<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"?>
<!-- DFIN New ActiveDisclosure (SM) XBRL Schema Document - http://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- Creation Date :2025-03-24T13:37:03.5698+00:00 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2025 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2024/elts/us-gaap-2024.xsd" namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024"/>
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        <link:definition>100000 - Document - Document and Entity Information</link:definition>
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        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
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        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-default" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-domain" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#domain-member" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#hypercube-dimension" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://www.esma.europa.eu/xbrl/esef/arcrole/wider-narrower" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/arcrole/esma-arcrole-2018-11-21.xsd#wider-narrower" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/PvpAdjustmentsOnly" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#PvpAdjustmentsOnly" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.unitedrentals.com/20250324/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/PvpDisclosure" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#PvpDisclosure" xlink:type="simple"/>
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          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName"/>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Forfeitures during current year equal to prior year-end fair value.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Forfeitures during current year equal to prior year-end fair value</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Fair Value at Year-end of Awards Granted During Covered Fiscal Year Outstanding and Unvested at Year-end [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Fair value at year-end of awards granted during covered fiscal year outstanding and unvested at year-end.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Fair value at year-end of awards granted during the covered fiscal year that are outstanding and unvested at year-end [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">CIK</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Cover</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Amendment</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Amendment Flag</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Stock Awards from SCT [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Stock awards from SCT.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Stock Awards from SCT [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Type</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Type</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Fair Value As of Vesting Date of Awards Granted in Covered Fiscal Year for Vesting Conditions were Satisfied During Such Year [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Fair value as of the vesting date of awards granted in the covered fiscal year for which vesting conditions were satisfied during such year.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Fair value as of the vesting date of awards granted in the covered fiscal year for which vesting conditions were satisfied during such year [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Change As of Vesting Date In Fair Value of Awards Granted In Any Prior Fiscal Year for which Vesting Conditions Satisfied During Such Year [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Change as of the vesting date (from the end of the prior fiscal year) in fair value of awards granted in any prior fiscal year for which vesting conditions were satisfied during such year.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Change as of the vesting date (from the end of the prior fiscal year) in fair value of awards granted in any prior fiscal year for which vesting conditions were satisfied during such year [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Registrant Name</link:label>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="uri_YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Year-over-year change in fair value of awards granted in any prior fiscal year that are outstanding and unvested at year-end.</link:label>
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          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember"/>
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          <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" order="7.0" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
          <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" order="8.0" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
          <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember" order="9.0" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
        </link:presentationLink>
        <link:definitionLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/PvpAdjustmentsOnly">
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:label="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember" xlink:label="uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" xlink:label="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" xlink:label="uri_YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" xlink:label="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="uri-20250324.xsd#uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember" xlink:label="uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="0" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="1" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="2" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="3" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="4" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="5" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
        </link:definitionLink>
      </link:linkbase>
    </xsd:appinfo>
  </xsd:annotation>
  <xsd:element id="uri_StockAwardsFromSctMember" name="StockAwardsFromSctMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="uri_YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" name="YearOverYearChangeInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearThatAreOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="uri_FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" name="FairValueAsOfVestingDateOfAwardsGrantedInCoveredFiscalYearForVestingConditionsWereSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="uri_FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" name="FairValueAtYearEndOfAwardsGrantedDuringCoveredFiscalYearOutstandingAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="uri_ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" name="ChangeAsOfVestingDateInFairValueOfAwardsGrantedInAnyPriorFiscalYearForWhichVestingConditionsSatisfiedDuringSuchYearMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="uri_ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember" name="ForfeituresDuringCurrentYearEqualToPriorYearEndFairValueMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
</xsd:schema>
