10-Q 1 gm2018q2.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549-1004
Form 10-Q

þ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-34960
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

STATE OF DELAWARE | 27-0756180
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
300 Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan | 48265-3000
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(313) 667-1500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨ Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ
As of July 13, 2018 the number of shares outstanding of common stock was 1,410,888,316 shares.

INDEX

|  |  | Page
PART I
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Income Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
| Note 1. | Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation | 5
| Note 2. | Significant Accounting Policies | 7
| Note 3. | Revenue | 9
| Note 4. | Marketable and Other Securities | 10
| Note 5. | GM Financial Receivables and Transactions | 11
| Note 6. | Inventories | 13
| Note 7. | Equipment on Operating Leases | 13
| Note 8. | Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates | 13
| Note 9. | Variable Interest Entities | 14
| Note 10. | Automotive and GM Financial Debt | 14
| Note 11. | Derivative Financial Instruments | 15
| Note 12. | Product Warranty and Related Liabilities | 16
| Note 13. | Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits | 17
| Note 14. | Commitments and Contingencies | 17
| Note 15. | Income Taxes | 22
| Note 16. | Restructuring and Other Initiatives | 23
| Note 17. | Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests | 24
| Note 18. | Earnings Per Share | 26
| Note 19. | Discontinued Operations | 26
| Note 20. | Segment Reporting | 27
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 30
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 48
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 49
PART II
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 50
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 50
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 50
Item 6. | Exhibits | 51
Signature |  | 52

Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
PART I
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Net sales and revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | $ | 33,275 |  |  | $ | 33,998 |  |  | $ | 65,966 |  |  | $ | 68,517 |
GM Financial | 3,485 |  |  | 2,986 |  |  | 6,893 |  |  | 5,733 |
Total net sales and revenue (Note 3) | 36,760 |  |  | 36,984 |  |  | 72,859 |  |  | 74,250 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive and other cost of sales | 30,071 |  |  | 29,535 |  |  | 60,255 |  |  | 59,296 |
GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses | 2,996 |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | 6,010 |  |  | 5,241 |
Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense | 2,216 |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 4,588 |  |  | 4,833 |
Total costs and expenses | 35,283 |  |  | 34,687 |  |  | 70,853 |  |  | 69,370 |
Operating income | 1,477 |  |  | 2,297 |  |  | 2,006 |  |  | 4,880 |
Automotive interest expense | 159 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 279 |
Interest income and other non-operating income, net | 930 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 1,479 |  |  | 754 |
Equity income (Note 8) | 637 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | 1,085 |
Income before income taxes | 2,885 |  |  | 2,967 |  |  | 4,461 |  |  | 6,440 |
Income tax expense (Note 15) | 519 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 985 |  |  | 1,321 |
Income from continuing operations | 2,366 |  |  | 2,433 |  |  | 3,476 |  |  | 5,119 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 19) | — |  |  | 770 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 839 |
Net income | 2,366 |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | 3,406 |  |  | 4,280 |
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 24 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | (12 | )
Net income attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | $ | 3,436 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | $ | 3,407 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |
Earnings per share (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 2.47 |  |  | $ | 3.40 |
Basic loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | 1,410 |  |  | 1,497 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | 1,501 |
Diluted earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |  |  | $ | 3.35 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.09 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 2.80 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | 1,431 |  |  | 1,519 |  |  | 1,430 |  |  | 1,525 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Net income | $ | 2,366 |  |  | $ | 1,663 |  |  | $ | 3,406 |  |  | $ | 4,280 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | (328 | ) |  | 93 |  |  | (294 | ) |  | 201 |
Defined benefit plans | 234 |  |  | (211 | ) |  | 227 |  |  | (240 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (94 | ) |  | (118 | ) |  | (67 | ) |  | (39 | )
Comprehensive income | 2,272 |  |  | 1,545 |  |  | 3,339 |  |  | 4,241 |
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 28 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 35 |  |  | (12 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,300 |  |  | $ | 1,541 |  |  | $ | 3,374 |  |  | $ | 4,229 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 15,087 |  |  | $ | 15,512 |
Marketable securities (Note 4) | 6,924 |  |  | 8,313 |
Accounts and notes receivable, net | 9,663 |  |  | 8,164 |
GM Financial receivables, net (Note 5; Note 9 at VIEs) | 22,005 |  |  | 20,521 |
Inventories (Note 6) | 10,833 |  |  | 10,663 |
Equipment on operating leases, net (Note 7) | 690 |  |  | 1,106 |
Other current assets (Note 4; Note 9 at VIEs) | 5,249 |  |  | 4,465 |
Total current assets | 70,451 |  |  | 68,744 |
Non-current Assets |  |  |
GM Financial receivables, net (Note 5; Note 9 at VIEs) | 22,996 |  |  | 21,208 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates (Note 8) | 8,788 |  |  | 9,073 |
Property, net | 38,003 |  |  | 36,253 |
Goodwill and intangible assets, net | 5,720 |  |  | 5,849 |
Equipment on operating leases, net (Note 7; Note 9 at VIEs) | 44,054 |  |  | 42,882 |
Deferred income taxes | 23,285 |  |  | 23,544 |
Other assets (Note 4; Note 9 at VIEs) | 5,344 |  |  | 4,929 |
Total non-current assets | 148,190 |  |  | 143,738 |
Total Assets | $ | 218,641 |  |  | $ | 212,482 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable (principally trade) | $ | 24,660 |  |  | $ | 23,929 |
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt (Note 10) |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | 2,807 |  |  | 2,515 |
GM Financial (Note 9 at VIEs) | 25,457 |  |  | 24,450 |
Accrued liabilities | 27,368 |  |  | 25,996 |
Total current liabilities | 80,292 |  |  | 76,890 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt (Note 10) |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | 11,012 |  |  | 10,987 |
GM Financial (Note 9 at VIEs) | 58,983 |  |  | 56,267 |
Postretirement benefits other than pensions (Note 13) | 5,853 |  |  | 5,998 |
Pensions (Note 13) | 11,989 |  |  | 13,746 |
Other liabilities | 11,876 |  |  | 12,394 |
Total non-current liabilities | 99,713 |  |  | 99,392 |
Total Liabilities | 180,005 |  |  | 176,282 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |  |  |
Equity (Note 17) |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Additional paid-in capital | 25,465 |  |  | 25,371 |
Retained earnings | 18,873 |  |  | 17,627 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (8,171 | ) |  | (8,011 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 36,181 |  |  | 35,001 |
Noncontrolling interests | 2,455 |  |  | 1,199 |
Total Equity | 38,636 |  |  | 36,200 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 218,641 |  |  | $ | 212,482 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 3,476 |  |  | $ | 5,119 |
Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net | 3,723 |  |  | 3,155 |
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net | 2,987 |  |  | 2,782 |
Foreign currency remeasurement and transaction losses | 106 |  |  | 105 |
Undistributed earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates, net | 710 |  |  | 487 |
Pension contributions and OPEB payments | (932 | ) |  | (753 | )
Pension and OPEB income, net | (627 | ) |  | (405 | )
Provision for deferred taxes | 586 |  |  | 1,303 |
Change in other operating assets and liabilities | (4,476 | ) |  | (4,365 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities – continuing operations | 5,553 |  |  | 7,428 |
Net cash provided by operating activities – discontinued operations | — |  |  | 131 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 5,553 |  |  | 7,559 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Expenditures for property | (4,351 | ) |  | (4,186 | )
Available-for-sale marketable securities, acquisitions | (1,571 | ) |  | (2,149 | )
Available-for-sale marketable securities, liquidations | 2,886 |  |  | 4,872 |
Purchases of finance receivables, net | (10,778 | ) |  | (10,577 | )
Principal collections and recoveries on finance receivables | 7,420 |  |  | 6,003 |
Purchases of leased vehicles, net | (9,122 | ) |  | (9,884 | )
Proceeds from termination of leased vehicles | 5,303 |  |  | 2,724 |
Other investing activities | 7 |  |  | 62 |
Net cash used in investing activities – continuing operations | (10,206 | ) |  | (13,135 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities – discontinued operations (Note 19) | 166 |  |  | (788 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (10,040 | ) |  | (13,923 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt | 644 |  |  | (413 | )
Proceeds from issuance of debt (original maturities greater than three months) | 23,157 |  |  | 27,131 |
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months) | (18,840 | ) |  | (13,331 | )
Payments to purchase common stock | (100 | ) |  | (1,496 | )
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock (Note 17) | 1,261 |  |  | — |
Dividends paid | (1,104 | ) |  | (1,145 | )
Other financing activities | (363 | ) |  | (237 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities – continuing operations | 4,655 |  |  | 10,509 |
Net cash provided by financing activities – discontinued operations | — |  |  | 31 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 4,655 |  |  | 10,540 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (245 | ) |  | 209 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (77 | ) |  | 4,385 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 17,848 |  |  | 15,160 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 17,771 |  |  | $ | 19,545 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash – continuing operations at end of period (Note 4) | $ | 17,771 |  |  | $ | 18,920 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash – discontinued operations at end of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | 625 |
Significant Non-cash Investing and Financing Activity |  |  |
Non-cash property additions – continuing operations | $ | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 4,086 |
Non-cash property additions – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 482 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Common Stockholders’ |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |
Balance at January 1, 2017 | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 26,983 |  |  | $ | 26,168 |  |  | $ | (9,330 | ) |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 44,075 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,268 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 4,280 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39 | )
Purchase of common stock | — |  |  | (760 | ) |  | (736 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,496 | )
Exercise of common stock warrants | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,137 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,137 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (8 | )
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39 | ) |  | (39 | )
Balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 26,328 |  |  | $ | 28,547 |  |  | $ | (9,369 | ) |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 45,725 |
Balance at January 1, 2018 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 25,371 |  |  | $ | 17,627 |  |  | $ | (8,011 | ) |  | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | 36,200 |
Adoption of accounting standards (Note 1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,046 | ) |  | (98 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,144 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,436 |  |  | — |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 3,406 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (67 | )
Issuance of preferred stock (Note 17) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,261 |  |  | 1,261 |
Purchase of common stock | — |  |  | (44 | ) |  | (56 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100 | )
Exercise of common stock warrants | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,071 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,071 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37 | ) |  | (37 | )
Other | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 186 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 25,465 |  |  | $ | 18,873 |  |  | $ | (8,171 | ) |  | $ | 2,455 |  |  | $ | 38,636 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation
General Motors Company (sometimes referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as we, our, us, ourselves, the Company, General Motors or GM) designs, builds and sells cars, trucks, crossovers and automobile parts worldwide. We also provide automotive financing services through General Motors Financial Company, Inc. (GM Financial). We analyze the results of our continuing operations through the following segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM International (GMI), GM Cruise and GM Financial. GM Cruise is our global segment designed to build, grow and invest in our autonomous vehicles business. As a result of the growing importance of our autonomous vehicle operations, we moved these operations from Corporate to GM Cruise and began presenting GM Cruise as a new reportable segment in the three months ended June 30, 2018. All periods presented have been recast to reflect the segment changes. Nonsegment operations and Maven, our ride- and car-sharing business, are classified as Corporate. Corporate includes certain centrally recorded income and costs such as interest, income taxes, corporate expenditures and certain nonsegment specific revenues and expenses.
On July 31, 2017 we closed the sale of the Opel and Vauxhall businesses and certain other assets in Europe (the Opel/Vauxhall Business) to Peugeot, S.A. (PSA Group). On October 31, 2017 we closed the sale of the European financing subsidiaries and branches (the Fincos, and together with the Opel/Vauxhall Business, the European Business) to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. The European Business is presented as discontinued operations in our condensed consolidated financial statements for all periods presented. Unless otherwise indicated, information in this report relates to our continuing operations. Refer to Note 19 for additional information on our discontinued operations.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments and transactions or events discretely impacting the interim periods, considered necessary by management to fairly state our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2017 Form 10-K. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, dollar amounts presented within tables are stated in millions. In the three months ended June 30, 2018 we changed the presentation of our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to separately classify Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net and Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net. We have made corresponding reclassifications to the comparable information for all periods presented.
Principles of Consolidation The Principles of Consolidation supplements information presented in our 2017 Form 10-K for the adoption on January 1, 2018 of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (ASU 2016-01). We consolidate entities that we control due to ownership of a majority voting interest and we consolidate variable interest entities (VIEs) when we have variable interests and are the primary beneficiary. We continually evaluate our involvement with VIEs to determine when these criteria are met. Our share of earnings or losses of nonconsolidated affiliates is included in our consolidated operating results using the equity method of accounting when we are able to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial decisions of the affiliate. Beginning January 1, 2018 we no longer use the cost method of accounting.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" as amended (ASU 2014-09), as incorporated into Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, on a modified retrospective basis by recognizing a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of Retained earnings. Under ASU 2014-09 sales incentives will now be recorded at the time of sale rather than at the later of sale or announcement, thereby resulting in the shifting of incentive amounts to an earlier quarter and fixed fee license arrangements will now be recognized when access to intellectual property is granted instead of over the contract period. We currently expect the retiming of quarterly incentive amounts to offset for the year ending December 31, 2018. Actual incentive spending is dependent upon future market conditions.
Beginning January 1, 2018 certain transfers to daily rental companies are accounted for as sales when ownership of the vehicle is not expected to transfer back to us. Such transactions were previously accounted for as operating leases. Transfers that occurred prior to January 2018 continue to be accounted for as operating leases because at the original time of transfer an expectation existed that ownership of the vehicle would transfer back to us.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
The following table summarizes the financial statement line items within our condensed consolidated income statement and balance sheet significantly impacted by ASU 2014-09:

