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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________
Form 10-K

☑ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____to_____
Commission file number: 001-35081
Kinder Morgan, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 80-0682103
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1001 Louisiana Street, Suite 1000, Houston, Texas 77002
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 713-369-9000
____________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class P Common Stock | KMI | New York Stock Exchange
2.250% Senior Notes due 2027 | KMI 27 A | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “non-accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes ☐ No ☑
Aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on closing prices in the daily composite list for transactions on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2023 was approximately $33,533,173,723. As of February 16, 2024, the registrant had 2,219,369,970 shares of Class P common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed no later than April 30, 2024, are incorporated into PART III, as specifically set forth in PART III.

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|  | Page Number
| Glossary | 1
| Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 2
| PART I |
Items 1. and 2. | Business and Properties | 4
| General Development of Business | 4
| Recent Developments | 4
| Narrative Description of Business | 6
| Business Strategy | 6
| Business Segments | 6
| Natural Gas Pipelines | 7
| Products Pipelines | 10
| Terminals | 12
| CO 2 | 14
| Major Customers | 16
| Industry Regulation | 17
| Environmental Matters and Safety Regulation | 19
| Security Regulations | 21
| Human Capital | 22
| Properties and Rights-of-Way | 23
| Available Information | 23
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 23
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 36
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 36
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 38
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 38
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 39
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 39
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39
| General | 40
| Critical Accounting Estimates | 40
| Results of Operations | 42
| Overview | 42
| Consolidated Earnings Results | 46
| Non-GAAP Financial Measures | 48
| Segment Earnings Results | 52
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 58
| General | 58
| Short-term Liquidity | 59

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES (continued)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|  | Page Number
| Long-term Financing | 60
| Capital Expenditures | 60
| Off Balance Sheet Arrangements | 63
| Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments | 63
| Cash Flows | 64
| Dividends and Stock Buy-back Program | 65
| Summarized Combined Financial Information for Guarantee of Securities of Subsidiaries | 66
| Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 67
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 67
| Energy Commodity Market Risk | 67
| Interest Rate Risk | 68
| Foreign Currency Risk | 69
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 70
| Index to Financial Statements | 70
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 131
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 132
Item 9B. | Other Information | 132
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 132
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 133
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 133
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 133
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 133
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 133
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 134
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 137
Signatures | 138

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
GLOSSARY
Company Abbreviations

Calnev | = | Calnev Pipe Line LLC | KMP | = | Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries
CIG | = | Colorado Interstate Gas Company, L.L.C.
CPGPL | = | Cheyenne Plains Gas Pipeline Company, L.L.C. | KMTP | = | Kinder Morgan Texas Pipeline LLC
EagleHawk | = | EagleHawk Field Services LLC | MEP | = | Midcontinent Express Pipeline LLC
Elba Express | = | Elba Express Company, L.L.C. | NGPL | = | Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America LLC and certain affiliates
ELC | = | Elba Liquefaction Company, L.L.C.
EPNG | = | El Paso Natural Gas Company, L.L.C. | PHP | = | Permian Highway Pipeline LLC
FEP | = | Fayetteville Express Pipeline LLC | Ruby | = | Ruby Pipeline Holding Company, L.L.C.
Hiland | = | Hiland Partners, LP | SFPP | = | SFPP, L.P.
KinderHawk | = | KinderHawk Field Services LLC | SLNG | = | Southern LNG Company, L.L.C.
KMRNG | = | Kinder Morgan RNG Holdco LLC | SNG | = | Southern Natural Gas Company, L.L.C.
KMBT | = | Kinder Morgan Bulk Terminals, Inc. | Stagecoach | = | Stagecoach Gas Services LLC
KMI | = | Kinder Morgan, Inc. and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries | TGP | = | Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, L.L.C.
WIC | = | Wyoming Interstate Company, L.L.C.
KMLP | = | Kinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline LLC | WYCO | = | WYCO Development L.L.C.
KMLT | = | Kinder Morgan Liquid Terminals, LLC |  |  |
Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company” are intended to mean Kinder Morgan, Inc. and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries.
Common Industry and Other Terms
/d | = | per day | LIBOR | = | London Interbank Offered Rate
AFUDC | = | allowance for funds used during construction | LLC | = | limited liability company
Bbl | = | barrels | LNG | = | liquefied natural gas
BBtu | = | billion British Thermal Units | MBbl | = | thousand barrels
Bcf | = | billion cubic feet | MMBbl | = | million barrels
CERCLA | = | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act | MMtons | = | million tons
NGL | = | natural gas liquids
CO 2 | = | carbon dioxide or our CO 2 business segment | NYMEX | = | New York Mercantile Exchange
COVID-19 | = | Coronavirus Disease 2019, a widespread contagious disease, or the related pandemic declared and resulting worldwide economic downturn | NYSE | = | New York Stock Exchange
OTC | = | over-the-counter
PHMSA | = | United States Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
CPUC | = | California Public Utilities Commission
DD&A | = | depreciation, depletion and amortization
Dth | = | dekatherms | ROU | = | Right-of-Use
EPA | = | United States Environmental Protection Agency | RNG | = | renewable natural gas
FASB | = | Financial Accounting Standards Board | SEC | = | United States Securities and Exchange Commission
FERC | = | Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
GAAP | = | United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | SOFR | = | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
U.S. | = | United States of America
GTE | = | gas-to-electric | WTI | = | West Texas Intermediate

1

Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This report includes forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are identified as any statement that does not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “forecast,” “strategy,” “outlook,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “shall,” or the negative of those terms or other variations of them or comparable terminology. In particular, expressed or implied statements concerning future actions, conditions or events, future operating results or the ability to generate sales, income or cash flow, service debt or pay dividends, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this report include, among others, express or implied statements pertaining to: long term demand for our assets and services, our business strategy, including energy transition related opportunities, expected financial results, dividends, sustaining and discretionary capital expenditures, our cash requirements and our financing and capital allocation strategy, anticipated impacts of litigation and legal or regulatory developments, and our capital projects, including expected completion timing and benefits of those projects.
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. They involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Future actions, conditions or events and future results may differ materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Many of the factors that will determine these results are beyond our ability to control or accurately predict. Specific factors that could cause actual results to differ from those in our forward-looking statements include:
•changes in supply of and demand for natural gas, NGL, refined petroleum products, oil, renewable fuels, CO 2, electricity, petroleum coke, steel and other bulk materials and chemicals and certain agricultural products;
•economic activity, weather, alternative energy sources, conservation and technological advances that may affect price trends and demand;
•competition from other pipelines, terminals or other forms of transportation, or from emerging technologies such as CO 2 capture and sequestration;
•changes in our tariff rates required by the FERC, the CPUC or another regulatory agency;
•the timing and success of our commercial and business development efforts, including our ability to renew long-term customer contracts at economically attractive rates;
•our ability to safely operate and maintain our existing assets and to access or construct new assets including pipelines, terminals, gas processing, gas storage and NGL fractionation capacity;
•our ability to attract and retain key management and operations personnel;
•difficulties or delays experienced by railroads, barges, trucks, ships or pipelines in delivering products to or from our terminals or pipelines;
•shut-downs or cutbacks at major refineries, chemical or petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, LNG export facilities, ports, utilities, military bases or other businesses that use our services or provide services or products to us;
•changes in crude oil and natural gas production (and the NGL content of natural gas production) from exploration and production areas that we serve, such as the Permian Basin area of West Texas, the shale plays in North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and Texas, and the U.S. Rocky Mountains;
•changes in laws or regulations, third-party relations and approvals, and decisions of courts, regulators and governmental bodies that may increase our compliance costs, restrict our ability to provide or reduce demand for our services, or otherwise adversely affect our business;
•interruptions of operations at our facilities due to natural disasters, damage by third parties, power shortages, strikes, riots, terrorism (including cyber-attacks), war or other causes;
•compromise of our IT systems, operational systems or sensitive data as a result of errors, malfunctions, hacking events or coordinated cyber-attacks;
2

•changes in technologies, possibly introducing new cybersecurity risks and other new risks inherent in the use, either by us or our counterparties, of new technologies in the developmental stage including, without limitation, generative artificial intelligence;
•the uncertainty inherent in estimating future oil, natural gas, and CO 2 production or reserves;
•issues, delays or stoppage associated with new construction or expansion projects;
•regulatory, environmental, political, grass roots opposition, legal, operational and geological uncertainties that could affect our ability to complete our expansion projects on time and on budget or at all;
•our ability to acquire new businesses and assets and integrate those operations into our existing operations, and make cost-saving changes in operations, particularly if we undertake multiple acquisitions in a relatively short period of time, as well as our ability to expand our facilities;
•the ability of our customers and other counterparties to perform under their contracts with us including as a result of our customers’ financial distress or bankruptcy;
•changes in accounting pronouncements that impact the measurement of our results of operations, the timing of when such measurements are to be made and recorded, and the disclosures surrounding these activities;
•changes in tax laws;
•our ability to access external sources of financing in sufficient amounts and on acceptable terms to the extent needed to fund acquisitions of operating businesses and assets and expansions of our facilities;
•our indebtedness, which could make us vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions, limit our ability to borrow additional funds, place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt, or have other adverse consequences;
•our ability to obtain insurance coverage without significant levels of self-retention risk;
•natural disasters, sabotage, terrorism (including cyber-attacks) or other similar acts or accidents causing damage to our properties greater than our insurance coverage limits;
•possible changes in our and our subsidiaries’ credit ratings;
•conditions in the capital and credit markets, inflation and higher interest rates;
•political and economic instability of the oil and natural gas producing nations of the world;
•national, international, regional and local economic, competitive and regulatory conditions and developments, including the effects of any enactment of import or export duties, tariffs or similar measures;
•our ability to achieve cost savings and revenue growth;
•the extent of our success in developing and producing CO 2 and oil and gas reserves, including the risks inherent in development drilling, well completion and other development activities;
•engineering and mechanical or technological difficulties that we may experience with operational equipment, in well completions and work-overs, and in drilling new wells; and
•unfavorable results of litigation and the outcome of contingencies referred to in Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements.
The foregoing list should not be construed to be exhaustive. We believe the forward-looking statements in this report are reasonable. However, there is no assurance that any of the actions, events or results expressed in forward-looking statements will occur, or if any of them do, of their timing or what impact they will have on our results of operations or financial condition. Because of these uncertainties, you should not put undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements.
3

Additional discussion of factors that may affect our forward-looking statements appear elsewhere in this report, including in Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Energy Commodity Market Risk.” When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the factors described in this section and the other sections referenced above. We disclaim any obligation, other than as required by applicable law, to publicly update or revise any of our forward-looking statements to reflect future events or developments.
PART I
Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties.
We are one of the largest energy infrastructure companies in North America. As of December 31, 2023, we owned an interest in or operated approximately 82,000 miles of pipelines, 139 terminals, 702 Bcf of working natural gas storage capacity and had RNG generation capacity of approximately 6.1 Bcf per year of gross production. Our pipelines transport natural gas, refined petroleum products, crude oil, condensate, CO 2, renewable fuels and other products, and our terminals store and handle various commodities including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, chemicals, petroleum coke, metals, and ethanol and other renewable fuels and feedstocks.
General Development of Business
Recent Developments
The following is a listing of significant developments and updates related to our major acquisitions and projects and financing transactions. “Capital Scope” is estimated for our share of the described project and may include portions not yet completed.

Asset or project |  | Description |  | Activity |  | Approx. Capital Scope (KMI Share)
Acquisitions and projects placed in service |  |  |  |
STX Midstream pipeline system acquisition |  | Acquired a set of integrated, large diameter, high pressure natural gas pipeline systems that connect the Eagle Ford basin to growing Mexico and Gulf Coast demand markets with the purchase of the STX Midstream pipeline system from NextEra Energy Partners, LP. These pipeline systems include the Eagle Ford Transmission system, a 90% interest in the NET Mexico Pipeline LLC and a 50% interest in Dos Caminos, LLC. |  | Acquired in December 2023. |  | $1,831 million
TGP East 300 Upgrade |  | Expansion project involved upgrading compression facilities upstream on TGP’s system in order to provide 115,000 Dth/d of capacity to Con Edison’s distribution system in Westchester County, New York. Supported by a long-term contract with Con Edison. |  | Placed in service November 2023. |  | $267 million
Eagle Ford transport project |  | Expansion project included constructing 67 miles of 42-inch pipeline, multiple receipt and delivery meters and upgrades to Kinder Morgan Freer compressor station to transport up to 1.88 Bcf/d of lean Eagle Ford production to Gulf Coast markets. Supported by long-term contracts. |  | Placed in service November 2023. |  | $231 million
PHP expansion |  | Joint venture project (our ownership interest of 27.74%) that expanded PHP’s capacity by approximately 550,000 Dth/d, increasing natural gas deliveries from the Permian to U.S. Gulf Coast markets. Supported by long-term contracts. |  | Placed in service December 2023. |  | $159 million
RNG facilities |  | Construction of three additional landfill-based RNG facilities for KMRNG in order to provide approximately 3.5 Bcf of RNG a year. |  | Twin Bridges placed in service June 2023. Liberty placed in service October 2023. Prairie View placed in service December 2023. |  | $153 million

4

Asset or project |  | Description |  | Activity |  | Approx. Capital Scope (KMI Share)
Greenholly pipeline - North Holly expansion |  | Joint venture project (our ownership interest of 39.25%) that constructed 38 miles of 36-inch pipeline to provide 1.15 Bcf/d of capacity and runs from KinderHawk’s Greenwood system and partner receipt points to KinderHawk’s North Holly system. Supported by long-term contracts. |  | Placed in service August 2023. |  | $125 million
Other Announcements |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines |  |  |  |  |  |
TGP and SNG Evangeline Pass |  | Two-phase 2 Bcf/d project to serve Venture Global’s proposed Plaquemines LNG facility (Plaquemines). First phase, TGP will provide approximately 0.9 Bcf/d natural gas transportation capacity to Plaquemines. Second phase, TGP and SNG will jointly provide volumes up to the remaining 1.1 Bcf/d to Plaquemines. |  | Expected in-service date for first phase is third quarter of 2024 and third quarter of 2025 for the second phase, pending receipt of all required permits. |  | $673 million
TVA Cumberland |  | Project includes a new 32-mile pipeline to transport approximately 0.245 Bcf/d of natural gas from the existing TGP system to Tennessee Valley Authority’s (TVA) proposed 1,450 megawatt generation facility at an existing site in Cumberland, Tennessee. |  | Expected in-service date is August 2025, pending receipt of all required permits and clearances. |  | $181 million
KMTP system expansion |  | Expansion project includes a new 30-mile, 30-inch pipeline, to deliver up to 0.5 Bcf/d of Eagle Ford natural gas supply to markets along the Texas Gulf Coast and Mexico. Expansion will provide transportation services, including treating, for Kimmeridge Texas Gas and other third parties. Supported by a long-term contract. |  | Expected in-service date is November 2024. |  | $180 million
Central Texas pipeline |  | Project includes installation of 22 miles of 30-inch pipeline from PHP to Sand Hill Lateral, 1.75 miles of 20-inch pipeline from Sand Hill Lateral to Texas Gas Services and three meter stations and one regulator station. |  | Expected in-service date is fourth quarter of 2024. |  | $115 million
Tejas South to North expansion |  | South Texas to Houston Market expansion project to add compression on Tejas’ mainline to increase natural gas deliveries by approximately 0.35 Bcf/d to Houston markets. |  | Expected in-service date is third quarter of 2024. |  | $97 million
3Rivers Offload Phase II |  | Construct 19 miles of 16-inch pipeline and associated compression allowing delivery of 27,000 Dth/d of incremental gathered production for third-party processing. |  | Expected in-service date is second quarter 2025. |  | $96 million
CO 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Diamond M expansion |  | Enhanced oil recovery expansion at our recently acquired Diamond M field that will result in peak oil production of over 5,000 Bbl/d. |  | Expected in-service date for the first phase is late 2024, second phase is mid 2025, and peak production in 2026. |  | $180 million

Financings and Share Repurchases
During 2023, we (i) issued $1,500 million of new senior notes to repay short-term borrowings, maturing debt and for general corporate purposes; (ii) utilized commercial paper borrowings under our credit facility to fund the $1,831 million acquisition of the STX Midstream pipeline system (STX Midstream); and (iii) repaid a combined $3,225 million of maturing senior notes. On January 18, 2023, our board of directors (Board) approved an increase in our share repurchase authorization of our share buy-back program from $2 billion to $3 billion. During 2023, we repurchased approximately 32 million shares of Class P common stock for $522 million at an average price of $16.56 per share. We have approximately $1.5 billion of capacity remaining under this program.
On February 1, 2024, we issued $2,250 million of new senior notes to repay short-term borrowings, fund maturing debt and for general corporate purposes.
5

Narrative Description of Business
Business Strategy
Our business strategy is to:
•focus on stable, fee-based energy transportation and storage assets that are central to the energy infrastructure and energy transition of growing markets within North America or served by U.S. exports;
•increase utilization of our existing assets while controlling costs, operating safely, and employing environmentally sound operating practices;
•exercise discipline in capital allocation decisions and in evaluating expansion projects and acquisition opportunities;
•leverage economies of scale from asset expansions and acquisitions that fit within our strategy; and
•maintain a strong financial profile and enhance and return value to our stockholders.
It is our intention to carry out the above business strategy, modified as necessary to reflect changing economic conditions and other circumstances. However, as discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” below and at the beginning of this report in “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” there are factors that could affect our ability to carry out our strategy or affect its level of success even if carried out.
We regularly consider and enter into discussions regarding potential acquisitions and divestitures, and we are currently contemplating potential transactions. Any such transaction would be subject to negotiation of mutually agreeable terms and conditions, and, as applicable, receipt of fairness opinions, approval of our Board and regulatory approval. While there are currently no unannounced purchase or sale agreements for the acquisition or sale of any material business or assets, such transactions can be effected quickly, may occur at any time and may be significant in size relative to our existing assets or operations.
Business Segments
For financial information on our reportable business segments, see Note 16 “Reportable Segments” to our consolidated financial statements.
6

Natural Gas Pipelines
Our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment includes interstate and intrastate pipelines, underground storage facilities, our LNG liquefaction and terminal facilities and NGL fractionation facilities, and includes both FERC regulated and non-FERC regulated assets.
Our primary businesses in this segment consist of natural gas transportation, storage, sales, gathering, processing and treating, and various LNG services. Within this segment are: (i) approximately 44,000 miles of wholly owned natural gas pipelines and (ii) our equity interests in entities that have approximately 27,000 miles of natural gas pipelines, along with associated storage and supply lines for these transportation networks, which are strategically located throughout the North American natural gas pipeline grid. Our transportation network provides access to the major natural gas supply areas and consumers in the western U.S., Rocky Mountain, Midwest, Texas, Louisiana, Southeastern and Northeast regions. Our LNG terminal facilities also serve natural gas market areas in the southeast. The following table summarizes our significant Natural Gas Pipelines business segment assets as of December 31, 2023. The design capacity represents transmission, gathering, regasification or liquefaction capacity, depending on the nature of the asset.

Asset |  | Ownership Interest |  | Miles of Pipeline |  | Design (Bcf/d) [(MBbl/d)] Capacity |  | Storage (Bcf) [Processing (Bcf/d)] Capacity
East Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TGP(a) |  | 100 | % |  | 11,755 |  |  | 12.38 |  |  | 76 |
NGPL |  | 37.5 | % |  | 9,100 |  |  | 7.84 |  |  | 288 |
KMLP |  | 100 | % |  | 140 |  |  | 3.89 |  |  | — |
Stagecoach |  | 100 | % |  | 185 |  |  | 3.22 |  |  | 41 |
SNG(a) |  | 50 | % |  | 6,925 |  |  | 4.39 |  |  | 66 |
Florida Gas Transmission (Citrus) |  | 50 | % |  | 5,380 |  |  | 4.39 |  |  | — |
MEP |  | 50 | % |  | 515 |  |  | 1.81 |  |  | — |
Elba Express |  | 100 | % |  | 190 |  |  | 1.16 |  |  | — |
FEP |  | 50 | % |  | 185 |  |  | 2.00 |  |  | — |
Gulf LNG Holdings |  | 50 | % |  | 5 |  |  | 1.50 |  |  | 7 |

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Asset |  | Ownership Interest |  | Miles of Pipeline |  | Design (Bcf/d) [(MBbl/d)] Capacity |  | Storage (Bcf) [Processing (Bcf/d)] Capacity
SLNG |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 1.76 |  |  | 12 |
ELC |  | 25.5 | % |  | — |  |  | 0.35 |  |  | — |
West Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EPNG/Mojave |  | 100 | % |  | 10,720 |  |  | 6.39 |  |  | 44 |
CIG(b) |  | 100 | % |  | 4,300 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 38 |
WIC |  | 100 | % |  | 850 |  |  | 3.39 |  |  | — |
CPGPL |  | 100 | % |  | 415 |  |  | 1.20 |  |  | — |
TransColorado |  | 100 | % |  | 310 |  |  | 0.80 |  |  | — |
Sierrita |  | 35 | % |  | 60 |  |  | 0.52 |  |  | — |
Young Gas Storage |  | 47.5 | % |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Keystone Gas Storage |  | 100 | % |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Midstream |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
KM Texas and Tejas pipelines(c)(d) |  | 100 | % |  | 5,980 |  | 9.50 |  |  | 138 [0.52]
Mier-Monterrey pipeline(c) |  | 100 | % |  | 90 |  | 0.65 |  |  | — |
KM North Texas pipeline(c) |  | 100 | % |  | 80 |  | 0.33 |  |  | — |
Gulf Coast Express pipeline |  | 34 | % |  | 530 |  | 2.00 |  |  | — |
PHP |  | 27.74 | % |  | 435 |  | 2.65 |  |  | — |
Oklahoma |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oklahoma system |  | 100 | % |  | 3,175 |  | 0.73 |  |  | [0.09]
Cedar Cove |  | 70 | % |  | 120 |  | 0.03 |  |  | — |
South Texas |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
South Texas system |  | 100 | % |  | 1,130 |  | 1.90 |  |  | [1.02]
Webb/Duval gas gathering system |  | 91 | % |  | 140 |  | 0.15 |  |  | — |
Camino Real |  | 100 | % |  | 75 |  | 0.15 |  |  | — |
EagleHawk |  | 25 | % |  | 555 |  | 1.20 |  |  | — |
KM Altamont |  | 100 | % |  | 1,605 |  | 0.13 |  |  | [0.10]
Red Cedar |  | 49 | % |  | 860 |  | 0.33 |  |  | — |
Rocky Mountain |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fort Union |  | 50 | % |  | 315 |  |  | 1.25 |  |  | — |
Bighorn |  | 51 | % |  | 290 |  |  | 0.60 |  |  | — |
KinderHawk |  | 100 | % |  | 570 |  |  | 2.40 |  |  | — |
Greenholly Gathering |  | 39.25 | % |  | 40 |  |  | 1.15 |  |  | — |
KM Treating |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Hiland - Williston - gas |  | 100 | % |  | 2,200 |  |  | 0.62 |  |  | [0.33]
Eagle Ford Transmission system |  | 100 | % |  | 160 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  | — |
NET Mexico |  | 90 | % |  | 120 |  |  | 2.15 |  |  | — |
Dos Caminos |  | 50 | % |  | 75 |  |  | 1.20 |  |  | — |
Mission Natural Gas |  | 100 | % |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liberty pipeline |  | 50 | % |  | 85 |  |  | [140] |  | — |
South Texas NGL pipelines(e) |  | 100 | % |  | 340 |  |  | [115] |  | — |
Utopia pipeline |  | 50 | % |  | 265 |  |  | [50] |  | — |
Cypress pipeline |  | 50 | % |  | 105 |  |  | [56] |  | — |
EagleHawk - Condensate(f) |  | 25 | % |  | 410 |  |  | [220] |  | — |

(a)Includes proportionate share of storage capacity from our Bear Creek Storage joint venture.
(b)Includes leased pipeline miles and proportionate share of design and storage capacity from our WYCO joint venture.
(c)Collectively referred to as Texas intrastate natural gas pipeline operations.
(d)Includes LaSalle, Mission Valley, Red Gate and South Shore assets associated with our acquisition of STX Midstream.
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(e)Includes proportionate share of design capacity from our Liberty pipeline joint venture.
(f)Asset also has storage capacity of 60 MBbl.
Natural Gas Pipelines Segment Contracts
Revenues from our interstate natural gas pipelines, related storage facilities and LNG terminals are primarily received under long-term fixed contracts. To the extent practicable and economically feasible in light of our strategic plans and other factors, we generally attempt to mitigate risk of reduced volumes and prices by negotiating contracts with longer terms, with higher per-unit pricing and for a greater percentage of our available capacity. These long-term contracts are typically structured with a fixed fee reserving the right to transport or store natural gas and specify that we receive the majority of our fee for making the capacity available, whether or not the customer actually chooses to utilize that capacity. Similarly, our Texas Intrastate natural gas pipeline operations currently derive approximately 74% of its sales and transport margins from long-term transport and sales contracts. As contracts expire, we have additional exposure to the longer term trends in supply and demand for natural gas. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining weighted average contract life of our natural gas transportation contracts held by assets we own or have equity interests in (including intrastate pipelines’ sales portfolio) was approximately six years and our LNG regasification and liquefaction and associated storage contracts were subscribed under long-term agreements with a weighted average remaining contract life of approximately 11 years.
Our Midstream assets provide natural gas gathering and processing services. These assets are mostly fee-based, and the revenues and earnings we realize from gathering natural gas, processing natural gas in order to remove NGL from the natural gas stream, and fractionating NGL into its base components, are affected by the volumes of natural gas made available to our systems. Such volumes are impacted by producer rig count and drilling activity. In addition to fee-based arrangements, some of which may include minimum volume commitments, we also provide some services based on percent-of-proceeds, percent-of-index and keep-whole contracts. Our service contracts may rely solely on a single type of arrangement, but more often they combine elements of two or more of the above, which helps us and our counterparties manage the extent to which each shares in the potential risks and benefits of changing commodity prices. Our natural gas marketing activities generate revenues from the sale and delivery of natural gas purchased either directly from producers or from others on the open market.
Natural Gas Pipelines Segment Competition
The market for natural gas infrastructure is highly competitive, and new pipelines, storage facilities, treating facilities, and facilities for related services are currently being built to serve demand for natural gas in the domestic and export markets served by the pipelines in our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment. We compete with interstate and intrastate pipelines for connections to new markets and supplies and for transportation, processing, storage and treating services. We believe the principal elements of competition in our various markets are location, rates, terms of service, flexibility, availability of alternative forms of energy and reliability of service. From time to time, projects are proposed that compete with our existing assets. Whether or when any such projects would be built, or the extent of their impact on our operations or profitability is typically not known.
Our customers who ship through our natural gas pipelines compete with other forms of energy available to their natural gas customers and end users, including oil, coal, nuclear and renewables such as hydro, wind and solar power, along with other evolving forms of renewable energy. Several factors influence the demand for natural gas, including price changes, the availability of supply, other forms of energy, the level of business activity, conservation, legislation and governmental regulations, the ability to convert to alternative fuels and weather.
9

Products Pipelines
Our Products Pipelines business segment consists of our refined petroleum products, crude oil and condensate pipelines, and associated terminals, our condensate processing facility and our transmix processing facilities.
10

The following summarizes the significant Products Pipelines business segment assets that we owned and operated as of December 31, 2023:

Asset |  | Ownership Interest |  | Miles of Pipeline |  | Number of Terminals (a) or locations |  | Terminal Capacity (MMBbl) |  |
Crude & Condensate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
KM Crude & Condensate pipeline |  | 100 | % |  | 266 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |
Camino Real Gathering |  | 100 | % |  | 68 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |
Hiland - Williston Basin - oil(b) |  | 100 | % |  | 1,645 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |
Double H pipeline(b) |  | 100 | % |  | 512 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Double Eagle pipeline |  | 50 | % |  | 204 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |
KM Condensate Processing Facility (Splitter) |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |
Southeast Refined Products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products (SE) pipeline |  | 51 | % |  | 3,187 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Central Florida pipeline |  | 100 | % |  | 206 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |
Southeast Terminals |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |
Transmix Operations |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |
West Coast Refined Products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pacific (SFPP) |  | 99.5 | % |  | 2,806 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 15.9 |  |  |
Calnev |  | 100 | % |  | 566 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |
West Coast Terminals |  | 100 | % |  | 44 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  |

(a)The terminals provide services including short-term product storage, truck loading, vapor handling, additive injection, dye injection and ethanol blending.
(b)Collectively referred to as Bakken Crude assets.
Products Pipelines Segment Contracts
The profitability of our refined petroleum products pipeline transportation business generally is driven by the volume of refined petroleum products that we transport and the prices we receive for our services. Included in the number of terminals above are refined products liquids terminals that store fuels and offer blending services for ethanol and biodiesel. The transportation and storage volume levels are primarily driven by the demand for the refined petroleum products being shipped or stored. Demand for refined petroleum products tends to follow trends in population and economic growth, and, with the exception of periods of time with very high product prices or recessionary conditions, demand tends to be relatively stable. Because of that, we seek to own refined petroleum products pipelines and terminals located in, or that transport to, stable or growing markets and population centers. The prices for shipping are generally based on regulated tariffs that are adjusted annually based on changes in the U.S. Producer Price Index and a FERC index rate.
Our crude, condensate and refined petroleum products transportation services are primarily provided pursuant to (i) either FERC or state tariffs (which do not require contractual commitments) or (ii) long-term contracts that normally contain minimum volume commitments. Where we have long-term contracts, our settlement volumes are generally not sensitive to changing market conditions in the shorter term; however, the revenues and earnings we realize from our pipelines and terminals are affected by the volumes of crude oil, refined petroleum products and condensate available to our pipeline systems, which are impacted by the levels of oil and gas drilling activity and product demand in the respective regions that we serve. Our petroleum condensate processing facility splits condensate into its various components, such as light and heavy naphtha, under a long-term fee-based agreement with a major integrated oil company. Our crude oil marketing activities generate revenues from the sale and delivery of crude oil and condensate purchased either directly from producers or from others on the open market. In general, sales prices referenced in underlying purchase and sales contracts are market-based and include pricing differentials for factors such as delivery location or crude oil quality.
Products Pipelines Segment Competition
Our Products Pipelines’ pipeline and terminal operations compete against proprietary pipelines and terminals owned and operated by major oil companies, other independent products pipelines and terminals, trucking and marine transportation firms (for short-haul movement of products). Our transmix operations compete with refineries owned by major oil companies and independent transmix facilities.
11

Terminals
Our Terminals business segment includes the operations of our refined petroleum product, chemical, renewable fuel and other liquid terminal facilities (other than those included in the Products Pipelines business segment) and all of our petroleum coke, metal and ores facilities. Our terminals are located primarily near large U.S. urban centers. We believe the location of our facilities and our ability to provide flexibility to customers help attract new and retain existing customers at our terminals and provide expansion opportunities. We often classify our terminal operations based on the handling of either liquids or dry-bulk material products. In addition, our Terminals’ operations include Jones Act-qualified product tankers that provide marine transportation of crude oil, condensate, refined petroleum products and renewable fuel between U.S. ports.
The following summarizes our Terminals business segment assets, as of December 31, 2023:

| Number |  | Capacity (MMBbl)
Liquids terminals | 47 |  | 78.7
Bulk terminals | 27 |  | — |
Jones Act tankers | 16 |  | 5.3

Terminals Segment Contracts
The factors impacting our Terminals business segment generally differ between liquid and bulk terminals. Our liquids terminals business generally enters into long-term contracts that require the customer to pay our fee regardless of whether they use the capacity. Thus, similar to our natural gas pipelines business, our liquids terminals business is less sensitive to short-term changes in supply and demand. Therefore, the extent to which changes in supply and demand affect our terminals business in the near term is a function of the remaining length of the underlying service contracts (which on a weighted average basis was approximately two years as of December 31, 2023), the extent to which revenues under the contracts are a function of the amount of product stored or transported, and the extent to which such contracts expire during any given period of time.
As with our refined petroleum products pipelines transportation business, the revenues from our bulk terminals business are generally driven by the volumes we handle and/or store, as well as the prices we receive for our services, which in turn are
12

driven by the demand for the products being shipped or stored. While we handle and store a large variety of products in our bulk terminals, the primary products are petroleum coke, metals and ores. In addition, the majority of our contracts for this business contain minimum volume guarantees and/or service exclusivity arrangements under which customers are required to utilize our terminals for all or a specified percentage of their handling and storage needs. The profitability of our minimum volume contracts is generally unaffected by short-term variation in economic conditions; however, to the extent we expect volumes above the minimum and/or have contracts which are volume-based, we can be sensitive to changing market conditions. To the extent practicable and economically feasible in light of our strategic plans and other factors, we generally attempt to mitigate the risk of reduced volumes and pricing by negotiating contracts with longer terms, with higher per-unit pricing and for a greater percentage of our available capacity. In addition, weather-related events, including hurricanes, may impact our facilities and access to them and, thus, the profitability of certain terminals for limited periods of time or, in relatively rare cases of severe damage to facilities, for longer periods.
Our Jones Act-qualified tankers are primarily operating pursuant to fixed price term charters with major integrated oil companies, major refiners and the U.S. Military Sealift Command.
Terminals Segment Competition
We are one of the largest independent operators of liquids terminals in the U.S., based on barrels of liquids terminaling capacity. Our liquids terminals compete with other publicly or privately held independent liquids terminals and terminals owned by oil, chemical, pipeline and refining companies. Our bulk terminals compete with numerous independent terminal operators, terminals owned by producers and distributors of bulk commodities, stevedoring companies and other industrial companies opting not to outsource terminaling services. In some locations, competitors are smaller, independent operators with lower cost structures. Our Jones Act-qualified tankers compete with other Jones Act-qualified vessel fleets.
13

CO 2
Our CO 2 business segment produces, transports and markets CO 2 for use in enhanced oil recovery projects as a flooding medium for recovering crude oil from mature oil fields. We also own and operate oil and gas producing fields, and RNG, LNG and landfill GTE facilities. Our CO 2 pipelines and related assets allow us to market a complete package of CO 2 supply and transportation services to our customers.
Source and Transportation Activities
CO 2 Resource Interests
Our ownership of CO 2 resources as of December 31, 2023 includes:

|  | Ownership Interest |  | Compression Capacity (Bcf/d) |  |
McElmo Dome unit |  | 45 | % |  | 1.5 |  |  |
Doe Canyon Deep unit |  | 87 | % |  | 0.2 |  |  |
Bravo Dome unit(a) |  | 11 | % |  | 0.3 |  |  |

(a)We do not operate this unit.
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CO 2 and Crude Oil Pipelines
Industry demand for transportation on our CO 2 pipelines is expected to remain stable for the foreseeable future.
Our ownership of CO 2 and crude oil pipelines as of December 31, 2023 includes:

Asset |  | Ownership Interest |  | Miles of Pipeline |  | Transport Capacity (Bcf/d) [(MBbl/d)] |  |
CO 2 pipelines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cortez |  | 53 | % |  | 569 |  | 1.5 |  |
Central Basin |  | 100 | % |  | 337 |  | 0.7 |  |
Bravo(a) |  | 13 | % |  | 218 |  | 0.4 |  |
Canyon Reef Carriers |  | 97 | % |  | 163 |  | 0.3 |  |
Centerline |  | 100 | % |  | 113 |  | 0.3 |  |
Eastern Shelf |  | 100 | % |  | 98 |  | 0.1 |  |
Pecos |  | 95 | % |  | 25 |  | 0.1 |  |
Crude oil pipeline |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wink |  | 100 | % |  | 434 |  | [145] |  |

(a)We do not operate Bravo.
Oil, Gas and RNG Producing Activities
Oil and Gas Producing Interests
Our ownership interests in oil and gas producing fields as of December 31, 2023 included the following:

|  | Working Interest |  | KMI Gross Developed Acres
SACROC |  | 97 | % |  | 50,316 |
Yates |  | 50 | % |  | 9,676 |
Goldsmith Landreth San Andres |  | 99 | % |  | 6,166 |
Katz Strawn |  | 99 | % |  | 7,194 |
Diamond M |  | 88 | % |  | 5,396 |
Reinecke |  | 70 | % |  | 3,793 |
Sharon Ridge(a) |  | 14 | % |  | 2,619 |
Tall Cotton |  | 100 | % |  | 641
MidCross(a) |  | 13 | % |  | 320

(a)We do not operate these fields.
Our oil and gas producing activities are not significant to KMI as a whole; therefore, we do not include the supplemental information on oil and gas producing activities under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 932, Extractive Activities – Oil and Gas.
Gas Plant Interests
Our ownership and operation of gas plants as of December 31, 2023 included:

Asset |  | Ownership Interest |  | Source
Snyder gas plant(a) |  | 22 | % |  | The SACROC unit and neighboring CO 2 projects, specifically the Sharon Ridge and Cogdell units
Diamond M gas plant |  | 51 | % |  | Snyder gas plant
North Snyder gas plant |  | 100 | % |  | Snyder gas plant

(a)This is a working interest; in addition, we have a 28% net profits interest.
15

RNG, LNG and GTE Facilities
Our ownership and operation of RNG, LNG and GTE facilities as of December 31, 2023 included:

Asset |  | Ownership Interest |  | Production [Storage] Generation Capacity(a) |  | Product |  |
LNG Indy |  | 100 | % |  | [2 Bcf] |  | LNG |  |
Indy High BTU |  | 50 | % |  | 1.0 Bcf/y |  | RNG |  |
Twin Bridges |  | 100 | % |  | 1.5 Bcf/y |  | RNG |  |
Liberty |  | 100 | % |  | 1.5 Bcf/y |  | RNG |  |
Prairie View |  | 100 | % |  | 0.8 Bcf/y |  | RNG |  |
Arlington RNG |  | 100 | % |  | 1.3 Bcf/y |  | RNG |  |
Shreveport RNG(b) |  | — | % |  | 0.7 Bcf/y |  | Medium BTU |  |
Victoria RNG |  | 100 | % |  | 0.4 Bcf/y |  | Medium BTU |  |
Southeast Berrien |  | 100 | % |  | 4.8 mW/h |  | GTE |  |
Autumn Hills |  | 100 | % |  | 4.0 mW/h |  | GTE |  |
Central |  | 100 | % |  | 4.0 mW/h |  | GTE |  |
Venice Park |  | 100 | % |  | 6.4 mW/h |  | GTE |  |
Morehead |  | 100 | % |  | 1.6 mW/h |  | GTE |  |
Blue Ridge |  | 100 | % |  | 1.6 mW/h |  | GTE |  |

