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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Income before Income Taxes and Equity Income
 
Years Ended December 31,

2017

2016

2015
U.S. income
$
8,399


$
9,989


$
6,994

Non-U.S. income (loss)
1,332


(263
)

(816
)
Income before income taxes and equity income
$
9,731


$
9,726


$
6,178

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
 
Years Ended December 31,

2017

2016

2015
Current income tax expense (benefit)





U.S. federal
$
18


$
(126
)

$
5

U.S. state and local
83


65


5

Non-U.S.
552


572


817

Total current income tax expense
653


511


827

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)








U.S. federal
7,831


1,865


1,735

U.S. state and local
(187
)

264


243

Non-U.S.
3,236


99


(4,024
)
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)
10,880


2,228


(2,046
)
Total income tax expense (benefit)
$
11,533


$
2,739


$
(1,219
)
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
 
Years Ended December 31,

2017

2016

2015
Income tax expense at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
$
3,406


$
3,404


$
2,162

State and local tax expense
(76
)

190


173

Non-U.S. income taxed at other than 35%
(145
)

(61
)

37

U.S. tax on Non-U.S. income
(941
)

(894
)

(151
)
Change in valuation allowances
2,712


237


(3,554
)
Change in tax laws
7,194


147


29

Research and manufacturing incentives
(313
)

(266
)

(367
)
Settlements of prior year tax matters
(256
)

(46
)


Realization of basis differences in affiliates


(94
)


Foreign currency remeasurement
23


(2
)

209

Financial penalty under the DPA(a)




315

Other adjustments
(71
)

124


(72
)
Total income tax expense (benefit)
$
11,533


$
2,739


$
(1,219
)
_________
(a)
Refer to Note 17 for additional information on the DPA.
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The following table summarizes the components of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities:

December 31, 2017

December 31, 2016
Deferred tax assets



Postretirement benefits other than pensions
$
1,948


$
2,720

Pension and other employee benefit plans
3,285


5,141

Warranties, dealer and customer allowances, claims and discounts
5,675


8,074

Property, plant and equipment


397

U.S. capitalized research expenditures
4,413


6,127

U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards(a)
8,578


8,987

Non-U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards(b)
5,103


4,406

Miscellaneous
1,697


1,733

Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowances
30,699


37,585

Less: valuation allowances
(6,690
)

(3,908
)
Total deferred tax assets
24,009


33,677

Deferred tax liabilities





Property, plant and equipment
418



Intangible assets
735


1,027

Total deferred tax liabilities
1,153


1,027

Net deferred tax assets
$
22,856


$
32,650


_________
(a)
At December 31, 2017 U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $8.6 billion expire by 2037 if not utilized.
(b)
At December 31, 2017 Non-U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $925 million expire by 2037 if not utilized and the remaining balance of $4.2 billion may be carried forward indefinitely.
Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward
The following table summarizes activity of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:

Years Ended December 31,

2017

2016

2015
Beginning balance
$
1,182


$
1,337


$
1,705

Additions to current year tax positions
160


49


53

Additions to prior years' tax positions
448


96


114

Reductions to prior years' tax positions
(195
)

(192
)

(349
)
Reductions in tax positions due to lapse of statutory limitations
(44
)

(103
)

(119
)
Settlements
(11
)

(1
)

(3
)
Other
17


(4
)

(64
)
Ending balance
$
1,557


$
1,182


$
1,337