”), which replaced a previously authorized share repurchase program (the “2015 Program”). The Company commenced repurchases of shares of the Company’s common stock under the 2018 Program beginning June 19, 2018. The Board also has authorized share repurchases on an ongoing basis to fulfill certain requirements of the Company’s compensation and benefit programs. The shares are repurchased from time to time in open market or privately negotiated transactions at the Company’s discretion, subject to market conditions, customary blackout periods and other factors. The Company repurchased its common stock at a cost of $1,202 during 2019 under the 2018 Program. The Company may use either authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares to meet share requirements resulting from the exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock unit awards. A summary of common stock and treasury stock activity for the three years ended December 31 is as follows:
|  | Common Stock Outstanding |  | Treasury Stock
Balance, January 1, 2017 |  | 883,108,963 |  |  | 582,597,397 |
Common stock acquired |  | (19,185,828 | ) |  | 19,185,828 |
Shares issued for stock options |  | 9,670,988 |  |  | (9,670,988 | )
Shares issued for restricted stock units and other |  | 1,106,995 |  |  | (1,106,995 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | 874,701,118 |  |  | 591,005,242 |
Common stock acquired |  | (18,786,897 | ) |  | 18,786,897 |
Shares issued for stock options |  | 6,040,920 |  |  | (6,040,920 | )
Shares issued for restricted stock units and other |  | 957,651 |  |  | (957,651 | )
Balance, December 31, 2018 |  | 862,912,792 |  |  | 602,793,568 |
Common stock acquired |  | (17,219,642 | ) |  | 17,219,642 |
Shares issued for stock options |  | 8,145,777 |  |  | (8,145,777 | )
Shares issued for restricted stock units and other |  | 862,852 |  |  | (862,852 | )
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  | 854,701,779 |  |  | 611,004,581 |
Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments, such as stock options and restricted stock units, based on the fair value of those awards at the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock units, generally based on market prices, is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The estimated fair value of stock options on the date of grant is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. Awards to employees eligible for retirement prior to the award becoming fully vested are recognized as compensation cost from the grant date through the date that the employee first becomes eligible to retire and is no longer required to provide service to earn the award. The Company has one incentive compensation plan pursuant to which it issues restricted stock units (both performance-based and time-vested) and stock options to employees and shares of common stock and stock options to non-employee directors. The Personnel and Organization Committee of the Board of Directors, which is comprised entirely of independent directors, administers the incentive compensation plan. The total stock-based compensation expense charged against pretax income for this plan was $100, $109 and $127 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized on stock-based compensation, excluding excess tax benefits discussed below, was approximately $20, $25 and $42 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Corporate segment as these amounts are not included in internal measures of segment operating performance. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock option awards. The weighted-average estimated fair value of stock options granted in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $10.48, $9.48 and $8.37, respectively. Fair value is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the assumptions summarized in the following table:
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Expected term of options |  | 6 years |  |  | 4.5 years |  |  | 4.5 years |
Expected volatility rate |  | 19.2 | % |  | 17.7 | % |  | 16.0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.5 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 1.8 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 2.2 | %
The weighted-average expected term of options granted each year was determined with reference to historical exercise and post-vesting cancellation experience, the vesting period of the awards and the contractual term of the awards, among other factors. Expected volatility incorporates implied share-price volatility derived from exchange traded options on the Company’s common stock. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the yield of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond with a maturity period equal to the option’s expected term. Performance-based Restricted Stock Units In 2019, the Company evolved its approach to granting long-term incentive compensation, mainly from granting time-vested restricted stock units following the conclusion of a three-year performance cycle to granting officers and other key employees a target number of unearned performance-based restricted stock units at the beginning of each three-year performance cycle. Awards are earned and vest following the conclusion of the performance period on the basis of achievement of performance goals established at the commencement of each three-year performance period. A summary of performance-based restricted stock unit activity during 2019 is presented below:
|  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Grant Date Fair Value Per Award
Performance-based restricted stock units as of January 1, 2019 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Activity: |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 365 |  |  | 67 |
Forfeited |  | (19 | ) |  | 67 |
Performance-based restricted stock units as of December 31, 2019 |  | 346 |  |  | $ | 67 |
As of December 31, 2019, there was $17 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance-based restricted stock unit awards, which will be recognized rateably over the remaining performance period. The Company uses a Monte-Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of performance-based restricted stock units at the date of grant. Time-Vested Restricted Stock Units The Company also grants time-vested restricted stock unit awards. As described above, under the Company’s previous long-term incentive program, time-vested restricted stock unit awards were also granted to officers and other key employees following a three-year performance period. Awards vest at the end of the restriction period, which is three years from the date of grant. The last award granted under the previous long-term incentive program was in 2018 for the 2015-2017 performance period. No awards were granted for the 2016-2018 or 2017-2019 performance periods. Awards for the 2018-2020 performance period, if earned, will be granted in 2021. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 13,200,000 shares of common stock were available for future restricted stock unit awards. A summary of restricted stock unit activity during 2019 is presented below:
|  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Award
Restricted stock units as of January 1, 2019 |  | 2,474 |  |  | $ | 71 |
Activity: |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 554 |  |  | 71 |
Vested |  | (761 | ) |  | 70 |
Forfeited |  | (64 | ) |  | 70 |
Restricted stock units as of December 31, 2019 |  | 2,203 |  |  | $ | 71 |
As of December 31, 2019, there was $44 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock unit awards, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $53, $55 and $66, respectively. Stock Options The Company issues non-qualified stock options to non-employee directors, officers and other employees. Beginning in 2019, stock options generally have a contractual term of eight years. Prior to 2019, stock options generally had a contractual term of six years. Stock options vest ratably over three years. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 37,758,000 shares of common stock were available for future stock option grants. A summary of stock option activity during 2019 is presented below:
|  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Intrinsic Value of Unexercised In-the-Money Options
Options outstanding, January 1, 2019 |  | 39,710 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 5,364 |  |  | 72 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (8,205 | ) |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired |  | (684 | ) |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding, December 31, 2019 |  | 36,185 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 4 |  | $ | 63 |
Options exercisable, December 31, 2019 |  | 25,142 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 60 |
As of December 31, 2019, there was $32 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested options, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $84, $92 and $201, respectively. The benefits of tax deductions in excess of grant date fair value resulting from the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock unit awards for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $6, $12 and $47, respectively, and are recognized in the provision for income taxes as a discrete item in the quarterly period in which they occur and classified as an operating cash flow. Cash proceeds received from options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $498, $329 and $507, respectively.

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