(a)GTE generation capacity is measured in megawatts per hour (mW/h). RNG and Medium British Thermal Units (BTU) gas capacities are measured in Bcf per year (Bcf/y).
(b)We operate Shreveport for a fee and receive royalties on RNG sales.
CO 2 Segment Contracts
Our CO 2 source and transportation business primarily has third-party contracts with minimum volume requirements, which as of December 31, 2023 had a remaining average contract life of approximately seven years. Our CO 2 sales contracts vary from customer to customer and generally provide for a delivered price tied to the price of crude oil, in some cases based on a fixed fee or floor price. Our success in this portion of the CO 2 business segment can be impacted by the demand for CO 2. In the CO 2 business segment’s oil and gas producing activities, we monitor the amount of capital we expend in relation to the amount of production that we expect to add. The revenues we receive from our crude oil and NGL sales are affected by the prices we realize from the sale of these products. Over the long-term, we tend to receive prices that are driven by the demand and overall market price for these products. In the shorter term, however, market prices generally are not indicative of the revenues we will receive due to our hedging program, in which the prices to be realized for certain of our future sales quantities are fixed or bracketed through the use of financial derivative contracts, particularly for crude oil. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Segment Earnings Results” for more information on crude oil sales prices.
CO 2 Segment Competition
Our primary competitors for the sale of CO 2 include suppliers that have an ownership interest in McElmo Dome, Bravo Dome and Sheep Mountain CO 2 resources. Our ownership interests in the Central Basin, Cortez and Bravo pipelines are in direct competition with other CO 2 pipelines. We compete with other interest owners in the McElmo Dome unit and the Bravo Dome unit for transportation of CO 2 to the Denver City, Texas market area.
Major Customers
Our revenue is derived from a wide customer base. For each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no revenues from transactions with a single external customer accounted for 10% or more of our total consolidated revenues. We do not believe that a loss of revenues from any single customer would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
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Industry Regulation
Our business operations are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations. Please read Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulation” for discussions of the risks we face related to regulation. For information related to pending regulatory proceedings, see Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements.
Interstate Natural Gas Transportation and Storage Regulation
We operate our interstate natural gas pipeline and storage facilities subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC and the provisions of the Natural Gas Act of 1938 (NGA), the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (NGPA), and the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (the Energy Policy Act). These laws give the FERC authority over the construction and operation of such facilities, including their modification, extension, enlargement and abandonment.
Pursuant to the NGA, the FERC also has authority over the rates charged and terms and conditions of services offered by interstate natural gas pipeline and storage companies. The FERC’s regulatory authority extends to establishing minimum and maximum rates for services and allows operators to discount or negotiate rates on a non-discriminatory basis. The rates, terms and conditions of service are set forth in posted tariffs approved by the FERC for each of our interstate natural gas pipeline and storage companies. Posted tariff rates are deemed just and reasonable and cannot be changed without FERC authorization following an evidentiary hearing or settlement. The FERC can initiate proceedings, on its own initiative or in response to a shipper complaint, that could result in a rate change or confirm existing rates. Negotiated rates provide certainty to the pipeline and the shipper of agreed-upon rates during the term of the transportation agreement, regardless of changes to the posted tariff rates. Negotiated rate agreements must be filed with the FERC or included in summary form in the pipeline’s tariff.
FERC regulations also include a comprehensive framework for market transparency and nondiscrimination, as well as the FERC’s prohibition against market manipulation. Under the Energy Policy Act and related regulations, it is unlawful for any entity, directly or indirectly in connection with the purchase or sale of natural gas subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC, or the purchase or sale of transportation services subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC, to engage in fraudulent conduct. FERC Standards of Conduct regulate, among other things, the manner in which interstate natural gas pipelines may interact with their marketing affiliates. The FERC’s market oversight and transparency regulations require annual reports of purchases or sales of natural gas meeting certain thresholds and criteria and certain public postings of information on scheduled volumes.
The FERC has authority to impose civil penalties of more than $1.4 million per day per violation. If we fail to comply with all applicable statutes, rules, regulations, and orders administered by the FERC, we could be subject to substantial civil penalties and fines.
In addition to having jurisdiction over interstate natural gas pipelines and storage companies, the FERC also has jurisdiction over the interstate transportation and storage services that are provided by intrastate natural gas pipelines and storage companies under Section 311 of the NGPA. We have numerous intrastate pipelines and storage companies that provide interstate services pursuant to Section 311 of the NGPA. Under Section 311, along with the FERC’s implementing regulations, an intrastate pipeline may transport gas “on behalf of” an interstate pipeline company or any local distribution company served by an interstate pipeline, without becoming subject to the FERC’s broader regulatory authority under the NGA. These services must be provided on an open and nondiscriminatory basis, and the rates charged for these services may not exceed a “fair and equitable” level as determined by the FERC in periodic rate proceedings.
Interstate Common Carrier Refined Petroleum Products and Oil Pipeline Rate Regulation
Some of our U.S. refined petroleum products and crude oil gathering and transmission pipelines are interstate common carrier pipelines, subject to regulation by the FERC under the Interstate Commerce Act, or ICA. The ICA requires that we maintain our tariffs on file with the FERC. Those tariffs set forth the rates we charge for providing gathering or transportation services on our interstate common carrier liquids pipelines as well as the rules and regulations governing these services. The ICA requires, among other things, that rates on interstate common carrier liquids pipelines be “just and reasonable” and nondiscriminatory. The ICA permits interested persons to challenge newly proposed or changed rates and authorizes the FERC to suspend the effectiveness of such rates for a period of up to seven months and to investigate such rates. If, upon completion of an investigation, the FERC finds that the new or changed rate is unlawful, it is authorized to require the carrier to refund to shippers the difference between the revenues collected during the pendency of the investigation and the revenues that would have been collected based on the rate the FERC finds to be just and reasonable. The FERC also may investigate, upon complaint or on its own motion, rates that are already in effect and may order a carrier to change its rates prospectively. Upon an appropriate showing, a shipper may obtain reparations for damages sustained during the two years prior to the filing of a complaint.
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Petroleum products and crude oil pipelines may change their rates within prescribed ceiling levels that are tied to an inflation index. Shippers may protest rate increases made within the ceiling levels, but such protests must show that the portion of the rate increase resulting from application of the index is substantially in excess of the pipeline’s increase in costs from the previous year. Generally, a petroleum products or crude oil pipeline will utilize the FERC’s indexing methodology to adjust its rates, as indexing serves as the default rate-adjustment mechanism. Cost-of-service based rates, market-based rates and settlement rates are alternatives to the default indexing mechanism and may be used in certain specified circumstances to change rates.
CPUC Rate Regulation
The intrastate common carrier operations of our refined products pipelines in California are subject to regulation by the CPUC under a “depreciated book plant” methodology, which is based on an original cost measure of investment. Intrastate tariffs filed by us with the CPUC have been established on the basis of revenues, expenses and investments allocated as applicable to the California intrastate portion of the refined products operations’ business. Tariff rates with respect to intrastate pipeline service in California are subject to challenge by protest by interested parties or by independent action of the CPUC.
Railroad Commission of Texas (RCT) Rate Regulation
The intrastate operations of our crude oil and liquids pipelines and natural gas pipelines and storage facilities in Texas are subject to regulation with respect to such intrastate transportation by the RCT. The RCT has the authority to regulate our rates, though it generally has not investigated the rates or practices of our intrastate pipelines in the absence of shipper complaints.
State and Local Regulation
Certain of our activities are subject to various state and local laws and regulations, as well as orders of regulatory bodies, governing a wide variety of matters, including marketing, production, pricing, pollution, pipeline safety, protection of the environment, and human health and safety.
Marine Operations
The operation of tankers and marine equipment is subject to maritime obligations involving property, personnel and cargo under General Maritime Law and involves a variety of risks, including, among other things, the risk of collision, which may result in claims for personal injury, cargo, contract, pollution, third-party claims and property damages to vessels and facilities.
We are subject to the Jones Act and other federal laws that restrict maritime transportation (between U.S. departure and destination points) to vessels built and registered in the U.S. and owned and crewed by U.S. citizens. As a result, we monitor the foreign ownership of our common stock and under certain circumstances consistent with our certificate of incorporation, we have the right to redeem shares of our common stock owned by non-U.S. citizens. If we do not comply with such requirements, we would be prohibited from operating our vessels in U.S. coastwise trade, and under certain circumstances we would be deemed to have undertaken an unapproved foreign transfer, resulting in severe penalties, including permanent loss of U.S. coastwise trading rights for our vessels, fines or forfeiture of the vessels. From time to time, legislation has been introduced unsuccessfully in the U.S. Congress to amend the Jones Act to ease or remove the requirement that vessels operating between U.S. ports be built and registered in the U.S. and owned and crewed by U.S. citizens. If the Jones Act were amended in such fashion, we could face competition from foreign-flagged vessels.
In addition, the U.S. Coast Guard and the American Bureau of Shipping maintain the most stringent regime of vessel inspection in the world, which tends to result in higher regulatory compliance costs for U.S.-flagged operators than for owners of vessels registered under foreign flags of convenience. The Jones Act and General Maritime Law also provide damage remedies for crew members injured in the service of the vessel arising from employer negligence or vessel unseaworthiness.
The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 is a federal law that provides the U.S. Secretary of Transportation, upon proclamation by the U.S. President of a national emergency or a threat to the national security, the authority to requisition or purchase any vessel or other watercraft owned by U.S. citizens (including us, provided that we are considered a U.S. citizen for this purpose). If one of our vessels were purchased or requisitioned by the U.S. government under this law, we would be entitled to be paid the fair market value of the vessel in the case of a purchase or, in the case of a requisition, the fair market value of charter hire. However, we would not be entitled to compensation for any consequential damages suffered as a result of such purchase or requisition.
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Derivatives Regulation
We use energy commodity derivative contracts as part of our strategy to hedge our exposure to energy commodity market risk and other external risks in the ordinary course of business. The derivative contracts that we use include exchange-traded and OTC commodity financial instruments such as futures and options contracts, fixed price swaps and basis swaps. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) requires the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the SEC to promulgate rules and regulations establishing federal oversight and regulation of the OTC derivatives market and entities that participate in that market including broad aggregate position limits for OTC swaps and futures and options traded on regulated exchanges. These rules include exemptions for hedging positions.
Environmental Matters and Safety Regulation
Our business operations are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. For example, if a leak, release or spill of liquid petroleum products, chemicals or other hazardous substances occurs at or from our pipelines, storage or other facilities, we may experience significant operational disruptions, and we may have to pay a significant amount to clean up the leak, release or spill, pay government penalties, address natural resource damages, compensate for human exposure or property damage, install pollution control equipment or a combination of these and other measures. Furthermore, new projects may require permits, approvals and environmental analyses under federal and state laws, including the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act, as well as Executive Orders focused on environmental justice considerations. The resulting costs and liabilities could be material to us, and increasing compliance costs under federal and state environmental laws for both new and existing facilities could require us to make significant capital expenditures. In general, the cost to comply with environmental regulations is increasing. These costs have the potential to limit the return on capital projects and the number of capital projects that are economically viable. Please read Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulation.”
In accordance with GAAP, we record liabilities for environmental matters when it is probable that obligations have been incurred and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. For information related to pending environmental matters, including our accruals of environmental reserves, see Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements.
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Waste
We generate both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes that are subject to the requirements of the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and comparable state statutes. RCRA establishes standards for the generation, treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of solid wastes, including hazardous wastes.
Superfund
The CERCLA or the Superfund law, and analogous state laws, impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of potentially responsible persons for releases of hazardous substances into the environment. These persons include the owner or operator of a site and companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substances found at the site. CERCLA authorizes the EPA and, in some cases, third parties to take actions in response to threats to public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur, including remediation costs. Additionally, CERCLA allows for the recovery of compensation for natural resource damages, if any. Although petroleum is excluded from CERCLA’s definition of a “hazardous substance,” in the course of our ordinary operations, we have and will generate materials that may fall within such definition. If we are determined to be a potentially responsible person by operation of law under CERCLA, we may be responsible for all or part of the costs required to evaluate and remediate sites at which such materials are present, in addition to compensation for natural resource damages, if any.
Clean Air Act
Our operations are subject to the Clean Air Act, its implementing regulations, and analogous state statutes and regulations. The EPA regulations under the Clean Air Act contain requirements for the monitoring, reporting, and control of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from stationary sources. For further information, see “—Climate Change” below.
Clean Water Act
Our operations can result in the discharge of pollutants. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended, also known as the Clean Water Act, and analogous state laws impose restrictions and controls regarding the discharge of fills
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and pollutants into waters of the U.S. The discharge of fills and pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by applicable federal or state authorities. The Oil Pollution Act was enacted in 1990 and amends provisions of the Clean Water Act pertaining to prevention of and response to oil spills. Spill prevention, control and countermeasure requirements of the Clean Water Act and some state laws require containment and similar structures to help prevent contamination of navigable waters in the event of an overflow or release of oil.
EPA Revisions to National Ambient Air Quality Standards
As required by the Clean Air Act, the EPA establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) setting acceptable levels of common pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. States then are required to adopt State Implementation Plans (SIPs) ensuring their air quality meets the applicable NAAQS. The EPA reviews these SIPs to ensure they comply with the NAAQS and other provisions of the Clean Air Act, including the Good Neighbor provision. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures—Impact of Regulation,” and Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental—Environmental Matters—Challenge to Federal “Good Neighbor Plan,” to our consolidated financial statements.
For ground level ozone, the EPA published a rule in October 2015 that lowered NAAQS from 75 parts per billion (ppb) to a more stringent 70 ppb standard. This change triggered a process under which the EPA designated the areas of the country in or out of compliance with the 2015 standards. In December 2020, the EPA completed a review of the ozone NAAQS and published a rule retaining the 2015 standards.
State rules implementing the NAAQS, including those existing or proposed in Colorado and New Mexico, require the installation of more stringent air pollution controls on newly installed equipment and possibly require the retrofitting of existing KMI facilities with air pollution controls. These rules will have financial impacts to our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment. Future state or federal rules relating to the EPA’s establishment of NAAQS for ozone or other criteria air pollutants could have financial impacts on multiple business units.
Climate Change
Due to concern over climate change, numerous proposals to monitor and limit emissions of GHGs have been made and are likely to continue to be made at the federal, state and local levels of government. Methane, a primary component of natural gas, and CO 2, which is naturally occurring and also a byproduct of burning natural gas, are examples of GHGs. Various laws and regulations exist or are under development to regulate the emission of such GHGs, including the EPA programs requiring the reduction, monitoring, and reporting of GHG emissions levels and state actions to develop statewide or regional programs. The U.S. Congress has in the past considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs.
Beginning in 2009, the EPA published several findings and rulemakings under the Clean Air Act requiring the permitting and reporting of certain GHGs, including CO 2 and methane. Certain of our facilities are subject to these requirements. Operational or physical changes to existing facilities could require those facilities to comply with these requirements. In addition, recent EPA regulatory changes require many existing oil and natural gas facilities to reduce GHG emissions, and PHMSA has proposed regulations requiring expansive leak detection and repair requirements applicable to natural gas facilities. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulation—New laws, policies, regulations, rulemaking and oversight, as well as changes to those currently in effect, could adversely impact our earnings, cash flows and operations.” and “ —Increased regulatory requirements relating to the safety and integrity of our pipelines may require us to incur significant capital and operating expense outlays to comply.”
At the state level, more than one-third of the states, either individually or through multi-state regional initiatives, already have begun implementing legal measures to reduce emissions of GHGs, such as through establishment of GHG reduction targets or regional GHG “cap-and-trade” programs. It is possible that sources such as our gas-fueled compressors and processing plants could become subject to these state GHG reduction regulations. Various states are also proposing or have implemented stricter regulations for reporting, monitoring or reducing GHGs that go beyond the requirements of the EPA. Compliance with state rules could require additional expenditures, above and beyond those spent to comply with EPA GHG rules for new and existing sources.
Because our operations, including the compressor stations and processing plants, emit various types of GHGs, primarily methane and CO 2, such new legislation or regulation could increase the costs related to operating and maintaining our facilities. Depending on the particular law, regulation or program, we or our subsidiaries may be required to incur significant additional operating or capital costs to install new monitoring equipment or emission controls on the facilities, acquire and surrender allowances for the GHG emissions, replace certain GHG-emitting devices or technologies, pay taxes related to the GHG
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emissions and administer and manage a more comprehensive GHG emissions program. While we may be able to include some or all of such increased costs in the rates charged by our or our subsidiaries’ pipelines, recovery of costs is uncertain in all cases and may depend on events beyond our control, including the outcome of future rate proceedings before the FERC or other regulatory bodies, and the provisions of any final legislation or other regulations.
Because the combustion of natural gas produces lower GHG emissions per unit of energy than competing fossil fuels, cap-and-trade legislation or EPA regulatory initiatives to reduce GHGs could stimulate demand for natural gas by increasing the relative cost of competing fuels such as coal and oil. In addition, we anticipate that GHG regulations will increase demand for carbon sequestration technologies, such as the techniques we have successfully demonstrated in our enhanced oil recovery operations within our CO 2 business segment. However, these potential positive effects on our markets may be offset if these same regulations also cause the cost of natural gas to increase relative to competing non-fossil fuels. Although we currently cannot predict the magnitude and direction of these impacts, GHG regulations could have material adverse effects on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Pipeline Safety Regulation
We are subject to pipeline safety regulations issued by PHMSA as well as any states that are certified by PHMSA to regulate pipeline safety for intrastate pipelines in their respective states. These regulations apply to pipelines and pipeline facilities, including associated underground natural gas storage, terminals and LNG facilities. PHMSA regulations in particular, require us to develop and maintain pipeline integrity management programs to evaluate our pipelines and take additional measures to protect pipeline segments located in what are referred to as High Consequence Areas (HCAs) for both gas and liquid pipelines, where a release could potentially have the most adverse consequences. Additionally, PHMSA recently issued requirements that require us to conduct additional assessments to identify risks in what are referred to as Moderate Consequence Areas (MCAs) for gas pipelines.
Since 2019, PHMSA has implemented several rules that impose additional pipeline safety requirements including without limitation: (i) expanding certain integrity management program requirements outside of HCAs (with some exceptions) for both gas and hazardous liquid pipelines; (ii) expanding the application of integrity management requirements relevant to hazardous liquid pipelines to include additional areas, including certain coastal waters; (iii) requiring reconfirmation of the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) by 2035 and material verification on certain gas pipelines; (iv) requiring installation of remote control or automatic shut-off valves (or alternative equivalent technology) on certain newly constructed or replaced gas and liquid pipelines; (v) increasing requirements for corrosion control for gas pipelines; (vi) providing additional prescriptive requirements that increase conservatism and specificity on the evaluation of discovered anomalies and their associated repair criteria for gas pipelines; and (vi) expanding certain regulations to previously unregulated gas gathering assets.
Employee Health and Safety Regulations
We are subject to the requirements of federal and state agencies, including, where appropriate, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), that address, among other things, employee health and safety.
Security Regulations
High-Risk Facilities
The Department of Homeland Security, referred to in this report as the DHS, has regulatory authority over security at certain high-risk chemical facilities. The DHS has promulgated the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards and requires all high-risk chemical and industrial facilities, including oil and gas facilities, to comply with the regulatory requirements of these standards. This process includes completing security vulnerability assessments, developing site security plans, and implementing protective measures necessary to meet DHS-defined, risk-based performance standards. The DHS has not provided final notice to all facilities that it determines to be high risk and subject to the rule; therefore, neither the extent to which our facilities may be subject to coverage by the rules nor the associated costs to comply can currently be determined, but it is possible that such costs could be substantial.
Cybersecurity
In response to ongoing cybersecurity threats affecting the pipeline industry, the DHS’s Transportation Security Administration, or TSA, has issued a series of security directives setting forth specific elements that owners and operators of certain “critical” pipelines must include in their cybersecurity planning and their reporting of any incidents. These security directives require, among other things, that identified pipeline owners comply with mandatory reporting measures; designate a
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cybersecurity coordinator; provide vulnerability assessments; ensure compliance with certain cybersecurity requirements; establish and implement a TSA-approved Cybersecurity Implementation Plan; develop and maintain a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan (CIRP), which shall include individuals identified as active participants in CIRP exercises, and annually test at least two CIRP objectives; and establish a Cybersecurity Assessment Plan (CAP), and annually submit an updated CAP to TSA for review and approval, which shall include a schedule for assessing and auditing specific cybersecurity measures for effectiveness.
In addition, PHMSA requires reporting of certain events that involve a release from or the shutdown of a pipeline, including those that may be caused by a cyber-attack. On July 26, 2023, the SEC adopted new disclosure requirements regarding cybersecurity risk management, strategy, governance, and incidents. Please read Item 1C. “Cybersecurity.” Regulations are also under development to implement reporting requirements under the Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act of 2022 (CIRCIA), a law concerning the reporting of cyber incidents and ransomware payments that is expected to take effect in 2024.
Human Capital
In managing our human capital resources, we use a strategic approach to building a diverse, inclusive, and respectful workplace. Our human resources department provides expertise and tools to attract, develop, and retain diverse talent and support our employees’ career and development goals. Our leadership teams have plans in place to enhance diversity and equality of opportunity in hiring, development, and promotions. We value our employees’ opinions and encourage them to engage with management and ask questions on topics such as our goals, challenges and employee concerns.
We employed 10,891 full-time personnel at December 31, 2023, including approximately 891 full-time hourly personnel at certain terminals and pipelines covered by collective bargaining agreements that expire between 2024 and 2028. We consider relations with our employees to be good.
We value the safety of our workforce and integrate a culture of safety, emergency preparedness and environmental responsibility through our operations management system (OMS). Our OMS conforms to common industry standards and establishes a framework that helps us (i) provide employees and contractors with a safe work environment; (ii) comply with laws, rules, regulations, policies, and procedures; and (iii) identify opportunities to improve. Although our ultimate target is zero incidents, we also have three non-zero employee safety performance targets as follows:

Non-zero employee safety performance target |  | 2023 Company-wide TRIR
Outperform the annual industry average total recordable incident rate (TRIR) |  | 0.8
Outperform our own three-year TRIR average |
Improve our company-wide employee TRIR from 1.0 in the baseline year 2019 to 0.7 by 2024 |

