Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Leases and Rights-of-Way Obligations

The table below depicts future gross minimum rental commitments under our operating leases and rights-of-way obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in millions):



Year	Commitment
2019	$	122
2020	107
2021	102
2022	97
2023	81
Thereafter	353
Total minimum payments	$	862

The remaining terms on our operating leases, including probable elections to exercise renewal options, range from one to thirty-five years. Total lease and rental expenses were $155 million, $140 million and $138 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The amount of capital leases included within “Property, plant and equipment, net” in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is not material to our consolidated balance sheets.

Contingent Debt

Our contingent debt disclosures pertain to certain types of guarantees or indemnifications we have made and cover certain types of guarantees included within debt agreements, even if the likelihood of requiring our performance under such guarantee is remote.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our contingent debt obligations, as well as our obligations with respect to related letters of credit, totaled $714 million and $1,070 million, respectively. December 31, 2018 and 2017 amounts are represented by our proportional share of the debt obligations of four and three equity investees, respectively. Under such guarantees we are severally liable for our percentage ownership share of these equity investees’ debt issued in the event of their non-performance. Also included in our contingent debt obligations is a guarantee of a throughput and deficiency agreement supporting certain debt obligations of a subsidiary of our investee, Cortez Pipeline Company. Through this guarantee, we are severally liable for approximately 50% of a Cortez Pipeline Company subsidiary’s debt obligations with respect to a $50 million credit facility and $100 million in bonds. In addition, we have guaranteed approximately 100% of the debt issued by another Cortez Pipeline Company subsidiary to fund an expansion project, of which debt consists of a $27 million credit facility and a $120 million private placement note.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

We are involved in joint ventures and other ownership arrangements that sometimes require financial and performance guarantees. In a financial guarantee, we are obligated to make payments if the guaranteed party fails to make payments under, or violates the terms of, the financial arrangement. In a performance guarantee, we provide assurance that the guaranteed party will execute on the terms of the contract. If they do not, we are required to perform on their behalf. We also periodically provide indemnification arrangements related to assets or businesses we have sold. These arrangements include, but are not limited to, indemnifications for income taxes, the resolution of existing disputes and environmental matters.

While many of these agreements may specify a maximum potential exposure, or a specified duration to the indemnification obligation, there are also circumstances where the amount and duration are unlimited. Currently, we are not subject to any material requirements to perform under quantifiable arrangements. We are unable to estimate a maximum exposure for our guarantee and indemnification agreements that do not provide for limits on the amount of future payments due to the uncertainty of these exposures.

See Note 18 for a description of matters that we have identified as contingencies requiring accrual of liabilities and/or disclosure, including any such matters arising under guarantee or indemnification agreements.