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Restructuring and Other Initiatives
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring and Other Initiatives
Restructuring and Other Initiatives
We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we plan to execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to align manufacturing capacity and other costs with prevailing global automotive production and to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, no liabilities are generally recorded until offers to employees are accepted. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive cost of sales and Automotive selling, general and administrative expense. The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31, 2017
 
March 31, 2016
Balance at beginning of period
$
350

 
$
581

Additions, interest accretion and other
46

 
305

Payments
(34
)
 
(157
)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency
11

 
24

Balance at end of period
$
373

 
$
753



In the three months ended March 31, 2017 restructuring and other initiatives related primarily to charges in GMIO related to separation and other programs in Australia, Korea and India and the withdrawal of the Chevrolet brand from Europe. Collectively these programs had a total cost since inception in 2013 of $835 million and affected a total of approximately 4,580 employees through March 31, 2017. We expect to complete these programs in 2017 and incur insignificant additional restructuring and other charges.

In the three months ended March 31, 2016 restructuring and other initiatives related primarily to charges of $240 million in GMNA related to the cash severance incentive program to qualified U.S. hourly employees under our 2015 labor agreement with the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agriculture Implement Workers of America (UAW) and insignificant costs for separation and other programs in Australia, Korea and India and the withdrawal of the Chevrolet brand from Europe.