We seek to constantly improve our contractor TRIR performance through initiatives to address recent incident trends and new best practices.
The Nominating and Governance Committee (Nom/Gov Committee) of our Board is responsible for planning for succession in our senior management ranks, including our chief executive officer. Our chief executive officer reports to the Nom/Gov Committee annually, generally at the time of the regularly scheduled July Board meeting, regarding the succession plan and processes in place to identify talent within and outside the Company to succeed to senior management positions, development opportunities for potential successors, and the information developed during the then-current calendar year pursuant to those processes. As part of our annual succession planning process, we identify minority and female candidates to include in the plan for senior positions.
We consider employee diversity an asset and support equal opportunity employment. We take affirmative steps to employ and advance in employment all persons without regard to their race/ethnicity; sex; sexual orientation; gender, including gender identity and expression; veteran status; disability; or other protected categories, and base employment decisions solely on valid job requirements. We are committed to a harassment free workplace, supported with online and face-to-face workplace harassment and discrimination prevention training for our employees. Employees and supervisors review our harassment and discrimination prevention policy every two years as part of our required training.
Our employees are an integral part of our success, and we value their career development. We support our employees’ ongoing career goals and development through several programs, including workforce training, tuition reimbursement,
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leadership and other development programs. These programs help improve recruitment, development, and retention and help maximize our employees’ potential by providing an opportunity to gain skills they need to further enhance their careers.
Our compensation program is linked to long- and short-term strategic financial and operational objectives, including environmental, safety, and compliance targets. Compensation includes competitive base salaries in the markets in which we operate and competitive benefits, including retirement plans, opportunities for annual bonuses, and, for eligible employees, long-term incentives and an employee stock purchase plan.
Properties and Rights-of-Way
We believe we generally have satisfactory title to the properties we own and use in our businesses, subject to liens for current taxes, liens incident to minor encumbrances, and easements and restrictions, which do not materially detract from the value of such property, the interests in those properties or the use of such properties in our businesses. Our terminals, storage facilities, treating and processing plants, regulator and compressor stations, oil and gas wells, offices and related facilities are located on real property owned or leased by us. In some cases, the real property we lease is on federal, state or local government land.
We generally do not own the land on which our pipelines are constructed. Instead, we obtain and maintain rights to construct and operate the pipelines on other people’s land, generally under agreements that are perpetual or provide for renewal rights. Substantially all of our pipelines are constructed on rights-of-way granted by the apparent record owners of such property. In many instances, lands over which rights-of-way have been obtained are subject to prior liens that have not been subordinated to the right-of-way grants. In some cases, not all of the apparent record owners have joined in the right-of-way grants, but in substantially all such cases, signatures of the owners of a majority of the interests have been obtained. Permits have been obtained from public authorities to cross over or under, or to lay facilities in or along, water courses, county roads, municipal streets and state highways, and in some instances, such permits are revocable at the election of the grantor, or, the pipeline may be required to move its facilities at its own expense. Permits also have been obtained from railroad companies to run along or cross over or under lands or rights-of-way, many of which are also revocable at the grantor’s election. Some such permits require annual or other periodic payments. In a few minor cases, we purchased property for pipeline purposes.
Available Information
We make available free of charge on or through our internet website, at www.kindermorgan.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The information contained on or connected to our internet website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
You should carefully consider the risks described below, in addition to the other information contained in this document. Realization of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Risks Related to our Business
Our businesses are dependent on the supply of and demand for the products we handle.
Our pipelines, terminals and other assets and facilities, including the availability of expansion opportunities, depend in part on continued production of natural gas, crude oil and other products in the geographic areas that they serve. Without additions to crude oil and gas reserves, production will decline over time as reserves are depleted, and production costs may rise. Producers in areas served by us may not be successful in exploring for and developing additional reserves or their costs of doing so may become uneconomic. Commodity prices and tax incentives may not remain at levels that encourage producers to explore for and develop additional reserves, produce existing marginal reserves or renew transportation contracts as they expire. Our business also depends in part on the levels of demand for natural gas, crude oil, NGL, refined petroleum products, CO 2, steel, chemicals and other products in the geographic areas to which our pipelines, terminals, shipping vessels and other facilities deliver or provide service, and the ability and willingness of our shippers and other customers to supply such demand.
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Decreases in the supply of or demand for natural gas, crude oil and other products could adversely impact the utilization of our assets.
Economic disruptions, such as those which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, or conditions in the business environment generally, such as declining or sustained low commodity prices, supply disruptions, or higher development or production costs, could result in a slowing of supply to our pipelines, terminals and other assets. Also, sustained lower demand for hydrocarbons, or changes in the regulatory environment or applicable governmental policies, including in relation to climate change or other environmental concerns, may have a negative impact on the supply of crude oil and other products. In recent years, a number of initiatives and regulatory changes relating to reducing GHG emissions have been undertaken by federal, state and municipal governments and crude oil and gas industry participants. In addition, public concern about the potential risks posed by climate change has resulted in increased demand for energy efficiency and a transition to energy provided from renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels, fuel-efficient alternatives such as hybrid and electric vehicles, and pursuit of other technologies to reduce GHG emissions, such as carbon capture and sequestration. We have seen and may see further intensification of these trends.
Each of the foregoing supply and demand issues could negatively impact our business directly, as well as our shippers and other customers, which in turn could negatively impact our prospects for new contracts for transportation, terminaling or other midstream services, or renewals of existing contracts or the ability of our customers and shippers to honor their contractual commitments. Furthermore, such unfavorable conditions may compound the adverse effects of larger disruptions, such as COVID-19. See “—Financial distress experienced by our customers or other counterparties could have an adverse impact on us in the event they are unable to pay us for the products or services we provide or otherwise fulfill their obligations to us.” below.
We cannot predict the impact of future economic conditions, fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, governmental regulation and/or tax incentives or technological advances in fuel economy and energy generation devices, all of which could reduce the production of and/or demand for the products we handle.
We face competition from other pipelines and terminals, as well as other forms of transportation and storage.
Competition is a factor affecting our existing businesses and our ability to secure new project opportunities. Any current or future pipeline system or other form of transportation (such as barge, rail or truck) that delivers the products we handle into the areas that our pipelines serve could offer transportation services that are more desirable to shippers than those we provide because of price, location, facilities or other factors. Likewise, competing terminals or other storage options may become more attractive to our customers. To the extent that competitors offer the markets we serve more desirable transportation or storage options, or customers opt to construct their own facilities for services previously provided by us, this could result in unused capacity on our pipelines and in our terminals. We also could experience competition for the supply of the products we handle from both existing and proposed pipeline systems; for example, several pipelines access many of the same areas of supply as our pipeline systems and transport to destinations not served by us. If capacity on our assets remains unused, our ability to re-contract for expiring capacity at favorable rates or otherwise retain existing customers could be impaired. In addition, to the extent that companies pursuing development of carbon capture and sequestration technology are successful, they could compete with us for customers who purchase CO 2 for use in enhanced oil recovery operations.
The volatility of crude oil, NGL and natural gas prices could adversely affect our business.
The revenues, cash flows, profitability and future growth of some of our businesses (and the carrying values of certain of their respective assets, which include related goodwill) depend to a large degree on prevailing crude oil, NGL and natural gas prices.
Prices for crude oil, NGL and natural gas are subject to large fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for crude oil, NGL and natural gas, uncertainties within the market and a variety of other factors beyond our control. These factors include, among other things (i) weather conditions and events such as hurricanes in the U.S.; (ii) domestic and global economic conditions; (iii) the activities of the OPEC and other countries that are significant producers of crude oil (OPEC+); (iv) governmental regulation; (v) armed conflict or political instability in crude oil and natural gas producing countries; (vi) the foreign supply of and demand for crude oil and natural gas; (vii) the price of foreign imports; (viii) the proximity and availability of storage and transportation infrastructure and processing and treating facilities; and (ix) the availability and prices of alternative fuel sources. We use hedging arrangements to partially mitigate our exposure to commodity prices, but these arrangements also are subject to inherent risks. Please read “—Our use of hedging arrangements does not eliminate our exposure to commodity price risks and could result in financial losses or volatility in our income.” In addition, wide fluctuations in commodity prices can impact the accuracy of assumptions used in our budgeting process.
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If commodity prices fall substantially or remain low for a sustained period and we are not sufficiently protected through hedging arrangements, we may be unable to realize a profit from these businesses and would operate at a loss.
Sharp declines in the prices of crude oil, NGL or natural gas, or a prolonged unfavorable price environment, may result in a commensurate reduction in our revenues, income and cash flows from our businesses that produce, process, or purchase and sell crude oil, NGL, or natural gas, and could have a material adverse effect on the carrying value (which includes assigned goodwill) of our CO 2 business segment’s proved reserves, certain assets in certain midstream businesses within our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment, and certain assets within our Products Pipelines business segment. For example, following the commodity price declines we experienced due to COVID-19 during the first half of 2020, we recorded a combined $1.95 billion of non-cash impairments associated with our Natural Gas Pipelines Non-Regulated and CO 2 reporting units, primarily for impairments of goodwill and assets owned in these businesses.
For more information about our energy and commodity market risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
Commodity transportation and storage activities involve numerous risks that may result in accidents or otherwise adversely affect our operations.
There are a variety of hazards and operating risks inherent to the transportation and storage of the products we handle, such as leaks; releases; the breakdown, underperformance or failure of equipment, facilities, information systems or processes; damage to our pipelines caused by third-party construction; the compromise of information and control systems; spills at terminals and hubs; spills associated with loading and unloading harmful substances at rail facilities; adverse sea conditions (including storms and rising sea levels) and releases or spills from our shipping vessels or vessels loaded at our marine terminals; operator error; labor disputes/work stoppages; disputes with interconnected facilities and carriers; operational disruptions or apportionment on third-party systems or refineries on which our assets depend; and catastrophic events or natural disasters such as fires, floods, explosions, earthquakes, acts of terrorists and saboteurs, cyber security breaches, and other similar events, many of which are beyond our control. Additional risks to our vessels include capsizing, grounding and navigation errors.
The occurrence of any of these risks could result in serious injury and loss of human life, significant damage to property and natural resources, environmental pollution, significant reputational damage, impairment or suspension of operations, fines or other regulatory penalties, costs associated with allegations of criminal liability, costs associated with responding to an investigation or enforcement action brought by a governmental agency, and revocation of regulatory approvals or imposition of new requirements, any of which also could result in substantial financial losses, including lost revenue and cash flow to the extent that an incident causes an interruption of service. For pipeline and storage assets located near populated areas, including residential areas, commercial business centers, industrial sites and other public gathering areas, the level of damage resulting from these risks may be greater. In addition, the consequences of any operational incident (including as a result of adverse sea conditions) at one of our marine terminals may be even more significant as a result of the complexities involved in addressing leaks and releases occurring in the ocean or along coastlines and/or the repair of marine terminals.
Our operating results may be adversely affected by unfavorable economic and market conditions.
Unfavorable conditions such as a general slowdown of the global or U.S. economy, uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets, or inflation and rising interest rates, could materially adversely affect our operating results. For example, COVID-19 resulted in a global economic downturn in 2020. The slowdown resulting from the pandemic affected numerous industries, including the crude oil and gas industry, the steel industry and specific segments and markets in which we operate, resulting in reduced demand and increased price competition for our products and services. While global economic activity largely rebounded in 2021, we could experience similar or compounded adverse impacts as a result of other global events affecting economic conditions. Also, economic conditions in the wake of the pandemic have included inflationary pressure, which has resulted in higher operating expenses and project costs for us, as well as higher interest rates.
In addition, uncertain or changing economic conditions within one or more geographic regions may affect our operating results within the affected regions. Sustained unfavorable commodity prices, volatility in commodity prices or changes in markets for a given commodity might also have a negative impact on many of our customers, which could impair their ability to meet their obligations to us. See “—Financial distress experienced by our customers or other counterparties could have an adverse impact on us in the event they are unable to pay us for the products or services we provide or otherwise fulfill their obligations to us.” In addition, decreases in the prices of crude oil, NGL and natural gas are likely to have a negative impact on
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our operating results and cash flow. See “—The volatility of crude oil, NGL and natural gas prices could adversely affect our business.”
If economic and market conditions (including volatility in commodity markets) globally, in the U.S. or in other key markets become more volatile or deteriorate, we may experience material impacts on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Financial distress experienced by our customers or other counterparties could have an adverse impact on us in the event they are unable to pay us for the products or services we provide or otherwise fulfill their obligations to us.
We are exposed to the risk of loss in the event of nonperformance by our customers or other counterparties, such as hedging counterparties, joint venture partners and suppliers. Many of our counterparties finance their activities through cash flow from operations or debt or equity financing, and some of them may be highly leveraged and unable to access additional capital to sustain their operations in the future. Our counterparties are subject to their own operating, market, financial and regulatory risks, and some have experienced, are experiencing, or may experience in the future, severe financial problems that have had or may have a significant impact on their creditworthiness. Further, the security we are able to obtain from such customers may be limited, including by FERC regulation. While certain of our customers are subsidiaries of an entity that has an investment grade credit rating, in many cases the parent entity has not guaranteed the obligations of the subsidiary and, therefore, the parent’s credit ratings may have no bearing on such customers’ ability to pay us for the services we provide or otherwise fulfill their obligations to us.
Furthermore, financially distressed customers might be forced to reduce or curtail their future use of our products and services, which also could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
We cannot provide any assurance that such customers and key counterparties will not become financially distressed or that such financially distressed customers or counterparties will not default on their obligations to us or file for bankruptcy protection. If one or more customers or counterparties files for bankruptcy protection, we likely would be unable to collect all, or even a significant portion of, amounts they owe to us. Similarly, our contracts with such customers may be renegotiated at lower rates or terminated altogether. Significant customer and other counterparty defaults and bankruptcy filings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
We are subject to reputational risks and risks relating to public opinion.
Our business, operations or financial condition generally may be negatively impacted as a result of negative public opinion towards our industry sector, the products we handle, or us specifically. Public opinion may be influenced by negative portrayals of the industry in which we operate as well as opposition to development projects. In addition, events specific to us could result in the deterioration of our reputation with key stakeholders.
We believe that reputational risk cannot be managed in isolation from other forms of risk and that credit, market, operational, insurance, regulatory and legal risks, among others, must all be managed effectively to safeguard our reputation. Our reputation and public opinion could also be impacted by the actions and activities of other companies operating in the energy industry, particularly other energy infrastructure providers, over which we have no control. In particular, our reputation could be impacted by negative publicity related to pipeline incidents or unpopular expansion projects and due to opposition to development of hydrocarbons and energy infrastructure, particularly projects involving resources that are considered to increase GHG emissions and contribute to climate change. Negative impacts from a compromised reputation or changes in public opinion (including with respect to the production, transportation and use of hydrocarbons generally) could include increased regulatory oversight and costs, difficulty obtaining rights-of-way and delays in obtaining, or challenges to, regulatory approvals with respect to growth projects, blockades, project cancellations, difficulty securing financing, revenue loss, reduction in customer base, and decreased value of our securities and our business. Moreover, governmental agencies have responded to environmental justice concerns by imposing greater scrutiny in the permit approval process and enforcement actions that could exacerbate the negative reputational impacts.
Our use of hedging arrangements does not eliminate our exposure to commodity price risks and could result in financial losses or volatility in our income.
We engage in hedging arrangements to reduce our direct exposure to fluctuations in the prices of crude oil, natural gas and NGL, including differentials between regional markets. These hedging arrangements expose us to risk of financial loss in some circumstances, including when production is less than expected, when the counterparty to the hedging contract defaults on its contract obligations, or when there is a change in the expected differential between the underlying price in the hedging
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agreement and the actual price received. In addition, these hedging arrangements may limit the benefit we would otherwise receive from increases in prices for crude oil, natural gas and NGL. Furthermore, our hedging arrangements cannot hedge against any decrease in the volumes of products we handle. See “—Our businesses are dependent on the supply of and demand for the products we handle.”
The markets for instruments we use to hedge our commodity price exposure generally reflect then-prevailing conditions in the underlying commodity markets. As our existing hedges expire, we will seek to replace them. To the extent then-existing underlying market conditions are unfavorable, new hedging arrangements available to us will reflect such unfavorable conditions, limiting our ability to hedge our exposure to commodity prices on terms that are economically favorable to us.
When we engage in hedging transactions (for example, to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices or currency exchange rates or to balance our exposure to fixed and variable interest rates) that we believe are effective economically, these transactions may not be considered effective for accounting purposes. Accordingly, our consolidated financial statements may reflect volatility due to these hedges, even when there is no underlying economic impact at the dates of those consolidated financial statements. In addition, it may not be possible for us to engage in hedging transactions that completely eliminate our exposure to commodity prices; therefore, our consolidated financial statements may reflect a gain or loss arising from an exposure to commodity prices for which we are unable to enter into a completely effective hedge. For more information about our hedging activities, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and Note 14 “Risk Management” to our consolidated financial statements.
A breach of information security or the failure of one or more key information technology (IT) or operational (OT) systems, or those of third parties, may adversely affect our business, results of operations or business reputation.
Our business is dependent upon our operational systems to process a large amount of data and complex transactions. Some of the operational systems we use are owned or operated by independent third-party vendors. The various uses of these systems, networks and services include, but are not limited to, controlling our pipelines and terminals with industrial control systems, collecting and storing information and data, processing transactions, and handling other processes necessary to manage our business.
In accordance with government mandates, we have implemented and maintain a cybersecurity program—both internal and incorporating industry expertise—designed to protect our IT, OT and data systems from attacks, however, we can provide no assurance that our cybersecurity program will be completely effective. We have experienced increases in the number of attempts by external parties to access our networks or our company data without authorization. While we have taken additional steps to secure our networks and systems to specifically respond to new and elevated risks associated with remote work, we may nevertheless be more vulnerable to a successful cyber-attack or information security incident when significant numbers of our employees are working remotely. The risk of a disruption or breach of our operational systems, or the compromise of the data processed in connection with our operations, has increased as attempted attacks, including acts of terrorism or cyber sabotage, have advanced in sophistication and number around the world.
If any of our systems are damaged, fail to function properly or otherwise become unavailable, we may incur substantial costs to repair or replace them. We may also experience loss or corruption of critical data and interruptions or delays in our ability to perform critical functions, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. A significant failure, compromise, breach or interruption in our systems, which may result from problems such as ransomware, malware, computer viruses, hacking attempts or third-party error or malfeasance, could result in a disruption of our operations, customer dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation and a loss of customers or revenues. Efforts by us and our vendors to develop, implement and maintain security measures, including malware and anti-virus software and controls, may not be successful in preventing these events, and any network and information systems-related events could require us to expend significant remedial resources. In the future, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures, to comply with regulations, to develop and implement government-mandated plans, and/or to investigate and remediate information security vulnerabilities.
Attacks, including acts of terrorism or cyber sabotage, or the threat of such attacks, may adversely affect our business or reputation.
The U.S. government has issued public warnings indicating that pipelines and other infrastructure assets might be specific targets of terrorist organizations or “cyber sabotage” events. For example, in May 2021, a ransomware attack on a major U.S. refined products pipeline forced the operator to temporarily shut down the pipeline, resulting in disruption of fuel supplies along the East Coast. Potential targets include our pipeline systems, terminals, processing plants, databases or operating systems. The occurrence of an attack could cause a substantial decrease in revenues and cash flows, increased costs to respond
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or other financial loss, significant reporting requirements, damage to our reputation, increased regulation or litigation or inaccurate information reported from our operations. In the event of such an incident, we may need to retain cybersecurity experts to assist us in stopping, diagnosing, and recovering from the attack. There is no assurance that adequate cyber sabotage and terrorism insurance will be available at rates we believe are reasonable in the near future. The potential for an attack may subject our operations to increased risks and costs, and, depending on their ultimate magnitude, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or business reputation.
Development of new technologies could create additional risk, or we may not have sufficient resources to manage our technology.
Custom or new technology (including potential generative artificial intelligence) that is heavily relied upon by us or our counterparties may not be maintained and updated appropriately due to resource restraints, or other factors, which could cause technology failures or give rise to additional operational or security risks. Generative artificial intelligence or other new technology could also create additional regulatory scrutiny and generate uncertainty around intellectual property ownership and/or licensing or use. Technology (including artificial intelligence) is also subject to intentional misuse (by criminals, terrorists or other bad actors). Technology failures or incidents of misuse could result in significant adverse effects on our operations, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding and other natural disasters, as well as subsidence and coastal erosion and climate-related physical risks, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Some of our pipelines, terminals and other assets are located in, and our shipping vessels operate in, areas that are susceptible to hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding and other natural disasters or could be impacted by subsidence and coastal erosion. These natural disasters could potentially damage or destroy our assets and disrupt the supply of the products we transport. Many climate models indicate that global warming is likely to result in rising sea levels, increased frequency and severity of weather events such as winter storms, hurricanes and tropical storms, extreme precipitation and flooding. These climate-related changes could result in damage to our physical assets, especially operations located in low-lying areas near coasts and river banks, and facilities situated in hurricane-prone and rain-susceptible regions. Natural disasters can similarly affect the facilities of our customers. The timing, severity and location of these climate change impacts are not known with certainty, and these impacts are expected to manifest themselves over varying time horizons.
Our insurance policies do not cover all losses, costs or liabilities that we may experience, and insurance companies that currently insure companies in the energy industry may cease to do so or substantially increase premiums.
Our insurance program may not cover all operational risks and costs and may not provide sufficient coverage in the event of a claim. We do not maintain insurance coverage against all potential losses and could suffer losses for uninsurable or uninsured risks or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage. Losses in excess of our insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the insurance markets subsequent to certain hurricanes and other natural disasters have made it more difficult and more expensive to obtain certain types of coverage. The occurrence of an event that is not fully covered by insurance, or failure by one or more of our insurers to honor its coverage commitments for an insured event, could cause us to incur significant losses. Insurance companies may reduce or eliminate the insurance capacity they are willing to offer or may demand significantly higher premiums or deductibles to cover our assets. If significant changes in the number or financial solvency of insurance underwriters for the energy industry occur, we may be unable to obtain and maintain adequate insurance at a reasonable cost. The unavailability of adequate insurance coverage to cover events in which we suffer significant losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Expanding our existing assets and constructing new assets is part of our growth strategy. Our ability to begin and complete expansion and new-build projects may be inhibited by difficulties in obtaining permits and rights-of-way, public opposition, increases in costs of construction materials, cost overruns, inclement weather and other delays. If we pursue projects through joint ventures with others, we will share control of and any benefits from those projects.
We regularly undertake construction projects to expand our existing assets and to construct new assets. New growth projects generally will be subject to, among other things, the receipt of regulatory approvals, feasibility and cost analyses, funding availability and industry, market and demand conditions, and environmental justice considerations. A variety of factors outside of our control, such as difficulties in obtaining rights-of-way and permits or other regulatory approvals, have caused, and may continue to cause, delays in or cancellations of our construction projects. Regulatory authorities may modify their permitting policies in ways that disadvantage our construction projects, such as the FERC’s ongoing evaluation of its process
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for reviewing and approving applications for construction of natural gas infrastructure. Federal regulators may also expand existing regulatory requirements, such as PHMSA’s recent expansion of gas gathering pipeline regulation and PHMSA’s consideration of regulating the transportation of gaseous CO 2. Such factors can be exacerbated by public opposition to our projects. See “—We are subject to reputational risks and risks relating to public opinion.” Inclement weather, natural disasters and delays in performance by third-party contractors have also resulted in, and may continue to result in, increased costs or delays in construction. In addition, we may experience increasing costs for construction materials. Significant increases in costs of construction materials, cost overruns or delays, or our inability to obtain a required permit or right-of-way, could have a material adverse effect on our return on investment, results of operations and cash flows, and could result in project cancellations or limit our ability to pursue other growth opportunities.
If we pursue joint ventures with third parties, those parties may share approval rights over major decisions, and may act in their own interests. Their views may differ from our own or our views of the interests of the venture which could result in operational delays or impasses, which in turn could affect the financial expectations of and our expected benefits from the venture.
Substantially all of the land on which our pipelines are located is owned by third parties. If we are unable to procure and maintain access to land owned by third parties, our revenue and operating costs, and our ability to complete construction projects, could be adversely affected.
We must obtain and maintain the rights to construct and operate pipelines on other owners’ land, including private landowners, railroads, public utilities and others. While our interstate natural gas pipelines in the U.S. have federal eminent domain authority, the availability of eminent domain authority for our other pipelines varies from state to state depending upon the type of pipeline—petroleum liquids, natural gas, CO 2, or crude oil—and the laws of the particular state. In any case, we must compensate landowners for the use of their property, and in eminent domain actions, such compensation may be determined by a court. If we are unable to obtain rights-of-way on acceptable terms, our ability to complete construction projects on time, on budget, or at all, could be adversely affected. In addition, we are subject to the possibility of increased costs under our rights-of-way or rental agreements with landowners, primarily through renewals of expiring agreements and rental increases. If we were to lose these rights, our operations could be disrupted or we could be required to relocate the affected pipelines, which could cause a substantial decrease in our revenues and cash flows and a substantial increase in our costs.
The acquisition of additional businesses and assets is part of our growth strategy. We may experience difficulties completing acquisitions or integrating new businesses and properties, and we may be unable to achieve the benefits we expect from any future acquisitions.
Part of our business strategy includes acquiring additional businesses and assets. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to find complementary acquisition targets or complete such acquisitions, or achieve the desired results from any acquisitions we do complete. Any acquired businesses or assets will be subject to many of the same risks as our existing businesses and may not achieve the levels of performance that we anticipate.
We may not realize anticipated operating advantages and cost savings. Integration of acquired businesses or assets involves a number of risks, including (i) the loss of key customers of the acquired business; (ii) demands on management related to the increase in our size; (iii) the diversion of management’s attention from the management of daily operations; (iv) difficulties in implementing or unanticipated costs of accounting, budgeting, reporting, internal controls and other systems; and (v) difficulties in the retention and assimilation of necessary employees.
Difficulties in integration may be magnified if we make multiple acquisitions over a relatively short period of time. Because of difficulties in combining and expanding operations, we may not be able to achieve the cost savings and other size-related benefits that we hoped to achieve after these acquisitions, which would harm our financial condition and results of operations.
The future success of our oil and gas development and production operations depends in part upon our ability to develop additional oil and gas reserves that are economically recoverable, which involves risks that may result in a total loss of investment.
The rate of production from oil and natural gas properties declines as reserves are depleted. Without successful development activities, the reserves, revenues and cash flows of the oil and gas producing assets within our CO 2 business segment will decline. We may not be able to develop or acquire additional reserves at an acceptable cost or have necessary
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financing for these activities in the future. Additionally, if we do not realize production volumes greater than, or equal to, our hedged volumes, we may suffer financial losses not offset by physical transactions.
Developing and operating oil and gas properties involves a high degree of business and financial risk that even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome. Acquisition and development decisions related to oil and gas properties include subjective judgments and assumptions that, while they may be reasonable, are by their nature speculative. It is impossible to predict with certainty the production potential of a particular property or well. Furthermore, the successful completion of a well does not ensure a profitable return on the investment. A variety of geological, operational and market-related factors may substantially delay or prevent completion of any well or otherwise prevent a property or well from being profitable.
Our business requires the retention and recruitment of a skilled executive team and workforce, and difficulties recruiting and retaining executives and other key personnel could impair our ability to develop and implement our business strategy.
Our success depends in part on the performance of and our ability to attract, retain and effectively manage the succession of a skilled executive team. We depend on our executive officers to develop and execute our business strategy. If we are not successful in retaining our executive officers, or replacing them, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected. We do not maintain key personnel insurance.
In addition, our business requires the retention and recruitment of a skilled workforce, including engineers, technical personnel and other professionals. We and our affiliates compete with other companies in the energy industry for this skilled workforce. In addition, many of our current employees are retirement eligible and have significant institutional knowledge that must be transferred to other employees. If we are unable to (i) retain current employees; (ii) successfully complete the knowledge transfer; and/or (iii) recruit new employees of comparable knowledge and experience, our business could be negatively impacted. In addition, we could experience increased costs to retain and recruit these professionals.
Risks Related to Financing Our Business
Our substantial debt could adversely affect our financial health and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $31.9 billion of consolidated debt (excluding debt fair value adjustments). Additionally, we and substantially all of our wholly owned U.S. subsidiaries are parties to a cross guarantee agreement under which each party to the agreement unconditionally guarantees the indebtedness of each other party, which means that we are liable for the debt of each of such subsidiaries. This level of consolidated debt and the cross guarantee agreement could have important consequences, such as (i) limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements or potential growth, or for other purposes; (ii) increasing the cost of our future borrowings; (iii) limiting our ability to use operating cash flow in other areas of our business or to pay dividends because we must dedicate a substantial portion of these funds to make payments on our debt; (iv) placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors with less debt; and (v) increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.
Our ability to service our consolidated debt, and our ability to meet our consolidated leverage targets, will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If our consolidated cash flow is not sufficient to service our consolidated debt, and any future indebtedness that we incur, we will be forced to take actions such as reducing dividends, reducing or delaying our business activities, acquisitions, investments or capital expenditures, selling assets or seeking additional equity capital. We may also take such actions to reduce our indebtedness if we determine that our earnings (or consolidated EBITDA, as calculated in accordance with our revolving credit facility) may not be sufficient to meet our consolidated leverage targets or to comply with consolidated leverage ratios required under certain of our debt agreements. We may not be able to effect any of these actions on satisfactory terms or at all. For more information about our debt, see Note 9 “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements.
Our business, financial condition and operating results may be affected adversely by adverse changes in the availability, terms and cost of capital or a reduction in the availability of credit.
We may need to rely on external financing sources, including commercial borrowings and issuances of debt and equity securities, to fund acquisitions, capital projects or refinancing debt maturities. Adverse changes to the availability, terms and cost of capital, interest rates or our credit ratings (which would have a corresponding impact on the credit ratings of our
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subsidiaries that are party to the cross guarantee agreement) could cause our cost of doing business to increase by limiting our access to capital, including our ability to refinance maturities of existing indebtedness on similar terms, which could in turn reduce our cash flows, and could limit our ability to pursue acquisition or expansion opportunities. Our credit ratings may be impacted by our leverage, liquidity, credit profile and potential transactions. Although the ratings from credit agencies are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our securities, our credit ratings will generally affect the market value of our and our subsidiaries’ debt securities and the terms available to us for future issuances of debt securities.
Also, disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets may lead to an increase in interest rates or a contraction in credit availability, impacting our ability to finance our operations and strategy on favorable terms. A significant reduction in the availability of credit could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our and our customers’ access to capital could be affected by evolving financial institutions’ policies concerning businesses linked to fossil fuels.
Our and our customers’ access to capital could be affected by financial institutions’ evolving policies concerning businesses linked to fossil fuels. Concerns about the potential effects of climate change have caused some to direct their attention towards sources of funding for fossil-fuel energy companies, which has resulted in certain financial institutions, funds and other sources of capital restricting or eliminating their investment in such companies. Ultimately, this could make it more difficult for our customers to secure funding for exploration and production activities or for us to secure funding for growth projects, and consequently could both indirectly affect demand for our services and directly affect our ability to fund construction or other capital projects.
Our large amount of variable rate debt makes us vulnerable to increases in interest rates.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately $8.3 billion of our approximately $31.9 billion of consolidated debt (excluding debt fair value adjustments) was subject to variable interest rates, either as short-term or long-term variable-rate debt obligations, or as long-term fixed-rate debt effectively converted to variable rates through the use of interest rate swaps. In response to increasing inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised interest rates in March 2022 for the first time in over three years and raised rates many more times since. As interest rates increase, the amount of cash required to service variable-rate debt also increases, as do our costs to refinance maturities of existing indebtedness, and our earnings and cash flows could be adversely affected.
For more information about our interest rate risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Interest Rate Risk.”
Our debt instruments may limit our financial flexibility and increase our financing costs.
The instruments governing our debt contain restrictive covenants that may prevent us from engaging in certain transactions that may be beneficial to us. Some of the agreements governing our debt generally require us to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants, including the maintenance of certain financial ratios and restrictions on (i) incurring additional debt; (ii) entering into mergers, consolidations and sales of assets; (iii) granting liens; and (iv) entering into sale-leaseback transactions. The instruments governing any future debt may contain similar or more limiting restrictions. Our ability to respond to changes in business and economic conditions and to obtain additional financing, if needed, may be restricted.
Risks Related to Regulation
The FERC or state public utility commissions, such as the CPUC, may establish pipeline tariff rates that have a negative impact on us. In addition, the FERC, state public utility commissions or our customers could initiate proceedings or file complaints challenging the tariff rates charged by our pipelines, which could have an adverse impact on us.
The profitability of our regulated pipelines is influenced by fluctuations in costs and our ability to recover any increases in our costs in the rates charged to our shippers. To the extent that our costs increase in an amount greater than what we are permitted by the FERC or state public utility commissions to recover in our rates, or to the extent that there is a lag before we can file for and obtain rate increases, such events can have a negative impact on our operating results.
Our existing rates may also be challenged by complaint or protest. Regulators and shippers on our pipelines have rights to challenge, and have challenged, the rates we charge under certain circumstances prescribed by applicable regulations. Some shippers on our pipelines have filed complaints with the regulators seeking prospective reductions in the tariff rates and, in the
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case of a protest to a rate filing, seeking substantial refunds for alleged overcharges during the years in question. Further, the FERC has initiated and may continue to initiate investigations to determine whether our interstate natural gas pipeline rates are just and reasonable. Please read Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements for a description of material pending challenges to the rates we charge on our pipelines. We are unable to predict the extent to which these proceedings will result in lower transportation rates on our pipelines, and in the case of a protest, refunds for alleged overcharges. Any successful challenge to our rates could materially adversely affect our future earnings, cash flows and financial condition.
New laws, policies, regulations, rulemaking and oversight, as well as changes to those currently in effect, could adversely impact our earnings, cash flows and operations.
Our assets and operations are subject to extensive regulation and oversight by federal, state and local regulatory authorities. Legislative changes, as well as regulatory actions taken by these authorities, have the potential to adversely affect our profitability. Additional regulatory burdens and uncertainties will be created if and to the extent that more stringent energy and environmental and pipeline safety policies are enacted. Overall, we have seen an increase in the efforts of regulatory authorities to issue new regulations and guidance and to interpret existing laws and regulations in ways that promote the use of renewable energy sources and further protection of the environment, call upon companies to increase monitoring and emissions reduction efforts, and increase investigations and enforcement actions for potential violations of environmental laws. For example, in December 2023, the EPA finalized a rule containing standards of performance for GHG emissions, in the form of methane limitations, and volatile organic compound emissions for crude oil and natural gas sources, including the production, processing, and transmission and storage segments.
These types of rules and others that are currently proposed, if finalized, would affect our assets and operations indirectly, such as by increasing the costs associated with the production of natural gas and liquids that we transport, or directly, such as by increasing significantly our capital and operating costs associated with impacted equipment or subjecting us to the potential for regulatory penalties associated with the inability to comply with the rules in the timeframe allotted.
The EPA’s final rule known as the “Good Neighbor Plan” (the Plan) became effective on August 4, 2023, except in states that were awarded a stay of the EPA’s disapproval of their SIPs prior to the Plan’s effective date. Following the Plan’s effective date, several other states have been awarded similar stays. As a precursor to the Plan, the EPA disapproved 21 SIPs and found that two other states had failed to submit SIPs under the interstate transport (good neighbor) provisions of the Clean Air Act for the 2015 Ozone NAAQS. The EPA has since proposed to disapprove five additional state SIPs and apply the Plan or portions of the Plan to sources in those states, including one state that would affect our operations. The Plan imposes prescriptive emission standards for several sectors, including new and existing reciprocating internal combustion engines of a certain size used in pipeline transportation of natural gas. The Plan’s emission standards would require installation of more stringent air pollution controls on hundreds of existing internal combustion engines used by our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment. The Plan requires that all impacted engines meet the stringent emission limits by May 1, 2026 unless compliance schedule extensions are granted by the EPA, which would need to be supported by us and approved by the EPA on an engine-by-engine basis. If the Plan remains in effect in its current form (including full compliance by its May 1, 2026 compliance deadline, and assuming failure of all pending challenges to SIP disapprovals and no successful challenge to the Plan), we currently estimate that the Plan would have a material adverse impact on us. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures—Impact of Regulation.” Multiple legal challenges have been filed, including by us. See Note 18, “Litigation and Environmental—Environmental Matters—Challenge to Federal “Good Neighbor Plan,” to our consolidated financial statements. We are unable to predict whether any legal challenges will ultimately result in changes to the Plan or how those changes, if any, would impact us.
These and other initiatives of regulatory authorities may affect our assets and operations directly or indirectly, such as by preventing or delaying the exploration for and production of natural gas and liquids that we transport or expanding regulation of existing infrastructure or new sources that are not currently regulated.
Regulation affects almost every part of our business. In addition to environmental and pipeline safety matters, we are subject to regulations extending to such matters as (i) federal, state and local taxation; (ii) rates (which include reservation, commodity, surcharges, fuel and gas lost and unaccounted for), operating terms and conditions of service; (iii) the types of services we may offer to our customers; (iv) the contracts for service entered into with our customers; (v) the certification and construction of new facilities; (vi) the integrity, safety and security (including against cyber-attacks) of facilities and operations; (vii) the acquisition of other businesses; (viii) the acquisition, extension, disposition or abandonment of services or facilities; (ix) reporting and information posting requirements; (x) the maintenance of accounts and records; and (xi) relationships with affiliated companies involved in various aspects of the natural gas and energy businesses.
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Should we fail to comply with any applicable statutes, rules, regulations, and orders of such regulatory authorities, we could be subject to substantial penalties and fines and potential loss of government contracts. New laws or regulations, or different interpretations of existing laws or regulations, including unexpected policy changes, applicable to our income, operations, assets or another aspect of our business could have a material adverse impact on our earnings, cash flow, financial condition and results of operations. For more information, see Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Industry Regulation.”
Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations could expose us to significant costs and liabilities.
Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws, regulations and potential liabilities arising under or relating to the protection or preservation of the environment, natural resources and human health and safety. Such laws and regulations affect many aspects of our past, present and future operations, and generally require us to obtain and comply with various environmental registrations, licenses, permits, inspections and other approvals. It is possible that costs associated with complying with the aforementioned laws will increase as a result of the emphasis regulatory authorities are placing on protection of the environment and environmental justice considerations. Liability under such laws and regulations may be incurred without regard to fault under CERCLA, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act, or analogous state laws, as a result of the presence or release of hydrocarbons and other hazardous substances into or through the environment, and these laws may require response actions and remediation and may impose liability for natural resource and other damages. Private parties, including the owners of properties through which our pipelines pass, also may have the right to pursue legal actions to enforce compliance as well as to seek damages for non-compliance with such laws and regulations or for personal injury or property damage. Our insurance may not cover all environmental risks and costs and/or may not provide sufficient coverage in the event an environmental claim is made against us.
Failure to comply with these laws and regulations, including required permits and other approvals, also may expose us to civil, criminal and administrative fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could harm our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects. For example, if a leak, release or spill of liquid petroleum products, chemicals or other hazardous substances occurs at or from our pipelines, shipping vessels or storage or other facilities, we may experience significant operational disruptions, and we may have to pay a significant amount to clean up or otherwise respond to the leak, release or spill, pay government penalties, address natural resource damage, compensate for human exposure or property damage, install costly pollution control equipment or undertake a combination of these and other measures.
We own and/or operate numerous properties and equipment that have been used for many years in connection with our business activities and contain hydrocarbons or other hazardous substances. While we believe we have utilized operating, handling and disposal practices that were consistent with industry practices at the time, hydrocarbons or other hazardous substances may have been released at or from properties and equipment owned, operated or used by us or our predecessors, or at or from properties where our or our predecessors’ wastes have been taken for disposal. In addition, many of these properties have been owned and/or operated by third parties whose management, handling and disposal of hydrocarbons or other hazardous substances were not under our control. These properties and any hazardous substances released and wastes disposed at or from them may be subject to U.S. laws such as CERCLA, which impose joint and several liability without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct. Under such laws, we could be required to remove previously disposed wastes, remediate property contamination or both, including contamination caused by prior owners or operators. Furthermore, it is possible that some wastes that are currently classified as non-hazardous, which could include wastes currently generated during our pipeline or liquids or bulk terminal operations or wastes from oil and gas facilities that are currently exempt as being exploration and production waste, may in the future be designated as hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes are subject to more rigorous and costly handling and disposal requirements than non-hazardous wastes. Such changes in the regulations may result in additional capital expenditures or operating expenses for us.
Environmental and health and safety laws and regulations are subject to change. The long-term trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may be perceived to affect the environment, wildlife, natural resources and human health, including without limitation, the exploration, development, storage and transportation of oil and gas. For example, the Federal Clean Air Act and other similar federal and state laws and regulations are subject to periodic review and amendment, which could result in more stringent emission control requirements obligating us to make significant capital expenditures at our facilities. Several state and federal agencies have also increased their daily and maximum penalty amounts in recent years. There can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental compliance or remediation, and actual future expenditures may be different from the amounts we currently anticipate.
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New or revised regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions, particularly if those costs are not fully recoverable from our customers, as well as increased penalty amounts for inadvertent non-compliance, such as a pipeline leak, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects. For more information, see Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Environmental Matters.”
Increased regulatory requirements relating to the safety and integrity of our pipelines may require us to incur significant capital and operating expenses.
We are subject to extensive laws and regulations related to pipeline safety and integrity at the federal and state levels. There are, for example, regulations issued by PHMSA for pipeline operators in the areas of design, operations, maintenance, integrity management, qualification and training, emergency response, control room management, and public awareness. We expect the costs of compliance with these regulations, including integrity management rules, will continue to be substantial. The majority of compliance costs relate to pipeline integrity management regulations, which include assessment and repair requirements. Technological advances in in-line inspection tools, identification of additional threats to a pipeline’s integrity and changes to the amount of pipeline determined to be located in HCAs or MCAs can have a significant impact on integrity testing and repair costs. We plan to continue our integrity management program to assess and maintain the integrity of our existing and future pipelines as required by PHMSA rules. Repairs or upgrades deemed necessary to address results of integrity assessments and other testing and/or ensure the continued safe and reliable operation of our pipelines and pipeline facilities could cause us to incur significant and unanticipated capital and operating expenditures. Such expenditures will vary depending on the number of repairs determined to be necessary as a result of integrity assessments and other testing. We also anticipate incurring substantial costs associated with PHMSA’s requirements for reconfirming the maximum allowable operating pressure of certain gas pipelines. We expect to increase expenditures in the future to comply with PHMSA regulations.
Further, additional laws and regulations that may be enacted in the future or a new interpretation of existing laws and regulations could significantly increase our compliance expenditures. Pipeline safety regulations or changes to such regulations may require additional leak detection, reporting, the replacement of certain pipeline segments, addition of monitoring equipment and more frequent monitoring, inspection or testing of our pipeline facilities. Repair, remediation, and preventative or mitigating actions may require significant capital and operating expenditures. Pipeline safety regulation has increased over time, including recent revised gas and hazardous liquid regulations that we must timely implement, and existing obligations may increase with new proposed rules that are currently under consideration. For example, PHMSA has issued a proposed rulemaking with expansive pipeline leak detection and repair requirements that is proposed to be applicable to gas pipelines, LNG facilities, and underground natural gas storage facilities. In addition, PHMSA is working on a number of proposed rulemakings that are now projected for publication in 2024, including those related to (i) updating regulations for LNG facilities; (ii) requirements for idled gas and liquid pipelines; (iii) revising requirements for transportation of CO 2 in the liquid phase as well as establishing regulation of the transportation of gaseous CO 2; and (iv) requirements for responding to changes in class location for gas pipelines. Congress is working on the reauthorization of the Pipeline Safety Act, which is expected to be enacted during 2024 and to further expand PHMSA’s current rulemaking agenda and/or statutory authority in certain areas. There can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for pipeline safety and integrity regulation, and actual future expenditures may be different from the amounts we currently anticipate. Revised or additional regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions, particularly if those costs are not deemed by regulators to be fully recoverable from our customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects.
Climate-related risks and related regulation could result in significantly increased operating and capital costs for us and could reduce demand for our products and services.
Various laws and regulations exist or are under development that seek to regulate the emission of GHGs such as methane and CO 2, including the EPA programs to control GHG emissions, PHMSA’s existing and anticipated leak detection and repair requirements, and state actions to develop statewide or regional programs. Existing EPA regulations require us to report GHG emissions in the U.S. from sources such as our larger natural gas compressor stations, fractionated NGL, and production of naturally occurring CO 2 (for example, from our McElmo Dome CO 2 field), even when such production is not emitted to the atmosphere. Proposed approaches to further address GHG emissions include establishing GHG “cap-and-trade” programs, a fee on methane emissions from petroleum and natural gas systems, increased efficiency standards, participation in international climate agreements, issuance of executive orders by the U.S. presidential administration and incentives or mandates for pollution reduction, use of renewable energy sources, or use of alternative fuels with lower carbon content. For more information about climate change regulation, see Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Environmental Matters—Climate Change.”
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Adoption of any such laws or regulations could increase our costs to operate and maintain our facilities, expand existing facilities or construct new facilities. We could be required to install new emission controls on our facilities, acquire allowances for our GHG emissions, pay taxes related to our GHG emissions and administer and manage a GHG emissions program, and such increased costs could be significant. Recovery of such increased costs from our customers is uncertain in all cases and may depend on events beyond our control, including the outcome of future rate proceedings before the FERC. Such laws or regulations could also lead to reduced demand for hydrocarbon products that are deemed to contribute to emissions of GHGs, or restrictions on their use, which in turn could adversely affect demand for our products and services. See also “—Business Risks—We are subject to reputational risks and risks relating to public opinion.” and “—Business Risks—Hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding and other natural disasters, as well as subsidence and coastal erosion and climate-related physical risks, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
In March 2022, the SEC proposed new climate-related disclosure rules, which if adopted as proposed, would require significant new climate-related disclosure in SEC filings, including certain climate-related metrics and GHG emissions data, and third-party attestation requirements. At this time, we cannot predict the costs of compliance with, or any potential adverse impacts resulting from, the new rules if adopted as proposed.
Any of the foregoing could have adverse effects on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Increased regulation of exploration and production activities, including activity on public lands, could result in reductions or delays in drilling and completing new oil and natural gas wells, as well as reductions in production from existing wells, which could adversely impact the volumes of natural gas transported on our natural gas pipelines and our own oil and gas development and production activities.
We gather, process or transport crude oil, natural gas or NGL from several areas, including lands that are federally managed. Policy and regulatory initiatives or legislation by Congress may decrease access to federally managed lands or increase the regulatory burdens associated with using these lands to produce crude oil or natural gas, or both. Since 2021, the federal government has deprioritized onshore leasing and its review of applications for permits to drill. Third-party interest groups and members of the oil and gas industry have initiated litigation challenging decisions to approve or prohibit oil and gas activities on federally managed lands.
In addition, oil and gas development and production activities are subject to increasing regulation at the federal, state and local levels. For example, there have been initiatives at the federal and state levels to regulate or otherwise restrict the use of certain hydraulic fracturing activities, and many states are promulgating stricter requirements related not only to well development but also to compressor stations and other facilities in the oil and gas industry. These activities are subject to laws and regulations regarding the acquisition of permits before drilling, restrictions on drilling activities and location, emissions into the environment, water discharges, transportation of hazardous materials, and storage and disposition of wastes. In addition, legislation has been enacted that requires well and facility sites to be abandoned and reclaimed to the satisfaction of state authorities.
Adoption of legislation or regulations restricting these activities in our areas of operations could impose operational delays, increased operating costs and additional regulatory burdens on exploration and production operators, which could reduce their production of crude oil, natural gas or NGL and, in turn, adversely affect our revenues, cash flows and results of operations by decreasing the volumes of these commodities that we handle. These laws and regulations may also adversely affect our own oil and gas development and production activities.
The Jones Act includes restrictions on ownership by non-U.S. citizens of our U.S. point-to-point maritime shipping vessels, and failure to comply with the Jones Act, or changes to or a repeal of the Jones Act, could limit our ability to operate our vessels in the U.S. coastwise trade, result in the forfeiture of our vessels or otherwise adversely impact our earnings, cash flows and operations.
We are subject to the Jones Act, which generally restricts U.S. point-to-point maritime shipping to vessels operating under the U.S. flag, built in the U.S., owned and operated by U.S.-organized companies that are controlled and at least 75% owned by U.S. citizens and crewed by predominately U.S. citizens. Our business would be adversely affected if we fail to comply with the Jones Act provisions on coastwise trade. If we do not comply with any of these requirements, we would be prohibited from operating our vessels in the U.S. coastwise trade and, under certain circumstances, we could be deemed to have undertaken an unapproved transfer to non-U.S. citizens that could result in severe penalties, including permanent loss of U.S. coastwise trading rights for our vessels, fines or forfeiture of vessels. Our business could be adversely affected if the Jones Act were to be modified or repealed so as to permit foreign competition that is not subject to the same U.S. government imposed burdens.
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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Capital Stock
The guidance we provide for our anticipated dividends is based on estimates. Circumstances may arise that lead to conflicts between using funds to pay anticipated dividends or to invest in our business.
We disclose in this report and elsewhere the anticipated cash dividends on our common stock. These reflect our current judgment, but as with any estimate, they may be affected by inaccurate assumptions and other risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. See “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this report. If our Board elects to pay dividends at the anticipated level and that action would leave us with insufficient cash to take timely advantage of growth opportunities (including through acquisitions), to meet any large unanticipated liquidity requirements, to fund our operations, to maintain our leverage metrics or otherwise to properly address our business prospects, our business could be harmed.
Conversely, a decision to address such business needs might lead to the payment of dividends below the anticipated levels. As events present themselves or become reasonably foreseeable, our Board which determines our business strategy and our dividends, may decide to address those matters by reducing our anticipated dividends. Alternatively, because nothing in our governing documents or credit agreements prohibits us from borrowing to pay dividends, we could choose to incur debt to enable us to pay our anticipated dividends. This would add to our substantial debt discussed above under “—Risks Related to Financing Our Business—Our substantial debt could adversely affect our financial health and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions.”
Our certificate of incorporation restricts the ownership of our common stock by non-U.S. citizens within the meaning of the Jones Act. These restrictions may affect the liquidity of our common stock and may result in non-U.S. citizens being required to sell their shares at a loss.
The Jones Act requires, among other things, that at least 75% of our common stock be owned at all times by U.S. citizens, as defined under the Jones Act, in order for us to own and operate vessels in the U.S. coastwise trade. As a safeguard to help us maintain our status as a U.S. citizen, our certificate of incorporation provides that, if the number of shares of our common stock owned by non-U.S. citizens exceeds 22%, we have the ability to redeem shares owned by non-U.S. citizens to reduce the percentage of shares owned by non-U.S. citizens to 22%. These redemption provisions may adversely impact the marketability of our common stock, particularly in markets outside of the U.S. Further, those stockholders would not have control over the timing of such redemption and may be subject to redemption at a time when the market price or timing of the redemption is disadvantageous. In addition, the redemption provisions might have the effect of impeding or discouraging a merger, tender offer or proxy contest by a non-U.S. citizen, even if it were favorable to the interests of some or all of our stockholders.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We employ a comprehensive strategy for identifying and addressing cybersecurity risks that is aligned with the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. This framework outlines standards and practices to promote the protection of critical infrastructure. We utilize a risk-based approach that focuses on critical systems where failure or exploitation could potentially impact the safety or reliability of our key assets or operations. Cybersecurity risks are integrated into our overall risk management processes, including, for example, quarterly security briefings with senior management, tabletop exercises with operations, finance and other company personnel, and by employing a continuous improvement model for our cyber protection strategy that is aligned with the DHS’s National Infrastructure Protection Plan risk management framework.
Our management team has engaged third-party experts to provide guidance related to management of supply chain cybersecurity risks. Our strategy includes both short- and long-term initiatives to increase the security surrounding our assets and is supplemented using third-party threat monitoring, rigorous security protocols, and government partnerships. We perform cybersecurity assessments with respect to third parties who provide critical services or who have access to or store critical confidential data.
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We have not identified any cybersecurity threats that have materially impaired or are reasonably likely to materially impair our operations or financial standing. Please read Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—A breach of information security or the failure of one or more key information technology (IT) or operational (OT) systems, or those of third parties, may adversely affect our business, results of operations or business reputation.” and “ Attacks, including acts of terrorism or cyber sabotage, or the threat of such attacks, may adversely affect our business or reputation.” for discussions of risks from cybersecurity threats we face.
Measures We Take to Monitor and our Procedures for Responding to Data Breaches or Cyberattacks
We have made investments to address data and cybersecurity risks. These investments include our use of continuous third-party security monitoring of our network perimeters, advanced persistent threat group monitoring to keep us informed of emerging serious threats, standardization of our network security architecture which separates business and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) networks, and security information and event management software systems.
Our critical business systems are fully redundant and backed up at separate locations. Separate business and SCADA networks allow for isolation of potential threats and enhances the security of these systems. Our security systems correlate security events and aggregate security-related incident data, such as malware activity and other possible malicious activities. This system sends alerts if the data analysis shows that an activity could be a potential security issue. Security functionality is continuously monitored by our network operations center, and our network traffic is analyzed for signs of malicious activity through the CyberSentry program, which is managed by DHS’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and a third-party security operations center, which operates continuously. We maintain a dedicated SCADA group within our IT department to evaluate and respond to significant events and incidents that may impact our operations. Anti-virus solutions are deployed on the SCADA systems and workstations in our data centers and control centers.
Our processes and cybersecurity plans are part of our overall emergency response plans, and we conduct simulated exercise drills, including with multiple U.S. government agencies and peer companies, to enhance our preparedness and provide for continual process improvement.
If data and network defenses are bypassed, processes detailed in our Cyber Incident Response Plan would help identify, contain and eradicate threats and bring our systems back online if needed. Additionally, the plan requires that the appropriate level of our management be made aware of incidents and be updated as the situation warrants.
Vulnerability Assessments and Penetration Testing
We hire an independent third-party cybersecurity firm to perform penetration testing annually. The third-party checks for vulnerabilities on our external and internal network perimeters. If vulnerabilities are found, corrective actions are implemented to remediate any issues.
Government and Industry Group Engagement
We engage with a wide variety of government agencies and industry groups to enable cross-sharing of information and to identify opportunities to improve our security, including active participation in IT Sector Coordinating Councils and attendance at classified briefings and security architecture reviews hosted by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and DHS. Partnership with these agencies provides us with intelligence on a wide range of critical infrastructure protection and cybersecurity issues as well as an opportunity to exchange best practices.
Employee Training
Our employees are required to take annual cyber and physical security training designed to help employees guard our cyber and physical data. Employees are tested on this training and cybersecurity performance is considered in annual employee performance reviews.
Cybersecurity Governance Structures
Management’s Role in Managing Cybersecurity Risk
We are committed to protecting sensitive information and have a dedicated cybersecurity group within our IT department that is overseen by our Chief Information Officer. This group provides a quarterly cybersecurity report to our senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief
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Administrative Officer, Chief Information Officer, General Counsel, business segment Presidents and the Vice President—Corporate Security. This senior management team is involved in all significant cybersecurity decisions, including efforts undertaken to comply with the security directives issued by the TSA. Our Chief Executive Officer, General Counsel and our Chief Information Officer have attended classified briefings on cybersecurity in Washington, D.C. In addition to the quarterly reports to senior management, the cybersecurity team prepares broader management briefings that include updates regarding company-wide cybersecurity matters and initiatives and provide a forum for discussing data security risk solutions and formulating action plans.
Management of our cybersecurity team has extensive experience and training related to cybersecurity matters. These leaders hold top-secret clearance from the U.S. federal government and have attended classified briefings from relevant federal agencies. Our cybersecurity team has in excess of 120 years of combined cybersecurity experience as of year-end 2023, and members of the team hold various specialized certifications related to cybersecurity, including training related to penetration testing and information system auditing.
The Board’s Role in Cybersecurity Risk Oversight
The Audit Committee of our Board has oversight responsibility related to cybersecurity risk and is briefed quarterly by our Chief Information Officer on cybersecurity risk, our cybersecurity management program and initiatives, and, if applicable, notable cybersecurity events. In the event of a significant cybersecurity incident, our Chief Executive Officer will notify the Chairman of the Board or, in that person’s absence, the lead independent director of the Board.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
See Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Except for one terminal facility that is in temporary idle status with the Mine Safety and Health Administration, we do not own or operate mines for which reporting requirements apply under the mine safety disclosure requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. We have not received any specified health and safety violations, orders or citations, related assessments or legal actions, mining-related fatalities, or similar events requiring disclosure pursuant to the mine safety disclosure requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Our Class P common stock is listed for trading on the NYSE under the symbol “KMI.”
As of February 15, 2024, we had 9,540 holders of record of our Class P common stock, which does not include beneficial owners whose shares are held by a nominee, such as a broker or bank.
For information on our equity compensation plans, see Note 10 “Share-based Compensation and Employee Benefits—Share-based Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements. For information about our expectations regarding dividends, please see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—General—2024 Dividends and Discretionary Capital.”
Our Purchases of Our Class P Stock
(During the quarter ended December 31, 2023)

Settlement Period |  | Total number of securities purchased(a) |  | Average price paid per security(b) |  | Total number of securities purchased as part of publicly announced plans(a) |  | Approximate dollar value of securities that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs(a)
October 1 to October 31, 2023 |  | 5,706,428 |  |  | $ | 16.41 |  |  | 5,706,428 |  |  | $ | 1,574,253,794 |
November 1 to November 30, 2023 |  | 2,386,705 |  |  | 16.26 |  |  | 2,386,705 |  |  | 1,535,434,677 |
December 1 to December 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,535,434,677 |
Total |  | 8,093,133 |  |  | $ | 16.37 |  |  | 8,093,133 |  |  | $ | 1,535,434,677 |

(a)On July 19, 2017, our Board approved a $2 billion common share buy-back program. On January 18, 2023, our Board approved an increase in our share repurchase authorization to $3 billion from $2 billion. After repurchase, the shares are canceled and no longer outstanding.
(b)Amount includes any commission or other costs to repurchase shares.
Subsequent to December 31, 2023 and through February 16, 2024, we repurchased less than 1 million shares at an average price of $16.50 for $7 million.
Item 6. [Reserved]
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. We prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Additional sections in this report which should be helpful to the reading of our discussion and analysis include the following: (i) a description of our business strategy found in Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Business Strategy;” (ii) a description of developments during 2023, found in Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—General Development of Business—Recent Developments;” (iii) a description of terms for services and commodities we provide, found in Items 1 and 2.
“Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Business Segments;” (iv) a description of risk factors affecting us and our business, found in Item 1A. “Risk Factors;” and (v) a discussion of forward-looking statements, found in “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this report.
A comparative discussion of our 2022 to 2021 operating results can be found in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2022.
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General
Acquisitions
Following are acquisitions we made during the reporting period. See Note 3. “Acquisitions and Divestitures” to our consolidated financial statements for further information on these transactions.

Event | Description | Business Segment
STX Midstream acquisition $1,831 million (December 2023) | We acquired the STX Midstream pipeline system consisting of a set of integrated, large diameter high pressure natural gas pipelines in the Eagle Ford basin, including the Eagle Ford Transmission system, a 90% interest in NET Mexico Pipeline LLC and a 50% interest in Dos Caminos, LLC. Approximately 75% of the business is supported by take-or-pay contracts. | Natural Gas Pipelines (Midstream activities)
Diamond M Field acquisition $13 million (June 2023) | We acquired the Diamond M Field asset which is located directly adjacent to our existing SACROC field. The field is currently under waterflood but is expected to be very receptive to CO 2 flooding given its proximity to SACROC. We expect to begin implementation of enhanced oil recovery in 2024. | CO 2 (Oil and Gas Producing activities)

2024 Dividends and Discretionary Capital
We expect to declare dividends of $1.15 per share for 2024, a 2% increase from the 2023 declared dividends of $1.13 per share. We also expect to invest $2.3 billion in expansion projects and contributions to joint ventures, or discretionary capital expenditures, during 2024.
The expectations for 2024 discussed above involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and are not guarantees of performance. Many of the factors that will determine these expectations are beyond our ability to control or predict, and because of these uncertainties, it is advisable not to put undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. Please read “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this report and Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for more information.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Critical accounting estimates and assumptions involve material levels of subjectivity and complex judgement to account for highly uncertain matters or matters with a high susceptibility to change, and could result in a material impact to our financial statements. Examples of certain areas that require more judgment relative to others when preparing our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures include our use of estimates in determining (i) revenue recognition; (ii) income taxes; (iii) the economic useful lives of our assets and related depletion rates; (iv) the fair values used in (a) assignment of the purchase price for a business acquisition, (b) calculations of possible asset and equity investment impairment charges, (c) calculation for the annual goodwill impairment test (or interim tests if triggered), and (d) recording derivative contract assets and liabilities; (v) reserves for environmental claims, legal fees, transportation rate cases and other litigation liabilities; (vi) provisions for credit losses; and (vii) exposures under contractual indemnifications. We routinely evaluate these estimates, utilizing historical experience, consultation with experts and other methods we consider reasonable in the particular circumstances. Nevertheless, actual results may differ significantly from our estimates, and any effects on our business, financial position or results of operations resulting from revisions to these estimates are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.
For a summary of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements and the following discussion for further information regarding critical accounting estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements. For discussion on our hedging activities and related sensitivities to our estimates, see Note 14 “Risk Management” to our consolidated financial statements and Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” respectively.
Impairments
In addition to our annual testing of impairment for goodwill, we evaluate impairment of our long-lived assets when a triggering event occurs. Management applies judgment in determining whether there is an impairment indicator. Fair value calculated for the purpose of testing our long-lived assets, including intangible assets, goodwill and equity method investments,
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for impairment involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions regarding the timing and amounts of future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives, among other items. The estimates and assumptions can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. An estimate of the sensitivity to changes in underlying assumptions of a fair value calculation is not practicable, given the numerous assumptions that can materially affect our estimates.
For more information on our impairments and significant estimates and assumptions used in our impairment evaluations, see Note 4 “Losses and Gains on Divestitures, Impairments and Other Write-downs.”
Environmental Matters
With respect to our environmental exposure, we utilize both internal staff and external experts to assist us in identifying environmental issues and in estimating the costs and timing of remediation efforts. Our accrual of environmental liabilities often coincides either with our completion of a feasibility study or our commitment to a formal plan of action, but generally, we recognize and/or adjust our probable environmental liabilities, if necessary or appropriate, following quarterly reviews of potential environmental issues and claims that could impact our assets or operations. In recording and adjusting environmental liabilities, we consider the effect of environmental compliance, pending legal actions against us, and potential third-party liability claims. For more information on environmental matters, see Part I, Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Environmental Matters.” For more information on our environmental disclosures, see Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements.
Legal and Regulatory Matters
Many of our operations are regulated by various U.S. regulatory bodies, and we are subject to legal and regulatory matters as a result of our business operations and transactions. We utilize both internal and external counsel in evaluating our potential exposure to adverse outcomes from orders, judgments or settlements. Any such liability recorded is revised as better information becomes available. Accordingly, to the extent that actual outcomes differ from our estimates, or additional facts and circumstances cause us to revise our estimates, our earnings will be affected. For more information on regulatory matters, see Part I, Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties—Narrative Description of Business—Industry Regulation.” For more information on legal proceedings, see Note 18 “Litigation and Environmental” to our consolidated financial statements.
Employee Benefit Plans
Our pension and OPEB obligations and net benefit costs are primarily based on actuarial calculations. A significant assumption we utilize is the discount rate used in calculating our benefit obligations. The selection of assumptions used in the actuarial calculations of our pension and OPEB plans is further discussed in Note 10 “Share-based Compensation and Employee Benefits” to our consolidated financial statements.
Actual results may differ from the assumptions included in these calculations, and as a result, our estimates associated with our pension and OPEB obligations can be, and have been revised in subsequent periods. The income statement impact of the changes in the assumptions on our related benefit obligations are deferred and amortized into income over either the period of expected future service of active participants, or over the expected future lives of inactive plan participants.
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The following sensitivity analysis shows the estimated impact of a 1% change in the primary assumptions used in our actuarial calculations associated with our pension and OPEB plans for the year ended December 31, 2023:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
|  | Net benefit cost (credit) |  | Funded status |  | Net benefit cost (credit) |  | Funded status(a)
|  | (In millions)
One percent increase in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rates |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |
Rate of compensation increase |  | 2 |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
One percent decrease in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rates |  | 11 |  |  | (155) |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Expected return on plan assets |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Rate of compensation increase |  | (2) |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(a)Includes amounts deferred as either accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) or as a regulatory asset or liability for certain of our regulated operations.
Income Taxes
We make significant judgments and estimates in determining our provision for income taxes, including our assessment of our income tax positions given the uncertainties involved in the interpretation and application of complex tax laws and regulations in various taxing jurisdictions. Numerous and complex judgments and assumptions are inherent in the estimation of future taxable income when determining a valuation allowance, including factors such as future operating conditions and the apportionment of income by state. For more information, see Note 5 “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements.
Results of Operations
Overview
As described in further detail below, our management evaluates our performance primarily using Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. and Segment earnings before DD&A expenses, including amortization of excess cost of equity investments, (EBDA) (as presented in Note 16 “Reportable Segments”) along with the non-GAAP financial measures of Adjusted Net income attributable to Common Stock, and distributable cash flow (DCF), both in the aggregate and per share for each, Adjusted Segment EBDA, Adjusted Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc., Adjusted earnings before interest, income taxes, DD&A expenses, including amortization of excess cost of equity investments, (EBITDA) and Net Debt.
GAAP Financial Measures
The Consolidated Earnings Results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 present Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc., as prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and Segment EBDA, which is disclosed in Note 16 “Reportable Segments” pursuant to FASB ASC 280. The composition of Segment EBDA is not addressed nor prescribed by generally accepted accounting principles. Segment EBDA is a useful measure of our operating performance because it measures the operating results of our segments before DD&A and certain expenses that are generally not controllable by our business segment operating managers, such as general and administrative expenses and corporate charges, interest expense, net, and income taxes. Our general and administrative expenses and corporate charges include such items as unallocated employee benefits, insurance, rentals, unallocated litigation and environmental expenses, and shared corporate services including accounting, information technology, human resources and legal services.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Our non-GAAP financial measures described below should not be considered alternatives to GAAP Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. or other GAAP measures and have important limitations as analytical tools. Our computations of these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similarly titled measures used by others. You should not consider these non-GAAP financial measures in isolation or as substitutes for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Management compensates for the limitations of our consolidated non-GAAP financial measures by reviewing our
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comparable GAAP measures identified in the descriptions of consolidated non-GAAP measures below, understanding the differences between the measures and taking this information into account in its analysis and its decision-making processes.
Certain Items
Certain Items, as adjustments used to calculate our non-GAAP financial measures, are items that are required by GAAP to be reflected in Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc., but typically either (i) do not have a cash impact (for example, unsettled commodity hedges and asset impairments), or (ii) by their nature are separately identifiable from our normal business operations and in most cases are likely to occur only sporadically (for example, certain legal settlements, enactment of new tax legislation and casualty losses). (See the tables included in “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc.,” “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to DCF” and “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA” below). We also include adjustments related to joint ventures (see “Amounts from Joint Ventures” below). The following table summarizes our Certain Items for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, which are also described in more detail in the footnotes to tables included in “—Segment Earnings Results” below.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Certain Items |  |  |
Fair value amortization | $ | — |  |  | $ | (15) |
Legal, environmental and other reserves | — |  |  | 51 |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts(a) | (126) |  |  | 57 |
Loss on impairment | 67 |  |  | — |
Income tax Certain Items(b) | 33 |  |  | (37) |
Other(c) | 45 |  |  | 32 |
Total Certain Items(d)(e) | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 88 |

(a)Gains or losses are reflected when realized.
(b)Represents the income tax provision on Certain Items plus discrete income tax items. Includes the impact of KMI’s income tax provision on Certain Items affecting earnings from equity investments and is separate from the related tax provision recognized at the investees by the joint ventures which are also taxable entities.
(c)2023 amount represents pension cost adjustments related to settlements made by our pension plans.
(d)2023 and 2022 amounts include the following amounts reported within “Earnings from equity investments” on the accompanying consolidated statements of income: (i) none and $1 million, respectively, included within “Change in fair value of derivative contracts” and (ii) $67 million, for the 2023 period only, included within “Loss on impairment” for a non-cash impairment related to our investment in Double Eagle Pipeline LLC in our Products Pipelines business segment (see Note 4 “Losses and Gains on Divestitures, Impairments and Other Write-downs—Impairments—Investments”).
(e)2023 and 2022 amounts include, in the aggregate, $(7) million and $(11) million, respectively, included within “Interest, net” on the accompanying consolidated statements of income which consist of none and $(15) million, respectively, of “Fair value amortization” and $(7) million and $4 million, respectively, of “Change in fair value of derivative contracts.”
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc.
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. (previously referred to as “Adjusted Earnings”) is calculated by adjusting Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. for Certain Items. Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. is used by us, investors and other external users of our financial statements as a supplemental measure that provides decision-useful information regarding our period-over-period performance and ability to generate earnings that are core to our ongoing operations. We believe the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. is Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc.”
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock and Adjusted EPS
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock is calculated by adjusting Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc., the most comparable GAAP measure, for Certain Items, and further for net income allocated to participating securities and adjusted net income in excess of distributions for participating securities. We are adopting Adjusted Net Income Attributable to
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Common Stock because we believe it allows for calculation of adjusted earnings per share (Adjusted EPS) on the most comparable basis with earnings per share, the most comparable GAAP measure to Adjusted EPS. Adjusted EPS is calculated as Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock divided by our weighted average shares outstanding. Adjusted EPS applies the same two-class method used in arriving at basic earnings per share. Adjusted EPS is used by us, investors and other external users of our financial statements as a per-share supplemental measure that provides decision-useful information regarding our period-over-period performance and ability to generate earnings that are core to our ongoing operations. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock” below.
DCF
DCF is calculated by adjusting Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. for Certain Items, and further for DD&A and amortization of excess cost of equity investments, income tax expense, cash taxes, sustaining capital expenditures and other items. We also adjust amounts from joint ventures for income taxes, DD&A, cash taxes and sustaining capital expenditures (see “Amounts from Joint Ventures” below). DCF is a significant performance measure used by us, investors and other external users of our financial statements to evaluate our performance and to measure and estimate the ability of our assets to generate economic earnings after paying interest expense, paying cash taxes and expending sustaining capital. DCF provides additional insight into the specific costs associated with our assets in the current period and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of our performance from ongoing business activities. DCF is also used by us, investors, and other external users to compare the performance of companies across our industry. DCF per share serves as the primary financial performance target for purposes of annual bonuses under our annual incentive compensation program and for performance-based vesting of equity compensation grants under our long-term incentive compensation program. DCF should not be used as an alternative to net cash provided by operating activities computed under GAAP. We believe the GAAP measure most directly comparable to DCF is Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. DCF per share is DCF divided by average outstanding shares, including restricted stock awards that participate in dividends. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to DCF” below.
Adjusted Segment EBDA
Adjusted Segment EBDA is calculated by adjusting Segment EBDA for Certain Items attributable to the segment. Adjusted Segment EBDA is used by management in its analysis of segment performance and management of our business. We believe Adjusted Segment EBDA is a useful performance metric because it provides management, investors and other external users of our financial statements additional insight into performance trends across our business segments, our segments’ relative contributions to our consolidated performance and the ability of our segments to generate earnings on an ongoing basis. Adjusted Segment EBDA is also used as a factor in determining compensation under our annual incentive compensation program for our business segment presidents and other business segment employees. We believe it is useful to investors because it is a measure that management uses to allocate resources to our segments and assess each segment’s performance. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Segment EBDA to Adjusted Segment EBDA” below.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adjusting Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. for Certain Items and further for DD&A and amortization of excess cost of equity investments, income tax expense and interest. We also include amounts from joint ventures for income taxes and DD&A (see “Amounts from Joint Ventures” below). Adjusted EBITDA is used by management, investors and other external users, in conjunction with our Net Debt (as described further below), to evaluate our leverage. Management and external users also use Adjusted EBITDA as an important metric to compare the valuations of companies across our industry. Our ratio of Net Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA is used as a supplemental performance target for purposes of our annual incentive compensation program. We believe the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA is Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA” below.
Amounts from Joint Ventures
Certain Items, DCF and Adjusted EBITDA reflect amounts from unconsolidated joint ventures and consolidated joint ventures utilizing the same recognition and measurement methods used to record “Earnings from equity investments” and “Noncontrolling interests,” respectively. The calculations of DCF and Adjusted EBITDA related to our unconsolidated and consolidated joint ventures include the same items (DD&A and income tax expense, and for DCF only, also cash taxes and sustaining capital expenditures) with respect to the joint ventures as those included in the calculations of DCF and Adjusted EBITDA for our wholly-owned consolidated subsidiaries; further, we remove the portion of these adjustments attributable to
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non-controlling interests. (See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to DCF” and “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA” below.) Although these amounts related to our unconsolidated joint ventures are included in the calculations of DCF and Adjusted EBITDA, such inclusion should not be understood to imply that we have control over the operations and resulting revenues, expenses or cash flows of such unconsolidated joint ventures.
Net Debt
Net Debt is calculated, based on amounts as of December 31, 2023, by subtracting the following amounts from our debt balance of $32,116 million: (i) cash and cash equivalents of $83 million; (ii) debt fair value adjustments of $187 million; and (iii) the foreign exchange impact on Euro-denominated bonds of $9 million for which we have entered into currency swaps to convert that debt to U.S. dollars. Net Debt, on its own and in conjunction with our Adjusted EBITDA as part of a ratio of Net Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA, is a non-GAAP financial measure that is used by management, investors and other external users of our financial information to evaluate our leverage. Our ratio of Net Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA is also used as a supplemental performance target for purposes of our annual incentive compensation program. We believe the most comparable measure to Net Debt is total debt.
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Consolidated Earnings Results
The following tables summarize the key components of our consolidated earnings results.

