Restructuring and Other Initiatives

We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we plan to execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, in order to align manufacturing capacity and other costs with prevailing global automotive production and to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, no liabilities are generally recorded until offers to employees are accepted. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive cost of sales and Automotive selling, general and administrative expense. The following tables summarize the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges, by segment:



	GMNA			GME			GMIO			GMSA			Total
Balance at January 1, 2016	$	143		$	270		$	161		$	7		$	581
Additions, interest accretion and other	241			5			44			15			305
Payments	(23		)	(85		)	(31		)	(18		)	(157		)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	6			12			6			—			24
Balance at March 31, 2016	367			202			180			4			753
Additions, interest accretion and other	1			7			32			7			47
Payments	(257		)	(51		)	(32		)	(7		)	(347		)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	—			(2		)	(6		)	1			(7		)
Balance at June 30, 2016	$	111		$	156		$	174		$	5		$	446



	GMNA			GME			GMIO			GMSA			Total
Balance at January 1, 2015	$	459		$	751		$	166		$	2		$	1,378
Additions, interest accretion and other	9			127			37			11			184
Payments	(19		)	(385		)	(22		)	(11		)	(437		)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	(11		)	(53		)	(10		)	—			(74		)
Balance at March 31, 2015	438			440			171			2			1,051
Additions, interest accretion and other	65			9			54			35			163
Payments	(19		)	(73		)	(53		)	(29		)	(174		)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	1			17			(8		)	—			10
Balance at June 30, 2015(a)	$	485		$	393		$	164		$	8		$	1,050

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(a)	Included temporary layoff benefits of $353 million at June 30, 2015 for GMNA.

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 restructuring and other initiatives related primarily to: (1) charges of $240 million in the three months ended March 31, 2016 at GMNA related to the cash severance incentive program to qualified U.S. hourly employees under our 2015 labor agreement with the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agriculture Implement Workers of America (UAW); and (2) separation and other programs in Australia, Korea and India and the withdrawal of the Chevrolet brand from Europe which collectively had a total cost since inception of $770 million and affected a total of approximately 4,530 employees at GMIO through June 30, 2016. We expect to complete these programs in GMIO in 2017 and incur additional related restructuring and other charges of approximately $90 million.

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 restructuring and other initiatives related primarily to: (1) the change in our business model in Russia for which we recorded total pre-tax charges of $443 million at GME and GMIO in the six months ended June 30, 2015, of which $125 million is reflected in the table above; and (2) separation and other programs in Australia, Korea, Thailand and Indonesia and the withdrawal of the Chevrolet brand from Europe which had a total cost since inception of $605 million at GMIO through June 30, 2015.