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
| As Reported |  | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change
Income Statement |  |  |  |  |
Automotive net sales and revenue | $ | 33,275 |  |  | $ | 33,443 |  |  | $ | (168 | )
Automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 30,071 |  |  | $ | 29,760 |  |  | $ | 311 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 3,209 |  |  | $ | (324 | )
Net income attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 2,629 |  |  | $ | (239 | )

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
| As Reported |  | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change
Income Statement |  |  |  |  |
Automotive net sales and revenue | $ | 65,966 |  |  | $ | 65,002 |  |  | $ | 964 |
Automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 60,255 |  |  | $ | 59,225 |  |  | $ | 1,030 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 4,340 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Net income attributable to stockholders | $ | 3,436 |  |  | $ | 3,331 |  |  | $ | 105 |

| June 30, 2018
| As Reported |  | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change
Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |
Equipment on operating leases, net | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 1,678 |  |  | $ | (988 | )
Deferred income taxes | $ | 23,285 |  |  | $ | 22,858 |  |  | $ | 427 |
Accrued liabilities | $ | 27,368 |  |  | $ | 25,942 |  |  | $ | 1,426 |
Other liabilities | $ | 11,876 |  |  | $ | 12,282 |  |  | $ | (406 | )
Retained earnings | $ | 18,873 |  |  | $ | 20,104 |  |  | $ | (1,231 | )

Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-01, on a modified retrospective basis, with a $182 million cumulative effect adjustment recorded to the opening balance of Retained earnings to adjust an investment previously carried at cost to its fair value. ASU 2016-01 requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in Net income.
In the three months ended March 31, 2018 we adopted ASU 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities" (ASU 2017-12), on a modified retrospective basis and adopted ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (ASU 2018-02), on a modified retrospective basis. ASU 2018-02 provides the option to reclassify stranded tax effects related to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act) in accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The adjustment relates to the change in the U.S. corporate income tax rate. The cumulative effect of the adjustments to the opening balance of Retained earnings for these adopted standards was $108 million.
The following table summarizes the changes to our condensed consolidated balance sheet for the adoption of ASU 2014-09, ASU 2016-01, ASU 2017-12 and ASU 2018-02:
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| December 31, 2017 |  | Adjustment due to ASU 2014-09 |  | Adjustment due to ASU 2016-01, ASU 2017-12 and ASU 2018-02 |  | January 1, 2018
Deferred income taxes | $ | 23,544 |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | (63 | ) |  | $ | 23,925 |
Other assets | $ | 4,929 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 5,366 |
GM Financial short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 24,450 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 24,437 |
Accrued liabilities | $ | 25,996 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,324 |
Other liabilities | $ | 12,394 |  |  | $ | (235 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,159 |
Retained earnings | $ | 17,627 |  |  | $ | (1,336 | ) |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 16,581 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (8,011 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | (8,109 | )

Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Payments" (ASU 2016-15), which clarified guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and prior periods were not restated.
Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2017-07, "Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715), Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost" (ASU 2017-07) on a retrospective basis, which requires that the service cost component of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) (income) expense be presented in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs. The remaining components of net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense are now presented outside operating income. Amounts previously reflected in Operating income were reclassified to Interest income and other non-operating income, net in accordance with the provisions of ASU 2017-07. Refer to Note 13 for amounts that were reclassified.
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
The information presented on Revenue Recognition, Equipment on Operating Leases, Marketable Debt Securities, Equity Investments and Derivative Financial Instruments supplements the Significant Accounting Policies information presented in our 2017 Form 10-K for the adoption of our recently adopted accounting standards which became effective January 1, 2018. See our 2017 Form 10-K for a description of our significant accounting policies in effect prior to the adoption of the new accounting standards.
Revenue Recognition We adopted ASU 2014-09, which requires us to recognize revenue when a customer obtains control rather than when we have transferred substantially all risks and rewards of a good or service. We adopted ASU 2014-09 by applying the modified retrospective method to all noncompleted contracts as of the date of adoption. See Note 1 for additional information pertaining to the adoption of ASU 2014-09. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The following accounting policies became effective upon the adoption of ASU 2014-09.
Automotive Automotive net sales and revenue represents the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for vehicle, parts and accessories and services and other sales. The consideration recognized represents the amount received, typically shortly after the sale to a customer, net of estimated dealer and customer sales incentives we reasonably expect to pay. Significant factors in determining our estimates of incentives include forecasted sales volume, product type, product mix, customer behavior and assumptions concerning market conditions. Historical experience is also considered when establishing our future expectations. Subsequent adjustments to incentive estimates are possible as facts and circumstances change over time. When our customers have a right to return eligible parts and accessories, we consider the returns in our estimation of the transaction price. A portion of the consideration received is deferred for separate performance obligations, such as maintenance and vehicle connectivity, that will be provided to our customers at a future date. Taxes assessed by various government entities, such as sales, use and value-added taxes, collected at the time of the vehicle sale are excluded from Automotive net sales and revenue. Shipping and handling activities that occur after control of the vehicle transfers to the dealer are recognized at the time of sale and presented in Automotive and other cost of sales.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
V e hicle, Parts and Accessories For the majority of vehicle and accessories sales our customers obtain control and we recognize revenue when the vehicle transfers to the dealer, which generally occurs when the vehicle is released to the carrier responsible for transporting it to a dealer. Revenue, net of estimated returns, is recognized on the sale of parts upon delivery to the customer.
Certain transfers to daily rental companies are accounted for as sales, with revenue recognized at the time of transfer. Such transactions were previously accounted for as operating leases. At the time of transfer, we defer revenue for remarketing obligations, record a residual value guarantee and reflect a deposit liability for amounts expected to be returned once the remarketing services are complete. Deferred revenue is recognized in earnings upon completion of the remarketing service. Transfers that occurred prior to January 1, 2018 and future transfers containing a substantive purchase obligation continue to be accounted for as operating leases and rental income is recognized over the estimated term of the lease.
Used Vehicles Proceeds from the auction of vehicles returned from daily rental car companies are recognized in Automotive net sales and revenue upon transfer of control of the vehicle to the customer and the related vehicle carrying value is recognized in Automotive and other cost of sales.
Services and Other Services and other revenue primarily consists of revenue from vehicle-related service arrangements and after-sale services such as maintenance, vehicle connectivity and extended service warranties. For those service arrangements that are bundled with a vehicle sale, a portion of the revenue from the sale is allocated to the service component and recognized as deferred revenue within Accrued liabilities or Other liabilities. We recognize revenue for bundled services and services sold separately as services are performed, typically over a period of less than three years.
Automotive Financing - GM Financial Finance charge income earned on receivables is recognized using the effective interest method. Fees and commissions (including incentive payments) received and direct costs of originating loans are deferred and amortized over the term of the related finance receivables using the effective interest method and are removed from the condensed consolidated balance sheets when the related finance receivables are sold, charged off or paid in full. Accrual of finance charge income on retail finance receivables is generally suspended on accounts that are more than 60 days delinquent, accounts in bankruptcy and accounts in repossession. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are first applied to any fees due, then to any interest due and then any remaining amounts are recorded to principal. Interest accrual generally resumes once an account has received payments bringing the delinquency to less than 60 days past due. Accrual of finance charge income on commercial finance receivables is generally suspended on accounts that are more than 90 days delinquent, upon receipt of a bankruptcy notice from a borrower, or where reasonable doubt exists about the full collectability of contractually agreed upon principal and interest. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are first applied to principal. Interest accrual resumes once an account has received payments bringing the account fully current and collection of contractual principal and interest is reasonably assured (including amounts previously charged off).
Income from operating lease assets, which includes lease origination fees, net of lease origination costs and incentives, is recorded as operating lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease agreement.
Equipment on Operating Leases Equipment on operating leases, net consists of vehicle leases to retail customers with lease terms of two to five years and vehicle sales to rental car companies that are expected to be repurchased in an average of seven months. We are exposed to changes in the residual values of these assets. The residual values represent estimates of the values of the leased vehicles at the end of the lease contracts and are determined based on forecasted auction proceeds when there is a reliable basis to make such a determination. Realization of the residual values is dependent on the future ability to market the vehicles under prevailing market conditions. The adequacy of the estimate of the residual value is evaluated over the life of the arrangement and adjustments may be made to the extent the expected value of the vehicle changes. Adjustments may be in the form of revisions to the depreciation rate or recognition of an impairment charge. Impairment is determined to exist if an impairment indicator exists and the expected future cash flows, which include estimated residual values, are lower than the carrying amount of the vehicle's asset group. If the carrying amount is considered impaired an impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds fair value of the vehicle's asset group. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows, including estimated residual values. In our automotive finance operations when a leased vehicle is returned or repossessed the asset is recorded in Other assets at the lower of cost or estimated selling price, less costs to sell. Upon disposition a gain or loss is recorded in GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses for any difference between the net book value of the leased asset and the proceeds from the disposition of the asset.
Marketable Debt Securities We classify marketable debt securities as either available-for-sale or trading. Various factors, including turnover of holdings and investment guidelines, are considered in determining the classification of securities. Available-for-sale debt securities are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded net of related income taxes in Accumulated
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
other comprehensive loss until realized. Trading debt securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Interest income and other non-operating income, net. We determine realized gains and losses for all debt securities using the specific identification method.
We measure the fair value of our marketable debt securities using a market approach where identical or comparable prices are available and an income approach in other cases. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values of securities are determined using prices from a pricing service, pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flow models. These prices represent non-binding quotes. Our pricing service utilizes industry-standard pricing models that consider various inputs. We conduct an annual review of our pricing service and believe the prices received from our pricing service are a reliable representation of exit prices.
An evaluation is made quarterly to determine if unrealized losses related to non-trading investments in debt securities are other-than-temporary. Factors considered include the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been below cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and the intent to sell or likelihood to be forced to sell the debt security before any anticipated recovery.
Equity Investments When events and circumstances warrant, equity investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting are evaluated for impairment. An impairment charge is recorded whenever a decline in value of an equity investment below its carrying amount is determined to be other-than-temporary. Impairment charges related to equity method investments are recorded in Equity income. Equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Interest income and other non-operating income, net.
Derivative Financial Instruments The following changes to our accounting policies became effective upon adoption of ASU 2017-12.
Automotive Certain foreign currency and commodity forward contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges. The risk being hedged is the foreign currency and commodity price risk related to forecasted transactions. If the contract has been designated as a cash flow hedge, the change in the fair value of the cash flow hedge is deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and is recognized in Automotive and other cost of sales along with the earnings effect of the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings.
Automotive Financing - GM Financial Certain interest rate swap and foreign currency swap agreements have been designated as cash flow hedges. The risk being hedged is the foreign currency and interest rate risk related to forecasted transactions. If the contract has been designated as a cash flow hedge, the change in the fair value of the cash flow hedge is deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and is recognized in GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses along with the earnings effect of the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recorded currently in earnings and are presented in the same income statement line as the earnings effect of the hedged item.
Note 3. Revenue
The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source for revenue generating segments:

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 26,874 |  |  | $ | 4,489 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 31,364 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | 31,346 |
Used vehicles | 769 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 837 |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 821 |
Services and other | 858 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,108 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 28,501 |  |  | 4,758 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 33,309 |  |  | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 33,275 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,497 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,497 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 884 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 883 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 105 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,488 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 3,485 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 28,501 |  |  | $ | 4,758 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 33,309 |  |  | $ | 3,488 |  |  | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | 36,760 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 52,756 |  |  | $ | 9,094 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 61,860 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25 | ) |  | $ | 61,835 |
Used vehicles | 1,924 |  |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,039 |  |  | — |  |  | (33 | ) |  | 2,006 |
Services and other | 1,639 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 2,125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,125 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 56,319 |  |  | 9,606 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 66,024 |  |  | — |  |  | (58 | ) |  | 65,966 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,944 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 1,747 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 205 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 202 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,899 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 6,893 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 56,319 |  |  | $ | 9,606 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 66,024 |  |  | $ | 6,899 |  |  | $ | (64 | ) |  | $ | 72,859 |