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Earnings increase/(decrease)
| (In millions, except percentages)
Revenues | $ | 15,334 |  |  | $ | 19,200 |  |  | $ | (3,866) |  |  | (20) | %
Operating Costs, Expenses and Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of sales (exclusive of items shown separately below) | (4,938) |  |  | (9,255) |  |  | 4,317 |  |  | 47 | %
Operations and maintenance | (2,807) |  |  | (2,655) |  |  | (152) |  |  | (6) | %
DD&A | (2,250) |  |  | (2,186) |  |  | (64) |  |  | (3) | %
General and administrative | (668) |  |  | (637) |  |  | (31) |  |  | (5) | %
Taxes, other than income taxes | (421) |  |  | (441) |  |  | 20 |  |  | 5 | %
Gain on divestitures and impairments, net | 15 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (53) | %
Other (expense) income, net | (2) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (129) | %
Total Operating Costs, Expenses and Other | (11,071) |  |  | (15,135) |  |  | 4,064 |  |  | 27 | %
Operating Income | 4,263 |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 5 | %
Other Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from equity investments | 838 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 4 | %
Amortization of excess cost of equity investments | (66) |  |  | (75) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 12 | %
Interest, net | (1,797) |  |  | (1,513) |  |  | (284) |  |  | (19) | %
Other, net | (37) |  |  | 55 |  |  | (92) |  |  | (167) | %
Total Other Expense | (1,062) |  |  | (730) |  |  | (332) |  |  | (45) | %
Income Before Income Taxes | 3,201 |  |  | 3,335 |  |  | (134) |  |  | (4) | %
Income Tax Expense | (715) |  |  | (710) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) | %
Net Income | 2,486 |  |  | 2,625 |  |  | (139) |  |  | (5) | %
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests | (95) |  |  | (77) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (23) | %
Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | (157) |  |  | (6) | %
Basic and diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | (0.06) |  |  | (5) | %
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 2,234 |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | (24) |  |  | (1) | %
Declared dividends per share | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | 2 | %

Our consolidated revenues include fees for transportation and other midstream services that we perform. Fluctuations in our consolidated services revenue largely reflect changes in volumes and/or in the rates we charge. Our consolidated costs of sales and sales revenues also include purchases and sales of natural gas and products (which means, collectively, NGL, crude oil, CO 2 and transmix) and related derivative activity. Our consolidated sales revenue will fluctuate with commodity prices and volumes, and the associated costs of sales will usually have a commensurate and offsetting impact, except for the CO 2 segment, which produces, instead of purchases, the crude oil and CO 2 it sells. Additionally, fluctuations in revenues and costs of sales may be further impacted by gains or losses from derivative contracts that we use to manage our commodity price risk.
Below is a discussion of significant changes in our Consolidated Earnings Results for the comparable years ended 2023 and 2022:
Revenues
Revenues decreased $3,866 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower natural gas sales of $3,616 million and lower product sales of $1,029 million driven primarily by lower commodity prices partially offset by the impact of derivative contracts used to hedge commodity sales of $532 million, which includes both realized and unrealized gains and losses from derivatives. These decreases in revenues were offset by corresponding decreases in our costs of sales as described below under “Operating Costs, Expenses and Other—Costs of sales.”
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Operating Costs, Expenses and Other
Costs of Sales
Costs of sales decreased $4,317 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower costs of sales for natural gas of $3,587 million and for products of $622 million driven primarily by lower commodity prices. Costs of sales was further reduced by $73 million for the impacts of derivative contracts used to hedge commodity purchases which includes both realized and unrealized gains and losses from derivatives.
Operations and Maintenance
Operations and maintenance increased $152 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher labor and other expenses, including integrity costs and services, fuel costs and materials and supplies, related to greater activity levels and inflation, partially offset by lower legal costs due to a legal reserve established in the 2022 period associated with the EPNG pipeline rupture.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest, net
In the table above, we report our interest expense as “net,” meaning that we have subtracted interest income and capitalized interest from our total interest expense to arrive at one interest amount. Our interest expense, net increased $284 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher interest rates associated with fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps.
Other, net
Other, net changed $92 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The unfavorable change was primarily due to increased pension costs resulting from higher interest rates, declining pension asset performance and adjustments related to settlements made by our pension plans partially offset by a payment made in the 2022 period associated with the bankruptcy settlement involving our former equity investee, Ruby.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions, except per share amounts)
Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |
Certain Items(a) |  |  |
Fair value amortization | — |  |  | (15) |
Legal, environmental and other reserves | — |  |  | 51 |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | (126) |  |  | 57 |
Loss on impairment | 67 |  |  | — |
Income tax Certain Items | 33 |  |  | (37) |
Other | 45 |  |  | 32 |
Total Certain Items | 19 |  |  | 88 |
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,410 |  |  | $ | 2,636 |
Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock
Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |
Total Certain Items(b) | 19 |  |  | 88 |
Net income allocated to participating securities(c) | (14) |  |  | (13) |
Other(d) | — |  |  | (1) |
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 2,622 |
Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to DCF
Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |
Total Certain Items(b) | 19 |  |  | 88 |
DD&A | 2,250 |  |  | 2,186 |
Amortization of excess cost of equity investments | 66 |  |  | 75 |
Income tax expense(e) | 682 |  |  | 747 |
Cash taxes | (11) |  |  | (13) |
Sustaining capital expenditures | (868) |  |  | (761) |
Amounts from joint ventures |  |  |
Unconsolidated joint venture DD&A | 323 |  |  | 323 |
Remove consolidated joint venture partners’ DD&A | (63) |  |  | (50) |
Unconsolidated joint venture income tax expense(f)(g) | 89 |  |  | 75 |
Unconsolidated joint venture cash taxes(f) | (76) |  |  | (70) |
Unconsolidated joint venture sustaining capital expenditures | (163) |  |  | (148) |
Remove consolidated joint venture partners’ sustaining capital expenditures | 9 |  |  | 8 |
Other items(h) | 67 |  |  | (38) |
DCF | $ | 4,715 |  |  | $ | 4,970 |
Adjusted EPS | $ | 1.07 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |
Weighted average shares outstanding for dividends(i) | 2,247 |  |  | 2,271 |
DCF per share | $ | 2.10 |  |  | $ | 2.19 |
Declared dividends per share | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |

(a)See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above.
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(b)See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Common Stock” for a detailed listing.
(c)Net income allocated to common stock and participating securities is based on the amount of dividends paid in the current period plus an allocation of the undistributed earnings or excess distributions over earnings to the extent that each security participates in earnings or excess distributions over earnings, as applicable.
(d)Adjusted net income in excess of distributions for participating securities.
(e)To avoid duplication, adjustments for income tax expense for 2023 and 2022 exclude $33 million and $(37) million, which amounts are already included within “Certain Items.” See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above.
(f)Associated with our Citrus, NGPL Holdings and Products (SE) Pipe Line equity investments.
(g)Includes the tax provision on Certain Items recognized by the investees that are taxable entities. The impact of KMI’s income tax provision on Certain Items affecting earnings from equity investments is included within “Certain Items.” See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above.
(h)Includes non-cash pension expense, non-cash compensation associated with our restricted stock program and pension contributions.
(i)Includes restricted stock awards that participate in dividends.
Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Net income attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |
Certain Items(a) |  |  |
Fair value amortization | — |  |  | (15) |
Legal, environmental and other reserves | — |  |  | 51 |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | (126) |  |  | 57 |
Loss on impairment | 67 |  |  | — |
Income tax Certain Items | 33 |  |  | (37) |
Other | 45 |  |  | 32 |
Total Certain Items | 19 |  |  | 88 |
DD&A | 2,250 |  |  | 2,186 |
Amortization of excess cost of equity investments | 66 |  |  | 75 |
Income tax expense(b) | 682 |  |  | 747 |
Interest, net(c) | 1,804 |  |  | 1,524 |
Amounts from joint ventures |  |  |
Unconsolidated joint venture DD&A | 323 |  |  | 323 |
Remove consolidated joint venture partners’ DD&A | (63) |  |  | (50) |
Unconsolidated joint venture income tax expense(d) | 89 |  |  | 75 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 7,561 |  |  | $ | 7,516 |

(a)See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above.
(b)To avoid duplication, adjustments for income tax expense for 2023 and 2022 exclude $33 million and $(37) million, which amounts are already included within “Certain Items.” See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above.
(c)To avoid duplication, adjustments for interest, net for 2023 and 2022 exclude $(7) million and $(11) million, respectively, whic h amounts are already included within “Certain Items.” See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items,” above.
(d)Includes that tax provision on Certain Items recognized by the investees that are taxable entities associated with our Citrus, NGPL Holdings and Products (SE) Pipe Line equity investments. The impact of KMI’s income tax provision on Certain Items affecting earnings from equity investments is included within “Certain Items” above.
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Below is a discussion of significant changes in our Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc., DCF and Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,410 |  |  | $ | 2,636 |
DCF | 4,715 |  |  | 4,970 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 7,561 |  |  | 7,516 |
Change from prior period | Increase/(Decrease) |  |
Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | (226) |  |  |
DCF | $ | (255) |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 45 |  |  |

Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. decreased $226 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by higher interest expense. Higher interest expense also affected DCF. The $255 million decrease in DCF in 2023 compared to 2022 was further impacted by an increase in sustaining capital expenditures. Adjusted EBITDA increased $45 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was due to favorable margins from settled derivatives on our Natural Gas Pipeline business segment partially offset by overall lower commodity prices across our business segments.
General and Administrative and Corporate Charges

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
General and administrative | $ | (668) |  |  | $ | (637) |
Corporate (charges) benefit, net | (91) |  |  | 44 |
Certain Items | 45 |  |  | 6 |
General and administrative and corporate charges | $ | (714) |  |  | $ | (587) |
Change from prior period | Earnings increase/(decrease) |  |
General and administrative | $ | (31) |  |  |
Corporate (charges) benefit, net | (135) |  |  |
Total | $ | (166) |  |  |

General and administrative expenses increased $31 million and corporate (charges) benefit increased $135 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The combined changes were primarily due to higher pension costs of $95 million resulting from higher interest rates and declining pension asset performance, and higher labor and benefit-related costs of $39 million. In addition, the combined changes include the impact of increased pension costs of $45 million in 2023 related to settlements made by our pension plans and increased costs of $6 million in 2022 associated with the Ruby bankruptcy, which we treated as Certain Items.
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Reconciliation of Segment EBDA to Adjusted Segment EBDA

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Segment EBDA(a) |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines Segment EBDA | $ | 5,282 |  |  | $ | 4,801 |
Certain Items(b) |  |  |
Legal, environmental and other reserves | — |  |  | 51 |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | (122) |  |  | 64 |
Other | — |  |  | 26 |
Natural Gas Pipelines Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 5,160 |  |  | $ | 4,942 |
Products Pipelines Segment EBDA | $ | 1,062 |  |  | $ | 1,107 |
Certain Items(b) |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | (1) |  |  | — |
Loss on impairment | 67 |  |  | — |
Products Pipelines Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 1,107 |
Terminals Segment EBDA | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 975 |
CO 2 Segment EBDA | $ | 689 |  |  | $ | 819 |
Certain Items(b) |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | 4 |  |  | (11) |
CO 2 Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 808 |

(a)Includes revenues, earnings from equity investments, operating expense s, gain on divestitures and impairments, net, other (expense) income, net, and other, net. Operating expenses include costs of sales, operations and maintenance expenses, and taxes, other than income taxes. See “—Overview—GAAP Financial Measures” above.
(b)See “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above.
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Segment Earnings Results
Natural Gas Pipelines

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions, except operating statistics)
Revenues | $ | 9,168 |  |  | $ | 12,686 |
Costs of sales | (3,258) |  |  | (7,171) |
Other operating expenses | (1,442) |  |  | (1,391) |
Gain on divestitures and impairments, net | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Other income | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Earnings from equity investments | 776 |  |  | 683 |
Other, net | 26 |  |  | (19) |
Segment EBDA | 5,282 |  |  | 4,801 |
Certain Items: |  |  |
Legal, environmental and other reserves | — |  |  | 51 |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | (122) |  |  | 64 |
Other | — |  |  | 26 |
Certain Items(a) | (122) |  |  | 141 |
Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 5,160 |  |  | $ | 4,942 |
Change from prior period | Increase/(Decrease) |  |
Segment EBDA | $ | 481 |  |  |
Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 218 |  |  |
Volumetric data(b) |  |  |
Transport volumes (BBtu/d) | 40,282 |  |  | 38,657 |
Sales volumes (BBtu/d) | 2,346 |  |  | 2,482 |
Gathering volumes (BBtu/d) | 3,562 |  |  | 2,994 |
NGLs (MBbl/d) | 34 |  |  | 30 |

(a)See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above. 2023 and 2022 Certain Items of (i) $(122) million and $63 million, respectively, are associated with our Midstream business; (ii) none and $1 million, respectively, are associated with our East business; and (iii) none and $77 million, respectively, are associated with our West business. For more detail of significant Certain Items, see the discussion of changes in Segment EBDA below.
(b)Joint venture throughput is reported at our ownership share. Volumes for assets sold are excluded for all periods presented.
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Below are the changes in Natural Gas Pipelines Segment EBDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | increase/(decrease)
| (In millions)
Midstream | $ | 1,697 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |  |  | $ | 256 |
East | 2,637 |  |  | 2,502 |  |  | 135 |
West | 948 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 90 |
Total Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 5,282 |  |  | $ | 4,801 |  |  | $ | 481 |

The changes in Natural Gas Pipelines Segment EBDA in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 are explained by the following discussion:
•The $256 million (18%) increase in Midstream was affected by decreases in revenues and costs of sales related to the mark-to-market impacts of non-cash unrealized derivative contracts used to hedge forecasted commodity sales and purchases, which we treated as Certain Items.
In addition, Midstream was favorably impacted by (i) higher earnings on our Texas intrastate natural gas pipeline operations resulting from increased sales margins, which were largely driven by realized gains on sales hedges but reduced by lower commodity prices and sales volumes, and from lower pipeline integrity costs; (ii) higher earnings from our Hiland Midstream systems primarily due to higher services fees resulting from higher volumes and rates; and (iii) higher earnings on our KinderHawk assets driven by increased volumes partly reduced by higher operating expenses. These were partially offset by (i) lower service fee revenues as a result of renegotiated contracts at lower rates on our South Texas assets; and (ii) lower commodity sales margin driven primarily by lower volumes on our Oklahoma assets.
Overall, Midstream’s revenue changes are partially offset by corresponding changes in costs of sales.
•The $135 million (5%) increase in East was primarily d ue to (i) higher equity earnings from Midcontinent Express Pipeline LLC, driven by favorable pricing on new customer contracts entered into in the later part of 2022; (ii) higher revenues on our Stagecoach assets as a result of increased demand for its services and favorable pricing; (iii) higher revenues on TGP due to increased rates on capacity sales, increased demand for its services, favorable pricing on services and an expansion project that went into service in November 2023 partially offset by higher pipeline maintenance costs.
•The $90 million (10%) increase in West was primarily due to higher earnings from EPNG due to (i) increased revenues from favorable pricing on its services and the return of a pipeline segment to service in February 2023 and (ii) an increase in gas sales margin, partially offset by (i) increased pipeline integrity costs on EPNG and (ii) lower revenues from Cheyenne Plains Gas Pipeline Company, L.L.C. and Wyoming Interstate Company, L.L.C., principally resulting from contract expirations in December 2022.
In addition, the West was affected by costs associated with the EPNG pipeline rupture and related litigation reserve and a payment associated with the bankruptcy settlement involving our former equity investee, Ruby, for the 2022 period only, which we treated as Certain Items.
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Products Pipelines

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions, except operating statistics)
Revenues | $ | 3,066 |  |  | $ | 3,418 |
Costs of sales | (1,588) |  |  | (1,972) |
Other operating expenses | (436) |  |  | (419) |
Gain on divestitures and impairments, net | — |  |  | 12 |
Other expense | (4) |  |  | — |
Earnings from equity investments | 23 |  |  | 68 |
Other, net | 1 |  |  | — |
Segment EBDA | 1,062 |  |  | 1,107 |
Certain Items: |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | (1) |  |  | — |
Loss on impairment | 67 |  |  | — |
Certain Items(a) | 66 |  |  | — |
Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 1,128 |  |  | $ | 1,107 |
Change from prior period | Increase/(Decrease) |  |
Segment EBDA | $ | (45) |  |  |
Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 21 |  |  |
Volumetric data(b) |  |  |
Gasoline(c) | 980 |  |  | 978 |
Diesel fuel | 351 |  |  | 367 |
Jet fuel | 285 |  |  | 264 |
Total refined product volumes | 1,616 |  |  | 1,609 |
Crude and condensate | 483 |  |  | 471 |
Total delivery volumes (MBbl/d) | 2,099 |  |  | 2,080 |

(a)See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above. 2023 and 2022 Certain Items of (i) $(1) million and none, respectively, are associated with our Southeast Refined Products business and (ii) $67 million and none, respectively, are associated with our Crude and Condensate business. For more detail of significant Certain Items, see the discussion of changes in Segment EBDA below.
(b)Joint venture throughput is reported at our ownership share.
(c)Volumes include ethanol pipeline volumes.
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Below are the changes in Products Pipelines Segment EBDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | increase/(decrease)
| (In millions)
Crude and Condensate | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | (66) |
Southeast Refined Products | 278 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 13 |
West Coast Refined Products | 519 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 8 |
Total Products Pipelines | $ | 1,062 |  |  | $ | 1,107 |  |  | $ | (45) |

The changes in Products Pipelines Segment EBDA in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 are explained by the following discussion:
•The $66 million (20%) decrease in Crude and Condensate was affected by a decrease of $67 million to equity earnings for a non-cash impairment related to our investment in Double Eagle Pipeline LLC, which we treated as a Certain Item.
In addition, Crude and Condensate was impacted by (i) higher earnings from our Bakken assets due primarily to higher volumes and gathering rates and lower operating costs driven by favorable net changes in product gains and losses partially offset by unfavorable product pricing and (ii) an increase in equity earnings, excluding the impairment discussed above, from Double Eagle Pipeline LLC due to an increase in volumes and deficiency revenues, offset by lower earnings from Kinder Morgan Crude & Condensate pipeline driven primarily by a decrease in revenues as a result of re-contracting at lower rates and lower deficiency revenues. Our Crude and Condensate business also had lower revenues with a corresponding decrease in costs of sales, resulting primarily from decreased commodity pricing and volumes.
•The $13 million (5%) increase in Southeast Refined Products was driven by (i) an increase in equity earnings from Products (SE) Pipe Line primarily due to increased revenues driven by higher rates, volumes and blending activities partially offset by unfavorable net changes in product gains and losses and (ii) higher revenues on Central Florida Pipeline LLC due to higher volumes and rates partially offset by lower earnings at our Transmix processing operations primarily due to unfavorable product pricing.
•The $8 million (2%) increase in West Coast Refined Products was impacted by increased revenues from our Pacific operations as a result of renewable diesel growth projects and higher rates partially offset by higher operating costs driven by unfavorable net changes in product gains and losses, higher fuel rates, and increased labor costs and increased revenues from Calnev Pipe Line LLC driven by higher rates partially offset by a gain on sale of land in the 2022 period.
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Terminals

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions, except operating statistics)
Revenues | $ | 1,917 |  | $ | 1,792
Costs of sales | (33) |  | (26)
Other operating expenses | (863) |  | (827)
Gain on divestitures and impairments, net | 1 |  | 9
Other income | 1 |  | 5
Earnings from equity investments | 9 |  | 14
Other, net | 8 |  | 8
Segment EBDA | $ | 1,040 |  | $ | 975
Change from prior period | Increase/(Decrease) |  |
Segment EBDA | $ | 65 |  |  |
Volumetric data(a) |  |  |
Liquids leasable capacity (MMBbl) | 78.7 |  |  | 78.2 |
Liquids utilization %(b) | 93.6 | % |  | 91.3 | %
Bulk transload tonnage (MMtons) | 53.3 |  |  | 53.2 |

(a)Volumes for facilities divested, idled, and/or held for sale are excluded for all periods presented.
(b)The ratio of our tankage capacity in service to liquids leasable capacity.
The groupings for our Terminals business segment have been updated from previous periods to reflect a more condensed presentation of Terminals Segment EBDA. For purposes of the following tables and related discussions, the results of operations of our terminals are reclassified for all periods presented from the historical business grouping. Terminals held for sale or divested, including any associated gain or loss on sale, are included within the Other group.
Below are the changes in Terminals Segment EBDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | increase/(decrease)
| (In millions)
Jones Act tankers | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 31 |
Liquids | 601 |  |  | 573 |  |  | 28 |
Bulk | 256 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 13 |
Other | 6 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (7) |
Total Terminals | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 65 |

The changes in Terminals Segment EBDA in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 are explained by the following discussion:
•The $31 million (21%) increase in Jones Act tankers was primarily due to highe r average charter rates.
•The $28 million (5%) increase in Liquids was primarily due to increased revenues associated with contributions from expansion projects, contractual rate escalations, re-contracting at higher rates and increased utilization partially offset by higher labor and maintenance expense.
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•The $13 million (5%) increase in Bulk was primarily due to higher revenues associated with contributions from expansion projects, contractual rate escalations, higher volumes for petroleum coke and higher volumes and ancillaries for ste el handling activities partially offset by reduced revenues from coal handling activities and higher labor and other operating expenses.
CO 2

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions, except operating statistics)
Revenues | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 1,334 |
Costs of sales | (77) |  |  | (109) |
Other operating expenses | (473) |  |  | (445) |
Gain on divestitures and impairments, net | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Other expense | (1) |  |  | — |
Earnings from equity investments | 30 |  |  | 38 |
Segment EBDA | 689 |  |  | 819 |
Certain Items: |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivative contracts | 4 |  |  | (11) |
Certain Items(a) | 4 |  |  | (11) |
Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 808 |
Change from prior period | Increase/(Decrease) |  |
Segment EBDA | $ | (130) |  |  |
Adjusted Segment EBDA | $ | (115) |  |  |
Volumetric data(b) |  |  |
SACROC oil production(c) | 20.22 |  |  | 20.29 |
Yates oil production | 6.63 |  |  | 6.52 |
Other | 2.32 |  |  | 2.75 |
Total oil production, net (MBbl/d)(d) | 29.17 |  |  | 29.56 |
NGL sales volumes, net (MBbl/d)(d) | 8.97 |  |  | 9.40 |
CO 2 sales volumes, net (Bcf/d) | 0.336 |  |  | 0.358 |
RNG sales volumes (BBtu/d) | 6 |  |  | 3 |
Realized weighted average oil price ($ per Bbl) | $ | 67.42 |  |  | $ | 66.78 |
Realized weighted average NGL price ($ per Bbl) | $ | 30.84 |  |  | $ | 39.59 |

(a)See table included in “—Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Certain Items” above. 2023 and 2022 Certain Items are associated with our Oil and Gas Producing activities. For more detail of significant Certain Items, see the discussion of changes in Segment EBDA below.
(b)Volumes for acquired assets are included for all periods presente d, however, EBDA contributions from acquisitions are included only for the periods subsequent to their acquisition.
(c)Includes volumetric data for Diamond M.
(d)Net of royalties and outside working interests.
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Below are the changes in CO 2 Segment EBDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | increase/(decrease)
| (In millions)
Oil and Gas Producing activities | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | (80) |
Source and Transportation activities | 187 |  |  | 247 |  |  | (60) |
Subtotal | 660 |  |  | 800 |  |  | (140) |
Energy Transition Ventures activities | 29 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 10 |
Total CO 2 | $ | 689 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | (130) |

The changes in CO 2 Segment EBDA in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 are explained by the following discussion:
•The $80 million (14%) decrease in Oil and Gas Producing activities was impacted by decreases in revenues related to lower realized NGL prices and lower volumes, lower crude oil volumes and higher operating expenses partially offset by higher realized crude oil prices.
In addition, Oil and Gas Producing activities was affected by unfavorable changes in revenues related to the mark-to-market impacts of non-cash unrealized derivative hedge contracts, which we treated as Certain Items.
•The $60 million (24%) decrease in Source and Transportation activities was primarily due to lower revenues related to lower CO 2 sales prices and volumes.
•The $10 million (53%) increase in Energy Transition Ventures activities was primarily driven by three additional plants placed into service during 2023 leading to higher RNG margins as a result of higher volumes, partially offset by higher operating expenses.
We believe that our existing hedge contracts in place within our CO 2 business segment substantially mitigate commodity price sensitivities in the near-term and to lesser extent over the following few years from price exposure. Below is a summary of our CO 2 business segment hedges outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

| 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028
Crude Oil(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Price ($ per Bbl) | $ | 65.27 |  |  | $ | 63.91 |  |  | $ | 65.16 |  |  | $ | 64.38 |  |  | $ | 61.40 |
Volume (MBbl/d) | 21.00 |  |  | 12.85 |  |  | 8.60 |  |  | 3.60 |  |  | 0.10 |
NGLs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Price ($ per Bbl) | $ | 51.58 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volume (MBbl/d) | 3.20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Includes West Texas Intermediate hedges.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
General
As of December 31, 2023, we had $83 million of “Cash and cash equivalents,” a decrease of $662 million from December 31, 2022. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had borrowing capacity of approximately $1.4 billion under our credit facility (discussed below in “—Short-term Liquidity”). As discussed further below, we believe our cash flows from operating activities, cash position and remaining borrowing capacity on our credit facility is more than adequate to allow us to manage our day-to-day cash requirements and anticipated obligations.
We have consistently generated substantial cash flow from operations, providing a source of funds of $6,491 million and $4,967 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The year-to-year increase is discussed below in “—Cash Flows—Operating Activities.” We primarily rely on cash provided by operations to fund our operations as well as our debt service, sustaining capital expenditures, dividend payments and our growth capital expenditures; however, we may access the debt capital markets from time to time to refinance our maturing long-term debt and finance incremental investments, if any. From time to time,
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short-term borrowings are used to finance our expansion capital expenditures, which we may periodically replace with long-term financing and/or pay down using retained cash from operations.
Our Board declared a quarterly dividend of $0.2825 per share for the fourth quarter of 2023, consistent with previous quarters in 2023. The total of the dividends declared for 2023 of $1.13 represents a 2% increase over total dividends declared for 2022.
We financed our fourth quarter acquisition of STX Midstream using commercial paper borrowings.
On January 31, 2023, we issued in a registered offering, $1,500 million aggregate principal amount of 5.20% senior notes due 2033 for net proceeds of $1,485 million, which were used to repay short-term borrowings, maturing debt and for general corporate purposes.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, upon maturity, we repaid our 3.15% senior notes, our floating rate senior notes, our 3.45% senior notes, our 3.50% senior notes and our 5.625% senior notes.
On February 1, 2024, we issued in a registered offering, two series of senior notes consisting of $1,250 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior notes due 2029 and $1,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.40% senior notes due 2034 for combined net proceeds of $2,230 million, which were used to repay short-term borrowings, fund maturing debt and for general corporate purposes.
Short-term Liquidity
As of December 31, 2023, our principal sources of short-term liquidity are (i) cash from operations; and (ii) our $3.5 billion credit facility with an available capacity of approximately $1.4 billion and an associated $3.5 billion commercial paper program. The loan commitments under our credit facility can be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes and as a backup to our commercial paper program. Commercial paper borrowings and letters of credit reduce borrowings allowed under our credit facility. We provide for liquidity by maintaining a sizable amount of excess borrowing capacity under our credit facility and, as previously discussed, have consistently generated strong cash flows from operations.
As of December 31, 2023, our $4,049 million of short-term debt consisted primarily of commercial paper borrowings and senior notes that mature in the next twelve months. We intend to fund our debt as it becomes due, primarily through credit facility borrowings, commercial paper borrowings, cash flows from operations, and/or issuing new long-term debt. Our short-term debt balance as of December 31, 2022 was $3,385 million.
We had working capital (defined as current assets less current liabilities) deficits of $4,679 million and $3,127 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The overall $1,552 million unfavorable change from year-end 2022 was primarily due to (i) a $664 million increase in current debt, primarily related to commercial paper borrowings used to fund our acquisition of STX Midstream; (ii) a $662 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents, resulting from using cash on hand as of December 31, 2022 to repay a portion of our senior notes that matured in the first quarter of 2023 partially offset by a decrease in current maturities of senior notes; (iii) a $174 million net unfavorable change in our accounts receivables and payables; (iv) a $109 million decrease in inventories, primarily products inventories; and (v) a $97 million decrease in other current assets, primarily in exchange gas receivables and regulatory assets; partially offset by favorable net short-term fair value adjustments of $155 million on derivative contract assets and liabilities in 2023. Generally, our working capital varies due to factors such as the timing of scheduled debt payments, timing differences in the collection and payment of receivables and payables, the change in fair value of our derivative contracts and changes in our cash and cash equivalent balances as a result of excess cash from operations after payments for investing and financing activities (discussed below in “—Long-term Financing” and “—Capital Expenditures”).
We employ a centralized cash management program for our U.S.-based bank accounts that concentrates the cash assets of our wholly owned subsidiaries in joint accounts for the purpose of providing financial flexibility and lowering the cost of borrowing. These programs provide that funds in excess of the daily needs of our wholly owned subsidiaries are concentrated, consolidated or otherwise made available for use by other entities within the consolidated group. We place no material restrictions on the ability to move cash between entities, payment of intercompany balances or the ability to upstream dividends to KMI other than restrictions that may be contained in agreements governing the indebtedness of those entities.
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Credit Ratings and Capital Market Liquidity
We believe that our capital structure will continue to allow us to achieve our business objectives. We expect that our short-term liquidity needs will be met primarily through retained cash from operations or short-term borrowings. Generally, we anticipate re-financing maturing long-term debt obligations in the debt capital markets and are therefore subject to certain market conditions which could result in higher costs or negatively affect our and/or our subsidiaries’ credit ratings. A decrease in our credit ratings could negatively impact our borrowing costs and could limit our access to capital.
The following table represents our debt ratings as of December 31, 2023.

Rating agency | Short-term rating |  | Long-term rating |  | Outlook
Standard and Poor’s | A-2 |  | BBB |  | Stable
Moody’s Investor Services | Prime-2 |  | Baa2 |  | Stable
Fitch Ratings, Inc. | F2 |  | BBB |  | Stable

Long-term Financing
Our equity consists of Class P common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. We do not expect to need to access the equity capital markets to fund our discretionary capital investments for the foreseeable future. See also “—Dividends and Stock Buy-back Program” below for additional discussion related to our dividends and stock buy-back program.
From time to time, we issue long-term debt securities, often referred to as senior notes. Our senior notes issued to date, other than those issued by certain of our subsidiaries, generally have very similar terms, except for interest rates, maturity dates and prepayment premiums. All of our fixed rate senior notes provide that the notes may be redeemed at any time at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes plus accrued interest to the redemption date, and, in most cases, plus a make-whole premium. In addition, from time to time, our subsidiaries issue long-term debt securities. Furthermore, we and almost all of our direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries are parties to a cross guaranty wherein each party guarantees each other party’s debt. See “—Summarized Combined Financial Information for Guarantee of Securities of Subsidiaries.” As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate principal amount outstanding of our various long-term debt obligations (excluding current maturities) was $27,880 million and $28,288 million, respectively.
We use interest rate swap agreements to convert a portion of the underlying cash flows related to our long-term fixed rate debt securities (senior notes) into variable rate debt in order to achieve our desired mix of fixed and variable rate debt. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $8,253 million (26%) and $6,314 million (20%), respectively, of the principal amount of our debt balances were subject to variable interest rates—either as short-term or long-term variable-rate debt obligations or as fixed-rate debt converted to variable rates through the use of interest rate swaps. The December 31, 2023 amount includes $1,989 million of commercial paper notes. The percentage at December 31, 2022 includes $1,250 million of variable-to-fixed interest rate derivative contracts which expired in December 2023.
For additional information about our outstanding senior notes and debt-related transactions in 2023, see Note 9 “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements. For information about our interest rate risk, see Note 14 “Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk Management” to our consolidated financial statements and Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Interest Rate Risk.”
Capital Expenditures
We account for our capital expenditures in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, we distinguish between capital expenditures as follows:

Type of Expenditure |  | Physical Determination of Expenditure
Sustaining capital expenditures |  | •Investments to maintain the operational integrity and extend the useful life of our assets
Expansion capital expenditures (discretionary capital expenditures) |  | •Investments to expand throughput or capacity from that which existed immediately prior to the making or acquisition of additions or improvements

Budgeting of maintenance capital expenditures, which we refer to as sustaining capital expenditures, is done annually on a bottom-up basis. For each of our assets, we budget for and make those sustaining capital expenditures that are necessary to
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maintain safe and efficient operations, meet customer needs and comply with our operating policies and applicable law. We may budget for and make additional sustaining capital expenditures that we expect to produce economic benefits such as increasing efficiency and/or lowering future expenses. Budgeting and approval of expansion capital expenditures generally occurs periodically throughout the year on a project-by-project basis in response to specific investment opportunities identified by our business segments from which we generally expect to receive sufficient returns to justify the expenditures. Assets comprising expansion capital projects could result in additional sustaining capital expenditures over time. The need for sustaining capital expenditures in respect of newly constructed assets tends to be minimal but tends to increase over time as such assets age and experience wear and tear. Regardless of whether assets result from sustaining or expansion capital expenditures, once completed, the addition of such assets to our depreciable asset base will impact our calculation of depreciation, depletion and amortization over the remaining useful lives of the impacted or resulting assets.
Generally, the determination of whether a capital expenditure is classified as sustaining or as expansion capital expenditures is made on a project level. The classification of our capital expenditures as expansion capital expenditures or as sustaining capital expenditures is made consistent with our accounting policies and is generally a straightforward process, but in certain circumstances can be a matter of management judgment and discretion. The classification has an impact on DCF because capital expenditures that are classified as expansion capital expenditures are not deducted in calculating DCF, while those classified as sustaining capital expenditures are.
Our capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the amount we expect to spend for 2024 to sustain our assets and expand our business are as follows:

| 2023 |  | Expected 2024
| (In millions)
Capital expenditures: |  |  |
Sustaining capital expenditures | $ | 868 |  |  | $ | 990 |
Expansion capital expenditures | 1,594 |  |  | 2,086 |
Accrued capital expenditures, contractor retainage and other | (145) |  |  | — |
Capital expenditures | $ | 2,317 |  |  | $ | 3,076 |
Add: |  |  |
Sustaining capital expenditures of unconsolidated joint ventures(a) | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 192 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(b) | 238 |  |  | 214 |
Less: Consolidated joint venture partners’ sustaining capital expenditures | (9) |  |  | (11) |
Less: Consolidated joint venture partners’ expansion capital expenditures | (20) |  |  | (24) |
Acquisitions | 1,843 |  |  | — |
Accrued capital expenditures, contractor retainage and other | 145 |  |  | — |
Total capital investments | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 3,447 |

(a)Sustaining capital expenditures by our joint ventures generally do not require cash outlays by us.
(b)Reflects cash contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures. Also includes contributions to an unconsolidated joint venture that are netted within the amount the joint venture declares as a distribution to us.
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Our capital investments consist of the following:

| 2023 |  | Expected 2024
| (In millions)
Sustaining capital investments |  |  |
Capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment | $ | 868 |  |  | $ | 990 |
Sustaining capital expenditures of unconsolidated joint ventures(a) | 163 |  |  | 192 |
Less: Consolidated joint venture partners’ sustaining capital expenditures | (9) |  |  | (11) |
Total sustaining capital investments | 1,022 |  |  | 1,171 |
Expansion capital investments |  |  |
Capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment | 1,594 |  |  | 2,086 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(b) | 238 |  |  | 214 |
Less: Consolidated joint venture partners’ expansion capital expenditures | (20) |  |  | (24) |
Acquisitions | 1,843 |  |  | — |
Total expansion capital investments | 3,655 |  |  | 2,276 |
Total capital investments | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 3,447 |

(a)Sustaining capital expenditures by our joint ventures generally do not require cash outlays by us.
(b)Reflects cash contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures. Also includes contributions to an unconsolidated joint venture that are netted within the amount the joint venture declares as a distribution to us.
Impact of Regulation
The trend toward increasingly stringent regulations creates uncertainty regarding our capital and operating expenditure requirements over the longer term. For example, on June 5, 2023, the EPA’s final rule known as the “Good Neighbor Plan” (the Plan) was published in the federal register. As a precursor to the Plan, the EPA disapproved 21 SIPs and found that two other states had failed to submit SIPs under the interstate transport (good neighbor) provisions of the Clean Air Act for the 2015 Ozone NAAQS. The Plan imposes prescriptive emission standards for several sectors, including new and existing internal combustion engines of a certain size used in pipeline transportation of natural gas. The EPA subsequently proposed to disapprove five additional state SIPs and apply the Plan or portions of the Plan to sources in those states, including one state that would affect our operations.
Multiple legal challenges have already been filed, including by us. See Note 18, “Litigation and Environmental—Environmental Matters—Challenge to Federal “Good Neighbor Plan,” to our consolidated financial statements. While we are unable to predict whether any legal challenges will result in changes to the Plan or how those changes, if any, would impact us, we believe that the EPA’s disapprovals of the SIPs were improper, that the Plan is deeply flawed and that numerous and substantial bases for challenging the Plan exist. Several states in which we have affected assets, including Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas, have appealed the EPA’s disapprovals of SIPs and requested stays pending appeal. The criteria for a stay pending appeal include a requirement that the applicant show likelihood of success on the merits. Stays pending appeal have been granted with respect to the EPA’s disapprovals of SIPs submitted by Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Oklahoma Texas, Utah and West Virginia meaning that (for as long as the stays remain in place) the EPA no longer has a legal basis to enforce the Plan in these states. In response to those stays, on July 31, 2023, and September 29, 2023, the EPA published interim final rules acknowledging that the Plan requirements in those states were suspended and indicating that the Plan compliance deadlines in those states may be extended. The guidance afforded by the EPA in the interim final rules is uncertain so we have filed petitions seeking review of the interim final rules. If the Plan were fully implemented, its emission standards would require installation of more stringent air pollution controls on hundreds of existing internal combustion engines used by our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment. The Plan would require that all impacted engines meet the stringent emission limits by May 1, 2026 unless compliance schedule extensions are granted by the EPA, which would need to be supported by us and approved by the EPA on an engine-by-engine basis. If the Plan were to remain in effect in its current form (including full compliance by its May 1, 2026 compliance deadline, and assuming failure of all pending challenges to SIP disapprovals and no successful challenge to the Plan), we currently estimate that it would have a material impact on us, including estimated costs necessary to comply with the Plan ranging from $1.5 billion to $1.8 billion (including costs for joint ventures that we operate, net to our interests in such joint ventures), potential shortages of equipment resulting in our inability to comply with the Plan, and operational disruptions. However, impacts are difficult to predict, given the extensive pending litigation. The outcomes of these numerous lawsuits may significantly decrease our exposure. For example, our currently estimated costs necessary to comply with the Plan associated with states that have not been granted stays with respect to the EPA’s disapproval of their SIPs range from $200 million to $300
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million. However, successful challenges to the Plan would impact all affected states. In addition, we would seek to mitigate the impacts and to recover expenditures through adjustments to our rates on our regulated assets where available.
The cost estimates discussed above are preliminary, based on a number of assumptions and subject to significant variation, including outside of the ranges provided. Costs are assumed based on the average cost incurred historically for a typical retrofit of an average engine. These estimates reflect only the anticipated upgrades that would need to be performed (and in the case of joint ventures, only on assets that we operate) and do not take into account potential complications such as additional maintenance requirements that may be identified during the upgrade process.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have invested in entities that are not consolidated in our financial statements. For information on our obligations with respect to these investments, as well as our obligations with respect to related letters of credit, see Note 13 “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to our consolidated financial statements. Additional information regarding the nature and business purpose of our investments is included in Note 7 “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements.
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The table below provides a summary of our material cash requirements.

| Payments due by period
| Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years
| (In millions)
Contractual obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt borrowings-principal payments(a) | $ | 31,929 |  |  | $ | 4,049 |  |  | $ | 2,668 |  |  | $ | 2,773 |  |  | $ | 22,439 |
Interest payments(b) | 20,362 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 2,933 |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 13,139 |
Lease obligations(c) | 366 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 145 |
Pension and OPEB plans(d) | 457 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 340 |
Transportation, volume and storage agreements(e) | 660 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 120 |
Other obligations(f) | 297 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 101 |
Total | $ | 54,071 |  |  | $ | 5,995 |  |  | $ | 6,072 |  |  | $ | 5,720 |  |  | $ | 36,284 |
Other commercial commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standby letters of credit(g) | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures(h) | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)See Note 9 “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements.
(b)Interest payment obligations exclude adjustments for interest rate swap agreements and assume no change in variable interest rates from those in effect at December 31, 2023.
(c)Represents commitments pursuant to the terms of operating lease agreements as of December 31, 2023.
(d)Represents the amount by which the benefit obligations exceeded the fair value of plan assets at year-end for pension and OPEB plans whose accumulated postretirement benefit obligations exceeded the fair value of plan assets. The payments by period include expected contributions in 2024 and estimated benefit payments for underfunded plans in the other years.
(e)Primarily represents transportation agreements of $310 million, storage agreements for capacity of $189 million and NGL volume agreements of $109 million.
(f)Primarily includes (i) rights-of-way obligations; and (ii) environmental liabilities related to sites that we own or have a contractual or legal obligation with a regulatory agency or property owner upon which we will perform remediation activities. These environmental liabilities are included within “Other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits” in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.
(g)The $157 million in letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (i) $51 million under six letters of credit for insurance purposes; (ii) a $46 million letter of credit supporting our International Marine Terminals Partnership Plaquemines Bond; (iii) a $24 million letter of credit supporting our Kinder Morgan Operating LLC “B” tax-exempt bonds; and (iv) a combined $36 million in thirty-four letters of credit supporting environmental and other obligations of us and our subsidiaries.
(h)Represents commitments for the purchase of plant, property and equipment as of December 31, 2023.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our net cash flows provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities between 2023 and 2022.

