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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
For interim income tax reporting we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income (loss). Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year to date loss for which a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded. The tax effects of unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are reported in the interim period in which they occur. We have open tax years from 2007 to 2016 with various significant tax jurisdictions.

In the three months ended June 30, 2017 income tax expense of $534 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation of $621 million including tax benefits from foreign dividends. In the three months ended June 30, 2016 income tax expense of $877 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation of $1.2 billion, partially offset by tax benefits related to foreign currency losses.

In the six months ended June 30, 2017 income tax expense of $1.3 billion primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation of $1.5 billion including tax benefits from foreign dividends, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax settlements. In the six months ended June 30, 2016 income tax expense of $1.5 billion primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation of $2.0 billion, partially offset by tax benefits related to foreign currency losses, tax settlements and deduction taken for stock investments in non-U.S. affiliates.

At June 30, 2017 we had $31.8 billion of net deferred tax assets consisting of net operating losses and income tax credits, capitalized research expenditures and other timing differences that are available to offset future income tax liabilities, partially offset by valuation allowances. The net operating losses and income tax credits include U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforward deferred tax assets of $8.7 billion that expire by 2037 if not utilized; and Non-U.S operating loss and tax credit carryforward deferred tax assets of $4.9 billion of which $1.3 billion expire by 2037 if not utilized and $3.6 billion can be carried forward indefinitely. Refer to Note 2 for the effect the sale of the European Business will have on our net deferred tax assets.