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Adjustments to sales incentives for previously recognized sales decreased revenue by $482 million and $628 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Deferred revenue consists primarily of maintenance, extended warranty and other service contracts. We recognized revenue of $402 million and $785 million related to previously deferred revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. We expect to recognize revenue of $845 million in the six months ending December 31, 2018 and $885 million, $450 million and $569 million in the years ending December 31, 2019, 2020 and thereafter related to deferred revenue as of June 30, 2018.
Note 4. Marketable and Other Securities
The following table summarizes the fair value of cash equivalents and marketable debt and equity securities which approximates cost:

| Fair Value Level |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and time deposits(a) |  |  | $ | 7,248 |  |  | $ | 6,962 |
Available-for-sale debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies | 2 |  | 1,307 |  |  | 750 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 1,222 |  |  | 3,032 |
Sovereign debt | 2 |  | 637 |  |  | 1,954 |
Total available-for-sale debt securities – cash equivalents |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | 5,736 |
Money market funds | 1 |  | 4,673 |  |  | 2,814 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 15,087 |  |  | $ | 15,512 |
Marketable debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies | 2 |  | $ | 2,028 |  |  | $ | 3,310 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 3,414 |  |  | 3,665 |
Mortgage and asset-backed | 2 |  | 666 |  |  | 635 |
Sovereign debt | 2 |  | 816 |  |  | 703 |
Total available-for-sale debt securities – marketable securities |  |  | $ | 6,924 |  |  | $ | 8,313 |
Restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 219 |
Money market funds | 1 |  | 2,479 |  |  | 2,117 |
Total restricted cash |  |  | $ | 2,684 |  |  | $ | 2,336 |
Available-for-sale debt securities included above with contractual maturities(b) |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  |  | $ | 4,741 |  |  |
Due between one and five years |  |  | 4,683 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities |  |  | $ | 9,424 |  |  |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
__________

(a) | Includes $2.0 billion in GM Cruise Cash and cash equivalents and $361 million that is designated exclusively to fund capital expenditures in GM Korea Company (GM Korea). Refer to Note 17 for additional information.

(b) | Excludes mortgage and asset-backed securities.

Sales proceeds from investments classified as available-for-sale and sold prior to maturity were $1.0 billion and $750 million in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $2.0 billion and $1.4 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Cumulative unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Investments in equity securities where market quotations are not available are accounted for at fair value primarily using Level 3 inputs. We recorded an unrealized gain of $142 million in Interest income and other non-operating income, net in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 to adjust an investment in an equity security to a fair value of $884 million at June 30, 2018.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to the total shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

| June 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 15,087 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 2,153 |
Restricted cash included in Other assets | 531 |
Total | $ | 17,771 |

Note 5. GM Financial Receivables and Transactions

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Retail |  | Commercial |  | Total |  | Retail |  | Commercial |  | Total
Finance receivables, collectively evaluated for impairment, net of fees | $ | 33,278 |  |  | $ | 10,273 |  |  | $ | 43,551 |  |  | $ | 30,486 |  |  | $ | 9,935 |  |  | $ | 40,421 |
Finance receivables, individually evaluated for impairment, net of fees | 2,277 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 2,323 |  |  | 2,228 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 2,250 |
GM Financial receivables | 35,555 |  |  | 10,319 |  |  | 45,874 |  |  | 32,714 |  |  | 9,957 |  |  | 42,671 |
Less: allowance for loan losses | (815 | ) |  | (58 | ) |  | (873 | ) |  | (889 | ) |  | (53 | ) |  | (942 | )
GM Financial receivables, net | $ | 34,740 |  |  | $ | 10,261 |  |  | $ | 45,001 |  |  | $ | 31,825 |  |  | $ | 9,904 |  |  | $ | 41,729 |
Fair value of GM Financial receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 44,629 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 41,735 |

We estimate the fair value of retail finance receivables using observable and unobservable Level 3 inputs within a cash flow model. The inputs reflect assumptions regarding expected prepayments, deferrals, delinquencies, recoveries and charge-offs of the loans within the portfolio. The cash flow model produces an estimated amortization schedule of the finance receivables. The projected cash flows are then discounted to derive the fair value of the portfolio. Macroeconomic factors could affect the credit performance of the portfolio and therefore could potentially affect the assumptions used in our cash flow model. A substantial majority of our commercial finance receivables have variable interest rates. The carrying amount, a Level 2 input, is considered to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 867 |  |  | $ | 942 |  |  | $ | 805 |
Provision for loan losses | 128 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 369 |
Charge-offs | (298 | ) |  | (273 | ) |  | (593 | ) |  | (571 | )
Recoveries | 145 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 285 |
Effect of foreign currency | (14 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | 5 |
Allowance for loan losses at end of period | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 893 |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 893 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
The allowance for loan losses on retail and commercial finance receivables included a collective allowance of $560 million and $611 million and a specific allowance of $313 million and $331 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Retail Finance Receivables We use proprietary scoring systems in the underwriting process that measure the credit quality of retail finance receivables using several factors, such as credit bureau information, consumer credit risk scores (e.g. FICO score or its equivalent) and contract characteristics. We also consider other factors such as employment history, financial stability and capacity to pay. Subsequent to origination we review the credit quality of retail finance receivables based on customer payment activity. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, 29% and 33% of retail finance receivables were from consumers with sub-prime credit scores, which are defined as FICO scores or equivalent scores of less than 620 at the time of loan origination.
An account is considered delinquent if a substantial portion of a scheduled payment has not been received by the date the payment was contractually due. The accrual of finance charge income had been suspended on delinquent retail finance receivables with contractual amounts due of $822 million and $778 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The following table summarizes the contractual amount of delinquent retail finance receivables, which is not significantly different than the recorded investment of the retail finance receivables:

| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
| Amount |  | Percent of Contractual Amount Due |  | Amount |  | Percent of Contractual Amount Due
31-to-60 days delinquent | $ | 1,178 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | $ | 1,076 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Greater-than-60 days delinquent | 462 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 464 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Total finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent | 1,640 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | 1,540 |  |  | 4.9 | %
In repossession | 57 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 43 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Total finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent or in repossession | $ | 1,697 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | $ | 1,583 |  |  | 5.1 | %

Retail finance receivables classified as troubled debt restructurings and individually evaluated for impairment were $2.3 billion and $2.2 billion and the allowance for loan losses included $307 million and $328 million of specific allowances on these receivables at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Commercial Finance Receivables Our commercial finance receivables consist of dealer financings, primarily for inventory purchases. A proprietary model is used to assign a risk rating to each dealer. We perform periodic credit reviews of each dealership and adjust the dealership's risk rating, if necessary. Dealers in Group VI are subject to additional restrictions on funding, including suspension of lines of credit and liquidation of assets. The commercial finance receivables on non-accrual status were insignificant at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The following table summarizes the credit risk profile by dealer risk rating of the commercial finance receivables:

|  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Group I | – Dealers with superior financial metrics | $ | 1,945 |  |  | $ | 1,915 |
Group II | – Dealers with strong financial metrics | 3,939 |  |  | 3,465 |
Group III | – Dealers with fair financial metrics | 2,992 |  |  | 3,239 |
Group IV | – Dealers with weak financial metrics | 970 |  |  | 997 |
Group V | – Dealers warranting special mention due to elevated risks | 396 |  |  | 260 |
Group VI | – Dealers with loans classified as substandard, doubtful or impaired | 77 |  |  | 81 |
|  | $ | 10,319 |  |  | $ | 9,957 |

Transactions with GM Financial The following table shows transactions between our Automotive segments and GM Financial. These amounts are shown in GM Financial's condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of income. All balance sheet transactions in the table below are eliminated. Income statement amounts may not fully eliminate due to timing.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |
Commercial finance receivables, net due from GM consolidated dealers | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 355 |
Direct-financing lease receivables from GM subsidiaries | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 88 |
Subvention receivable(a) | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | 306 |
Commercial loan funding payable | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 90 |

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest subvention earned on finance receivables | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 232 |
Leased vehicle subvention earned | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 754 |  |  | $ | 1,611 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |

__________

(a) | Cash paid by Automotive segments to GM Financial for subvention was $1.1 billion and $1.2 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1.7 billion and $2.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Note 6. Inventories

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Total productive material, supplies and work in process | $ | 4,267 |  |  | $ | 4,203 |
Finished product, including service parts | 6,566 |  |  | 6,460 |
Total inventories | $ | 10,833 |  |  | $ | 10,663 |

Note 7. Equipment on Operating Leases
Equipment on operating leases consists of leases to retail customers that are recorded as operating leases and vehicle sales to daily rental car companies with an actual or expected repurchase obligation.