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Changes
| (In millions)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 6,491 |  |  | $ | 4,967 |  |  | $ | 1,524 |
Investing activities | (4,175) |  |  | (2,175) |  |  | (2,000) |
Financing activities | (3,014) |  |  | (3,145) |  |  | 131 |
Net Decrease in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits | $ | (698) |  |  | $ | (353) |  |  | $ | (345) |

Operating Activities
$1,524 million more cash provided by operating activities in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 is explained by the following discussion.
•an $894 million increase in cash related to changes in deferred revenues primarily driven by an $843 million prepayment received for certain fixed reservation charges under long-term transportation and terminaling contracts in the 2023 period. See Note 15 “Revenue Recognition” to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding this prepayment; and
•an $896 million increase in cash associated with net changes in working capital items and other non-current assets and liabilities, excluding the change in deferred revenues discussed above. The increase was primarily driven by (i) the sale of natural gas inventories and higher settlements associated with commodity hedges in 2023, both related to gas in underground storage; (ii) lower litigation payments in the 2023 period compared with 2022; (iii) net favorable changes related to the timing of accounts receivable collections and trade payable payments, largely in our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment; and (iv) higher pension benefit expenses in 2023, which are netted against contribution payments, resulting from actuarial valuation adjustments and one-time pension cost adjustments related to settlements made by our pension plans.
Investing Activities
$2,000 million more cash used in investing activities in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 is explained by the following discussion.
•a $1,355 million increase in expenditures for the acquisition of assets and investments, net of cash acquired, primarily driven by $1,829 million of net cash used for the acquisition of STX Midstream in 2023, compared with a combined $487 million of net cash used for our acquisitions of Mas Ranger, LLC and NANR in 2022; See Note 3 “Acquisitions and Divestitures” to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding these acquisitions; and
•a $696 million increase in capital expenditures primarily driven by the expansion projects in our Natural Gas Pipelines and Terminals business segments, partially offset by a decrease in expansion projects in our Products Pipelines business segment.
Financing Activities
$131 million less cash used in financing activities in the comparable years of 2023 and 2022 is explained by the following discussion.
•a $916 million net increase in cash related to debt activity as a result of net issuances in 2023 compared to net debt payments in 2022. Net debt issuances in 2023 were primarily driven by the utilization of borrowings under our credit facility to fund the STX Midstream acquisition; partially offset by,
•a decrease of $557 million in cash due to net proceeds received from the sale of a 25.5% ownership interest in ELC in 2022; and
•a $154 million increase in cash used for share repurchases under our share buy-back program.
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Dividends and Stock Buy-back Program
The table below reflects the declaration of dividends of $1.13 per share for 2023:

Three months ended |  | Total quarterly dividend per share for the period |  | Date of declaration |  | Date of record |  | Date of dividend
March 31, 2023 |  | $0.2825 |  | April 19, 2023 |  | May 1, 2023 |  | May 15, 2023
June 30, 2023 |  | 0.2825 |  | July 19, 2023 |  | July 31, 2023 |  | August 15, 2023
September 30, 2023 |  | 0.2825 |  | October 18, 2023 |  | October 31, 2023 |  | November 15, 2023
December 31, 2023 |  | 0.2825 |  | January 17, 2024 |  | January 31, 2024 |  | February 15, 2024

We expect to continue to return additional value to our shareholders in 2024 through our previously announced dividend increase. We plan to increase our dividend by 2% to $1.15 per common share in 2024. On January 18, 2023, our Board approved an increase to our stock buy-back program from $2 billion to $3 billion. Since December 2017, in total, we have repurchased approximately 86 million shares of our Class P common stock under the program at an average price of $17.09 per share for $1,472 million, leaving a remaining capacity of approximately $1.5 billion. For information on our stock buy-back program, see Note 11 “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements.
The actual amount of dividends to be paid on our capital stock will depend on many factors, including our financial condition and results of operations, liquidity requirements, business prospects, capital requirements, legal, regulatory and contractual constraints, tax laws, Delaware laws and other factors. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Ownership of Our Capital Stock—The guidance we provide for our anticipated dividends is based on estimates. Circumstances may arise that lead to conflicts between using funds to pay anticipated dividends or to invest in our business.” All of these matters will be taken into consideration by our Board when declaring dividends.
Our dividends are not cumulative. Consequently, if dividends on our stock are not paid at the intended levels, our stockholders are not entitled to receive those payments in the future. Our dividends generally will be paid on or about the 15th day of each February, May, August and November.
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Summarized Combined Financial Information for Guarantee of Securities of Subsidiaries
KMI and certain subsidiaries (Subsidiary Issuers) are issuers of certain debt securities. KMI and substantially all of KMI’s wholly owned domestic subsidiaries (Subsidiary Guarantors), are parties to a cross guarantee agreement whereby each party to the agreement unconditionally guarantees, jointly and severally, the payment of specified indebtedness of each other party to the agreement. Accordingly, with the exception of certain subsidiaries identified as subsidiary non-guarantors (Subsidiary Non-Guarantors), the parent issuer, Subsidiary Issuers and Subsidiary Guarantors (the “Obligated Group”) are all guarantors of each series of our guaranteed debt (Guaranteed Notes). As a result of the cross guarantee agreement, a holder of any of the Guaranteed Notes issued by KMI or Subsidiary Issuers are in the same position with respect to the net assets, and income of KMI and the Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors. The only amounts that are not available to the holders of each of the Guaranteed Notes to satisfy the repayment of such securities are the net assets, and income of the Subsidiary Non-Guarantors.
In lieu of providing separate financial statements for the Obligated Group, we have presented the accompanying supplemental summarized combined income statement and balance sheet information for the Obligated Group based on Rule 13-01 of the SEC’s Regulation S-X. Also, see Exhibit 10.11 to this Report “Cross Guarantee Agreement, dated as of November 26, 2014, among KMI and certain of its subsidiaries, with schedules updated as of December 31, 2023.”
All significant intercompany items among the Obligated Group have been eliminated in the supplemental summarized combined financial information. The Obligated Group’s investment balances in Subsidiary Non-Guarantors have been excluded from the supplemental summarized combined financial information. Significant intercompany balances and activity for the Obligated Group with other related parties, including Subsidiary Non-Guarantors (referred to as “affiliates”), are presented separately in the accompanying supplemental summarized combined financial information.
Excluding fair value adjustments, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Obligated Group had $31,167 million and $30,886 million, respectively, of Guaranteed Notes outstanding.
Summarized combined balance sheet and income statement information for the Obligated Group follows:

| December 31,
Summarized Combined Balance Sheet Information | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Current assets | $ | 2,246 |  |  | $ | 3,514 |
Current assets - affiliates | 760 |  |  | 618 |
Noncurrent assets | 62,877 |  |  | 61,523 |
Noncurrent assets - affiliates | 903 |  |  | 516 |
Total Assets | $ | 66,786 |  |  | $ | 66,171 |
Current liabilities | $ | 6,907 |  |  | $ | 6,612 |
Current liabilities - affiliates | 734 |  |  | 707 |
Noncurrent liabilities | 31,681 |  |  | 30,668 |
Noncurrent liabilities - affiliates | 1,306 |  |  | 1,096 |
Total Liabilities | 40,628 |  |  | 39,083 |
Kinder Morgan, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity | 26,158 |  |  | 27,088 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 66,786 |  |  | $ | 66,171 |

Summarized Combined Income Statement Information |  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |
| (In millions) |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 14,131 |  |  |
Operating income |  | 3,832 |  |  |
Net income |  | 2,032 |  |  |

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Please refer to Note 19 “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements for information concerning recent accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Generally, our market risk sensitive instruments and positions have been determined to be “other than trading.” Our exposure to market risk as discussed below includes forward-looking statements and represents an estimate of possible changes in fair value or future earnings that would occur assuming hypothetical future movements in energy commodity prices or interest rates. Our views on market risk are not necessarily indicative of actual results that may occur and do not represent the maximum possible gains and losses that may occur, since actual gains and losses will differ from those estimated based on actual fluctuations in energy commodity prices or interest rates and the timing of transactions.
Energy Commodity Market Risk
We enter into certain energy commodity derivative contracts in order to reduce and minimize the risks encountered in the ordinary course of business associated with unfavorable changes in the market price of crude oil, natural gas and NGL. The derivative contracts that we use include exchange-traded and OTC commodity financial instruments, including, but not limited to, futures and options contracts, fixed price swaps and basis swaps. We may categorize such use of energy commodity derivative contracts as cash flow hedges because the derivative contract is used to hedge the anticipated future cash flow of a transaction that is expected to occur but whose value is uncertain.
Our hedging strategy involves entering into a financial position intended to offset our physical position, or anticipated position, in order to minimize the risk of financial loss from an adverse price change. For example, as sellers of crude oil, natural gas and NGL, we often enter into fixed price swaps and/or futures contracts to guarantee or lock-in the sale price of our crude oil or the margin from the sale and purchase of our natural gas at the time of market delivery, thereby in whole or in part offsetting any change in prices, either positive or negative. Using derivative contracts for this purpose helps provide increased certainty with regard to operating cash flows which helps us to undertake further capital improvement projects, attain budget results and meet dividend targets.
Our policies require that derivative contracts are only entered into with carefully selected major financial institutions or similar counterparties based upon their credit ratings and other factors, and we maintain strict dollar and term limits that correspond to our counterparties’ credit ratings. While it is our policy to enter into derivative transactions principally with investment grade counterparties and actively monitor their credit ratings, it is nevertheless possible that losses will result from counterparty credit risk in the future.
We measure the risk of price changes in the derivative instrument portfolios utilizing a sensitivity analysis model. The sensitivity analysis applied to each portfolio measures the potential income or loss (i.e., the change in fair value of the derivative instrument portfolio) based upon a hypothetical 10% movement in the underlying quoted market prices. In addition to these variables, the fair value of each portfolio is influenced by fluctuations in the notional amounts of the instruments and the discount rates used to determine the present values. Because we enter into derivative contracts largely for the purpose of mitigating the risks that accompany certain of our business activities, both in the sensitivity analysis model and in reality, the change in the market value of the derivative contracts’ portfolio is offset largely by changes in the value of the underlying physical transactions. A hypothetical 10% movement in the underlying commodity prices would have the following effect on the associated derivative contracts’ estimated fair value:

|  | As of December 31,
Commodity derivative |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In millions)
Crude oil |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 157 |
Natural gas |  | 28 |  |  | 49 |
NGL |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Total |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 211 |

Our sensitivity analysis represents an estimate of the reasonably possible gains and losses that would be recognized on the crude oil, natural gas and NGL portfolios of derivative contracts assuming hypothetical movements in future market rates and is
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not necessarily indicative of actual results that may occur. It does not represent the maximum possible loss or any expected loss that may occur, since actual future gains and losses will differ from those estimated. Actual gains and losses may differ from estimates due to actual fluctuations in market rates, operating exposures and the timing thereof, as well as changes in our portfolio of derivatives during the year.
Interest Rate Risk
In order to maintain a cost effective capital structure, it is our policy to borrow funds using a mix of fixed rate debt and variable rate debt. Fixed-to-variable interest rate swap agreements are entered into for the purpose of converting a portion of the underlying cash flows related to long-term fixed rate debt securities into variable rate debt in order to achieve our desired mix of fixed and variable rate debt. Variable-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements are entered into primarily for the purpose of managing our exposure to changes in interest rates on our debt balances that are subject to variable interest rates and adjusting, on a short-term basis, our mix of fixed rate debt and variable rate debt based on changes in market conditions. The market risk inherent in our debt instruments and positions is the potential change arising from increases or decreases in interest rates as discussed below.
For fixed rate debt, changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt instrument, but not our earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for variable rate debt, changes in interest rates generally do not impact the fair value of the debt instrument, but may affect our future earnings and cash flows. Generally, there is not an obligation to prepay fixed rate debt prior to maturity and, as a result, changes in fair value should not have a significant impact on the fixed rate debt. We are generally subject to interest rate risk upon refinancing maturing debt. Below are our debt balances, including debt fair value adjustments, and sensitivity to interest rates:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Carrying value |  | Estimated fair value(a) |  | Carrying value |  | Estimated fair value(a)
| (In millions)
Fixed rate debt(b) | $ | 30,063 |  |  | $ | 29,317 |  |  | $ | 31,474 |  |  | $ | 29,756 |
Variable rate debt | $ | 2,053 |  |  | $ | 2,053 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 314 |
Notional principal amount of variable-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements(c) | — |  |  |  |  | (1,500) |  |  |
Notional principal amount of fixed-to-variable interest rate swap agreements | 6,200 |  |  |  |  | 7,500 |  |  |
Debt balances subject to variable interest rates(d) | $ | 8,253 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,314 |  |  |

(a)Fair values were determined using Level 2 inputs.
(b)A hypothetical 10% change in the average interest rates applicable to such debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, would result in changes of approximately $1,889 million and $1,882 million, respectively, in the estimated fair values of these instruments.
(c)December 31, 2022 amount includes $1.25 billion that expired in December 2023.
(d)A hypothetical 10% change in the weighted average interest rate on all of our borrowings (approximately 58 and 48 basis points in 2023 and 2022, respectively) when applied to our outstanding balance of variable rate debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, including adjustments for the notional swap amounts described in the table above, would result in changes of approximately $48 million and $30 million, respectively.
As presented in the table above, we monitor the mix of fixed rate and variable rate debt obligations in light of changing market conditions and from time to time, may alter that mix by, for example, refinancing outstanding balances of variable rate debt with fixed rate debt (or vice versa) or by entering into interest rate swap agreements or other interest rate hedging agreements. As of December 31, 2023, including debt converted to variable rates through the use of interest rate swaps but excluding our debt fair value adjustments, approximately 26% of our debt balances were subject to variable interest rates.
For more information on our interest rate risk management and on our interest rate swap agreements, see Note 14 “Risk Management” to our consolidated financial statements.
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Foreign Currency Risk
As of December 31, 2023, we had a notional principal amount of $543 million of cross-currency swap agreements that effectively convert all of our fixed-rate Euro denominated debt, including annual interest payments and the payment of principal at maturity, to U.S. dollar denominated debt at fixed rates. These swaps eliminate the foreign currency risk associated with our foreign currency denominated debt.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  |  | Page Number
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | (PCAOB ID: 238) | 71
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 74
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 75
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 76
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 77
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | 79
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 80
Note 1. | General | 80
Note 2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 80
Note 3. | Acquisitions and Divestitures | 90
Note 4. | Losses and Gains on Divestitures, Impairments and Other Write-downs | 93
Note 5. | Income Taxes | 94
Note 6. | Property, Plant and Equipment, net | 97
Note 7. | Investments | 98
Note 8. | Goodwill | 99
Note 9. | Debt | 100
Note 10. | Share-based Compensation and Employee Benefits | 104
Note 11. | Stockholders’ Equity | 110
Note 12. | Related Party Transactions | 112
Note 13. | Commitments and Contingent Liabilities | 112
Note 14. | Risk Management | 113
Note 15. | Revenue Recognition | 118
Note 16. | Reportable Segments | 121
Note 17. | Leases | 125
Note 18. | Litigation and Environmental | 126
Note 19. | Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 130

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Kinder Morgan, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Kinder Morgan, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded STX Midstream from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2023. We have also excluded STX Midstream from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. STX Midstream’s total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting both represent less than 3% of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the
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company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Goodwill Impairment Assessment – Natural Gas Pipelines Regulated, Natural Gas Pipelines Non-Regulated, CO 2, Products Pipelines, Products Pipelines Terminals, and Terminals Reporting Units
As described in Notes 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $20.1 billion as of December 31, 2023, of which $20.0 billion relates to the Natural Gas Pipelines Regulated, Natural Gas Pipelines Non-Regulated, CO 2, Products Pipelines, Products Pipelines Terminals, and Terminals reporting units (collectively, “the reporting units”). Management evaluates goodwill for impairment on May 31 of each year, or more frequently to the extent events occur or conditions change between annual tests that would indicate a risk of possible impairment at the interim period. Management estimated the fair value of the reporting units based on a market approach utilizing forecasted earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization expenses, including amortization of excess cost of equity investments (EBITDA), and the enterprise value to estimated EBITDA multiples of comparable companies for each reporting unit.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment of the reporting units is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the reporting units; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to forecasted EBITDA and the enterprise value to estimated EBITDA multiples of comparable companies for each of the reporting units; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over developing the fair value estimate of the reporting units. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the reporting units; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the market approach used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the market approach; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to forecasted EBITDA and the enterprise value to estimated EBITDA multiples of comparable companies for each of the reporting units. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to forecasted EBITDA and the enterprise value to estimated EBITDA multiples of comparable companies for each of the reporting units involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting units; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the market approach and (ii) the reasonableness of the assumption related to the enterprise value to estimated EBITDA multiples of comparable companies for each of the reporting units.
Acquisition of STX Midstream – Valuation of Property, Plant and Equipment
As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, on December 28, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of STX Midstream for a purchase price of $1.8 billion. This acquisition resulted in the recognition of $1.2 billion of property, plant and equipment (PP&E). For acquired businesses, the Company recognizes the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition with any excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired recorded to goodwill. Management determined the fair value of PP&E utilizing a replacement cost approach. Determining the fair value of this item requires management judgment and the utilization of an independent valuation specialist and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The significant assumption made in performing this valuation includes the replacement costs used to value PP&E.
72

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of PP&E acquired in the acquisition of STX Midstream is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the PP&E acquired; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumption related to the replacement costs used to value the PP&E acquired; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over management’s valuation of the PP&E acquired. These procedures also included, among others (i) reading the purchase agreement; (ii) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the PP&E acquired; (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the replacement cost approach used by management; (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the replacement cost approach; and (v) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumption used by management related to the replacement costs used to value the PP&E acquired. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the replacement cost approach and (ii) the reasonableness of the replacement costs assumption used to value the PP&E acquired.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Houston, Texas
February 20, 2024
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997.
73

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In millions, except per share amounts)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Services | $ | 8,371 |  |  | $ | 8,145 |  |  | $ | 7,757 |
Commodity sales | 6,786 |  |  | 10,897 |  |  | 8,714 |
Other | 177 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 139 |
Total Revenues | 15,334 |  |  | 19,200 |  |  | 16,610 |
Operating Costs, Expenses and Other |  |  |  |  |
Costs of sales (exclusive of items shown separately below) | 4,938 |  |  | 9,255 |  |  | 6,493 |
Operations and maintenance | 2,807 |  |  | 2,655 |  |  | 2,368 |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization | 2,250 |  |  | 2,186 |  |  | 2,135 |
General and administrative | 668 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 655 |
Taxes, other than income taxes | 421 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 426 |
(Gain) loss on divestitures and impairments, net (Note 4) | (15) |  |  | (32) |  |  | 1,624 |
Other expense (income), net | 2 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (7) |
Total Operating Costs, Expenses and Other | 11,071 |  |  | 15,135 |  |  | 13,694 |
Operating Income | 4,263 |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | 2,916 |
Other Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from equity investments | 838 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 591 |
Amortization of excess cost of equity investments | (66) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (78) |
Interest, net | (1,797) |  |  | (1,513) |  |  | (1,492) |
Other, net (Note 3) | (37) |  |  | 55 |  |  | 282 |
Total Other Expense | (1,062) |  |  | (730) |  |  | (697) |
Income Before Income Taxes | 3,201 |  |  | 3,335 |  |  | 2,219 |
Income Tax Expense | (715) |  |  | (710) |  |  | (369) |
Net Income | 2,486 |  |  | 2,625 |  |  | 1,850 |
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests | (95) |  |  | (77) |  |  | (66) |
Net Income Attributable to Kinder Morgan, Inc. | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 1,784 |
Class P Common Stock |  |  |  |  |
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |
Basic and Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 2,234 |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | 2,266 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
74

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 2,486 |  |  | $ | 2,625 |  |  | $ | 1,850 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain (loss) from derivative instruments (net of taxes of $(47), $92, and $131, respectively) | 155 |  |  | (312) |  |  | (432) |
Reclassification into earnings of net derivative instruments loss (gain) to net income (net of taxes of $12, $(95), and $(83), respectively) | (35) |  |  | 320 |  |  | 273 |
Benefit plan adjustments (net of taxes of $(20), $(1), and $(47), respectively) | 65 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 155 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 185 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (4) |
Comprehensive income | 2,671 |  |  | 2,634 |  |  | 1,846 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (95) |  |  | (77) |  |  | (66) |
Comprehensive income attributable to KMI | $ | 2,576 |  |  | $ | 2,557 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
75

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except share and per share amounts)

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 745 |
Restricted deposits | 13 |  |  | 49 |
Accounts receivable | 1,588 |  |  | 1,840 |
Fair value of derivative contracts | 126 |  |  | 231 |
Inventories | 525 |  |  | 634 |
Other current assets | 207 |  |  | 304 |
Total current assets | 2,542 |  |  | 3,803 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 37,297 |  |  | 35,599 |
Investments | 7,874 |  |  | 7,653 |
Goodwill | 20,121 |  |  | 19,965 |
Other intangibles, net | 1,957 |  |  | 1,809 |
Deferred charges and other assets | 1,229 |  |  | 1,249 |
Total Assets | $ | 71,020 |  |  | $ | 70,078 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Current portion of debt | $ | 4,049 |  |  | $ | 3,385 |
Accounts payable | 1,366 |  |  | 1,444 |
Accrued interest | 513 |  |  | 515 |
Accrued taxes | 272 |  |  | 264 |
Fair value of derivative contracts | 205 |  |  | 465 |
Other current liabilities | 816 |  |  | 857 |
Total current liabilities | 7,221 |  |  | 6,930 |
Long-term liabilities and deferred credits |  |  |
Long-term debt |  |  |
Outstanding | 27,880 |  |  | 28,288 |
Debt fair value adjustments | 187 |  |  | 115 |
Total long-term debt | 28,067 |  |  | 28,403 |
Deferred income taxes | 1,388 |  |  | 623 |
Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | 2,615 |  |  | 2,008 |
Total long-term liabilities and deferred credits | 32,070 |  |  | 31,034 |
Total Liabilities | 39,291 |  |  | 37,964 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 9, 13, 17 and 18) |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Class P Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 4,000,000,000 shares authorized, 2,219,729,644 and 2,247,681,626 shares, respectively, issued and outstanding | 22 |  |  | 22 |
Additional paid-in capital | 41,190 |  |  | 41,673 |
Accumulated deficit | (10,689) |  |  | (10,551) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (217) |  |  | (402) |
Total Kinder Morgan, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity | 30,306 |  |  | 30,742 |
Noncontrolling interests | 1,423 |  |  | 1,372 |
Total Stockholders’ Equity | 31,729 |  |  | 32,114 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 71,020 |  |  | $ | 70,078 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
76

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash Flows From Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 2,486 |  |  | $ | 2,625 |  |  | $ | 1,850 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization | 2,250 |  |  | 2,186 |  |  | 2,135 |
Deferred income taxes | 710 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 355 |
Amortization of excess cost of equity investments | 66 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 78 |
Change in fair market value of derivative contracts | (126) |  |  | 56 |  |  | 20 |
(Gain) loss on divestitures and impairments, net (Note 4) | (15) |  |  | (32) |  |  | 1,624 |
Gain on sale of interest in equity investment (Note 3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206) |
Earnings from equity investments | (838) |  |  | (803) |  |  | (591) |
Distributions of equity investment earnings | 755 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 720 |
Pension contributions net of noncash pension benefit expenses | 77 |  |  | (50) |  |  | (39) |
Changes in components of working capital, net of the effects of acquisitions and dispositions |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 301 |  |  | (220) |  |  | (265) |
Inventories | 188 |  |  | (183) |  |  | (202) |
Other current assets | 108 |  |  | (51) |  |  | (109) |
Accounts payable | (201) |  |  | 161 |  |  | 387 |
Accrued interest, net of interest rate swaps | (13) |  |  | 50 |  |  | (17) |
Other current liabilities | (58) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 165 |
Change in deferred revenues (Note 15) | 870 |  |  | (24) |  |  | (28) |
Rate reparations, refunds and other litigation reserve adjustments | (19) |  |  | (190) |  |  | (57) |
Other, net | (50) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (112) |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 6,491 |  |  | 4,967 |  |  | 5,708 |
Cash Flows From Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions of assets and investments, net of cash acquired (Note 3) | (1,842) |  |  | (487) |  |  | (1,547) |
Capital expenditures | (2,317) |  |  | (1,621) |  |  | (1,281) |
Sales of property, plant and equipment, investments, and other net assets, net of removal costs | (28) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 406 |
Contributions to investments | (212) |  |  | (229) |  |  | (38) |
Distributions from equity investments in excess of cumulative earnings | 228 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 163 |
Other, net | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (4,175) |  |  | (2,175) |  |  | (2,305) |
Cash Flows From Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Issuances of debt | 7,590 |  |  | 9,058 |  |  | 5,959 |
Payments of debt | (7,356) |  |  | (9,735) |  |  | (6,831) |
Debt issue costs | (20) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (27) |
Dividends (Note 11) | (2,529) |  |  | (2,504) |  |  | (2,443) |
Repurchases of shares (Note 11) | (522) |  |  | (368) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of noncontrolling interests (Note 3) | — |  |  | 557 |  |  | — |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Distributions to investment partner | — |  |  | — |  |  | (82) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (151) |  |  | (116) |  |  | (20) |
Other, net | (29) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (25) |
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (3,014) |  |  | (3,145) |  |  | (3,465) |
Net Decrease in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits | (698) |  |  | (353) |  |  | (62) |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits, beginning of period | 794 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,209 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits, end of period | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 794 |  |  | $ | 1,147 |

77

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES (continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash and Cash Equivalents, beginning of period | $ | 745 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | 1,184 |
Restricted Deposits, beginning of period | 49 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 25 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits, beginning of period | 794 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,209 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents, end of period | 83 |  |  | 745 |  |  | 1,140 |
Restricted Deposits, end of period | 13 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 7 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits, end of period | 96 |  |  | 794 |  |  | 1,147 |
Net Decrease in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits | $ | (698) |  |  | $ | (353) |  |  | $ | (62) |
Noncash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Assets contributed to equity investment | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net increase in property, plant and equipment from both accruals and contractor retainage | 120 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 74 |
ROU assets and operating lease obligations recognized (Note 17) | 56 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 59 |
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest (net of capitalized interest) | 1,844 |  |  | 1,460 |  |  | 1,529 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net | 11 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 10 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
78

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In millions)

|  |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Stockholders’ equity attributable to KMI |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total
|  |  |  |  | Issued shares |  | Par value |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  | 2,264 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 41,756 |  |  | $ | (9,936) |  |  | $ | (407) |  |  | $ | 31,436 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 31,838 |
Restricted shares |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  | 50 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,784 |  |  |  |  | 1,784 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 1,850 |
Dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,443) |  |  |  |  | (2,443) |  |  |  |  | (2,443) |
Distributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |  |  | (20) |
Contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Reclassification of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 646 |  |  | 646 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4) |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | (4) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 41,806 |  |  | (10,595) |  |  | (411) |  |  | 30,823 |  |  | 1,098 |  |  | 31,921 |
Impact of adoption of ASU 2020-06 (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 41,795 |  |  | (10,595) |  |  | (411) |  |  | 30,812 |  |  | 1,098 |  |  | 31,910 |
Repurchases of shares |  |  |  |  | (21) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (367) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (368) |  |  |  |  | (368) |
EP Trust I Preferred security conversions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Restricted shares |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  |  | 54 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,548 |  |  |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 2,625 |
Dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,504) |  |  |  |  | (2,504) |  |  |  |  | (2,504) |
Distributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (116) |  |  | (116) |
Contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Impact of change in ownership interest in subsidiary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 190 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 501 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 9 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2,248 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 41,673 |  |  | (10,551) |  |  | (402) |  |  | 30,742 |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | 32,114 |
Repurchases of shares |  |  |  |  | (32) |  |  |  |  | (522) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (522) |  |  |  |  | (522) |
Restricted shares |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  | 44 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,391 |  |  |  |  | 2,391 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 2,486 |
Dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,529) |  |  |  |  | (2,529) |  |  |  |  | (2,529) |
Distributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (151) |  |  | (151) |
Contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Acquisition (Note 3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 104 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  | (5) |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 185 |  |  | 185 |  |  |  |  | 185 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 2,220 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 41,190 |  |  | $ | (10,689) |  |  | $ | (217) |  |  | $ | 30,306 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 31,729 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
79

KINDER MORGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. | General

We are one of the largest energy infrastructure companies in North America. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” or “KMI” are intended to mean Kinder Morgan, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Our pipelines transport natural gas, refined petroleum products, crude oil, condensate, CO 2, renewable fuels and other products, and our terminals store and handle various commodities including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, chemicals, metals, petroleum coke, and ethanol and other renewable fuels and feedstocks.

2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation
Our reporting currency is U.S. dollars, and all references to dollars are U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise. Our accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the rules and regulations of the SEC. These rules and regulations conform to the accounting principles contained in the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (ASC), the single source of GAAP. Under such rules and regulations, all significant intercompany items have been eliminated in consolidation. Additionally, certain amounts from prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
Use of Estimates
Certain amounts included in or affecting our financial statements and related disclosures must be estimated, requiring us to make certain assumptions with respect to values or conditions which cannot be known with certainty at the time our financial statements are prepared. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts we report for assets and liabilities, our revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and our disclosures, including those related to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis, utilizing historical experience, consultation with experts and other methods we consider reasonable in the particular circumstances. Nevertheless, actual results may differ significantly from our estimates. Any effects on our business, financial position or results of operations resulting from revisions to these estimates are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.
Certain accounting policies are of more significance in our financial statement preparation process than others, and set out below are the principal accounting policies we apply in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Cash Equivalents and Restricted Deposits
We define cash equivalents as all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Amounts included in the restricted deposits in the accompanying consolidated financial statements represent a combination of restricted cash amounts required to be set aside by regulatory agencies to cover obligations for our captive insurance subsidiary, cash margin deposits posted by us with our counterparties associated with certain energy commodity contract positions and escrow deposits.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We evaluate our financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures for expected credit losses over the contractual term of the asset or exposure. We consider available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows including the expected risk of credit loss even if that risk is remote. We measure expected credit losses on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist, and we reflect the expected credit losses on the amortized cost basis of the financial asset as of the reporting date.
Our financial instruments primarily consist of our accounts receivable from customers, notes receivable from affiliates and contingent liabilities such as proportional guarantees of debt obligations of an equity investee. We utilized historical analysis of credit losses experienced over the previous five years along with current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions in our evaluation of collectability of our financial assets.
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Our allowance for credit losses as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1 million and is included in “Other current assets” in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Inventories
Our inventories consist of materials and supplies and products such as natural gas, NGL, crude oil, condensate, refined petroleum products and transmix. We report products inventory at the lower of weighted-average cost or net realizable value. We report materials and supplies inventories at cost, and periodically review for physical deterioration and obsolescence.
Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Capitalization, Depreciation and Depletion and Disposals
We report property, plant and equipment at its acquisition cost. We expense costs for routine maintenance and repairs in the period incurred. The following table summarizes our significant policies related to our property, plant and equipment. The application of these policies can involve significant estimates.

Asset |  | Accounting Area |  | Policy
Straight-line assets |  | Depreciation rates |  | •Depreciable lives are based on estimated economic lives. This includes age, manufacturing specifications, technological advances, estimated production life of the oil or gas field served by the asset, contract terms for assets on leased or customer property and historical data concerning useful lives of similar assets.
|  | Gains and losses |  | •A gain or loss on the sale of property, plant and equipment is calculated as the difference between the cost of the asset disposed of, net of depreciation, and the sale proceeds received or when held for sale, the market value of the asset. •A gain on an asset disposal is recognized in income in the period that the sale is closed. •A loss is recognized when the asset is sold or when classified as held for sale. •Gains and losses are recorded in operating costs, expenses and other.
Composite assets |  | Depreciation rates |  | •A single depreciation rate is applied to the total cost of a functional group of assets that have similar economic characteristics until the net book value of the composite group equals the salvage value. •Interstate natural gas FERC-regulated entities use the depreciation rates approved by the FERC. •A depreciation rate for other composite assets is based on estimated economic lives. This includes age, manufacturing specifications, technological advances, estimated production life of the oil or gas field served by the asset, contract terms for assets on leased or customer property and historical data concerning useful lives of similar assets.
|  | Gains and losses |  | •Gains and losses are credited or charged to accumulated depreciation, net of salvage and cost of removal. •Gains and losses on FERC-approved operating unit sales and land sales are recorded in operating costs, expenses and other.
Oil and gas producing activities(a) |  | Successful efforts method of accounting |  | •Costs that are incurred to acquire leasehold and subsequent development costs are capitalized. •Costs that are associated with the drilling of successful exploration wells are capitalized if proved reserves are found. •Costs associated with the drilling of exploratory wells that do not find proved reserves, geological and geophysical costs, and costs of certain non-producing leasehold costs are expensed as incurred. •The capitalized costs of our producing oil and gas properties are depreciated and depleted by the units-of-production method. •Other miscellaneous property, plant and equipment are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the asset.
|  | Enhanced recovery techniques |  | •In some cases, the cost of the CO 2 associated with enhanced recovery is capitalized as part of our development costs when it is injected. •The cost of CO 2 associated with pressure maintenance operations for reservoir management is expensed when it is injected. •When CO 2 is recovered in conjunction with oil production, it is extracted and re-injected, and all of the associated costs are expensed as incurred. •Proved developed reserves are used in computing units of production rates for drilling and development costs, and total proved reserves are used for depletion of leasehold costs.