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Equipment on operating leases | $ | 55,570 |  |  | $ | 53,947 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (10,826 | ) |  | (9,959 | )
Equipment on operating leases, net(a) | $ | 44,744 |  |  | $ | 43,988 |

__________

(a) | Includes $44.1 billion and $42.9 billion of GM Financial Equipment on operating leases, net at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Depreciation expense related to Equipment on operating leases, net was $1.8 billion and $1.6 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $3.7 billion and $3.1 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
The following table summarizes minimum rental payments due to GM Financial on leases to retail customers:

| Year Ending December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Minimum rental receipts under operating leases | $ | 3,650 |  |  | $ | 5,709 |  |  | $ | 2,981 |  |  | $ | 667 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 13,061 |

Note 8. Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Automotive China equity income | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 1,189 |  |  | $ | 1,013 |
Other joint ventures equity income | 45 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 72 |
Total Equity income | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 1,285 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
There have been no significant ownership changes in our Automotive China joint ventures (Automotive China JVs) since December 31, 2017.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Summarized Operating Data of Automotive China JVs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive China JVs' net sales | $ | 12,601 |  |  | $ | 10,815 |  |  | $ | 26,320 |  |  | $ | 22,016 |
Automotive China JVs' net income | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 902 |  |  | $ | 2,371 |  |  | $ | 1,948 |

Dividends received from our nonconsolidated affiliates were $2.0 billion in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and $1.6 billion in the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. We had undistributed earnings of $1.5 billion and $2.2 billion related to our nonconsolidated affiliates at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Note 9. Variable Interest Entities
GM Financial uses special purpose entities (SPEs) that are considered VIEs to issue variable funding notes to third party bank-sponsored warehouse facilities or asset-backed securities to investors in securitization transactions. The debt issued by these VIEs is backed by finance receivables and leasing related assets transferred to the VIEs (Securitized Assets). GM Financial determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the SPEs because the servicing responsibilities for the Securitized Assets give GM Financial the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs and the variable interests in the VIEs give GM Financial the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive residual returns that could potentially be significant. The assets serve as the sole source of repayment for the debt issued by these entities. Investors in the notes issued by the VIEs do not have recourse to GM Financial or its other assets, with the exception of customary representation and warranty repurchase provisions and indemnities that GM Financial provides as the servicer. GM Financial is not required and does not currently intend to provide additional financial support to these SPEs. While these subsidiaries are included in GM Financial's condensed consolidated financial statements, they are separate legal entities and their assets are legally owned by them and are not available to GM Financial's creditors. The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities related to GM Financial's consolidated VIEs:

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Restricted cash – current | $ | 2,014 |  |  | $ | 1,740 |
Restricted cash – non-current | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 527 |
GM Financial receivables, net of fees – current | $ | 15,674 |  |  | $ | 15,141 |
GM Financial receivables, net of fees – non-current | $ | 12,513 |  |  | $ | 12,944 |
GM Financial equipment on operating leases, net | $ | 21,831 |  |  | $ | 22,222 |
GM Financial short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 18,610 |  |  | $ | 18,972 |
GM Financial long-term debt | $ | 20,213 |  |  | $ | 20,356 |

GM Financial recognizes finance charge, leased vehicle and fee income on the Securitized Assets and interest expense on the secured debt issued in a securitization transaction and records a provision for loan losses to recognize probable loan losses inherent in the finance receivables.
Note 10. Automotive and GM Financial Debt

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Total automotive debt | $ | 13,819 |  |  | $ | 14,362 |  |  | $ | 13,502 |  |  | $ | 15,088 |
Fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs |  |  | $ | 12,042 |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,202 |
Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  | $ | 2,320 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,886 |

The fair value of automotive debt measured utilizing Level 1 inputs was based on quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that a market participant can access at the measurement date. The fair value of automotive debt measured utilizing Level 2 inputs was based on a discounted cash flow model using observable inputs. This model utilizes observable inputs such as contractual repayment terms and benchmark yield curves, plus a spread based on our senior unsecured notes that is intended to represent our nonperformance risk. We obtain the benchmark yield curves and yields on unsecured notes from independent sources
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that are widely used in the financial industry. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 the fair value of automotive d ebt exceeded its carrying amount due primarily to a decrease in bond yields compared to yields at the time of issuance.
In the three months ended March 31, 2018 we borrowed $1.3 billion from SAIC General Motors Corp., Ltd. (SGM) pursuant to a short-term unsecured note payable that we repaid in June 2018. In the three months ended June 30, 2018 we received dividends of $2.0 billion from our Automotive China JVs.
In April 2018 we amended and restated our two existing revolving credit facilities and entered into a third facility, increasing our aggregate borrowing capacity from $14.5 billion to $16.5 billion. These facilities consist of a 364-day, $2.0 billion facility, a three-year, $4.0 billion facility and a five-year, $10.5 billion facility. The facilities are available to us as well as certain wholly owned subsidiaries, including GM Financial. The three-year, $4.0 billion facility allows for borrowings in U.S. Dollars and other currencies and includes a letter of credit sub-facility of $1.1 billion. The five-year, $10.5 billion facility allows for borrowings in U.S. Dollars and other currencies. The 364-day, $2.0 billion facility allows for borrowing in U.S. Dollars only. We have allocated the 364-day, $2.0 billion facility for exclusive use by GM Financial.

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Secured debt | $ | 39,083 |  |  | $ | 39,024 |  |  | $ | 39,887 |  |  | $ | 39,948 |
Unsecured debt | 45,357 |  |  | 45,845 |  |  | 40,830 |  |  | 41,989 |
Total GM Financial debt | $ | 84,440 |  |  | $ | 84,869 |  |  | $ | 80,717 |  |  | $ | 81,937 |
Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  | $ | 82,604 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,623 |
Fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs |  |  | $ | 2,265 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,314 |

The fair value of GM Financial debt measured utilizing Level 2 inputs was based on quoted market prices for identical instruments and if unavailable, quoted market prices of similar instruments. For debt with original maturity or revolving period of 18 months or less par value is considered to be a reasonable estimate of fair value. The fair value of GM Financial debt measured utilizing Level 3 inputs was based on the discounted future net cash flows expected to be settled using current risk-adjusted rates.
Secured debt consists of revolving credit facilities and securitization notes payable. Most of the secured debt was issued by VIEs and is repayable only from proceeds related to the underlying pledged assets. Refer to Note 9 for additional information on GM Financial's involvement with VIEs. In the six months ended June 30, 2018 GM Financial entered into new or renewed credit facilities with a total net additional borrowing capacity of $161 million, which had substantially the same terms as existing debt and GM Financial issued $10.3 billion in aggregate principal amount of securitization notes payable with an initial weighted average interest rate of 2.81% and maturity dates ranging from 2022 to 2025.
Unsecured debt consists of senior notes, credit facilities and other unsecured debt. In the six months ended June 30, 2018 GM Financial issued $7.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior notes with an initial weighted average interest rate of 3.12% and maturity dates ranging from 2021 to 2028.
Each of the revolving credit facilities and the indentures governing GM Financial's notes contain terms and covenants including limitations on GM Financial's ability to incur certain liens.
Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments
Automotive The following table presents the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments in our automotive operations:

| Fair Value Level |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Derivatives not designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency | 2 |  | $ | 4,459 |  |  | $ | 4,022 |
Commodity | 2 |  | 632 |  |  | 606 |
PSA warrants(b) | 2 |  | 46 |  |  | 48 |
Total derivative financial instruments |  |  | $ | 5,137 |  |  | $ | 4,676 |

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__________

(a) | The fair value of these derivative instruments at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and the gains/losses included in our condensed consolidated income statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were insignificant, unless otherwise noted.

(b) | The fair value of the PSA warrants located in Other assets was $888 million and $764 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We recorded gains of $27 million and $153 million in Interest income and other non-operating income, net in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

We estimate the fair value of the PSA warrants using a Black-Scholes formula. The significant inputs to the model include the PSA stock price and the estimated dividend yield. The estimated dividend yield is adjusted based on the terms of the Master Agreement with PSA Group dated March 5, 2017 (the Agreement). Refer to Exhibit 2.1 of our 2017 Form 10-K for additional details. Under the terms of the Agreement upon exercise of the warrants we are entitled to receive any dividends by PSA between the issuance date and the conversion date.
GM Financial The following table presents the notional amounts of GM Financial's derivative financial instruments:

| Fair Value Level |  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Derivatives designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges – interest rate contracts(b)(c) | 2 |  | $ | 11,154 |  |  | $ | 11,110 |
Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 2 |  | 1,108 |  |  | 2,177 |
Foreign currency | 2 |  | 2,122 |  |  | 1,574 |
Derivatives not designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts(c)(d) | 2 |  | 89,753 |  |  | 81,938 |
Foreign currency | 2 |  | 1,884 |  |  | 1,201 |
Total derivative financial instruments |  |  | $ | 106,021 |  |  | $ | 98,000 |

__________

(a) | The fair value of these derivative instruments at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and the gains/losses included in our condensed consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were insignificant, unless otherwise noted.