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(a)Gains and losses associated with assets in our oil and gas producing activities have a similar treatment as with that associated with our straight-line assets.
Circumstances may develop which cause us to change our estimates, thus impacting the future calculation of depreciation and amortization expense. Historically, adjustments to useful lives have not had a material impact on our aggregate depreciation levels from year to year.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We record liabilities for obligations related to the retirement and removal of long-lived assets used in our businesses. The majority of our asset retirement obligations are associated with our CO 2 business where we are required to plug and abandon oil and gas wells that have been removed from service and to remove the surface wellhead equipment and compressors, but we also have obligations for certain gathering and long-haul pipelines and certain processing plants. We record, as liabilities, the fair value of asset retirement obligations on a discounted basis when they are incurred and can be reasonably estimated, which is typically at the time the assets are installed or acquired. The fair value estimates are primarily based on Level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy. The inputs include estimates and assumptions related to timing of settlement and retirement costs, which we base on historical retirement costs, future inflation rates and credit-adjusted risk-free interest rates. Amounts recorded for the related assets are increased by the amount of these obligations. Over time, the liabilities are accreted to reflect the change in their present value, and the initial capitalized costs are depreciated over the useful lives of the related assets. The liabilities are eventually extinguished when the asset is taken out of service. Our estimates of retirement costs could change as a result of changes in cost estimates and/or timing of the obligation.
The following table summarizes changes in the asset retirement obligations included in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 196 |
Accretion expense | 12 |  |  | 12 |
New obligations | 22 |  |  | 2 |
Settlements | (7) |  |  | (6) |
Balance at end of period(a) | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 204 |

(a)Balances at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 include $3 million included within “Other current liabilities” on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
For certain assets, we currently cannot reasonably estimate the fair value of the asset retirement obligations because the associated assets have indeterminate lives. These assets include certain pipelines, processing plants and distribution facilities, and liquids and bulk terminal facilities. Based on the widespread use of hydrocarbons domestically and for international export, management expects supply and demand to exist for the foreseeable future. Therefore, the remaining useful lives of these assets are indeterminate due to prolonged expected demand. Additionally, these assets could also benefit from potential future conversion opportunities. For example, certain assets could be converted to transport, handle or store products other than traditional hydrocarbons. Under our integrity program, individual asset parts are replaced regularly. Although some of the individual asset parts may be replaced, the assets themselves may remain intact indefinitely. For these assets, an asset retirement obligation, if any, will be recognized once sufficient information is available to reasonably estimate the fair value of the obligation.
Long-lived Asset Impairments
We evaluate long-lived assets including leases and investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that our carrying amount of an asset or investment may not be recoverable.
In addition to our annual goodwill impairment test discussed further below, to the extent triggering events exist, we complete a review of the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment as well as other intangibles, and record, as applicable, the appropriate impairments using a two-step approach. To determine if a long-lived asset is recoverable, we compare the asset’s estimated undiscounted cash flows to its carrying value (step 1). Because the impairment test for long-lived assets held in use is based on estimated undiscounted cash flows, there may be instances where
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an asset or asset group is not considered impaired, even when its fair value may be less than its carrying value, because the asset or asset group is recoverable based on the cash flows to be generated over the estimated life of the asset or asset group. If the carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is in excess of estimated undiscounted cash flows, we typically use discounted cash flow analyses to calculate the fair value of the long-lived asset to determine if an impairment is required and the amount of the impairment losses to be recognized (step 2).
We evaluate our oil and gas producing properties for impairment of value on a field-by-field basis or, in certain instances, by logical grouping of assets if there is significant shared infrastructure, using undiscounted future cash flows based on estimated future oil and gas production volumes.
Oil and gas producing properties deemed to be impaired are written down to their fair value, as determined by discounted future cash flows based on estimated future oil and gas production volumes. Unproved oil and gas properties that are individually significant are periodically assessed for impairment of value, and a loss is recognized at the time of impairment.
Refer to Note 4 for further information.
Equity Method of Accounting and Basis Differences
We use the equity method of accounting for investments which we do not control, but for which we have the ability to exercise significant influence. The carrying values of these investments are impacted by our share of investee income or loss, distributions, amortization or accretion of basis differences and other-than-temporary impairments.
The difference between the carrying value of an investment and our share of the investment’s underlying equity in net assets is referred to as a basis difference. If the basis difference is assigned to depreciable or amortizable assets and liabilities, the basis difference is amortized or accreted as part of our share of investee earnings. To the extent that the basis difference relates to goodwill, referred to as equity method goodwill, the amount is not amortized.
We evaluate our equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment. When an other-than-temporary impairment is recognized, the loss is recorded as a reduction in equity earnings.
Goodwill
Goodwill is the cost of an acquisition of a business in excess of the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities and is recorded as an asset on our balance sheet. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but must be tested for impairment at least annually and in interim periods if indicators of impairment exist. This test requires us to assign goodwill to an appropriate reporting unit and compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit, including allocated goodwill, exceeds its fair value an impairment is measured and recorded at the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value.
We evaluate goodwill for impairment on May 31 of each year, or more frequently to the extent events occur or conditions change between annual tests that would indicate a risk of possible impairment at the interim period. For purposes of our May 31, 2023 evaluation, we grouped our businesses into seven reporting units as follows: (i) Natural Gas Pipelines Regulated; (ii) Natural Gas Pipelines Non-Regulated; (iii) CO 2; (iv) Products Pipelines (excluding associated terminals); (v) Products Pipelines Terminals (evaluated separately from Products Pipelines for goodwill purposes); (vi) Terminals; and (vii) Energy Transition Ventures. Generally, the evaluation of goodwill for impairment involves a quantitative test, although under certain circumstances an initial qualitative evaluation may be sufficient to conclude that goodwill is not impaired without conducting the quantitative test.
A large portion of our goodwill is non-deductible for tax purposes, and as such, to the extent there are impairments, all or a portion of the impairment may not result in a corresponding tax benefit.
Refer to Note 8 for further information.
Other Intangibles
Excluding goodwill, our other intangible assets include customer contracts and other relationships and agreements.
Our intangible assets primarily relate to customer contracts or other relationships for the handling and storage of petroleum, chemical, and dry-bulk materials, including oil, gasoline, and other refined petroleum products, petroleum coke, metals and
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ores, the gathering of natural gas and the production and supply of RNG. We determined the values of these intangible assets by first, estimating the revenues derived from a customer contract or relationship (offset by the cost and expenses of supporting assets to fulfill the contract), and second, discounting the revenues at a risk adjusted discount rate.
We amortize the costs of our intangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner over their estimated useful lives. The life of each intangible asset is based either on the life of the corresponding customer contract or agreement or, in the case of a customer relationship intangible (the life of which was determined by an analysis of all available data on that business relationship), the length of time used in the discounted cash flow analysis to determine the value of the customer relationship. Among the factors we weigh, depending on the nature of the asset, are the effects of obsolescence, new technology, and competition.
The following tables summarize our other intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and our amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

| Weighted Average Amortization Period |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (Years) |  | (In millions)
Gross | 11.3 |  | $ | 3,543 |  |  | $ | 3,382 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (1,586) |  |  | (1,573) |
Net carrying amount |  |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | 1,809 |

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (In millions)
Amortization expense |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 237 |

Our estimated amortization expense for our intangible assets for each of the next five fiscal years is:

|  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028
|  | (In millions)
Estimated amortization expenses |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 190 |

Revenue Recognition
The majority of our revenues are accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers; however, to a limited extent, some revenues are accounted for under other guidance such as Topic 842, Leases or Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging Activities.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
We review our contracts with customers using the following steps to recognize revenue based on the transfer of goods or services to customers and in amounts that reflect the consideration the company expects to receive for those goods or services. The steps include: (i) identify the contract; (ii) identify the performance obligations of the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and then (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Each of these steps involves management judgment and an analysis of the contract’s material terms and conditions.
Our customer sales contracts primarily include sales of natural gas, NGL, crude oil, CO 2 and transmix, as described below. Generally, for the majority of these contracts (i) each unit (Bcf, gallon, barrel, etc.) of commodity is a separate performance obligation, as our promise is to sell multiple distinct units of commodity at a point in time; (ii) the transaction price principally consists of variable consideration, which amount is determinable each month end based on our right to invoice at month end for the value of commodity sold to the customer that month; and (iii) the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the commodity’s standalone selling price and recognized as revenue upon delivery of the commodity, which is the point in time when the customer obtains control of the commodity and our performance obligation is satisfied.
Our customer services contracts are primarily for transportation service, storage service, gathering and processing service, and terminaling, as described below. Generally, for the majority of these contracts (i) our promise is to transfer (or stand ready
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to transfer) a series of distinct integrated services over a period of time, which is a single performance obligation; (ii) the transaction price includes fixed and/or variable consideration, which amount is determinable at contract inception and/or at each month end based on our right to invoice at month end for the value of services provided to the customer that month; and (iii) the transaction price is recognized as revenue over the service period specified in the contract (which can be a day, including each day in a series of promised daily services, a month, a year, or other time increment, including a deficiency makeup period) as the services are rendered using a time-based (passage of time) or units-based (units of service transferred) output method for measuring the transfer of control of the services and satisfaction of our performance obligation over the service period, based on the nature of the promised service (e.g., firm or non-firm) and the terms and conditions of the contract (e.g., contracts with or without makeup rights).
Firm Services
Firm services (also called uninterruptible services) are services that are promised to be available to the customer at all times during the period(s) covered by the contract, with limited exceptions. Our firm service contracts are typically structured with take-or-pay or minimum volume provisions, which specify minimum service quantities a customer will pay for even if it chooses not to receive or use them in the specified service period (referred to as “deficiency quantities”). We typically recognize the portion of the transaction price associated with such provisions, including any deficiency quantities, as revenue depending on whether the contract prohibits the customer from making up deficiency quantities in subsequent periods, or the contract permits this practice, as follows:
•Contracts without Makeup Rights. If contractually the customer cannot make up deficiency quantities in future periods, our performance obligation is satisfied, and revenue associated with any deficiency quantities is generally recognized as each service period expires. Because a service period may exceed a reporting period, we determine at inception of the contract and at the beginning of each subsequent reporting period if we expect the customer to take the minimum volume associated with the service period. If we expect the customer to make up all deficiencies in the specified service period (i.e., we expect the customer to take the minimum service quantities), the minimum volume provision is deemed not substantive and we will recognize the transaction price as revenue in the specified service period as the promised units of service are transferred to the customer. Alternatively, if we expect that there will be any deficiency quantities that the customer cannot or will not make up in the specified service period (referred to as “breakage”), we will recognize the estimated breakage amount (subject to the constraint on variable consideration) as revenue ratably over such service period in proportion to the revenue that we will recognize for actual units of service transferred to the customer in the service period. For certain take-or-pay contracts where we make the service, or a part of the service (e.g., reservation) continuously available over the service period, we typically recognize the take-or-pay amount as revenue ratably over such period based on the passage of time.
•Contracts with Makeup Rights. If contractually the customer can acquire the promised service in a future period and make up the deficiency quantities in such future period (the “deficiency makeup period”), we have a performance obligation to deliver those services at the customer’s request (subject to contractual and/or capacity constraints) in the deficiency makeup period. At inception of the contract, and at the beginning of each subsequent reporting period, we estimate if we expect that there will be deficiency quantities that the customer will or will not make up. If we expect the customer will make up all deficiencies it is contractually entitled to, any non-refundable consideration received relating to temporary deficiencies that will be made up in the deficiency makeup period will be deferred as a contract liability, and we will recognize that amount as revenue in the deficiency makeup period when either of the following occurs: (i) the customer makes up the volumes or (ii) the likelihood that the customer will exercise its right for deficiency volumes then becomes remote (e.g., there is insufficient capacity to make up the volumes, the deficiency makeup period expires). Alternatively, if we expect at inception of the contract, or at the beginning of any subsequent reporting period, that there will be any deficiency quantities that the customer cannot or will not make up (i.e., breakage), we will recognize the estimated breakage amount (subject to the constraint on variable consideration) as revenue ratably over the specified service periods in proportion to the revenue that we will recognize for actual units of service transferred to the customer in those service periods.
Non-Firm Services
Non-firm services (also called interruptible services) are the opposite of firm services in that such services are provided to a customer on an “as available” basis. Generally, we do not have an obligation to perform these services until we accept a customer’s periodic request for service. For the majority of our non-firm service contracts, the customer will pay only for the actual quantities of services it chooses to receive or use, and we typically recognize the transaction price as revenue as those units of service are transferred to the customer in the specified service period (typically a daily or monthly period).
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Contract Balances
Contract assets and contract liabilities are the result of timing differences between revenue recognition, billings and cash collections. We recognize contract assets in those instances where billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, and our right to invoice the customer is conditioned on something other than the passage of time. Our contract assets are substantially related to breakage revenue associated with our firm service contracts with minimum volume commitment payment obligations and contracts where we apply revenue levelization (i.e., contracts with fixed rates per volume that increase over the life of the contract for which we record revenue ratably per unit over the life of the contract based on our performance obligations that are generally unchanged over the life of the contract). Our contract liabilities are substantially related to (i) capital improvements paid for in advance by certain customers generally in our non-regulated businesses, which we subsequently recognize as revenue on a straight-line basis over the initial term of the related customer contracts; (ii) consideration received from customers for temporary deficiency quantities under minimum volume contracts that we expect will be made up in a future period, which we subsequently recognize as revenue when the customer makes up the volumes or the likelihood that the customer will exercise its right for deficiency volumes becomes remote (e.g., there is insufficient capacity to make up the volumes, the deficiency makeup period expires); and (iii) contracts with fixed rates per volume that decrease over the life of the contract where we apply revenue levelization for amounts received for our future performance obligations. We reassess amounts recorded as contract assets or liabilities upon contract modification.
Refer to Note 15 for further information.
Costs of Sales
Costs of sales primarily includes the cost to purchase energy commodities sold, including natural gas, crude oil, NGL and other refined petroleum products, adjusted for the effects of our energy commodity hedging activities, as applicable. Costs of our crude oil, gas and CO 2 producing activities, such as those in our CO 2 business segment, are not accounted for as costs of sales.
Operations and Maintenance
Operations and maintenance includes costs of services and is primarily comprised of (i) operational labor costs and (ii) operations, maintenance and asset integrity, regulatory and environmental costs. Costs associated with our crude oil, gas and CO 2 producing activities included within operations and maintenance totaled $393 million, $367 million and $180 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Environmental Matters
We capitalize certain environmental expenditures required to obtain rights-of-way, regulatory approvals or permitting as part of the construction of facilities we use in our business operations. We accrue and expense environmental costs that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations, which do not contribute to current or future revenue generation. We generally do not discount environmental liabilities to a net present value, and we record environmental liabilities when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and we can reasonably estimate the costs, such as after the completion of a feasibility study or commitment to a formal plan of action. We recognize receivables for anticipated associated insurance recoveries when such recoveries are deemed to be probable. We record at estimated fair value, where appropriate, environmental liabilities assumed in a business combination.
We routinely conduct reviews of potential environmental issues and claims that assist us in identifying environmental issues and estimating the costs and timing of remediation efforts. We also routinely adjust our environmental liabilities to reflect changes in previous estimates. In making environmental liability estimations, we consider the material effect of environmental compliance, pending legal actions against us, and potential third-party liability claims we may have against others. Often, as the remediation evaluation and effort progresses, additional information is obtained, requiring revisions to estimated costs.
Leases
We lease property including corporate and field offices and facilities, vehicles, heavy work equipment including rail cars and large trucks, tanks, office equipment and land. Our leases have remaining lease terms of one to 47 years, some of which have options to extend or terminate the lease. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception or upon modification. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms may be deemed to include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.
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Our operating ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Leases with variable rate adjustments, such as Consumer Price Index (CPI) adjustments, are reflected based on contractual lease payments as outlined within the lease agreement and not adjusted for any CPI increases or decreases. Because most of our leases do not provide an explicit rate of return, we use our incremental secured borrowing rate based on lease term information available at the commencement date of the lease in determining the present value of lease payments. We have real estate lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. For certain equipment leases, such as copiers and vehicles, we account for the leases under a portfolio method. Leases that were grandfathered under various portions of Topic 842, such as land easements, are reassessed when the agreements are modified.
Refer to Note 17 for further information.
Share-based Compensation
We recognize compensation expense ratably over the vesting period of the restricted stock award based on the grant-date fair value, which is determined based on the market price of our Class P common stock on the grant date, less estimated forfeitures. Forfeiture rates are estimated based on historical forfeitures under our restricted stock award plans. Upon vesting, the restricted stock award will be paid in shares of our Class P common stock.
Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits
We recognize the differences between the fair value of each of our and our consolidated subsidiaries’ pension and other postretirement benefit plans’ assets and the benefit obligations as either assets or liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We record deferred plan costs and income—unrecognized losses and gains, unrecognized prior service costs and credits, and any remaining unamortized transition obligations—net of income taxes in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss,” with the proportionate share associated with less than wholly owned consolidated subsidiaries allocated and included within “Noncontrolling interests,” or as a regulatory asset or liability for certain of our regulated operations, until they are amortized as a component of benefit expense.
Deferred Financing Costs
We capitalize financing costs incurred with new borrowings and amortize the costs over the contractual term of the related obligations.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Through December 14, 2021, we had a redeemable noncontrolling interest which represented the interest in one of our consolidated subsidiaries, not owned by us, and which in certain limited circumstances, the partner had the right to relinquish its interest in the subsidiary. Distributions paid to the partner prior to that date were recorded as a reduction to the redeemable noncontrolling interest balance and included in “Distributions to investment partner” in our accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows. On December 14, 2021, the ownership agreement was modified such that the noncontrolling interest was no longer contingently redeemable, and the balance was reclassified to “Noncontrolling Interests.” Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest was $58 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and is included in “Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests” in our accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests represents the interests in our consolidated subsidiaries that are not owned by us. In our accompanying consolidated statements of income, the noncontrolling interest in the net income of our less than wholly owned consolidated subsidiaries is shown as an allocation of our consolidated net income and is presented separately as “Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.” In our accompanying consolidated balance sheets, noncontrolling interests is presented separately as “Noncontrolling interests” within “Stockholders’ Equity.”
Income Taxes
Income tax expense is recorded based on an estimate of the effective tax rate in effect or to be in effect during the relevant periods. Changes in tax legislation are included in the relevant computations in the period in which such changes are enacted. We do business in a number of states with differing laws concerning how income subject to each state’s tax structure is measured and at what effective rate such income is taxed. Therefore, we must make estimates of how our income will be
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apportioned among the various states in order to arrive at an overall effective tax rate. Changes in our effective tax rate, including any effect on previously recorded deferred taxes, are recorded in the period in which the need for such change is identified.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more-likely-than-not that all, or a portion, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. While we have considered estimated future taxable income and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in determining the amount of our valuation allowance, any change in the amount that we expect to ultimately realize will be included in income in the period in which such a determination is reached. Income tax effects are released from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings, when applicable, on an individual item basis as those items are reclassified into income.
In determining the deferred income tax asset and liability balances attributable to our investments, we apply an accounting policy that looks through our investments. The application of this policy resulted in no deferred income taxes being provided on the difference between the book and tax basis on the non-tax-deductible goodwill portion of our investments, including KMI’s investment in its wholly-owned subsidiary, KMP.
Risk Management Activities
We utilize energy commodity derivative contracts for the purpose of mitigating our risk resulting from fluctuations in the market price of commodities including crude oil, natural gas, and NGL. In addition, we enter into interest rate swap agreements for the purpose of managing our interest rate exposure associated with our debt obligations. We also enter into cross-currency swap agreements to manage our foreign currency risk associated with certain debt obligations. We measure our derivative contracts at fair value and we report them on our balance sheet as either an asset or liability. For certain physical forward commodity derivatives contracts, we apply the normal purchase/normal sale exception, whereby the revenues and expenses associated with such transactions are recognized during the period when the commodities are physically delivered or received.
For qualifying accounting hedges, we formally document the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, the risk management objectives, and the methods used for assessing and testing effectiveness. When we designate a derivative contract as a cash flow accounting hedge, the entire change in fair value of the derivative that is included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is deferred in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged item affects earnings. When we designate a derivative contract as a fair value accounting hedge, the change in fair value of the hedged item is recorded as an adjustment to the carrying value of the hedged item and recognized currently in earnings in the same line item that the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized currently in earnings. Therefore, any difference between the changes in fair values of the item being hedged and the derivative contract results in a gain or loss from the hedging relationship recognized currently in earnings.
For derivative instruments that are not designated as accounting hedges, or for which we have not elected the normal purchase/normal sales exception, changes in fair value are recognized currently in earnings.
Unrealized gains and losses associated with our derivative activities that affect income are reflected as “Change in fair market value of derivative contracts” within our accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows as a noncash add back to net income to arrive at cash flows from our derivative activities for the period. Net changes in our interest receivable and payable balances that represent accruals and periodic settlements of interest on our interest rate swaps are included within “Accrued interest, net of interest rate swaps” on our accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows.
Fair Value
The fair values of our financial instruments are separated into three broad levels (Levels 1, 2 and 3) based on our assessment of the availability of observable market data and the significance of non-observable data used to determine fair value. We assign each fair value measurement to a level corresponding to the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Recognized valuation techniques utilize inputs such as contractual prices, quoted market prices or rates, and discount factors. These inputs may be either readily observable or corroborated by market data.
Regulatory Assets and Liabilities
Regulatory assets and liabilities represent probable future revenues or expenses associated with certain charges and credits that will be recovered from or returned to customers through the ratemaking process. In instances where we receive recovery in tariff rates related to losses on dispositions of operating units, we record a regulatory asset for the estimated recoverable
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amount. We include the amounts of our regulatory assets and liabilities within “Other current assets,” “Deferred charges and other assets,” “Other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits,” respectively, in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
The following table summarizes our regulatory asset and liability balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Current regulatory assets | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Non-current regulatory assets | 214 |  |  | 183 |
Total regulatory assets(a) | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 256 |
Current regulatory liabilities | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 50 |
Non-current regulatory liabilities | 188 |  |  | 175 |
Total regulatory liabilities(b) | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 225 |

(a)Regulatory assets as of December 31, 2023 include (i) $100 million of unamortized losses on disposal of assets; (ii) $43 million income tax gross up on equity AFUDC; and (iii) $97 million of other assets, including amounts related to fuel tracker arrangements. Approximately $138 million of the regulatory assets, with a weighted average remaining recovery period of 10 years, are recoverable without earning a return, including the income tax gross up on equity AFUDC for which there is an offsetting deferred income tax balance for FERC rate base purposes; therefore, it does not earn a return.
(b)Regulatory liabilities as of December 31, 2023 are comprised of customer prepayments to be credited to shippers or other over-collections that are expected to be returned to shippers or netted against under-collections over time. Approximately $104 million of the $188 million classified as non-current is expected to be credited to shippers over a remaining weighted average period of 13 years, while the remaining $84 million is not subject to a defined period.
Earnings per Share
We calculate earnings per share using the two-class method. Earnings were allocated to Class P common stock and participating securities based on the amount of dividends paid in the current period plus an allocation of the undistributed earnings or excess distributions over earnings to the extent that each security participates in earnings or excess distributions over earnings. Our unvested restricted stock awards, which may be restricted stock or restricted stock units issued to employees and non-employee directors and include dividend equivalent payments, do not participate in excess distributions over earnings.
The following table sets forth the allocation of net income available to shareholders of Class P common stock and participating securities:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions, except per share amounts)
Net Income Available to Stockholders | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 1,784 |
Participating securities: |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net Income Allocated to Restricted stock awards(a) | (14) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (14) |
Net Income Allocated to Common Stockholders | $ | 2,377 |  |  | $ | 2,535 |  |  | $ | 1,770 |
Basic Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 2,234 |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | 2,266 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |

(a)As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 13 million restricted stock awards outstanding.
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The following maximum number of potential common stock equivalents are antidilutive and, accordingly, are excluded from the determination of diluted earnings per share. As we have no other common stock equivalents, our diluted earnings per share are the same as our basic earnings per share for all periods presented.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions on a weighted average basis)
Unvested restricted stock awards | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Convertible trust preferred securities | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |

3. | Acquisitions and Divestitures

Business Combinations
For acquired businesses, we recognize the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition with any excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired recorded to goodwill. Determining the fair value of these items requires management’s judgment and the utilization of an independent valuation specialist, if applicable, and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions.
Our allocation of the purchase price for acquisitions completed during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are detailed below:

|  |  |  |  | Assignment of Purchase Price |  |
Ref |  | Acquisition | Purchase price |  | Current assets |  | Property, plant & equipment |  | Other long-term assets |  | Current liabilities |  | Long-term liabilities |  | Non-controlling interest |  | Resulting goodwill
|  |  | (In millions)
(1) |  | STX Midstream(a) | $ | 1,831 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | 156 |
(2) |  | Diamond M | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(3) |  | North American Natural Resources | 132 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
(4) |  | Mas Ranger, LLC | 358 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 320 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(5) |  | Kinetrex Energy | 318 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 272 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (68) |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
(6) |  | Stagecoach | 1,258 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(a)The purchase price allocation for the STX Midstream Acquisition is preliminary.
(1) STX Midstream Pipeline System (STX Midstream) Acquisition
On December 28, 2023, we completed the acquisition of STX Midstream from NextEra Energy Partners for a purchase price of $1,831 million, including preliminary purchase price adjustments for working capital. Other long-term assets includes $357 million related to customer relationships with weighted average amortization period of 15 years and $192 million related to a 50% equity investment interest in Dos Caminos, LLC. The acquisition includes a 90% interest in NET Mexico Pipeline LLC. The goodwill consists primarily of synergies expected from the business combination and is tax deductible. The acquired assets are included in our Natural Gas business segment.
The determination of fair value utilized valuation methodologies including discounted cash flows for the customer relationships intangible assets and the equity method investment and the replacement cost approach for the property, plant and equipment. The significant assumptions made in performing these valuations include the discount rate utilized to value the customer relationships intangible assets and equity method investment and replacement costs used to value property, plant and equipment.
(2) Diamond M Acquisition
On June 1, 2023, we completed the acquisition of the Diamond M Field from Parallel Petroleum LLC for a purchase price of $13 million, including purchase price adjustments for working capital. The acquired assets, which are adjacent to our SACROC field, are included in our CO 2 business segment.
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(3) North American Natural Resources Acquisition
On August 11, 2022, we completed the acquisition of seven landfill assets with the purchase of North American Natural Resources, Inc. and, its sister companies, North American Biofuels, LLC and North American-Central, LLC (NANR) consisting of GTE facilities in Michigan and Kentucky for $132 million, including purchase price adjustments for working capital. Other long-term assets within the purchase price allocation consists of intangibles related to gas rights and customer contracts with a weighted average amortization period of approximately 13 years. The goodwill associated with this acquisition is tax deductible. The acquired assets align with our strategy to invest in low-carbon energy and are included as part of our new Energy Transition Ventures group within our CO 2 business segment. During November 2023, the seller exercised its option to repurchase one of the landfill assets for an insignificant amount.
(4) Mas Ranger Acquisition
On July 19, 2022, we completed an acquisition of three landfill assets with the purchase of Mas Ranger, LLC and its subsidiaries from Mas CanAm, LLC, comprising an RNG facility in Arlington, Texas and medium Btu facilities in Shreveport, Louisiana and Victoria, Texas for $358 million including purchase price adjustments for working capital. Other long-term assets within the purchase price allocation reflects an intangible related to a customer contract with an amortization period of approximately 17 years. The acquired assets align with our strategy to invest in low-carbon energy and are included as part of our new Energy Transition Ventures group within our CO 2 business segment.
(5) Kinetrex Acquisition
On August 20, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Indianapolis-based Kinetrex Energy (Kinetrex) from an affiliate of Parallel49 Equity for $318 million, including purchase price adjustments for working capital. Other long-term assets within the purchase price allocation includes $63 million related to an equity investment and $199 million related to a customer relationship with an amortization period of approximately 10 years. Kinetrex was a supplier of LNG in the Midwest and a producer and supplier of RNG under long-term contracts to transportation service providers. At the acquisition date, Kinetrex had a 50% interest in the largest RNG facility in Indiana, and we commenced construction on three additional landfill-based RNG facilities in September 2021. The acquired assets align with our strategy to invest in low-carbon energy and are included as part of our new Energy Transition Ventures group within our CO 2 business segment.
(6) Stagecoach Acquisition
On July 9, 2021 and November 24, 2021, we completed the acquisitions of Stagecoach and its subsidiaries, a natural gas pipeline and storage joint venture between Consolidated Edison, Inc. and Crestwood Equity Partners, LP, for approximately $1,258 million, including a purchase price adjustment for working capital. Other long-term assets within the purchase price allocation relates to customer contracts with a weighted average amortization period of less than two years. The determination of fair value utilized valuation methodologies including discounted cash flows and the cost approach. The significant assumptions made in performing these valuations include a discount rate of approximately 12%, future revenues and replacement costs. To compute estimated future cash flows for Stagecoach, transportation and storage revenue forecasts were developed based on projected demand and future rates for services in the Northeast market areas.
Pro Forma Information
Pro forma consolidated income statement information that gives effect to the above acquisitions as if they had occurred as of January 1 of each year preceding each transaction is not presented because it would not be materially different from the information presented in our accompanying consolidated statements of income.
Divestitures
Sale of Interest in ELC
On September 26, 2022, we completed the sale of a 25.5% ownership interest in ELC. We received net proceeds of $557 million which were used to reduce short-term borrowings. As we continue to have a controlling financial interest in ELC, we recorded an increase of $190 million to “Additional paid in capital” for the impact of the change in our ownership interest in ELC, which is reflected on our accompanying consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the year ended December 31, 2022. We continue to own a 25.5% interest in and operate ELC.
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We continue to consolidate ELC. We have determined that ELC is a variable interest entity and Southern Liquefaction Company, LLC (SLC), which is indirectly controlled by us, is the primary beneficiary because it has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact ELC’s economic performance and the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses. In addition to being the operator of ELC, the evaluation of ELC as a variable interest entity and SLC as the primary beneficiary included consideration of the following: (i) a liquefaction service agreement between ELC and its customer was designed for recovery by ELC of actual costs for operating and maintaining ELC’s facilities, which reduces the risk for all equity owners to absorb losses resulting from cost variability; and (ii) substantially all ELC’s activities involve KMI subsidiaries under common control that provide services for and benefit from the operations of ELC.
The following table shows the carrying amount and classification of ELC’s assets and liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Assets |  |  |
Current assets | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,162 |  |  | 1,197 |
Deferred charges and other assets | 5 |  |  | 6 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Current liabilities | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 15 |
Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | 25 |  |  | 5 |

We receive distributions from ELC, indirectly, through our interest in SLC, but otherwise, the assets of ELC cannot be used to settle our obligations. ELC’s creditors have no recourse against our general credit and the obligations of ELC may only be settled using the assets of ELC. ELC does not guarantee our debt or other similar commitments.
Sale of an Interest in NGPL Holdings LLC
On March 8, 2021, we and Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P. (Brookfield) completed the sale of a combined 25% interest in our joint venture, NGPL Holdings LLC (NGPL Holdings), to a fund controlled by ArcLight Capital Partners, LLC (ArcLight). We received net proceeds of $412 million for our proportionate share of the interests sold, which included the transfer of $125 million of our $500 million related party promissory note receivable from NGPL Holdings to ArcLight with quarterly interest payments at 6.75%. We recognized a pre-tax gain of $206 million for our proportionate share, which is included within “Other, net” in our accompanying consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. After a subsequent transfer of third party interest, we and Arclight now each hold a 37.5% interest in NGPL Holdings.
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4. Losses and Gains on Divestitures, Impairments and Other Write-downs
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we recorded net pre-tax losses (gains) of $52 million, $(32) million and $1,535 million, respectively, reflecting net losses (gains) on divestitures, impairments and other write downs as detailed further below. The year ended December 31, 2021 amount primarily includes pre-tax long-lived asset impairments of $1,634 million.
We recognized the following non-cash pre-tax losses (gains) on divestitures, impairments or other write-downs on assets and equity investments during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Natural Gas Pipelines |  |  |  |  |
Impairments of long-lived assets(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,600 |
Gain on sale of interest in NGPL Holdings(b) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206) |
Loss on write-down of related party note receivable(c) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Gains on divestitures of long-lived assets | (10) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (1) |
Products Pipelines |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of equity investment(d) | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on divestiture of long-lived asset | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |
Terminals |  |  |  |  |
Impairments of long-lived assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
(Gains) losses on divestitures of long-lived assets | (1) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 2 |
CO 2 |  |  |  |  |
Gains on divestitures of long-lived assets | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (8) |
Other gains on divestitures of long-lived assets | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Pre-tax losses (gains) on divestitures, impairments and other write-downs, net | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | 1,535 |

(a)2021 amount represents non-cash impairments associated with our South Texas gathering and processing assets.
(b)See Note 3.
(c)See “—Investment in Ruby” below for a further discussion.
(d)See “—Investments” below for a further discussion.
Impairments
Investments
During the first quarter of 2023, we recognized an impairment of $67 million related to our investment in Double Eagle Pipeline LLC (Double Eagle). The impairment was driven by lower expected renewal rates on contracts that expired in the second half of 2023. The impairment is recognized on our accompanying consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2023 within “Earnings from equity investments.” Our investment in Double Eagle and associated earnings is included within our Products Pipelines business segment.
Long-lived Assets
During the second quarter of 2021, we evaluated our South Texas gathering and processing assets within our Natural Gas Pipeline business segment for impairment, which was driven by lower expectations regarding the volumes and rates associated with the re-contracting of contracts expiring through 2024. To compute the estimated undiscounted future cash flows we used the forecast of expected revenues adjusted for upcoming contract expirations. This analysis indicated that our South Texas gathering and processing assets failed step one. In step two, we utilized an income approach to estimate fair value and compared it to the carrying value. The significant assumptions made in calculating fair value include estimates of future cash flows and discount rates. We applied an approximate 8.5% discount rate, a Level 3 input, which we believed represented the estimated weighted average cost of capital of a theoretical market participant. As a result of our evaluation, we recognized a non-cash, long-lived asset impairment of $1,600 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.
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Investment in Ruby
During the first quarter of 2021, we recognized a pre-tax charge of $117 million related to a write-down of our subordinated note receivable from our former equity investee, Ruby, which is included within “Earnings from equity investments” in our accompanying consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. The write-down was driven by the impairment recognized by Ruby of its assets.
Ruby Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filing
The balance of Ruby Pipeline, L.L.C.’s 2022 unsecured notes matured on April 1, 2022 in the principal amount of $475 million. Although Ruby had sufficient liquidity to operate its business, it lacked sufficient liquidity to satisfy its obligations under the 2022 unsecured notes on the maturity date of April 1, 2022. Accordingly, on March 31, 2022, Ruby filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. Ruby, as the debtor, continued to operate in the ordinary course as a debtor in possession under the jurisdiction of the United States Bankruptcy Court. We fully impaired our equity investment in Ruby in the fourth quarter of 2019 and fully impaired our investment in Ruby’s subordinated notes in the first quarter of 2021. We had no amounts included in our “Investments” on our accompanying consolidated balance sheet associated with Ruby as of December 31, 2022.
On January 13, 2023, the bankruptcy court confirmed a plan of reorganization satisfactory to all interested parties regarding Ruby, which involved payment of Ruby’s outstanding senior notes with the proceeds from the sale of Ruby to Tallgrass, a settlement by KMI and Pembina of certain potential causes of action relating to the bankruptcy, and cash on hand. Our payment to the bankruptcy estate, net of payments it received in respect of a long-term subordinated note receivable from Ruby, was approximately $28.5 million which was accrued for as of December 31, 2022 and included within “Other, net” in our accompanying consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consummation of the settlement and the sale of Ruby to Tallgrass occurred on January 13, 2023.

5. | Income Taxes

The components of “Income Before Income Taxes” are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
U.S. | $ | 3,192 |  |  | $ | 3,318 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |
Foreign | 9 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 2 |
Total Income Before Income Taxes | $ | 3,201 |  |  | $ | 3,335 |  |  | $ | 2,219 |

Components of the income tax provision applicable for federal, foreign and state taxes are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Current tax expense |  |  |  |  |
State | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Foreign | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Total | 5 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 14 |
Deferred tax expense |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 619 |  |  | 642 |  |  | 334 |
State | 91 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 21 |
Total | 710 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 355 |
Total tax provision | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 369 |

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The difference between the statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate is summarized as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions, except percentages)
Federal income tax | $ | 672 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 700 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 466 |  |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) as a result of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State income tax, net of federal benefit | 64 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 69 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 50 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Dividend received deduction | (34) |  |  | (1.1) | % |  | (36) |  |  | (1.1) | % |  | (46) |  |  | (2.1) | %
Release of valuation allowance | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | (38) |  |  | (1.7) | %
General business credit | (1) |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | (36) |  |  | (1.6) | %
Other | 14 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | (23) |  |  | (0.7) | % |  | (27) |  |  | (1.2) | %
Total | $ | 715 |  |  | 22.3 | % |  | $ | 710 |  |  | 21.2 | % |  | $ | 369 |  |  | 16.6 | %

Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Employee benefits | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 116 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 2,024 |  |  | 2,007 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 300 |  |  | 303 |
Interest expense limitation | 266 |  |  | 82 |
Other | 181 |  |  | 192 |
Valuation allowances | (77) |  |  | (79) |
Total deferred tax assets | 2,808 |  |  | 2,621 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | 215 |  |  | 163 |
Investments(a) | 3,951 |  |  | 3,056 |
Other | 30 |  |  | 25 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 4,196 |  |  | 3,244 |
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (1,388) |  |  | $ | (623) |

(a)Amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are primarily associated with KMI’s investment in KMP.
Deferred Tax Assets and Valuation Allowances
A reconciliation of our valuation allowances for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 79 |  |  |  |  |
Statute expirations for state NOL and foreign tax credits |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |
Currency fluctuation |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 77 |  |  |  |  |

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The following table provides details related to our deferred tax assets and valuation allowances as of December 31, 2023:

|  | Unused Amount |  | Deferred Tax Asset |  | Valuation Allowance |  | Expiration Period
|  | (In millions) |  |
Net Operating Loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal net operating loss |  | $ | 6,565 |  |  | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Indefinite
U.S. federal net operating loss |  | 1,716 |  |  | 360 |  |  | — |  |  | 2035 - 2037
State losses |  | 5,293 |  |  | 254 |  |  | (46) |  |  | 2024 - 2043
Foreign losses |  | 90 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (31) |  |  | Indefinite
Tax Credits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General business credits |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | 2036 - 2042

Use of a portion of our U.S. federal carryforwards is subject to the limitations provided under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code as well as the separate return limitation rules of Internal Revenue Service regulations. If certain substantial changes in our ownership occur, there would be an annual limitation on the amount of carryforwards that could be utilized.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits: We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based not only on the technical merits of the tax position based on tax law, but also the past administrative practices and precedents of the taxing authority. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution.
A reconciliation of our gross unrecognized tax benefit excluding interest and penalties is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (In millions)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Reductions based on statute expirations |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |
Audit settlement |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Additions to state reserves for prior years |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Amounts which, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate |  | $ | 18 |  |  |  |  |

In addition, we believe it is reasonably possible that our liability for unrecognized tax benefits will increase by $4 million during the next year, primarily due to additions for state filing positions taken in prior years, offset by releases from statute expirations.
The following table summarizes information of our open tax years:

Jurisdiction |  | Open Tax Year
U.S. |  | 2019 - 2023
Various states |  | 2012 - 2023
Foreign |  | 2008 - 2023

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6. Property, Plant and Equipment, net
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:

| Straight-Line Estimated Useful Life |  | Composite Depreciation Rates |  | December 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (Years) |  | (%) |  | (In millions)
Interstate Natural Gas FERC-Regulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pipelines (Natural gas) |  |  | 0.80-6.67 |  | $ | 12,019 |  |  | $ | 11,793 |
Equipment (Natural gas) |  |  | 0.80-6.67 |  | 9,190 |  |  | 8,839 |
Other(a) |  |  | 0.00-25 |  | 823 |  |  | 833 |
Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  |  |  | (10,301) |  |  | (9,883) |
Depreciable assets |  |  |  |  | 11,731 |  |  | 11,582 |
Land and land rights-of-way(b) |  |  |  |  | 399 |  |  | 388 |
Construction work in process |  |  |  |  | 394 |  |  | 258 |
Total interstate natural gas FERC-regulated |  |  |  |  | 12,524 |  |  | 12,228 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pipelines (Natural gas, liquids, crude oil and CO 2) | 5-40 |  | 0.09-33.33 |  | 9,631 |  |  | 8,329 |
Equipment (Natural gas, liquids, crude oil, CO 2 and terminals) | 5-40 |  | 0.09-33.33 |  | 19,974 |  |  | 18,645 |
Other(a) | 3-10 |  | 0.00-33.33 |  | 4,773 |  |  | 4,791 |
Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  |  |  | (11,774) |  |  | (10,529) |
Depreciable assets |  |  |  |  | 22,604 |  |  | 21,236 |
Land and land rights-of-way(c) |  |  |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 1,350 |
Construction work in process |  |  |  |  | 651 |  |  | 785 |
Total other |  |  |  |  | 24,773 |  |  | 23,371 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,297 |  |  | $ | 35,599 |

(a)Includes general plant, general structures and buildings, computer and communication equipment, intangibles, vessels, transmix products, linefill and miscellaneous property, plant and equipment.
(b)Balances as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022 include land rights-of-way of $346 million which are depreciable.
(c)Balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 include land rights-of-way of $720 million and $551 million, respectively, which are depreciable.
Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense for property, plant and equipment was $2,020 million, $1,905 million and $1,873 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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7. Investments
Our investments primarily consist of equity investments where we hold significant influence over investee actions and for which we apply the equity method of accounting. The following table provides details on our investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and our earnings (loss) from these respective investments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

| Ownership Interest |  | Equity Investments |  | Earnings (Loss) from Equity Investments
| December 31, |  | December 31, |  | Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  |  | (In millions)
Citrus Corporation | 50% |  | $ | 1,789 |  |  | $ | 1,781 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 151 |
SNG | 50% |  | 1,668 |  |  | 1,669 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 128 |
PHP | 27.74% |  | 763 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 63 |
NGPL Holdings(a) | 37.5% |  | 623 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 94 |
Gulf Coast Express Pipeline LLC | 34% |  | 566 |  |  | 597 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 86 |
Products (SE) Pipe Line Corporation | 51.17% |  | 369 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 48 |
MEP | 50% |  | 342 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (17) |
Utopia Holding LLC | 50% |  | 322 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |
Gulf LNG Holdings Group, LLC | 50% |  | 275 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 22 |
EagleHawk | 25% |  | 273 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 8 |
Dos Caminos, LLC | 50% |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Red Cedar Gathering Company | 49% |  | 155 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 10 |
Watco Companies, LLC | (b) |  | 84 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Cortez Pipeline Company | 52.98% |  | 30 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 29 |
Double Eagle(c) | 50% |  | 14 |  |  | 90 |  |  | (42) |  |  | 18 |  |  | 9 |
Ruby(d) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (116) |
All others |  |  | 409 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 47 |
Total investments |  |  | $ | 7,874 |  |  | $ | 7,653 |  |  | $ | 838 |  |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | 591 |
Amortization of excess cost |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (66) |  |  | $ | (75) |  |  | $ | (78) |

(a)Our investment in NPGL Holdings includes a related party promissory note receivable from NGPL Holdings with quarterly interest payments at 6.75%. As of December 31, 2023, we and Arclight each hold a 37.5% interest and Brookfield holds a 25% interest in NGPL Holdings. The outstanding principal amount of our related party promissory note receivable at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $375 million. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $25 million, $25 million and $27 million, respectively, of interest within “Earnings from equity investments” on our accompanying consolidated statements of income.
(b)We hold a preferred equity investment in Watco Companies, LLC (Watco). We own 50,000 Class B preferred shares and pursuant to the terms of the investment, receive priority, cumulative cash and stock distributions from the preferred shares at a rate of 3.00% per quarter. We do not hold any voting powers, but the class does provide us certain approval rights, including the right to appoint one of the members to Watco’s board of managers.
(c)Loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes $67 million of our share of a non-cash impairment charge (pre-tax). For further information, see Note 4 “Losses and Gains on Divestitures, Impairments and Other Write-downs—Investments.”
(d)As of January 13, 2023, we no longer own an interest in Ruby. The loss from our investment in Ruby for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes a non-cash impairment charge of $117 million related to a write-down of our subordinated note receivable from Ruby driven by the impairment by Ruby of its assets. For further information regarding our investment in Ruby, see Note 4 “Losses and Gains on Divestitures, Impairments and Other Write-downs—Investment in Ruby.”
Summarized combined financial information for our significant equity investments (listed or described above) is reported below (amounts represent 100% of investee financial information):

|  | Year Ended December 31,
Income Statement |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021(a)
|  | (In millions)
Revenues |  | $ | 5,981 |  |  | $ | 5,953 |  |  | $ | 5,521 |
Costs and expenses |  | 4,149 |  |  | 4,193 |  |  | 6,137 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 1,832 |  |  | $ | 1,760 |  |  | $ | (616) |

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|  | December 31,
Balance Sheet |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In millions)
Current assets |  | $ | 1,844 |  |  | $ | 1,461 |
Non-current assets |  | 23,193 |  |  | 23,360 |
Current liabilities |  | 1,534 |  |  | 1,617 |
Non-current liabilities |  | 10,102 |  |  | 10,206 |
Partners’/owners’ equity |  | 13,401 |  |  | 12,998 |

(a)2021 amounts include a non-cash impairment charge of $2.2 billion recorded by Ruby.
8. Goodwill
Changes in the amounts of our goodwill for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized by reporting unit as follows:

| Natural Gas Pipelines Regulated |  | Natural Gas Pipelines Non-Regulated |  | CO 2 |  | Products Pipelines |  | Products Pipelines Terminals |  | Terminals |  | Energy Transition Ventures |  | Total |
| (In millions) |
Gross goodwill | $ | 15,892 |  |  | $ | 4,940 |  |  | $ | 1,528 |  |  | $ | 2,575 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 1,481 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 26,700 |  |
Accumulated impairment losses | (1,643) |  |  | (2,597) |  |  | (600) |  |  | (1,197) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (679) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,786) |  |
December 31, 2021 | 14,249 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 19,914 |  |
Acquisitions(a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 51 |  |
December 31, 2022 | 14,249 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 19,965 |  |
Acquisition of STX Midstream | — |  |  | 156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 156 |  |
December 31, 2023 | 14,249 |  |  | 2,499 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 20,121 |  |
Gross goodwill | 15,892 |  |  | 5,096 |  |  | 1,528 |  |  | 2,575 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 26,907 |  |
Accumulated impairment losses | (1,643) |  |  | (2,597) |  |  | (600) |  |  | (1,197) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (679) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,786) |  |
December 31, 2023 | $ | 14,249 |  |  | $ | 2,499 |  |  | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 20,121 |  |