(b) | The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other liabilities was $460 million and $290 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other assets was insignificant at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

(c) | Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net receivable position are included in Other assets.

(d) | The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other assets was $534 million and $329 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other liabilities was $563 million and $207 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The fair value for Level 2 instruments was derived using the market approach based on observable market inputs including quoted prices of similar instruments and foreign exchange and interest rate forward curves.
The following amounts were recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheet related to items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedging relationships:

| June 30, 2018
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Items |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a)
GM Financial long-term debt | $ | 15,452 |  |  | $ | 685 |

__________

(a) | Includes $167 million of hedging adjustments remaining on hedged items for which hedge accounting has been discontinued.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 12. Product Warranty and Related Liabilities

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Warranty balance at beginning of period | $ | 8,133 |  |  | $ | 9,063 |  |  | $ | 8,332 |  |  | $ | 9,069 |
Warranties issued and assumed in period – recall campaigns | 231 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 414 |  |  | 354 |
Warranties issued and assumed in period – product warranty | 536 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 1,105 |
Payments | (717 | ) |  | (786 | ) |  | (1,452 | ) |  | (1,595 | )
Adjustments to pre-existing warranties | (135 | ) |  | (128 | ) |  | (217 | ) |  | (88 | )
Effect of foreign currency and other | (58 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | (144 | ) |  | 45 |
Warranty balance at end of period | $ | 7,990 |  |  | $ | 8,890 |  |  | $ | 7,990 |  |  | $ | 8,890 |

We estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued for recall campaigns to be insignificant at June 30, 2018. Refer to Note 14 for reasonably possible losses on Takata Corporation (Takata) matters.
Note 13. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
| Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans |  | Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |
Service cost | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Interest cost | 512 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 536 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 49 |
Expected return on plan assets | (972 | ) |  | (208 | ) |  | — |  |  | (919 | ) |  | (172 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (4 | )
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | 3 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 48 |  |  | 8 |
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | (376 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (307 | ) |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 59 |

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
| Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans |  | Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |
Service cost | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Interest cost | 1,025 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 1,072 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 98 |
Expected return on plan assets | (1,945 | ) |  | (420 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,838 | ) |  | (343 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | (2 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (7 | )
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | 5 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 95 |  |  | 16 |
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | (752 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | (613 | ) |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 117 |

The non-service cost components of the net periodic pension and OPEB income of $420 million and $330 million in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $841 million and $659 million in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented in Interest income and other non-operating income, net. We used the practical expedient for retrospective presentation of the 2017 non-service cost components in this disclosure. Refer to Note 1 for additional details on the adoption of ASU 2017-07.
We expect to contribute approximately $1.2 billion to our non-U.S. pension plans in 2018, inclusive of approximately $300 million in payments of pension obligations for separated employees in Korea. Refer to Note 16 for additional information.
Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies
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Litigation-Related Liability and Tax Administrative Matters In the normal course of our business, we are named from time to time as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation. We identify below the material individual proceedings and investigations where we believe a material loss is reasonably possible or probable. We accrue for matters when we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 we had accruals of $932 million and $930 million in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. In many matters, it is inherently difficult to determine whether loss is probable or reasonably possible or to estimate the size or range of the possible loss. Accordingly adverse outcomes from such proceedings could exceed the amounts accrued by an amount that could be material to our results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period.
Proceedings Related to Ignition Switch Recall and Other Recalls In 2014 we announced various recalls relating to safety and other matters. Those recalls included recalls to repair ignition switches that could under certain circumstances unintentionally move from the “run” position to the “accessory” or “off” position with a corresponding loss of power, which could in turn prevent airbags from deploying in the event of a crash.
Economic-Loss Claims We are aware of over 100 putative class actions pending against GM in U.S. and Canadian courts alleging that consumers who purchased or leased vehicles manufactured by GM or Motors Liquidation Company (formerly known as General Motors Corporation) had been economically harmed by one or more of the 2014 recalls and/or the underlying vehicle conditions associated with those recalls (economic-loss cases). In general, these economic-loss cases seek recovery for purported compensatory damages, such as alleged benefit-of-the-bargain damages or damages related to alleged diminution in value of the vehicles, as well as punitive damages, injunctive relief and other relief.
Many of the pending U.S. economic-loss claims have been transferred to, and consolidated in, a single federal court, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Southern District). These plaintiffs have asserted economic-loss claims under federal and state laws, including claims relating to recalled vehicles manufactured by GM and claims asserting successor liability relating to certain recalled vehicles manufactured by Motors Liquidation Company. The Southern District has dismissed various of these claims, including claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, claims for recovery for alleged reduction in the value of plaintiffs' vehicles due to damage to GM’s reputation and brand as a result of the ignition switch matter, and claims of certain plaintiffs who purchased a vehicle before GM came into existence in July 2009. The Southern District also dismissed certain state law claims at issue.
In August 2017 the Southern District granted our motion to dismiss the successor liability claims of plaintiffs in seven of the sixteen states at issue on the motion and called for additional briefing to decide whether plaintiffs' claims can proceed in the other nine states. In December 2017 the Southern District granted GM's motion and dismissed successor liability claims of plaintiffs in an additional state, but found that there are genuine issues of material fact that prevent summary judgment for GM in eight other states. In January 2018, GM moved for reconsideration of certain portions of the Southern District's December 2017 summary judgment ruling. That motion was granted in April 2018, dismissing plaintiffs' successor liability claims in any state where New York law applies.
Personal Injury Claims We also are aware of several hundred actions pending in various courts in the U.S. and Canada alleging injury or death as a result of defects that may be the subject of the 2014 recalls (personal injury cases). In general, these cases seek recovery for purported compensatory damages, punitive damages and other relief. Since 2016, several bellwether trials of personal injury cases have taken place in the Southern District and in a Texas state court, which is administering a Texas state multi-district litigation (MDL). None of these trials resulted in a finding of liability against GM. We are currently preparing for two additional bellwether trials in the Southern District MDL.
Appellate Litigation Regarding Successor Liability Ignition Switch In 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the 2009 order of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Bankruptcy Court) approving the sale of substantially all of the assets of Motors Liquidation Company to GM free and clear of, among other things, claims asserting successor liability for obligations owed by Motors Liquidation Company (successor liability claims) could not be enforced to bar claims against GM asserted by either plaintiffs who purchased used vehicles after the sale or against purchasers who asserted claims relating to the ignition switch defect, including pre-sale personal injury claims and economic-loss claims.
Contingently Issuable Shares Under the Amended and Restated Master Sale and Purchase Agreement between us and Motors Liquidation Company GM may be obligated to issue additional shares (Adjustment Shares) of our common stock if allowed general unsecured claims against the Motors Liquidation Company GUC Trust (GUC Trust), as estimated by the Bankruptcy Court, exceed $35.0 billion. The maximum number of Adjustment Shares issuable is 30 million shares (subject to adjustment to take into account stock dividends, stock splits and other transactions), which amounts to approximately $1.2 billion based on the GM share price
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as of July 13, 2018. The GUC Trust stated in public filings that allowed general unsecured claims were approximately $31.9 billion as of March 31, 2018. In 2016 and 2017 certain personal injury and economic loss plaintiffs filed motions in the Bankruptcy Court seeking authority to file late claims against the GUC Trust. In May 2018, the GUC Trust filed motions seeking the Bankruptcy Court’s approval of a proposed settlement with certain personal injury and economic loss plaintiffs, approval of a notice relating to that proposed settlement and estimation of alleged personal injury and economic loss late claims for the purpose of obtaining an order requiring GM to issue the maximum number of Adjustment Shares. GM is vigorously contesting each of these motions. If the proposed settlement is approved and an estimation order is obtained for the aggregate amounts sought by the GUC Trust and certain plaintiffs, then GM may be required to issue Adjustment Shares to the GUC Trust. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter.
Securities and Derivative Matter s In a putative shareholder class action filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Eastern District) on behalf of purchasers of our common stock from November 17, 2010 to July 24, 2014, the lead plaintiff alleged that GM and several current and former officers and employees made material misstatements and omissions relating to problems with the ignition switch and other matters in SEC filings and other public statements. In 2016 the Eastern District entered a judgment approving a class-wide settlement of the class action for $300 million. One shareholder filed an appeal of the decision approving the settlement. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the judgment approving the settlement in November 2017. The objector subsequently filed petitions for rehearing and for en banc review before the entire Sixth Circuit. Both of those petitions were denied. The objector has since filed a petition seeking appellate review by the U.S. Supreme Court.
In the three months ended June 30, 2018, four shareholder derivative actions against certain current and former GM directors and officers were dismissed.
Government Matters In connection with the 2014 recalls, we have from time to time received subpoenas and other requests for information related to investigations by agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and the Canadian governments. In March 2018, we conclusively resolved a civil action initiated by the Arizona Attorney General. GM is cooperating with all reasonable pending requests for information. Any existing governmental matters or investigations could in the future result in the imposition of damages, fines, civil consent orders, civil and criminal penalties or other remedies.
Deferred Prosecution Agreement In September 2015, GM entered into the Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA) with the U.S. Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New York (U.S. Attorney's Office) regarding its investigation of the events leading up to certain recalls regarding faulty ignition switches.
Pursuant to the DPA we paid the United States $900 million as a financial penalty, and we agreed to retain an independent monitor to review and assess our policies, practices or procedures related to statements about motor vehicle safety, the provision of information to those responsible for recall decisions, recall processes and addressing known defects in certified pre-owned vehicles. In addition, the U.S. Attorney's Office agreed to recommend to the Southern District that prosecution of GM on a two-count information (the Information) filed in the Southern District be deferred for three years. The U.S. Attorney's Office also agreed that if we are in compliance with all of our obligations under the DPA, the U.S. Attorney's Office will, within 30 days after the expiration of the period of deferral (including any extensions thereto), seek dismissal with prejudice of the Information. For a further description of the terms and conditions of the DPA refer to Note 17 of our 2017 Form 10-K.
The total amount accrued for the 2014 recalls at June 30, 2018 reflects amounts for a combination of settled but unpaid matters, and for the remaining unsettled investigations, claims and/or lawsuits relating to the ignition switch recalls and other related recalls to the extent that such matters are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The amounts accrued for those unsettled investigations, claims, and/or lawsuits represent a combination of our best single point estimates where determinable and, where no such single point estimate is determinable, our estimate of the low end of the range of probable loss with regard to such matters, if that is determinable. We believe it is probable that we will incur additional liabilities beyond what has already been accrued for at least a portion of the remaining matters, whether through settlement or judgment; however, we are currently unable to estimate an overall amount or range of loss because these matters involve significant uncertainties, including the legal theory or the nature of the investigations, claims and/or lawsuits, the complexity of the facts, the lack of documentation available to us with respect to particular cases or groups of cases, the results of any investigation or litigation and the timing of resolution of the investigation or litigations, including any appeals. We will continue to consider resolution of pending matters involving ignition switch recalls and other recalls where it makes sense to do so.
GM Korea Wage Litigation GM Korea is party to litigation with current and former hourly employees in the appellate court and Incheon District Court in Incheon, Korea. The group actions, which in the aggregate involve more than 10,000 employees,
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allege that GM Korea failed to include bonuses and certain allowances in its calculation of Ordinary Wages due under Korean regulations. In 2012 the Seoul High Court (an intermediate level appellate court) affirmed a decision in one of these group actions involving five GM Korea employees which was contrary to GM Korea's position. GM Korea appealed to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (Supreme Court). In 2014, the Supreme Court largely agreed with GM’s legal arguments and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court for consideration consistent with earlier Supreme Court precedent holding that while fixed bonuses should be included in the calculation of Ordinary Wages, claims for retroactive application of this rule would be barred under certain circumstances. In 2015, on reconsideration, the Seoul High Court held in GM Korea’s favor, after which the plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has not yet rendered a decision. We estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be approximately $570 million at June 30, 2018. Both the scope of claims asserted and GM Korea's assessment of any or all of the individual claim elements may change if new information becomes available or the legal or regulatory framework change.
GM Korea is also party to litigation with current and former salaried employees over allegations relating to ordinary wages regulation and whether to include fixed bonuses in the calculation of ordinary wages. In 2017, the Seoul High Court held that certain workers are not barred from filing retroactive wage claims. GM Korea appealed this ruling to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has not yet rendered a decision. We estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be approximately $160 million at June 30, 2018. Both the scope of claims asserted and GM Korea's assessment of any or all of the individual claim elements may change if new information becomes available or the legal or regulatory framework change.
GM Korea is also party to litigation with current and former subcontract workers over allegations that they are entitled to the same wages and benefits provided to full-time employees, and to be hired as full-time employees. In May 2018 the Korean government issued an adverse ruling finding that GM Korea must hire certain current subcontract workers as full-time employees. GM Korea intends to appeal that decision. At June 30, 2018, we recorded an insignificant accrual covering certain asserted claims and claims that we believe are probable of assertion and for which liability is probable. We estimate that the reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued for other current subcontract workers who may assert similar claims to be approximately $150 million at June 30, 2018. We are currently unable to estimate any possible loss or range of loss that may result from additional claims that may be asserted by former subcontract workers.
GM Brazil Indirect Tax Claim In March 2017 the Supreme Court of Brazil issued a decision concluding that a certain state value added tax should not be included in the calculation of federal gross receipts taxes. The decision reduces GM Brazil’s gross receipts tax prospectively and, potentially, retrospectively. The retrospective right to recover is under judicial review. If the Supreme Court of Brazil grants retrospective recovery, we estimate potential recoveries of up to $1.2 billion. However, given the remaining uncertainty regarding the ultimate judicial resolution of this matter we are unable to assess the likelihood of any favorable outcome at this time. We have not recorded any amounts relating to the retrospective nature of this matter.
Other Litigation-Related Liability and Tax Administrative Matters Various other legal actions, including class actions, governmental investigations, claims and proceedings are pending against us or our related companies or joint ventures, including matters arising out of alleged product defects; employment-related matters; product and workplace safety, vehicle emissions, including CO 2 and nitrogen oxide, fuel economy, and related governmental regulations; product warranties; financial services; dealer, supplier and other contractual relationships; government regulations relating to payments to foreign companies; government regulations relating to competition issues; tax-related matters not subject to the provision of ASC 740, Income Taxes (indirect tax-related matters); product design, manufacture and performance; consumer protection laws; and environmental protection laws, including laws regulating air emissions, water discharges, waste management and environmental remediation.
There are several putative class actions pending against GM in federal courts in the U.S. and in the Provincial Courts in Canada alleging that various vehicles sold including model year 2011-2016 Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles, violate federal and state emission standards. GM has also faced a series of additional lawsuits based primarily on allegations in the Duramax suit, including putative shareholder class actions claiming violations of federal securities law and a shareholder demand lawsuit. The securities lawsuits have been voluntarily dismissed. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an evaluation of the likelihood that a loss will be incurred or an estimate of the amounts or range of possible loss.
We believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated. It is possible that the resolution of one or more of these matters could exceed the amounts accrued in an amount that could be material to our results of operations. We also from time to time receive subpoenas and other inquiries or requests for information from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and foreign governments on a variety of issues.
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Indirect tax-related matters are being litigated globally pertaining to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales, property taxes and other non-income tax related tax exposures. The various non-U.S. labor-related matters include claims from current and former employees related to alleged unpaid wage, benefit, severance and other compensation matters. Certain administrative proceedings are indirect tax-related and may require that we deposit funds in escrow or provide an alternative form of security which may range from $250 million to $550 million at June 30, 2018. Some of the matters may involve compensatory, punitive or other treble damage claims, environmental remediation programs or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at June 30, 2018. We believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated. For indirect tax-related matters we estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be up to approximately $1.0 billion at June 30, 2018.
Takata Matters In May 2016 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued an amended consent order requiring Takata to file defect information reports (DIRs) for previously unrecalled front airbag inflators that contain phased-stabilized ammonium nitrate-based propellant without a moisture absorbing desiccant on a multi-year, risk-based schedule through 2019 impacting tens of millions of vehicles produced by numerous automotive manufacturers. NHTSA concluded that the likely root cause of the rupturing of the airbag inflators is a function of time, temperature cycling and environmental moisture.
Although we do not believe there is a safety defect at this time in any unrecalled GM vehicles within scope of the Takata DIRs, in cooperation with NHTSA we have filed Preliminary DIRs covering certain of our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). We have also filed petitions for inconsequentiality with respect to the vehicles subject to those Preliminary DIRs. NHTSA has consolidated our petitions and will rule on them at the same time.
While these petitions have been pending, we have provided NHTSA with the results of our long-term studies and the studies performed by third-party experts, all of which form the basis for our determination that the inflators in these vehicles do not present an unreasonable risk to safety and that no repair should ultimately be required.
We believe these vehicles are currently performing as designed and ongoing testing continues to support the belief that the vehicles' unique design and integration mitigates against inflator propellant degradation and rupture risk. For example, the airbag inflators used in the vehicles are a variant engineered specifically for our vehicles, and include features such as greater venting, unique propellant wafer configurations, and machined steel end caps. The inflators are packaged in the instrument panel in such a way as to minimize exposure to moisture from the climate control system. Also, these vehicles have features that minimize the maximum temperature to which the inflator will be exposed, such as larger interior volumes and standard solar absorbing windshields and side glass.
Accordingly, no warranty provision has been made for any repair associated with our vehicles subject to the Preliminary DIRs and amended consent order. However, in the event we are ultimately obligated to repair the vehicles subject to current or future Takata DIRs under the amended consent order in the U.S., we estimate a reasonably possible impact to GM of approximately $1.0 billion.
GM is engaged in discussions with regulators outside the U.S. with respect to Takata inflators. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. We were required to recall certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. in the three months ended March 31, 2018 to replace Takata inflators in these vehicles. Additional recalls, if any, could be material to our results of operations and cash flows. We continue to monitor the international situation.
Through July 19, 2018 we are aware of three putative class actions pending against GM in federal court in the U.S., one putative class action in Mexico and three putative class actions pending in various Provincial Courts in Canada arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by Takata are defective. At this early stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an evaluation of the likelihood that a loss will be incurred or an estimate of the amounts or range of possible loss.
Product Liability With respect to product liability claims (other than claims relating to the ignition switch recalls discussed above) involving our and General Motors Corporation products, we believe that any judgment against us for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals and, where applicable, excess liability insurance coverage. In addition we indemnify dealers for certain product liability related claims including products sold by General Motors Corporation's dealers. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 liabilities of $561 million and $595 million were recorded in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities for the expected cost of all known product liability claims plus an estimate of the expected cost for product liability claims that have already been incurred and are expected to be filed in the future for which we are self-insured. It is reasonably possible that
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our accruals for product liability claims may increase in future periods in material amounts, although we cannot estimate a reasonable range of incremental loss based on currently available information.
Guarantees We enter into indemnification agreements for liability claims involving products manufactured primarily by certain joint ventures. These guarantees terminate in years ranging from 2018 to 2032 or upon the occurrence of specific events or are ongoing. We believe that the related potential costs incurred are adequately covered and our recorded accruals are insignificant. The maximum liability, calculated as future undiscounted payments, was $5.5 billion and $5.1 billion for these guarantees at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the majority of which relate to the indemnification agreements.
We provide vehicle repurchase guarantees and payment guarantees on commercial loans outstanding with third parties such as dealers. In some instances certain assets of the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may offset, to some degree, the amount of certain guarantees. Our payables to the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may also reduce the amount of certain guarantees. If vehicles are required to be repurchased under vehicle repurchase obligations, the total exposure would be reduced to the extent vehicles are able to be resold to another dealer.
We periodically enter into agreements that incorporate indemnification provisions in the normal course of business. It is not possible to estimate our maximum exposure under these indemnifications or guarantees due to the conditional nature of these obligations. Insignificant amounts have been recorded for such obligations as the majority of them are not probable or estimable at this time and the fair value of the guarantees at issuance was insignificant. Refer to Note 19 for additional information on our indemnification obligations to PSA Group under the Agreement.
Note 15. Income Taxes
For interim income tax reporting we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income (loss). Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year to date loss for which a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded. The tax effects of unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are reported in the interim period in which they occur. We have open tax years from 2008 to 2017 with various significant tax jurisdictions.
In the three months ended June 30, 2018 Income tax expense of $519 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation. We settled a transfer pricing tax matter and reduced our gross uncertain tax positions by $412 million. Adequate reserves had been previously established and as a result, no tax expense or benefit was recognized as a result of this settlement. In the three months ended June 30, 2017 Income tax expense of $534 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation of $621 million including tax benefits from foreign dividends.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Income tax expense of $985 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation. In the six months ended June 30, 2017 Income tax expense of $1.3 billion primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation of $1.5 billion including tax benefits from foreign dividends, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax settlements.
At June 30, 2018 we had $22.5 billion of net deferred tax assets consisting of net operating losses and income tax credits, capitalized research expenditures and other timing differences that are available to offset future income tax liabilities, partially offset by valuation allowances.
We have $3.3 billion of net operating loss carryforwards in Germany that, as a result of reorganizations that took place in 2008 and 2009, are not currently recorded as deferred tax assets. As a result of a final European court decision in June 2018 and subject to final German statutory approval, we anticipate that these loss carryforwards may become available to reduce future taxable income in Germany. If this were to occur, deferred tax assets totaling $1.0 billion would be established for the loss carryforwards, and offsetting valuation allowances would also be established because the deferred tax assets would not meet the more likely than not realizability standard.
The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act changed many aspects of U.S. corporate income taxation and included reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, implementation of a territorial tax system and imposition of a tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. We recognized the tax effects of the Tax Act in the three months ended December 31, 2017 and recorded $7.3 billion in tax expense. The tax expense relates almost entirely to the remeasurement of deferred tax assets to the 21% tax rate. Upon completion of our 2017 U.S. income tax return later in 2018 we may identify
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additional remeasurement adjustments to our recorded deferred tax assets. We will continue to assess our provision for income taxes as future guidance is issued but do not currently anticipate significant revisions will be necessary. Any such revisions will be treated in accordance with the measurement period guidance outlined in Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118.
Note 16. Restructuring and Other Initiatives
We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, no liabilities are generally recorded until offers to employees are accepted. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense. The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | 268 |
Additions, interest accretion and other | 137 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 290 |
Payments | (458 | ) |  | (53 | ) |  | (495 | ) |  | (75 | )
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency | (38 | ) |  | — |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 10 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 493 |