(a)Includes goodwill arising from our acquisition of NANR and a $10 million purchase price adjustment related to our acquisition of Kinetrex in 2021 that was attributed to long-term deferred tax liabilities.
Results of our May 31, 2023 annual impairment test indicated that for each of our reporting units, the reporting unit’s fair value exceeded carrying value, with our Terminals reporting unit’s fair value in excess of its carrying values by less than 10% which was impacted by a decline in market multiples. We did not identify any triggers requiring further impairment analysis during the remainder of the year.
The fair value estimates used in our goodwill impairment test include Level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy. For all reporting units other than Energy Transition Ventures, we estimated fair value based on a market approach utilizing forecasted earnings before interest, income taxes, DD&A expenses, including amortization of excess cost of equity investments, (EBITDA) and the enterprise value to estimated EBITDA multiples of comparable companies for each of our reporting units. The value of each reporting unit was determined from the perspective of a market participant in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. For Energy Transition Ventures, we estimated fair value based on an income approach, which includes assumptions regarding future cash flows based on primarily on production growth assumptions, terminal values and discount rates.
Changes to any one or a combination of these factors would result in a change to the reporting unit fair values, which could lead to future impairment charges. Such potential non-cash impairments could have a significant effect on our results of operations.
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9. Debt
The following table provides detail on the principal amount of our outstanding debt balances:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Credit facility and commercial paper borrowings(a) | $ | 1,989 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate senior notes(b) |  |  |
3.15%, due January 2023 | — |  |  | 1,000 |
Floating rate, due January 2023(c) | — |  |  | 250 |
3.45%, due February 2023 | — |  |  | 625 |
3.50%, due September 2023 | — |  |  | 600 |
5.625%, due November 2023 | — |  |  | 750 |
4.15%, due February 2024 | 650 |  |  | 650 |
4.30%, due May 2024 | 600 |  |  | 600 |
4.25%, due September 2024 | 650 |  |  | 650 |
4.30%, due June 2025 | 1,500 |  |  | 1,500 |
1.75%, due November 2026 | 500 |  |  | 500 |
6.70%, due February 2027 | 7 |  |  | 7 |
2.25%, due March 2027(d) | 552 |  |  | 535 |
6.67%, due November 2027 | 7 |  |  | 7 |
4.30%, due March 2028 | 1,250 |  |  | 1,250 |
7.25%, due March 2028 | 32 |  |  | 32 |
6.95%, due June 2028 | 31 |  |  | 31 |
8.05%, due October 2030 | 234 |  |  | 234 |
2.00%, due February 2031 | 750 |  |  | 750 |
7.40%, due March 2031 | 300 |  |  | 300 |
7.80%, due August 2031 | 537 |  |  | 537 |
7.75%, due January 2032 | 1,005 |  |  | 1,005 |
7.75%, due March 2032 | 300 |  |  | 300 |
4.80%, due February 2033 | 750 |  |  | 750 |
5.20%, due June 2033 | 1,500 |  |  | — |
7.30%, due August 2033 | 500 |  |  | 500 |
5.30%, due December 2034 | 750 |  |  | 750 |
5.80%, due March 2035 | 500 |  |  | 500 |
7.75%, due October 2035 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
6.40%, due January 2036 | 36 |  |  | 36 |
6.50%, due February 2037 | 400 |  |  | 400 |
7.42%, due February 2037 | 47 |  |  | 47 |
6.95%, due January 2038 | 1,175 |  |  | 1,175 |
6.50%, due September 2039 | 600 |  |  | 600 |
6.55%, due September 2040 | 400 |  |  | 400 |
7.50%, due November 2040 | 375 |  |  | 375 |
6.375%, due March 2041 | 600 |  |  | 600 |
5.625%, due September 2041 | 375 |  |  | 375 |
5.00%, due August 2042 | 625 |  |  | 625 |
4.70%, due November 2042 | 475 |  |  | 475 |
5.00%, due March 2043 | 700 |  |  | 700 |
5.50%, due March 2044 | 750 |  |  | 750 |
5.40%, due September 2044 | 550 |  |  | 550 |
5.55%, due June 2045 | 1,750 |  |  | 1,750 |
5.05%, due February 2046 | 800 |  |  | 800 |
5.20%, due March 2048 | 750 |  |  | 750 |
3.25%, due August 2050 | 500 |  |  | 500 |
3.60%, due February 2051 | 1,050 |  |  | 1,050 |
5.45%, due January 2052 | 750 |  |  | 750 |
7.45%, due March 2098 | 26 |  |  | 26 |
TGP senior notes(b) |  |  |
7.00%, due March 2027 | 300 |  |  | 300 |
7.00%, due October 2028 | 400 |  |  | 400 |
2.90%, due March 2030 | 1,000 |  |  | 1,000 |

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| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
8.375%, due June 2032 | 240 |  |  | 240 |
7.625%, due April 2037 | 300 |  |  | 300 |
EPNG senior notes(b) |  |  |
7.50%, due November 2026 | 200 |  |  | 200 |
3.50%, due February 2032 | 300 |  |  | 300 |
8.375%, due June 2032 | 300 |  |  | 300 |
CIG senior notes(b) |  |  |
4.15%, due August 2026 | 375 |  |  | 375 |
6.85%, due June 2037 | 100 |  |  | 100 |
EPC Building, LLC, promissory note, 3.967%, due January 2022 through December 2035 | 330 |  |  | 348 |
Trust I Preferred Securities, 4.75%, due March 2028(e) | 221 |  |  | 220 |
Other miscellaneous debt(f) | 234 |  |  | 242 |
Total debt – KMI and Subsidiaries | 31,929 |  |  | 31,673 |
Less: Current portion of debt | 4,049 |  |  | 3,385 |
Total long-term debt – KMI and Subsidiaries(g) | $ | 27,880 |  |  | $ | 28,288 |

(a)Weighted average interest rate on borrowings at December 31, 2023 was 5.68%.
(b)Notes provide for the redemption at any time at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes plus accrued interest to the redemption date plus a make whole premium and are subject to a number of restrictions and covenants. The most restrictive of these include limitations on the incurrence of liens and limitations on sale-leaseback transactions.
(c)As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding an associated floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement which was designated as a cash flow hedge.
(d)Consists of senior notes denominated in Euros that have been converted to U.S. dollars and are respectively reported above at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate of 1.1039 U.S. dollars per Euro and at the December 31, 2022 exchange rate of 1.0705 U.S. dollars per Euro. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the cumulative changes in the exchange rate of U.S. dollars per Euro since issuance had resulted in an increase of $9 million and a decrease of $8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding associated cross-currency swap agreements which are designated as cash flow hedges.
(e)Capital Trust I (Trust I), is a 100%-owned business trust that as of December 31, 2023, had 4.4 million of 4.75% trust convertible preferred securities outstanding (referred to as the Trust I Preferred Securities). Trust I exists for the sole purpose of issuing preferred securities and investing the proceeds in 4.75% convertible subordinated debentures, which are due 2028. Trust I’s sole source of income is interest earned on these debentures. This interest income is used to pay distributions on the preferred securities. We provide a full and unconditional guarantee of the Trust I Preferred Securities. There are no significant restrictions from these securities on our ability to obtain funds from our subsidiaries by distribution, dividend or loan. The Trust I Preferred Securities are non-voting (except in limited circumstances), pay quarterly distributions at an annual rate of 4.75% and carry a liquidation value of $50 per security plus accrued and unpaid distributions. The Trust I Preferred Securities outstanding as of December 31, 2023 are convertible at any time prior to the close of business on March 31, 2028, at the option of the holder, into the following mixed consideration: (i) 0.7197 of a share of our Class P common stock; and (ii) $25.18 in cash without interest. We have the right to redeem these Trust I Preferred Securities at any time.
(f)Includes finance lease obligations with monthly installments. The lease terms expire between 2026 and 2070.
(g)Excludes our “Debt fair value adjustments” which, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, increased our combined debt balances by $187 million and $115 million, respectively. In addition to all unamortized debt discount/premium amounts, debt issuance costs and purchase accounting on our debt balances, our debt fair value adjustments also include amounts associated with the offsetting entry for hedged debt and any unamortized portion of proceeds received from the early termination of interest rate swap agreements. For further information about our debt fair value adjustments, see “—Debt Fair Value Adjustments” below.
On January 31, 2023, we issued in a registered offering, $1,500 million aggregate principal amount of 5.20% senior notes due 2033 for net proceeds of $1,485 million, which were used to repay short-term borrowings, maturing debt and for general corporate purposes.
On February 1, 2024, we issued in a registered offering, two series of senior notes consisting of $1,250 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior notes due 2029 and $1,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.40% senior notes due 2034 and received combined net proceeds of $2,230 million.
We and substantially all of our wholly owned domestic subsidiaries are party to a cross guarantee agreement whereby each party to the agreement unconditionally guarantees, jointly and severally, the payment of specified indebtedness of each other party to the agreement.
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Current Portion of Debt
The following table details the components of our “Current portion of debt” reported on our consolidated balance sheets:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In millions)
$3.5 billion credit facility due August 20, 2027 |  | — |  |  | — |
$500 million credit facility due November 16, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial paper notes |  | 1,989 |  |  | — |
Current portion of senior notes |  |  |  |
3.15%, due January 2023(a) |  | — |  |  | 1,000 |
Floating rate, due January 2023(b) |  | — |  |  | 250 |
3.45%, due February 2023 |  | — |  |  | 625 |
3.50%, due September 2023 |  | — |  |  | 600 |
5.625%, due November 2023 |  | — |  |  | 750 |
4.15%, due February 2024(c) |  | 650 |  |  | — |
4.30%, due May 2024 |  | 600 |  |  | — |
4.25%, due September 2024 |  | 650 |  |  | — |
Trust I Preferred Securities, 4.75% due March 2028(d) |  | 111 |  |  | 111 |
Current portion of other debt |  | 49 |  |  | 49 |
Total current portion of debt |  | $ | 4,049 |  |  | $ | 3,385 |

(a)On January 17, 2023, we repaid these senior notes using cash on hand and short-term borrowings.
(b)These senior notes had an associated floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement which was designated as a cash flow hedge.
(c)On February 1, 2024, we repaid these senior notes using cash on hand and short-term borrowings.
(d)Reflects the portion of cash consideration payable if all the outstanding securities as of the end of the reporting period were converted by the holders.
Credit Facility and Restrictive Covenants
We have a $3.5 billion revolving credit facility due August 2027 with a syndicate of lenders, which can be increased by up to $1.0 billion if certain conditions, including the receipt of additional lender commitments, are met. Borrowings under our credit facility can be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes and as backup to our commercial paper program. We had a $500 million credit facility that expired on November 16, 2023.
We maintain a $3.5 billion commercial paper program through the private placement of short-term notes which matures in August 2027. The notes mature up to 270 days from the date of issue and are not redeemable or subject to voluntary prepayment by us prior to maturity. The notes are sold at par value less a discount representing an interest factor or if interest bearing, at par. Borrowings under our commercial paper program reduce the borrowings allowed under our credit facility.
Depending on the type of loan request, our borrowings under our credit facility bears interest at either (i) SOFR, plus (x) a credit spread adjustment and (y) an applicable margin ranging from 1.000% to 1.750% per annum based on our credit ratings or (ii) the greatest of (1) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%; (2) the Prime Rate; or (3) SOFR for a one-month eurodollar loan, plus (x) a credit spread adjustment, (y) 1%, and (z) in each case, an applicable margin ranging from 0.100% to 0.750% per annum based on our credit rating. Standby fees for the unused portion of the credit facility will be calculated at a rate ranging from 0.100% to 0.250%.
Our credit facility contains financial and various other covenants that apply to us and our subsidiaries and are common in such agreements, including a maximum ratio of Consolidated Net Indebtedness to Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the credit facility, as amended) of 5.50 to 1.00, for any four-fiscal-quarter period. Other negative covenants include restrictions on our and certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to incur debt, grant liens, make fundamental changes or engage in certain transactions with affiliates, or in the case of certain material subsidiaries, permit restrictions on dividends, distributions or making or prepayments of loans to us or any guarantor. Our credit facility also restricts our ability to make certain restricted payments if an event of default (as defined in the credit facility) has occurred and is continuing or would occur and be continuing.
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As of December 31, 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding under our credit facility, $1,989 million borrowings outstanding under our commercial paper program and $81 million in letters of credit. Our availability under our credit facility as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $1.4 billion. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we were in compliance with all required covenants.
Maturities of Debt
The scheduled maturities of the outstanding debt balances, excluding debt fair value adjustments as of December 31, 2023, are summarized as follows:

Year |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
2024 |  | $ | 4,049 |
2025 |  | 1,566 |
2026 |  | 1,102 |
2027 |  | 906 |
2028 |  | 1,867 |
Thereafter |  | 22,439 |
Total |  | $ | 31,929 |

Debt Fair Value Adjustments
The following table summarizes the “Debt fair value adjustments” included on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In millions)
Purchase accounting debt fair value adjustments |  | $ | 430 |  |  | $ | 472 |
Carrying value adjustment to hedged debt |  | (236) |  |  | (367) |
Unamortized portion of proceeds received from the early termination of interest rate swap agreements(a) |  | 185 |  |  | 204 |
Unamortized debt discounts, net |  | (67) |  |  | (68) |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (125) |  |  | (126) |
Total debt fair value adjustments |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 115 |

(a)As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average amortization period of the unamortized premium from the termination of interest rate swaps was approximately 11 years.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value and estimated fair value of our outstanding debt balances is disclosed below:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Carrying value |  | Estimated fair value(a) |  | Carrying value |  | Estimated fair value(a)
| (In millions)
Total debt | $ | 32,116 |  |  | $ | 31,370 |  |  | $ | 31,788 |  |  | $ | 30,070 |

(a)Included in the estimated fair value are amounts for our Trust I Preferred Securities of $207 million and $195 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
We used Level 2 input values to measure the estimated fair value of our outstanding debt balance as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022.
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Interest Rates, Interest Rate Swaps and Contingent Debt
The weighted average interest rate on all of our borrowings was 5.84% during 2023 and 4.76% during 2022. Information on our interest rate swaps is contained in Note 14. For information about our contingent debt agreements, see Note 13 “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities—Contingent Debt”).
10. Share-based Compensation and Employee Benefits
Share-based Compensation
Class P Common Stock
Following is a summary of our stock compensation plans:

|  | Directors’ Plan |  | Long Term Incentive Plan
Participating individuals |  | Eligible non-employee directors |  | Eligible employees
Total number of shares of Class P common stock authorized |  | 1,190,000 |  |  | 63,000,000 |
Vesting period |  | 6 months |  | 1 year to 10 years

Kinder Morgan, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Stock Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors
We have a Kinder Morgan, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Stock Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (Directors’ Plan). The plan recognizes that the compensation paid to each eligible non-employee director is fixed by our board of directors (Board), generally annually, and that the compensation is payable in cash. Pursuant to the plan, in lieu of receiving some or all of the cash compensation, each eligible non-employee director may elect annually to receive shares of Class P common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made restricted Class P common stock grants to our non-employee directors of 11,220.
Kinder Morgan, Inc. 2021 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan
We also have a Kinder Morgan, Inc. 2021 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (Long Term Incentive Plan). The following table sets forth a summary of activity and related balances under our Long Term Incentive Plan:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 13,288 |  |  | $ | 16.87 |
Granted | 5,253 |  |  | 17.41 |
Vested | (5,226) |  |  | 16.09 |
Forfeited | (454) |  |  | 17.03 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 12,861 |  |  | $ | 17.41 |

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The following tables set forth additional information related to our Long Term Incentive Plan:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions, except per share amounts)
Weighted average grant date fair value per share | $ | 17.41 |  |  | $ | 17.31 |  |  | $ | 17.44 |
Intrinsic value of awards vested during the year | 93 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 77 |
Restricted stock awards expense(a) | 63 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 59 |
Restricted stock awards capitalized(a) | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
(a)We allocate labor and benefit costs to joint ventures that we operate in accordance with our partnership agreements.
|  |  | December 31, 2023
Unrecognized restricted stock awards compensation costs, less estimated forfeitures (in millions) |  | $ | 117 |
Weighted average remaining amortization period |  |  |  | 2.06 years

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit (OPEB) Plans
Savings Plan
We maintain a defined contribution plan covering eligible U.S. employees. We contribute 5% of eligible compensation for most of the plan participants. Certain collectively bargained participants receive Company contributions in accordance with collective bargaining agreements. A participant becomes fully vested in Company contributions after two years and may take a distribution upon termination of employment or retirement. The total cost for our savings plan was approximately $53 million, $51 million and $48 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Pension Plans
Our pension plans are defined benefit plans that cover substantially all of our U.S. employees and provide benefits under a cash balance formula. A participant in the cash balance formula accrues benefits through contribution credits based on a combination of age and years of service, multiplied by eligible compensation. Interest is also credited to the participant’s plan account. A participant becomes fully vested in the plan after three years and may take a lump sum or annuity distribution upon termination of employment or retirement. Certain collectively bargained and grandfathered employees accrue benefits through career pay or final pay formulas.
In 2023, we settled approximately $179 million of the retiree benefit obligation for our pension plans through an annuity purchase. The impact of the annuity purchase is reflected in the December 31, 2023 benefit obligation for our pension plans.
OPEB Plans
We and certain of our subsidiaries provide OPEB benefits, including medical benefits for closed groups of retired employees and certain grandfathered employees and their dependents, and limited postretirement life insurance benefits for retired employees. These plans provide a fixed subsidy to post-age 65 Medicare eligible participants to purchase coverage through a retiree Medicare exchange. Medical benefits under these OPEB plans may be subject to deductibles, co-payment provisions, dollar caps and other limitations on the amount of employer costs, and we reserve the right to change these benefits.
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Benefit Obligation, Plan Assets and Funded Status. The following table provides information about our pension and OPEB plans as of and for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of period | $ | 2,077 |  |  | $ | 2,658 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 257 |
Service cost | 55 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Interest cost | 107 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |
Actuarial loss (gain) | 14 |  |  | (503) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (44) |
Benefits paid | (132) |  |  | (190) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (26) |
Participant contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Settlements | (219) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Benefit obligation at end of period | 1,902 |  |  | 2,077 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 195 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period | 1,741 |  |  | 2,231 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 382 |
Actual return on plan assets | 122 |  |  | (350) |  |  | 44 |  |  | (63) |
Employer contributions | 50 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Participant contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Benefits paid | (132) |  |  | (190) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (26) |
Settlements | (219) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Fair value of plan assets at end of period | 1,562 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 302 |
Funded status - net (liability) asset at December 31, | $ | (340) |  |  | $ | (336) |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 107 |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current benefit asset(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 239 |
Current benefit liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |  |  | (15) |
Non-current benefit liability | (340) |  |  | (336) |  |  | (103) |  |  | (117) |
Funded status - net (liability) asset at December 31, | $ | (340) |  |  | $ | (336) |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 107 |
Amounts of pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrecognized net actuarial (loss) gain | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (455) |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 135 |
Unrecognized prior service (cost) credit | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (456) |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 139 |
Information related to plans whose accumulated benefit obligations exceeded the fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 1,870 |  |  | $ | 2,047 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 167 |
Fair value of plan assets | 1,562 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 34 |

(a)2023 and 2022 OPEB amounts include $53 million and $45 million, respectively, of non-current benefit assets related to a plan we sponsor which is associated with employee services provided to an unconsolidated joint venture, and for which we have recorded an offsetting related party deferred credit.
The 2023 net actuarial loss for the pension plans was primarily due to a decrease in the weighted average discount rate used to determine the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023. The 2023 net actuarial gain for the OPEB plans was primarily due to changes in the claims cost assumptions. The 2022 net actuarial gain for the pension plans was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average discount rate used to determine the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2022. The 2022 net actuarial
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gain for the OPEB plans was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2022 and changes in the claims cost assumptions.
Plan Assets. The investment policies and strategies are established by our plan’s fiduciary committee for the assets of each of the pension and OPEB plans, which are responsible for investment decisions and management oversight of the plans. The stated philosophy of the fiduciary committee is to manage these assets in a manner consistent with the purpose for which the plans were established and the time frame over which the plans’ obligations need to be met. The objectives of the investment management program are to (i) meet or exceed plan actuarial earnings assumptions over the long term and (ii) provide a reasonable return on assets within established risk tolerance guidelines and to maintain the liquidity needs of the plans with the goal of paying benefit and expense obligations when due. In seeking to meet these objectives, the fiduciary committee recognizes that prudent investing requires taking reasonable risks in order to raise the likelihood of achieving the targeted investment returns. In order to reduce portfolio risk and volatility, the fiduciary committee has adopted a strategy of using multiple asset classes.
The allowable range for asset allocations in effect for our plans as of December 31, 2023, by asset category, are as follows:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
Cash |  |  |  | 0% to 23%
Equities |  | 42% to 52% |  | 43% to 71%
Fixed income securities |  | 37% to 47% |  | 26% to 50%
Real estate |  | 2% to 12% |  |
Company securities (KMI Class P common stock and/or debt securities) |  | 0% to 10% |  |

Below are the details of our pension and OPEB plan assets by class and a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value.
•Level 1 assets’ fair values are based on quoted market prices for the instruments in actively traded markets. Included in this level are cash, equities and exchange traded mutual funds. These investments are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.
•Level 2 assets’ fair values are primarily based on pricing data representative of quoted prices for similar assets in active markets (or identical assets in less active markets). Included in this level are short-term investment funds, fixed income securities and derivatives. Short-term investment funds are valued at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. The fixed income securities’ fair values are primarily based on an evaluated price which is based on a compilation of primarily observable market information or a broker quote in a non-active market. Derivatives are exchange-traded through clearinghouses and are valued based on these prices.
•Plan assets with fair values that are based on the net asset value per share, or its equivalent (NAV), as a practical expedient to measure fair value, as reported by the issuers are determined based on the fair value of the underlying securities as of the valuation date and include common/collective trust funds, private investment funds, real estate and limited partnerships. The plan assets measured at NAV are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy described above, but are separately identified in the following tables.
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Listed below are the fair values of our pension and OPEB plans’ assets that are recorded at fair value by class and categorized by fair value measurement used at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Pension Assets
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
| (In millions)
Measured within fair value hierarchy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investment funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 27 |
Equities(a) | 143 |  |  | — |  |  | 143 |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |
Fixed income securities | — |  |  | 410 |  |  | 410 |  |  | — |  |  | 421 |  |  | 421 |
Subtotal | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | 585 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 448 |  |  | 600 |
Measured at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trusts(b) |  |  |  |  | 976 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,138 |
Private limited partnerships(c) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
Subtotal |  |  |  |  | 977 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,141 |
Total plan assets fair value |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,562 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,741 |

(a)Plan assets include $107 and $110 of KMI Class P common stock for 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(b)Common/collective trust funds were invested in approximately 64% equities, 23% fixed income securities and 13% real estate in 2023 and 66% equities, 22% fixed income securities and 12% real estate in 2022.
(c)Includes assets invested in real estate, venture and buyout funds.

| OPEB Assets
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  |  |  | Total
| (In millions)
Measured within fair value hierarchy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investment funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3 |
Measured at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trusts(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 318 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 299 |
Total plan assets fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 302 |

(a)Common/collective trust funds were invested in approximately 62% equities and 38% fixed income securities for 2023 and 61% equities and 39% fixed income securities for 2022.
Employer Contributions and Expected Payment of Future Benefits. As of December 31, 2023, we expect the following cash flows under our plans:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
|  | (In millions)
Contributions expected in 2024 |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | — |
Benefit payments expected in: |  |  |  |
2024 |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 24 |
2025 |  | 187 |  |  | 22 |
2026 |  | 185 |  |  | 21 |
2027 |  | 179 |  |  | 19 |
2028 |  | 175 |  |  | 18 |
2029 - 2033 |  | 777 |  |  | 67 |

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Actuarial Assumptions and Sensitivity Analysis. Benefit obligations and net benefit cost are based on actuarial estimates and assumptions. The following table details the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used in determining our benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and net benefit costs of our pension and OPEB plans for 2023, 2022 and 2021:

|  |  |  |  |  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assumptions related to benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  | 5.13 | % |  | 5.41 | % |  | 5.08 | % |  | 5.38 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  |  |  |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
Interest crediting rate |  |  |  |  |  | 3.85 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a
|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Assumptions related to benefit costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  | 5.41 | % |  | 2.74 | % |  | 2.27 | % |  | 5.38 | % |  | 2.56 | % |  | 2.08 | %
Expected return on plan assets |  | 7.00 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.25 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 5.75 | % |  | 5.75 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a
Interest crediting rate |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.01 | % |  | 2.57 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a

We utilize a full yield curve approach in estimating the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) for our retirement benefit plans by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to their underlying projected cash flows. The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets were determined by combining a review of the historical returns realized within the portfolio, the investment strategy included in the plans’ investment policy, and capital market projections for the asset classes in which the portfolio is invested and the target weightings of each asset class. The expected return on plan assets listed in the table above is a pre-tax rate of return based on our targeted portfolio of investments. For the OPEB assets subject to unrelated business income taxes, we utilize an after-tax expected return on plan assets to determine our benefit costs.
Actuarial estimates for our OPEB plans assume an annual increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits. The initial annual rate of increase is 5.60% which gradually decreases to 4.00% by the year 2047.
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Components of Net Benefit Cost and Other Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income. For each of the years ended December 31, the components of net benefit cost and other amounts recognized in pre-tax other comprehensive income related to our pension and OPEB plans are as follows:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (In millions)
Components of net benefit cost (credit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Interest cost |  | 107 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Expected return on assets |  | (117) |  |  | (142) |  |  | (133) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (16) |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (5) |
Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) |  | 35 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (17) |
Settlement loss |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net benefit cost (credit) |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (33) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss (gain) arising during period |  | 10 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (127) |  |  | (30) |  |  | 24 |  |  | (40) |
Amortization or settlement recognition of net actuarial (loss) gain |  | (81) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (52) |  |  | 16 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Total recognized in total other comprehensive (income) loss(a) |  | (72) |  |  | (41) |  |  | (179) |  |  | (13) |  |  | 43 |  |  | (20) |
Total recognized in net benefit cost (credit) and other comprehensive (income) loss |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | (162) |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (53) |

(a)Excludes $4 million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, associated with other plans.

11. | Stockholders’ Equity

Class P Common Stock
On July 19, 2017, our Board approved a $2 billion share buy-back program that began in December 2017. On January 18, 2023, our Board approved an increase in our share repurchase authorization to $3 billion. All shares we have repurchased are canceled and are no longer outstanding. Activity under the buy-back program is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions, except per share amounts)
Total value of shares repurchased |  | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | — |
Total number of shares repurchased |  | 32 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |
Average repurchase price per share |  | $ | 16.56 |  |  | $ | 16.94 |  |  | $ | — |

Subsequent to December 31, 2023 and through February 16, 2024, we repurchased less than 1 million shares at an average price of $16.50 for $7 million. Since December 2017, in total, we have repurchased 86 million of our shares under the program at an average price of $17.09 per share for $1,472 million, leaving capacity under the program of $1.5 billion.
On December 19, 2014, we entered into an equity distribution agreement authorizing us to issue and sell through or to the managers party thereto, as sales agents and/or principals, shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $5 billion from time to time during the term of this agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 we did not issue any shares under this agreement.
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Dividends
The following table provides information about our per share dividends:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Per share cash dividend declared for the period | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.08 |
Per share cash dividend paid in the period | 1.1250 |  |  | 1.1025 |  |  | 1.0725 |

On January 17, 2024, our Board declared a cash dividend of $0.2825 per share for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2023, which was paid on February 15, 2024 to shareholders of record as of January 31, 2024.
Adoption of Accounting Pronouncement
On January 1, 2022, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2020-06, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity.” This ASU (i) simplifies an issuer’s accounting for convertible instruments by eliminating two of the three models in Subtopic 470-20 that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features, (ii) amends diluted earnings per share calculations for convertible instruments by requiring the use of the if-converted method and (iii) simplifies the settlement assessment entities are required to perform on contracts that can potentially settle in an entity’s own equity by removing certain requirements. Using the modified retrospective method, the adoption of this ASU resulted in a pre-tax adjustment of $14 million to unwind the remaining unamortized debt discount within “Debt fair value adjustments” on our consolidated balance sheet and an adjustment of $11 million to unwind the balance of the conversion feature classified in “Additional paid in capital” on our consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in the components of our “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” not including noncontrolling interests are summarized as follows:

| Net unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives |  |  |  | Pension and other postretirement liability adjustments |  | Total Accumulated other comprehensive loss
| (In millions)
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | (13) |  |  |  |  | $ | (394) |  |  | $ | (407) |
Other comprehensive (loss) gain before reclassifications | (432) |  |  |  |  | 155 |  |  | (277) |
Losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 273 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 273 |
Net current-period change in accumulated other comprehensive loss | (159) |  |  |  |  | 155 |  |  | (4) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | (172) |  |  |  |  | (239) |  |  | (411) |
Other comprehensive (loss) gain before reclassifications | (312) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (311) |
Losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 320 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 320 |
Net current-period change in accumulated other comprehensive loss | 8 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | (164) |  |  |  |  | (238) |  |  | (402) |
Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications | 155 |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 220 |
Gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (35) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |
Net current-period change in accumulated other comprehensive loss | 120 |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 185 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | (44) |  |  |  |  | $ | (173) |  |  | $ | (217) |

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12. Related Party Transactions
Affiliate Balances and Activities
We have transactions with affiliates which consist of (i) unconsolidated affiliates in which we hold an investment accounted for under the equity method of accounting (see Note 7 for additional information related to these investments); and (ii) external partners of our joint ventures we consolidate.
The following tables summarize our affiliate balance sheet balances and income statement activity, other than amounts reported within our “Investments” balances and “Earnings from equity investments” activity:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Balance sheet location |  |  |
Accounts receivable | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Other current assets | 2 |  |  | 3 |
| $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 42 |
Current portion of debt | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Accounts payable | 16 |  |  | 19 |
Other current liabilities | 3 |  |  | 8 |
Long-term debt | 137 |  |  | 142 |
Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | 54 |  |  | 47 |
| $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 222 |

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Income statement location |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 164 |
Operating Costs, Expenses and Other |  |  |  |  |
Costs of sales | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 145 |
Other operating expenses | 57 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 52 |

13. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Rights-Of-Way
Our rights-of-way obligations primarily consist of non-lease agreements that existed at the time of Topic 842, Leases, adoption, at which time we elected a practical expedient which allowed us to continue our historical treatment. Our future minimum rental commitments related to our rights-of-way obligations were $98 million as of December 31, 2023.
Contingent Debt
Our contingent debt disclosures pertain to certain types of guarantees or indemnifications we have made and cover certain types of guarantees included within debt agreements, even if the likelihood of requiring our performance under such guarantee is remote.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our contingent debt obligations totaled $154 million and $163 million, respectively. These amounts represent our proportional share of the debt obligations of one equity investee, Cortez Pipeline Company (Cortez). Under such guarantees we are severally liable for our percentage ownership share of Cortez’s debt in the event of its non-performance. The contingent debt obligations balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 each included $120 million for 100% guaranteed debt obligations for a subsidiary of Cortez.
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Guarantees and Indemnifications
We are involved in joint ventures and other ownership arrangements that sometimes require financial and performance guarantees. In a financial guarantee, we are obligated to make payments if the guaranteed party fails to make payments under, or violates the terms of, the financial arrangement. In a performance guarantee, we provide assurance that the guaranteed party will execute on the terms of the contract. If they do not, we are required to perform on their behalf. We also periodically provide indemnification arrangements related to assets or businesses we have sold. These arrangements include, but are not limited to, indemnifications for income taxes, the resolution of existing disputes and environmental matters.
While many of these agreements may specify a maximum potential exposure, or a specified duration to the indemnification obligation, there are also circumstances where the amount and duration are unlimited. Other than with our rights-of-way obligations and contingent debt described above, we are currently not subject to any material requirements to perform under quantifiable arrangements. We are unable to estimate a maximum exposure for our other guarantee and indemnification agreements that do not provide for limits on the amount of future payments due to the uncertainty of these exposures.
See Note 18 for a description of matters that we have identified as contingencies requiring accrual of liabilities and/or disclosure, including any such matters arising under guarantee or indemnification agreements.
14. Risk Management
Certain of our business activities expose us to risks associated with unfavorable changes in the market price of natural gas, NGL and crude oil. We also have exposure to interest rate and foreign currency risk as a result of the issuance of our debt obligations. Pursuant to our management’s approved risk management policy, we use derivative contracts to hedge or reduce our exposure to some of these risks.
Energy Commodity Price Risk Management
As of December 31, 2023, we had the following outstanding commodity forward contracts to hedge our forecasted energy commodity purchases and sales:

| Net open position long/(short)
Derivatives designated as hedging contracts |  |
Crude oil fixed price | (16.9) |  | MMBbl
Natural gas fixed price | (61.0) |  | Bcf
Natural gas basis | (35.4) |  | Bcf
NGL fixed price | (0.6) |  | MMBbl
Derivatives not designated as hedging contracts |  |
Crude oil fixed price | (1.2) |  | MMBbl
Crude oil basis | (4.1) |  | MMBbl
Natural gas fixed price | (7.5) |  | Bcf
Natural gas basis | (101.6) |  | Bcf
NGL fixed price | (0.7) |  | MMBbl

As of December 31, 2023, the maximum length of time over which we have hedged, for accounting purposes, our exposure to the variability in future cash flows associated with energy commodity price risk is through December 2028.
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Interest Rate Risk Management
We utilize interest rate derivatives to hedge our exposure to both changes in the fair value of our fixed rate debt instruments and variability in expected future cash flows attributable to variable interest rate payments. The following table summarizes our outstanding interest rate contracts as of December 31, 2023:

|  | Notional amount |  | Accounting treatment |  | Maximum term
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-to-variable interest rate contracts(a)(b) |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | Fair value hedge |  | March 2035
Treasury locks(c) |  | 1,000 |  |  | Cash flow hedge |  | March 2024

(a)The principal amount of hedged senior notes consisted of $1,450 million included in “Current portion of debt” and $4,750 million included in “Long-term debt” on our accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
(b)During the year ended December 31, 2023, certain optional expedients as set forth in Topic 848 – Reference Rate Reform were elected on certain of these contracts to preserve fair value hedge accounting treatment. See Note 19 “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” for further information on Topic 848.
(c)The treasury lock agreements were terminated on January 29, 2024 concurrently with the issuance of senior notes which closed on February 1, 2024 (see Note 9 “Debt”).
Foreign Currency Risk Management
We utilize foreign currency derivatives to hedge our exposure to variability in foreign exchange rates. The following table summarizes our outstanding foreign currency contracts as of December 31, 2023:

|  | Notional amount |  | Accounting treatment |  | Maximum term
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR-to-USD cross currency swap contracts(a) |  | $ | 543 |  |  | Cash flow hedge |  | March 2027

(a)These swaps eliminate the foreign currency risk associated with our Euro-denominated debt.
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Impact of Derivative Contracts on Our Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes the fair values of our derivative contracts included in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets:

Fair Value of Derivative Contracts
| Location |  | Derivatives Asset |  | Derivatives Liability
|  |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | (In millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy commodity derivative contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair value of derivative contracts/(Fair value of derivative contracts) |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | (75) |  |  | $ | (156) |
| Deferred charges and other assets/(Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits) |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (91) |
| Subtotal |  | 89 |  |  | 156 |  |  | (104) |  |  | (247) |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair value of derivative contracts/(Fair value of derivative contracts) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (120) |  |  | (144) |
| Deferred charges and other assets/(Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits) |  | 37 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (158) |  |  | (261) |
| Subtotal |  | 37 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (278) |  |  | (405) |
Foreign currency contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair value of derivative contracts/(Fair value of derivative contracts) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |
| Deferred charges and other assets/(Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (32) |
| Subtotal |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | (35) |
| Total |  | 126 |  |  | 195 |  |  | (386) |  |  | (687) |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy commodity derivative contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair value of derivative contracts/(Fair value of derivative contracts) |  | 49 |  |  | 80 |  |  | (8) |  |  | (162) |
| Deferred charges and other assets/(Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits) |  | 3 |  |  | 23 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (19) |
| Subtotal |  | 52 |  |  | 103 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (181) |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair value of derivative contracts/(Fair value of derivative contracts) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | 52 |  |  | 104 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (181) |
Total derivatives |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | (395) |  |  | $ | (868) |

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The following two tables summarize the fair value measurements of our derivative contracts based on the three levels established by the ASC. The tables also identify the impact of derivative contracts which we have elected to present on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets on a gross basis that are eligible for netting under master netting agreements.

| Balance sheet asset fair value measurements by level |  |  |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Gross amount |  | Contracts available for netting |  | Cash collateral held(a) |  | Net amount
| (In millions)
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy commodity derivative contracts(b) | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124 |
Interest rate contracts | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy commodity derivative contracts(b) | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | (186) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73 |
Interest rate contracts | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |

| Balance sheet liability fair value measurements by level |  |  |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Gross amount |  | Contracts available for netting |  | Cash collateral posted(a) |  | Net amount
| (In millions)
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy commodity derivative contracts(b) | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (113) |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (85) |  |  | $ | (182) |
Interest rate contracts | — |  |  | (278) |  |  | — |  |  | (278) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (278) |
Foreign currency contracts | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy commodity derivative contracts(b) | (23) |  |  | (405) |  |  | — |  |  | (428) |  |  | 186 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (272) |
Interest rate contracts | — |  |  | (405) |  |  | — |  |  | (405) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (405) |
Foreign currency contracts | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |

(a)Any cash collateral paid or received is reflected in this table, but only to the extent that it represents variation margins. Any amount associated with derivative prepayments or initial margins that are not influenced by the derivative asset or liability amounts or those that are determined solely on their volumetric notional amounts are excluded from this table.
(b)Level 1 consists primarily of NYMEX natural gas futures. Level 2 consists primarily of OTC WTI swaps, NGL swaps and crude oil basis swaps.
The following tables summarize the pre-tax impact of our derivative contracts in our accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income:

Derivatives in fair value hedging relationships |  | Location |  | Gain/(loss) recognized in income on derivatives and related hedged item
|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Interest rate contracts |  | Interest, net |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | (738) |  |  | $ | (322) |
Hedged fixed rate debt(a) |  | Interest, net |  | $ | (132) |  |  | $ | 743 |  |  | $ | 326 |

(a)As of December 31, 2023, the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments to our hedged fixed rate debt was a decrease of $236 million included in “Debt fair value adjustments” on our accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
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Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships |  | Gain/(loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives(a) |  | Location |  | Gain/(loss) reclassified from Accumulated OCI into income(b)
|  | Year Ended |  |  |  | Year Ended
|  | December 31, |  |  |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions)
Energy commodity derivative contracts |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | (338) |  |  | $ | (475) |  |  | Revenues—Commodity sales |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | (491) |  |  | $ | (271) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Costs of sales |  | (73) |  |  | 144 |  |  | 20 |
Interest rate contracts |  | (10) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  | Interest, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency contracts |  | 30 |  |  | (73) |  |  | (93) |  |  | Other, net |  | 17 |  |  | (68) |  |  | (105) |
Total |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | (404) |  |  | $ | (563) |  |  | Total |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | (415) |  |  | $ | (356) |

(a)We expect to reclassify an approximately $10 million loss associated with cash flow hedge price risk management activities included in our accumulated other comprehensive loss balance as of December 31, 2023 into earnings during the next twelve months (when the associated forecasted transactions are also expected to impact earnings); however, actual amounts reclassified into earnings could vary materially as a result of changes in market prices.
(b)During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized gains of none, $121 million and $41 million, respectively, associated with a write-down of hedged inventory. All other amounts reclassified were the result of the hedged forecasted transactions actually affecting earnings (i.e., when the forecasted sales and purchases actually occurred).

Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges |  | Location |  | Gain/(loss) recognized in income on derivatives
|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Energy commodity derivative contracts |  | Revenues—Commodity sales |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | (652) |
|  | Costs of sales |  | 100 |  |  | (190) |  |  | 152 |
|  | Earnings from equity investments |  | 2 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (5) |
Interest rate contracts |  | Interest, net |  | 1 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 12 |
Total(a) |  |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | (74) |  |  | $ | (493) |

(a)The years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 include approximate gains (losses) of $58 million, $(11) million and $(479) million, respectively, associated with natural gas, crude and NGL derivative contract settlements.
Credit Risks
In conjunction with certain derivative contracts, we are required to provide collateral to our counterparties, which may include posting letters of credit or placing cash in margin accounts. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no outstanding letters of credit supporting our commodity price risk management program. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash margins of $63 million and $1 million, respectively, posted by our counterparties with us as collateral and reported within “Other current liabilities” on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The balance at December 31, 2023 represents the initial margin requirements of $22 million, offset by counterparty variation margin requirements of $85 million. We also use industry standard commercial agreements that allow for the netting of exposures associated with transactions executed under a single commercial agreement. Additionally, we generally utilize master netting agreements to offset credit exposure across multiple commercial agreements with a single counterparty.
We also have agreements with certain counterparties to our derivative contracts that contain provisions requiring the posting of additional collateral upon a decrease in our credit rating. As of December 31, 2023, based on our current mark-to- market positions and posted collateral, we estimate that if our credit rating were downgraded one notch, we would not be required to post additional collateral. If we were downgraded two notches, we estimate that we would be required to post $54 million of additional collateral.
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15. Revenue Recognition
Nature of Revenue by Segment
Natural Gas Pipelines Segment
We provide various types of natural gas transportation and storage services, natural gas and NGL sales contracts, and various types of gathering and processing services for producers, including receiving, compressing, transporting and re-delivering quantities of natural gas and/or NGLs made available to us by producers to a specified delivery location.
Natural Gas Transportation and Storage Contracts
The natural gas we receive under our transportation and storage contracts remains under the control of our customers. Under firm service contracts, the customer generally pays a two-part transaction price that includes (i) a fixed take-or-pay reservation fee and (ii) a fee-based per-unit rate for quantities of natural gas actually transported or injected into/withdrawn from storage. Under non-firm service contracts, generally described as interruptible service, the customer pays a transaction price on a fee-based per-unit rate for the quantities actually transported or injected into/withdrawn from storage.
Natural Gas and NGL Sales Contracts
Our sales and purchases of natural gas and NGL are primarily accounted for on a gross basis as natural gas sales or product sales, as applicable, and cost of sales. These customer contracts generally provide for the customer to nominate a specified quantity of commodity products to be delivered and sold to the customers at specified delivery points. The customer pays a transaction price typically based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold.
Gathering and Processing Contracts
We provide various types of gathering and processing services for producers, including receiving, processing, compressing, transporting and re-delivering quantities of natural gas made available to us by producers to a specified delivery location. This integrated service can be firm if subject to a minimum volume commitment or acreage dedication or non-firm when offered on an as requested, non-guaranteed basis. In our gathering contracts we generally promise to provide the contracted integrated services each day over the life of the contract. The customer pays a transaction price typically based on a per-unit rate for the quantities actually gathered and/or processed, including amounts attributable to deficiency quantities associated with minimum volume contracts.
Products Pipelines Segment
We provide crude oil and refined petroleum transportation and storage services on a firm or non-firm basis. For our firm transportation service, the customer is obligated to pay for its minimum volume commitment amount, regardless of whether or not it flows volumes into our pipeline. The customer pays a transaction price typically based on a per-unit rate for quantities transported, including amounts attributable to deficiency quantities. Our firm storage service generally includes a fixed take-or-pay monthly reservation fee for the portion of storage capacity reserved by the customer and a per-unit rate for actual quantities injected into/withdrawn from storage. Under the non-firm transportation and storage service the customer typically pays a per-unit rate for actual quantities of product injected into/withdrawn from storage and/or transported.
We sell transmix, crude oil or other commodity products. The customer’s contracts generally include a specified quantity of commodity products to be delivered and sold to the customers at specified delivery points. The customer pays a transaction price typically based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold.
Terminals Segment
We provide various types of liquid tank and bulk terminal services. These services are generally comprised of inbound, storage and outbound handling of customer products.
Liquids Tank Services
Firm Storage and Handling Contracts: We have liquids tank storage and handling service contracts that include a promised tank storage capacity provision and prepaid volume throughput of the stored product. In these contracts, the customers have fixed take-or-pay monthly obligation which generally include a per-unit rate for any quantities we handle at the request of the
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customer in excess of the prepaid volume throughput amount and also typically include per-unit rates for additional, ancillary services that may be periodically requested by the customer.
Firm Handling Contracts: For our firm handling service contracts, we typically promise to handle on a stand-ready basis throughput volumes up to the customer’s minimum volume commitment amount. The customer is obligated to pay for its minimum volume commitment amount, regardless of whether or not it used the handling service. The customer pays a transaction price typically based on a per-unit rate for volumes handled, including amounts attributable to deficiency quantities.
Bulk Services
Our bulk storage and handling contracts generally include inbound handling of our customers’ dry bulk material product (e.g., petcoke, metals, ores) into our storage facility and outbound handling of these products from our storage facility. These services are provided on both a firm basis, including amounts attributable to deficiency quantities, and non-firm basis where the customer pays a transaction price typically based on a per-unit rate for quantities handled on an as requested, non-guaranteed basis.
CO 2 Segment
Our crude oil, NGL, CO 2 and natural gas production customer sales contracts typically include a specified quantity and quality of commodity product to be delivered and sold to the customer at a specified delivery point. The customer pays a transaction price typically based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold.
Disaggregation of Revenues
The following tables present our revenues disaggregated by segment, revenue source and type of revenue for each revenue source:

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023
|  | Natural Gas Pipelines |  | Products Pipelines |  | Terminals |  | CO 2 |  | Corporate and Eliminations |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Revenues from contracts with customers(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Firm services(b) |  | $ | 3,543 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4,537 |
Fee-based services |  | 1,008 |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 427 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 2,502 |
Total services |  | 4,551 |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 7,039 |
Commodity sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas sales |  | 2,651 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 2,724 |
Product sales |  | 1,110 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 1,114 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 3,884 |
Total commodity sales |  | 3,761 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 6,608 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers |  | 8,312 |  |  | 2,842 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 13,647 |
Other revenues(c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasing services(d) |  | 475 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,368 |
Derivatives adjustments on commodity sales |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (107) |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |
Other |  | 96 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |
Total other revenues |  | 856 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 638 |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,687 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 9,168 |  |  | $ | 3,066 |  |  | $ | 1,917 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  | $ | 15,334 |

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|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | Natural Gas Pipelines |  | Products Pipelines |  | Terminals |  | CO 2 |  | Corporate and Eliminations |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Revenues from contracts with customers(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Firm services(b) |  | $ | 3,547 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 4,515 |
Fee-based services |  | 926 |  |  | 962 |  |  | 426 |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,360 |
Total services |  | 4,473 |  |  | 1,169 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 47 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 6,875 |
Commodity sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas sales |  | 6,266 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 6,340 |
Product sales |  | 1,433 |  |  | 2,032 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1,426 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 4,913 |
Total commodity sales |  | 7,699 |  |  | 2,032 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | (27) |  |  | 11,253 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers |  | 12,172 |  |  | 3,201 |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | (30) |  |  | 18,128 |
Other revenues(c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasing services(d) |  | 474 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,302 |
Derivatives adjustments on commodity sales |  | (26) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (325) |  |  | — |  |  | (354) |
Other |  | 66 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
Total other revenues |  | 514 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 574 |  |  | (233) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,072 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 12,686 |  |  | $ | 3,418 |  |  | $ | 1,792 |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | 19,200 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2021
|  | Natural Gas Pipelines |  | Products Pipelines |  | Terminals |  | CO 2 |  | Corporate and Eliminations |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Revenues from contracts with customers(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Firm services(b) |  | $ | 3,402 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 751 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 4,411 |
Fee-based services |  | 746 |  |  | 949 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 2,114 |
Total services |  | 4,148 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 1,126 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 6,525 |
Commodity sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas sales |  | 6,463 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 6,480 |
Product sales |  | 1,260 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1,070 |  |  | (50) |  |  | 3,149 |
Total commodity sales |  | 7,723 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1,102 |  |  | (65) |  |  | 9,629 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers |  | 11,871 |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 16,154 |
Other revenues(c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasing services(d) |  | 473 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,266 |
Derivatives adjustments on commodity sales |  | (700) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (222) |  |  | — |  |  | (923) |
Other |  | 65 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |
Total other revenues |  | (162) |  |  | 192 |  |  | 565 |  |  | (139) |  |  | — |  |  | 456 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 11,709 |  |  | $ | 2,245 |  |  | $ | 1,715 |  |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | $ | 16,610 |

(a)Differences between the revenue classifications presented on the consolidated statements of income and the categories for the disaggregated revenues by type of revenue above are primarily attributable to revenues reflected in the “Other revenues” category above (see note (c)).
(b)Includes non-cancellable firm service customer contracts with take-or-pay or minimum volume commitment elements, including those contracts where both the price and quantity amount are fixed. Excludes service contracts with index-based pricing, which along with revenues from other customer service contracts are reported as “Fee-based services.”
(c)Amounts recognized as revenue under guidance prescribed in Topics of the ASC other than in Topic 606 were primarily from leases and derivative contracts. See Note 14 for additional information related to our derivative contracts.
(d)Our revenues from leasing services are predominantly comprised of specific assets that we lease to customers under operating leases where one customer obtains substantially all of the economic benefit from the asset and has the right to direct the use of that asset. These leases primarily consist of specific tanks, treating facilities, marine vessels and gas equipment and pipelines with separate control locations. We do not lease assets that qualify as sales-type or finance leases.
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Contract Balances
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our contract asset balances were $34 million and $33 million, respectively. Of the contract asset balance at December 31, 2022, $23 million was transferred to accounts receivable during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our contract liability balances were $415 million and $204 million, respectively. Of the contract liability balance at December 31, 2022, $71 million was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into an agreement with a customer to prepay certain fixed reservation charges under long-term transportation and terminaling contracts. We received $843 million in the fourth quarter of 2023 as part of this agreement. The prepayment, which relates to contracts expiring from 2035 to 2040, was discounted to present value at a rate that is attractive relative to our cost of issuing long-term debt. As of December 31, 2023, we had a lease contract liability balance of $643 million and a contract liability balance of $195 million associated with this prepayment.
Revenue Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations
The following table presents our estimated revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations for contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, representing our “contractually committed” revenue as of December 31, 2023 that we will invoice or transfer from contract liabilities and recognize in future periods:

Year |  | Estimated Revenue
|  | (In millions)
2024 |  | $ | 4,687 |
2025 |  | 4,007 |
2026 |  | 3,472 |
2027 |  | 2,874 |
2028 |  | 2,475 |
Thereafter |  | 14,336 |
Total |  | $ | 31,851 |

Our contractually committed revenue, for purposes of the tabular presentation above, is generally limited to service or commodity sale customer contracts which have fixed pricing and fixed volume terms and conditions, generally including contracts with take-or-pay or minimum volume commitment payment obligations. Our contractually committed revenue amounts, based on the practical expedient that we elected to apply, generally exclude remaining performance obligations for contracts with index-based pricing or variable volume attributes in which such variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation.
16. Reportable Segments
Our reportable business segments are:
•Natural Gas Pipelines—the ownership and operation of (i) major interstate and intrastate natural gas pipeline and storage systems; (ii) natural gas gathering systems and natural gas processing and treating facilities; (iii) NGL fractionation facilities and transportation systems; and (iv) LNG regasification, liquefaction and storage facilities;
•Products Pipelines—the ownership and operation of refined petroleum products, crude oil and condensate pipelines that primarily deliver, among other products, gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, crude oil and condensate to various markets, plus the ownership and/or operation of associated product terminals and petroleum pipeline transmix facilities;
•Terminals—the ownership and/or operation of (i) liquids and bulk terminal facilities located throughout the U.S. that store and handle various commodities including gasoline, diesel fuel, chemicals, petroleum coke, metals and ethanol and other renewable fuels and feedstocks; and (ii) Jones Act-qualified tankers;
•CO 2—(i) the production, transportation and marketing of CO 2 to oil fields that use CO 2 as a flooding medium to increase recovery and production of crude oil from mature oil fields; (ii) ownership interests in and/or operation of oil fields and gasoline processing plants in West Texas; (iii) the ownership and operation of a crude oil pipeline system in West Texas; and (iv) the ownership and operation of RNG and LNG facilities.
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We evaluate performance principally based on each segment’s earnings before DD&A expenses, including amortization of excess cost of equity investments, (EBDA), which excludes general and administrative expenses and corporate charges, interest expense, net, and income tax expense. Our reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services, and they are structured based on how our chief operating decision makers organize their operations for optimal performance and resource allocation. Each segment is managed separately because each segment involves different products and services and marketing strategies.
We consider each period’s earnings before all non-cash DD&A expenses to be an important measure of business segment performance for our reporting segments. We account for intersegment sales at market prices, while we account for asset transfers at book value.
During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we did not have revenues from any single external customer that exceeded 10% of our consolidated revenues.
Financial information by segment follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | $ | 9,152 |  |  | $ | 12,659 |  |  | $ | 11,644 |
Intersegment revenues | 16 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 65 |
Products Pipelines | 3,066 |  |  | 3,418 |  |  | 2,245 |
Terminals |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | 1,911 |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | 1,712 |
Intersegment revenues | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
CO 2 |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | 1,205 |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 1,009 |
Intersegment revenues | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Corporate and intersegment eliminations | (26) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (68) |
Total consolidated revenues | $ | 15,334 |  |  | $ | 19,200 |  |  | $ | 16,610 |

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Operating expenses(a) |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 4,700 |  |  | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 7,000 |
Products Pipelines | 2,024 |  |  | 2,391 |  |  | 1,239 |
Terminals | 896 |  |  | 853 |  |  | 793 |
CO 2 | 550 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 289 |
Corporate and intersegment eliminations | (4) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (34) |
Total consolidated operating expenses | $ | 8,166 |  |  | $ | 12,351 |  |  | $ | 9,287 |

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| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Other expense (income)(b) |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 1,597 |
Products Pipelines | 4 |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |
Terminals | (2) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 32 |
CO 2 | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (8) |
Corporate | (3) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4) |
Total consolidated other expense (income) | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (39) |  |  | $ | 1,617 |

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
DD&A |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | 1,096 |  |  | $ | 1,099 |
Products Pipelines | 367 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 335 |
Terminals | 493 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 440 |
CO 2 | 325 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 236 |
Corporate | 24 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 25 |
Total consolidated DD&A | $ | 2,250 |  |  | $ | 2,186 |  |  | $ | 2,135 |

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Earnings from equity investments and amortization of excess cost of equity investments |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 746 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 435 |
Products Pipelines | (6) |  |  | 33 |  |  | 34 |
Terminals | 9 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 15 |
CO 2 | 23 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 29 |
Total consolidated equity earnings | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | 513 |

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Other, net-income (expense) |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 216 |
Products Pipelines | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Terminals | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3 |
Corporate | (72) |  |  | 66 |  |  | 62 |
Total consolidated other, net-income (expense) | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 282 |

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| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Segment EBDA(c) |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 5,282 |  |  | $ | 4,801 |  |  | $ | 3,815 |
Products Pipelines | 1,062 |  |  | 1,107 |  |  | 1,064 |
Terminals | 1,040 |  |  | 975 |  |  | 908 |
CO 2 | 689 |  |  | 819 |  |  | 760 |
Total Segment EBDA | 8,073 |  |  | 7,702 |  |  | 6,547 |
DD&A | (2,250) |  |  | (2,186) |  |  | (2,135) |
Amortization of excess cost of equity investments | (66) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (78) |
General and administrative and corporate charges | (759) |  |  | (593) |  |  | (623) |
Interest, net | (1,797) |  |  | (1,513) |  |  | (1,492) |
Income tax expense | (715) |  |  | (710) |  |  | (369) |
Total consolidated net income | $ | 2,486 |  |  | $ | 2,625 |  |  | $ | 1,850 |

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Capital expenditures |  |  |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 666 |  |  | $ | 570 |
Products Pipelines | 221 |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Terminals | 406 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 332 |
CO 2 | 355 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 230 |
Corporate | 36 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 27 |
Total consolidated capital expenditures | $ | 2,317 |  |  | $ | 1,621 |  |  | $ | 1,281 |

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Investments |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 7,273 |  |  | $ | 6,993 |
Products Pipelines | 390 |  |  | 445 |
Terminals | 130 |  |  | 128 |
CO 2 | 81 |  |  | 87 |
Total consolidated investments | $ | 7,874 |  |  | $ | 7,653 |

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Other intangibles, net |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 439 |
Products Pipelines | 687 |  |  | 777 |
Terminals | 26 |  |  | 38 |
CO 2 | 502 |  |  | 555 |
Total consolidated other intangibles, net | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | 1,809 |

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| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions)
Assets |  |  |
Natural Gas Pipelines | $ | 49,883 |  |  | $ | 47,978 |
Products Pipelines | 8,781 |  |  | 8,985 |
Terminals | 8,235 |  |  | 8,357 |
CO 2 | 3,497 |  |  | 3,449 |
Corporate assets(d) | 624 |  |  | 1,309 |
Total consolidated assets | $ | 71,020 |  |  | $ | 70,078 |

(a)Includes costs of sales, operations and maintenance expenses, and taxes, other than income taxes.
(b)Include s (gain) loss on divestitures and impairments, net and other (expense) income, net.
(c)Includes revenues, earnings from equity investments, and other, net, less operating expenses, (gain) loss on divestitures and impairments, net and other (expense) income, net.
(d)Includes cash and cash equivalents, restricted deposits, certain prepaid assets and deferred charges, risk management assets related to derivative contracts, corporate headquarters in Houston, Texas and miscellaneous corporate assets (such as information technology, telecommunications equipment and legacy activity) not allocated to our reportable segments.
We do not attribute interest and debt expense to any of our reportable business segments.
Following is geographic information regarding the revenues and long-lived assets of our business:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Revenues from external customers |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 15,255 |  |  | $ | 19,036 |  |  | $ | 16,479 |
Mexico and other foreign | 79 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 131 |
Total consolidated revenues from external customers | $ | 15,334 |  |  | $ | 19,200 |  |  | $ | 16,610 |

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Long-term assets, excluding goodwill and other intangibles |  |  |  |  |
U.S. | $ | 46,328 |  |  | $ | 44,425 |  |  | $ | 44,916 |
Mexico and other foreign | 72 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 78 |
Canada | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total consolidated long-lived assets | $ | 46,400 |  |  | $ | 44,501 |  |  | $ | 44,995 |

17. Leases
Following are components of our lease cost:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions)
Operating leases | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Short-term and variable leases | 127 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 109 |
Total lease cost | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 169 |

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Other information related to our operating leases are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (In millions, except lease term and discount rate)
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | (157) |  |  | $ | (132) |  |  | $ | (137) |
Investing cash flows from operating leases | (41) |  |  | (31) |  |  | (32) |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations, net of retirements | 56 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 59 |
Amortization of ROU assets | 58 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 47 |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 8.72 years |  | 9.8 years |  | 10.39 years
Weighted average discount rate | 4.59 | % |  | 4.26 | % |  | 3.95 | %

Amounts recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

|  | December 31,
Lease Activity(a) | Balance sheet location | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In millions)
ROU assets | Deferred charges and other assets | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | 287 |
Short-term lease liability | Other current liabilities | 55 |  |  | 47 |
Long-term lease liability | Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits | 230 |  |  | 240 |

(a)We have immaterial financing leases recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Operating lease liabilities under non-cancellable leases (excluding short-term leases) as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

Year | Commitment
| (In millions)
2024 | $ | 67 |
2025 | 56 |
2026 | 40 |
2027 | 33 |
2028 | 25 |
Thereafter | 145 |
Total lease payments | 366 |
Less: Interest | (81) |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 285 |

Short-term lease costs are not material to us and are anticipated to be similar to the current year short-term lease expense outlined in this disclosure.
18. Litigation and Environmental
We and our subsidiaries are parties to various legal, regulatory and other matters arising from the day-to-day operations of our businesses or certain predecessor operations that may result in claims against the Company. Although no assurance can be given, we believe, based on our experiences to date and taking into account established reserves and insurance, that the ultimate resolution of such items will not have a material adverse impact to our business. We believe we have numerous and substantial defenses to the matters to which we are a party and intend to vigorously defend the Company. When we determine a loss is probable of occurring and is reasonably estimable, we accrue an undiscounted liability for such contingencies based on our best estimate using information available at that time. If the estimated loss is a range of potential outcomes and there is no better estimate within the range, we accrue the amount at the low end of the range. We disclose the following contingencies where an adverse outcome may be material or, in the judgment of management, we conclude the matter should otherwise be disclosed.
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Gulf LNG Facility Disputes
Gulf LNG Energy, LLC and Gulf LNG Pipeline, LLC (GLNG) filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Eni S.p.A. in the Supreme Court of the State of New York to enforce a Guarantee Agreement (Guarantee) entered into by Eni S.p.A. in 2007 in connection with a contemporaneous terminal use agreement entered into by its affiliate, Eni USA Gas Marketing LLC (Eni USA). GLNG filed suit to enforce the Guarantee against Eni S.p.A. after an arbitration tribunal delivered an award which called for the termination of the terminal use agreement and payment of compensation by Eni USA to GLNG. In response to GLNG’s lawsuit, Eni S.p.A. filed counterclaims and other claims based on the terminal use agreement and a parent direct agreement with Gulf LNG Energy (Port), LLC. The foregoing counterclaims and other claims asserted by Eni S.p.A sought unspecified damages based on the same substantive allegations which were dismissed with prejudice in previous separate arbitrations with Eni USA described above and with GLNG’s remaining customer Angola LNG Supply Services LLC, a consortium of international oil companies including Eni S.p.A. In early 2022, the trial court granted Eni S.p.A’s motion for summary judgment on GLNG’s claims to enforce the Guarantee. The Appellate Division denied GLNG’s appeal and its motion for rehearing in 2023. GLNG elected not to pursue further recourse to the state Court of Appeals, which is the state’s highest appellate court, thereby concluding GLNG’s efforts to enforce the Guarantee. With respect to the counterclaims and other claims asserted by Eni S.p.A., the trial court granted GLNG’s motion for summary judgment and entered judgment dismissing all of Eni S.p.A.’s claims with prejudice on September 15, 2023. Eni S.p.A. filed a notice of appeal to the state Appellate Division. We intend to vigorously oppose Eni S.p.A’s appeal, which remains pending.
Freeport LNG Winter Storm Litigation
On September 13, 2021, Freeport LNG Marketing, LLC (Freeport) filed a lawsuit against KMTP and Kinder Morgan Tejas Pipeline LLC in the 133rd District Court of Harris County, Texas (Case No. 2021-58787) alleging that defendants breached the parties’ base contract for sale and purchase of natural gas by failing to repurchase natural gas nominated by Freeport between February 10-22, 2021 during Winter Storm Uri. We deny that we were obligated to repurchase natural gas from Freeport given our declaration of force majeure during the storm and our compliance with emergency orders issued by the Railroad Commission of Texas providing heightened priority for the delivery of gas to human needs customers. Freeport alleges that it is owed approximately $104 million, plus attorney fees and interest. On October 24, 2022, the trial court granted our motion for summary judgment on all of Freeport’s claims. On November 21, 2022, Freeport filed a notice of appeal to the 14th Court of Appeals, where the matter remains pending. We believe our declaration of force majeure was proper and intend to continue to vigorously defend this case.
Pension Plan Litigation
On February 22, 2021, Kinder Morgan Retirement Plan A participants Curtis Pedersen and Beverly Leutloff filed a purported class action lawsuit under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). The named plaintiffs were hired initially by the ANR Pipeline Company (ANR) in the late 1970s. Following a series of corporate acquisitions, plaintiffs became participants in pension plans sponsored by the Coastal Corporation (Coastal), El Paso Corporation (El Paso) and our company by virtue of our acquisition of El Paso in 2012 and our assumption of certain of El Paso’s pension plan obligations. The complaint, which was filed initially in federal court in Michigan, then transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas (Civil Action No. 4:21-3590), and later amended to include the Kinder Morgan Retirement Plan B, alleges that the series of foregoing transactions resulted in changes to plaintiffs’ retirement benefits which are now contested on a purported class-wide basis in the lawsuit. The complaint asserts six claims that fall within three primary theories of liability. Claims I, II, and III all seek the same plan modification as to how the plans calculate benefits for former participants in the Coastal plan. These claims challenge plan provisions which are alleged to constitute impermissible “backloading” or “cutback” of benefits. Claims IV and V allege that former participants in the ANR plans should be eligible for unreduced benefits at younger ages than the plans currently provide. Claim VI asserts that actuarial assumptions used to calculate reduced early retirement benefits for current or former ANR employees are outdated and therefore unreasonable. On February 8, 2024, the Court certified a class defined as any and all persons who participated in the Kinder Morgan Retirement Plan A or B who are current or former employees of ANR or Coastal, and participated in the El Paso pension plan after El Paso acquired Coastal in 2001, and are members of at least one of three subclasses of individuals who are allegedly due benefits under one or more of the six claims asserted in the complaint. Plaintiffs seek to recover early retirement benefits as well as declaratory and injunctive relief, but have not pleaded, disclosed or otherwise specified a calculation of alleged damages. Accordingly, the extent of potential plan liabilities for past or future benefits, if any, remains to be determined in a bench trial scheduled to begin on August 5, 2024. We believe we have numerous and substantial defenses and intend to vigorously defend this case.
Pipeline Integrity and Releases
From time to time, despite our best efforts, our pipelines experience leaks and ruptures. These leaks and ruptures may
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cause explosions, fire, and damage to the environment, damage to property and/or personal injury or death. In connection with these incidents, we may be sued for damages caused by an alleged failure to properly mark the locations of our pipelines and/or to properly maintain our pipelines. Depending upon the facts and circumstances of a particular incident, state and federal regulatory authorities may seek civil and/or criminal fines and penalties.
Arizona Line 2000 Rupture
On August 15, 2021, the 30” EPNG Line 2000 natural gas transmission pipeline ruptured in a rural area in Coolidge, Arizona. The failure resulted in a fire which destroyed a home, resulting in two fatalities and one injury. The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the incident and issued its report on April 27, 2023. EPNG completed the physical work on Line 2000 in accordance with PHMSA’s requirements and returned the pipeline to commercial service in February 2023. We notified our insurers and resolved the claims presented by or on behalf of the owner and residents of the home without litigation or a material adverse impact to our business.
General
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our total reserve for legal matters was $23 million and $70 million, respectively.
Environmental Matters
We and our subsidiaries are subject to environmental cleanup and enforcement actions from time to time. In particular, CERCLA generally imposes joint and several liability for cleanup and enforcement costs on current and predecessor owners and operators of a site, among others, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, subject to the right of a liable party to establish a “reasonable basis” for apportionment of costs. Our operations are also subject to local, state and federal laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment. Although we believe our operations are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations, risks of additional costs and liabilities are inherent in pipeline, terminal, CO 2 field and oil field, and our other operations, and there can be no assurance that we will not incur significant costs and liabilities. Moreover, it is possible that other developments could result in substantial costs and liabilities to us, such as increasingly stringent environmental laws, regulations and enforcement policies under the terms of authority of those laws, and claims for damages to property or persons resulting from our operations.
We are currently involved in several governmental proceedings involving alleged violations of local, state and federal environmental and safety regulations. As we receive notices of non-compliance, we attempt to negotiate and settle such matters where appropriate. These alleged violations may result in fines and penalties, but except as disclosed herein we do not believe any such fines and penalties will be material to our business, individually or in the aggregate. We are also currently involved in several governmental proceedings involving groundwater and soil remediation efforts under state or federal administrative orders or related remediation programs. We have established a reserve to address the costs associated with the remediation efforts.
In addition, we are involved with and have been identified as a potentially responsible party (PRP) in several federal and state Superfund sites. Environmental reserves have been established for those sites where our contribution is probable and reasonably estimable. In addition, we are from time to time involved in civil proceedings relating to damages alleged to have occurred as a result of accidental leaks or spills of refined petroleum products, crude oil, NGL, natural gas or CO 2, including natural resource damage (NRD) claims.
Portland Harbor Superfund Site, Willamette River, Portland, Oregon
On January 6, 2017, the EPA issued a Record of Decision (ROD) that established a final remedy and cleanup plan for an industrialized area on the lower reach of the Willamette River commonly referred to as the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (PHSS). The cost for the final remedy is estimated to be more than $2.8 billion and active cleanup is expected to take more than 10 years to complete. KMLT, KMBT, and some 90 other PRPs identified by the EPA are involved in a non-judicial allocation process to determine each party’s respective share of the cleanup costs related to the final remedy set forth by the ROD. We are participating in the allocation process on behalf of KMLT (in connection with its ownership or operation of two facilities) and KMBT (in connection with its ownership or operation of two facilities). Effective January 31, 2020, KMLT entered into separate Administrative Settlement Agreements and Orders on Consent (ASAOC) to complete remedial design for two distinct areas within the PHSS associated with KMLT’s facilities. The ASAOC obligates KMLT to pay a share of the remedial design costs for cleanup activities related to these two areas as required by the ROD. Our share of responsibility for the PHSS costs will not be determined until the ongoing non-judicial allocation process is concluded or a lawsuit is filed that results in a judicial decision allocating responsibility. At this time we anticipate the non-judicial allocation process will be
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complete in or around June 2025. Until the allocation process is completed, we are unable to reasonably estimate the extent of our liability for the costs related to the design of the proposed remedy and cleanup of the PHSS. Because costs associated with any remedial plan are expected to be spread over at least several years, we do not anticipate that our share of the costs of the remediation will have a material adverse impact to our business.
In addition to CERCLA cleanup costs, we are reviewing and will attempt to settle, if possible, NRD claims in the amount of approximately $5 million asserted by state and federal trustees following their natural resource assessment of the PHSS.
Lower Passaic River Study Area of the Diamond Alkali Superfund Site, New Jersey
EPEC Polymers, Inc. and EPEC Oil Company Liquidating Trust (collectively EPEC) are identified as PRPs in an administrative action under CERCLA known as the Lower Passaic River Study Area (Site) concerning the lower 17-mile stretch of the Passaic River in New Jersey. On March 4, 2016, the EPA issued a ROD for the lower eight miles of the Site. At that time the cleanup plan in the ROD was estimated to cost $1.7 billion. The cleanup is expected to take at least six years to complete once it begins. In addition, the EPA and numerous PRPs, including EPEC, engaged in an allocation process for the implementation of the remedy for the lower eight miles of the Site. That process was completed December 28, 2020 and certain PRPs, including EPEC, engaged in discussions with the EPA as a result thereof. On October 4, 2021, the EPA issued a ROD for the upper nine miles of the Site. At that time, the cleanup plan in the ROD was estimated to cost $440 million. No timeline for the cleanup has been established. On December 16, 2022, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and the EPA announced a settlement and proposed consent decree with 85 PRPs, including EPEC, to resolve their collective liability at the Site. The total amount of the settlement is $150 million. Also on December 16, 2022, the DOJ on behalf of the EPA filed a Complaint against the 85 PRPs, including EPEC, a Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree, and a Consent Decree in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. On January 17, 2024, the DOJ on behalf of the EPA voluntarily dismissed its Complaint against 3 PRPs, filed an Amended Complaint against 82 PRPs, including EPEC, and a modified Consent Decree in the U.S. District Court. On January 31, 2024, the DOJ on behalf of the EPA filed a motion to Enter Consent Decree in the U.S. District Court. We believe our share of the costs to resolve this matter, including our share of the settlement with the EPA and the costs to remediate the Site, if any, will not have a material adverse impact to our business.
Louisiana Governmental Coastal Zone Erosion Litigation
Beginning in 2013, several parishes in Louisiana and the City of New Orleans filed separate lawsuits in state district courts in Louisiana against a number of oil and gas companies, including TGP and SNG. In these cases, the parishes and New Orleans, as Plaintiffs, allege that certain of the defendants’ oil and gas exploration, production and transportation operations were conducted in violation of the State and Local Coastal Resources Management Act of 1978, as amended (SLCRMA) and that those operations caused substantial damage to the coastal waters of Louisiana and nearby lands. The Plaintiffs seek, among other relief, unspecified money damages, attorneys’ fees, interest, and payment of costs necessary to restore the affected areas. There are more than 40 of these cases pending in Louisiana against oil and gas companies, one of which is against TGP and one of which is against SNG, both described further below.
On November 8, 2013, the Parish of Plaquemines, Louisiana and others filed a petition for damages in the state district court for Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana against TGP and 17 other energy companies, alleging that the defendants’ operations in Plaquemines Parish violated SLCRMA and Louisiana law, and caused substantial damage to the coastal waters and nearby lands. Plaquemines Parish seeks, among other relief, unspecified money damages, attorney fees, interest, and payment of costs necessary to restore the allegedly affected areas. In May 2018, the case was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. The case has been effectively stayed pending the resolution of jurisdictional issues in separate, consolidated cases to which TGP is not a party; The Parish of Plaquemines, et al. vs. Chevron USA, Inc. et al. consolidated with The Parish of Cameron, et al. v. BP America Production Company, et al. Those cases were removed to federal court and subsequently remanded to the state district courts for Plaquemines and Cameron Parishes, respectively. On September 27, 2023, the U.S. District Court ordered the case be stayed and administratively closed pending the resolution of jurisdictional issues. At this time, we are not able to reasonably estimate the extent of our potential liability, if any. We intend to vigorously defend this case.
On March 29, 2019, the City of New Orleans (Orleans) filed a petition for damages in the state district court for Orleans Parish, Louisiana against SNG and 10 other energy companies alleging that the defendants’ operations in Orleans Parish violated the SLCRMA and Louisiana law, and caused substantial damage to the coastal waters and nearby lands. Orleans seeks, among other relief, unspecified money damages, attorney fees, interest, and payment of costs necessary to restore the allegedly affected areas. In April 2019, the case was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. In January 2020, the U.S. District Court ordered the case to be stayed and administratively closed pending the resolution of
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issues in a separate case to which SNG is not a party. On May 3, 2023, the U.S. District Court re-opened the case. At this time, we are not able to reasonably estimate the extent of our potential liability, if any. We intend to vigorously defend this case.
Hurricane Harvey Emission Event
In August 2017, KMLT discovered that three tanks at its Pasadena, Texas Terminal failed during Hurricane Harvey. The tank failures resulted in emissions of products being stored in the tanks. The emissions were properly reported to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. On November 15, 2019, the State of Texas filed a petition against KMLT in a state district court in Harris County, Texas alleging that violations of maintenance standards contributed to cause both the tank failures in August 2017, and a subsequent tank failure in 2018. The State seeks monetary penalties and corrective actions by KMLT. The State amended its petition in May 2023; the amended petition also seeks penalties and corrective actions. We intend to vigorously defend this case, and we do not anticipate the cost to resolve this matter including the costs to comply with corrective actions, if any, will have a material impact to our business.
General
Although it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcomes, we believe that the resolution of the environmental matters set forth in this note, and other matters to which we and our subsidiaries are a party, will not have a material adverse effect on our business. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we have accrued a total reserve for environmental liabilities in the amount of $199 million and $221 million, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had receivables of $11 million and $12 million, respectively, recorded for expected cost recoveries that have been deemed probable.
Challenge to Federal “Good Neighbor Plan”
On July 14, 2023, we filed a Petition for Review against the EPA and others in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit seeking review of the EPA’s final action promulgating the EPA’s final rule known as the “Good Neighbor Plan” (the Plan). The Plan was published in the Federal Register as a final rule on June 5, 2023. The Plan is a federal implementation plan to address certain interstate transport requirements of the Clean Air Act for the 2015 8-hour Ozone NAAQS. We believe that the Plan is deeply flawed and that numerous and substantial bases for challenging the Plan exist. If the Plan were fully implemented, its emission standards would require installation of more stringent air pollution controls on hundreds of existing internal combustion engines used by our Natural Gas Pipelines business segment. On July 27, 2023, we filed a Motion to Stay the Plan Pending Review, and on September 25, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals denied the Motion. On October 13, 2023, we filed an Emergency Application for Stay of Final Agency Action in the United States Supreme Court. On December 20, 2023, the Supreme Court issued an order deferring consideration of the Emergency Application for Stay pending oral argument which is scheduled to take place February 21, 2024.
On July 31, 2023 and September 29, 2023, the EPA published interim final rules entitled, respectively, “Federal ‘Good Neighbor Plan’ for the 2015 Ozone NAAQS; Response to Judicial Stays of SIP Disapproval Action for Certain States” and “Federal ‘Good Neighbor Plan’ for the 2015 Ozone NAAQS; Response to Additional Judicial Stays of SIP Disapproval Action for Certain States.” We filed petitions for review against the EPA and others in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia seeking review of the interim final rule and the second interim final rule on September 29, 2023 and November 17, 2023, respectively.
If the Plan were to remain in effect in its current form (including full compliance by its compliance deadline, and assuming failure of all pending challenges to state implementation plan disapprovals and no successful challenge to the Plan), we anticipate that it would have a material impact on us. However, impacts of the Plan are difficult to predict, given the extensive pending litigation. We would seek to mitigate the impacts, and to recover expenditures through adjustments to our rates on our regulated assets where available.

19. | Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Updates
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)
On March 12, 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” This ASU provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market
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transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the SOFR. Entities can elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Entities can also elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met.
On January 7, 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope.” This ASU clarifies that all derivative instruments affected by changes to the interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment (the “Discounting Transition”) are in the scope of Topic 848 and therefore qualify for the available temporary optional expedients and exceptions. As such, entities that employ derivatives that are the designated hedged item in a hedge relationship where perfect effectiveness is assumed can continue to apply hedge accounting without de-designating the hedging relationship to the extent such derivatives are impacted by the Discounting Transition.
On December 21, 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848.” This ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848.
The guidance was effective upon issuance.
We amended certain of our existing fixed-to-variable interest rate swap agreements, which were designated as fair value hedges, to transition the variable leg of such agreements from LIBOR to SOFR. Concurrent with these amendments, we elected certain of the optional expedients provided in Topic 848 which allow us to maintain our prior designation of fair value hedge accounting to these agreements. As of December 31, 2023, we no longer have any such agreements outstanding that include a LIBOR reference rate. See Note 14 “Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk Management” for more information on our interest rate risk management activities.
ASU No. 2023-07
On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” This ASU amends reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption of the ASU is permitted. Management is currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s annual and interim disclosures.
ASU No. 2023-09
On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” This ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (i) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (ii) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. Management is currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s annual disclosures.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2023, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon and as of the date of the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their audit report, which appears herein.
We completed the STX Midstream acquisition in a purchase business acquisition on December 28, 2023. We excluded this business from the scope of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. STX Midstream’s total assets and total revenues each represent less than 3% of our related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not Applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from KMI’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed no later than April 30, 2024.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from KMI’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed no later than April 30, 2024.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from KMI’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed no later than April 30, 2024.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from KMI’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed no later than April 30, 2024.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from KMI’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed no later than April 30, 2024.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)Documents Filed as Part of the Report
(1) Financial Statements
See Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Index to Financial Statements” set forth on Page 70.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is contained in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(3)Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of KMI (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to KMI’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 16, 2023 (File No. 001-35081)).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of KMI (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to KMI’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 24, 2023 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.1 |  | Form of certificate representing Class P common stock of KMI (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on January 18, 2011 (File No. 333-170773)).
4.2 |  | Shareholders Agreement among KMI and certain holders of common stock (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.3 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Shareholders Agreement among KMI and certain holders of common stock (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to KMI’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 30, 2012 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.4 |  | Amendment No. 2 to the Shareholders Agreement among KMI and certain holders of common stock (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 3, 2014 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.5 |  | Indenture dated as of December 9, 2005, among Kinder Morgan Finance Company LLC (formerly Kinder Morgan Finance Company, ULC), Kinder Morgan Kansas, Inc. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Kansas, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2005 (File No. 1-06446)).
4.6 |  | Forms of Kinder Morgan Finance Company LLC Notes (included in the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Kansas, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2005 (File No. 1-06446)).
4.7 |  | Indenture dated January 2, 2001 between Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. and First Union National Bank, as trustee, relating to Senior Debt Securities (including form of Senior Debt Securities) (filed as Exhibit 4.11 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2000 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.8 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. establishing the terms of the 7.40% Notes due March 15, 2031 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2001 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.9 |  | Specimen of 7.40% Notes due March 15, 2031 in book-entry form (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2001 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.10 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. establishing the terms of the 7.750% Notes due March 15, 2032 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2002 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.11 |  | Specimen of 7.750% Notes due March 15, 2032 in book-entry form (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2002 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.12 |  | Indenture dated August 19, 2002 between Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on October 4, 2002 (File No. 333-100346)).

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4.13 |  | First Supplemental Indenture to Indenture dated August 19, 2002, dated August 23, 2002 between Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on October 4, 2002 (File No. 333-100346)).
4.14 |  | Form of 7.30% Notes due 2033 (included in the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on October 4, 2002 (File No. 333-100346)).
4.15 |  | Senior Indenture dated January 31, 2003 between Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. and Wachovia Bank, National Association (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on February 4, 2003 (File No. 333-102961)).
4.16 |  | Form of Senior Note of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (included in the Form of Senior Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on February 4, 2003 (File No. 333-102961)).
4.17 |  | Certificate of the Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer and the Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. establishing the terms of the 5.80% Notes due March 15, 2035 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.18 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. establishing the terms of the 6.00% Senior Notes due 2017 and 6.50% Senior Notes due 2037 (filed as Exhibit 4.28 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.19 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 6.95% Senior Notes due 2038 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.20 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and the Vice President and Treasurer of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 5.80% Senior Notes due 2021, and the 6.50% Senior Notes due 2039 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.21 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and the Vice President and Treasurer of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 5.30% Senior Notes due 2020, and the 6.55% Senior Notes due 2040 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.22 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and the Vice President and Treasurer of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 6.375% Senior Notes due 2041 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.23 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and the Vice President and Treasurer of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 4.150% Senior Notes due 2022, and the 5.625% Senior Notes due 2041 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.24 |  | Certificate of the Vice President, Finance and Investor Relations and the Vice President and Secretary of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 3.500% Senior Notes due 2021 and the 5.500% Senior Notes due 2044 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.25 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and the Vice President and Secretary of Kinder Morgan Management, LLC and Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., on behalf of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., establishing the terms of the 4.250% Senior Notes due 2024 and the 5.400% Senior Notes due 2044 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014 (File No. 1-11234)).
4.26 |  | Indenture, dated March 1, 2012, between KMI and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on March 1, 2012 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.27 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and the Vice President and Secretary of KMI establishing the terms of the 2.000% Senior Notes due 2017, the 3.050% Senior Notes due 2019, the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2025, the 5.300% Senior Notes due 2034 and the 5.550% Senior Notes due 2045 (filed as Exhibit 10.53 to KMI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 (File No. 001-35081)).

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4.28 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and Vice President and Secretary of KMI establishing the terms of the 5.050% Senior Notes due 2046 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.29 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and Vice President and Secretary of KMI establishing the terms of the 1.500% Senior Notes due 2022 and 2.250% Senior Notes due 2027 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to KMI’s Form 8-A, filed March 16, 2015 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.32 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KMI establishing the terms of the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2028 and the 5.200% Senior Notes due 2048 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.33 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, and Vice President, Investor Relations and Treasurer of KMI establishing the terms of the 2.00% Notes due February 15, 2031 and the 3.25% Notes due August 1, 2050 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.34 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, and Vice President, Investor Relations and Treasurer of KMI establishing the terms of the 3.60% Notes due February 15, 2051 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.35 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and the Vice President and Treasurer of KMI establishing the terms of the 1.750% Notes due 2026 (filed as Exhibit 4.35 to KMI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.36 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KMI establishing the terms of the 4.800% Senior Notes due 2033 and the 5.450% Senior Notes due 2052 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.37 |  | Certificate of the Vice President and Treasurer and Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kinder Morgan, Inc. establishing the terms of the 5.200% Notes due 2033 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (File No. 001-35081)).
4.38 |  | Certain instruments with respect to long-term debt of KMI and its consolidated subsidiaries which relate to debt that does not exceed 10% of the total assets of KMI and its consolidated subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b) (4) (iii) (A) of Regulation S-K, 17 C.F.R. sec. #229.601. KMI hereby agrees to furnish supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission a copy of each such instrument upon request.
4.39 |  | Description of Capital Stock of Kinder Morgan, Inc. Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
4.40 |  | Description of Debt Securities of Kinder Morgan, Inc. Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed as Exhibit 4.38 to KMI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-35081)).
10.1 |  | Kinder Morgan, Inc. 2021 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to KMI’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed July 16, 2021 (File No. 333-205430)).
10.2 |  | 2021 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).
10.3 |  | 2016 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 (File No. 001-35081))
10.4 |  | 2018 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 (File No. 001-35081))
10.5 |  | Kinder Morgan, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Stock Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to KMI’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).
10.6 |  | 2021 Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Compensation Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to KMI’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).
10.7 |  | KMI Employees Stock Purchase Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to KMI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011 (File No. 001-35081)).
10.8 |  | Amended and Restated Annual Incentive Plan of KMI (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to KMI’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 26, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).
10.9 |  | Revolving Credit Agreement, dated August 20, 2021 among KMI, as borrower, Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent, and the lenders and issuing banks party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to KMI’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 25, 2021 (File No. 001-35081)).

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10.10 |  | First Amendment dated December 15, 2022 to Revolving Credit Agreement dated August 20, 2021 among KMI, as borrower, Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent, and the lenders and issuing banks party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.12 to KMI's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed February 8, 2023 (File 001-35081)).
10.11 |  | Cross Guarantee Agreement, dated as of November 26, 2014 among KMI and certain of its subsidiaries with schedules updated as of December 31, 2023.
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of KMI.
22.1 |  | Subsidiary guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities.
23.1 |  | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97.1 |  | Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.
101 |  | Interactive data files (formatted as Inline XBRL).
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
Not Applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | KINDER MORGAN, INC. Registrant
|  | /s/ David P. Michels
|  | David P. Michels Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date: | February 20, 2024 |

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ DAVID P. MICHELS |  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) |  | February 20, 2024
David P. Michels |  |
/s/ KIMBERLY A. DANG |  | Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer); Director |  | February 20, 2024
Kimberly A. Dang |  |
/s/ RICHARD D. KINDER |  | Executive Chairman |  | February 20, 2024
Richard D. Kinder |  |
/s/ TED A. GARDNER |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Ted A. Gardner |  |
/s/ ANTHONY W. HALL, JR. |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Anthony W. Hall, Jr. |  |
/s/ STEVEN J. KEAN |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Steven J. Kean |  |
/s/ RONALD L. KUEHN, JR. |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Ronald L. Kuehn, Jr. |  |
/s/ DEBORAH A. MACDONALD |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Deborah A. Macdonald |  |
/s/ MICHAEL C. MORGAN |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Michael C. Morgan |  |
/s/ ARTHUR C. REICHSTETTER |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Arthur C. Reichstetter |  |
/s/ C. PARK SHAPER |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
C. Park Shaper |  |
/s/ WILLIAM A. SMITH |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
William A. Smith |  |
/s/ JOEL V. STAFF |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Joel V. Staff |  |
/s/ ROBERT F. VAGT |  | Director |  | February 20, 2024
Robert F. Vagt |  |

139