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 restructuring and other initiatives primarily included the closure of a facility and other restructuring actions in Korea. We recorded charges of $132 million and $1.0 billion in Korea in GMI, net of noncontrolling interests in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. These charges consisted of $73 million primarily in supplier claims and $537 million in non-cash asset impairments and other charges, not reflected in the table above, and $59 million and $495 million in employee separation charges, which are reflected in the table above, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. We incurred $676 million in cash outflows resulting from these Korea restructuring actions for employee separations and statutory pension payments in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and we expect to incur approximately $200 million of additional cash outflows, primarily for supplier claims and statutory pension payments in the six months ending December 31, 2018.
In the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 restructuring and other initiatives primarily included restructuring actions announced in the three months ended June 30, 2017 in GMI. These actions related primarily to the withdrawal of Chevrolet from the Indian and South African markets at the end of 2017 and the transition of our South Africa manufacturing operations to Isuzu Motors. We continue to manufacture vehicles in India for sale to certain export markets. We recorded charges of $460 million in GMI in the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily consisting of $297 million of asset impairments, sale incentives, inventory provisions and other charges, not reflected in the table above, and $163 million of dealer restructurings, employee separations and other contract cancellation costs, which are reflected in the table above. We completed these programs in GMI in 2017. Other GMI restructuring programs reflected in the table above include separation and other programs in Australia, Korea and India and the withdrawal of the Chevrolet brand from Europe. Collectively, these programs had a total cost since inception in 2013 of $866 million through June 30, 2017 and $892 million through the completion of the programs in the year ended December 31, 2017.
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Note 17. Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests
We had 2.0 billion shares of preferred stock and 5.0 billion shares of common stock authorized for issuance and 1.4 billion shares of common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. In the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 we purchased three million and 44 million shares of our outstanding common stock for $100 million and $1.5 billion as part of the common stock repurchase program announced in March 2015, which our Board of Directors increased and extended in January 2016 and January 2017. Our total dividends paid on common stock were $536 million and $564 million in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1.1 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
GM Cruise Preferred Shares On May 31, 2018, we entered into a Purchase Agreement with SoftBank Vision Fund (AIV M1), L.P. (The Vision Fund). The Vision Fund subsequently assigned its rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement to SoftBank Investment Holdings (UK) Limited (SoftBank). In June 2018, at the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, GM Cruise Holdings LLC (GM Cruise Holdings), our subsidiary, issued $900 million of convertible preferred shares (GM Cruise Preferred Shares) to SoftBank, representing 10.9% of GM Cruise Holdings' equity at closing. Immediately prior to the issuance of the GM Cruise Preferred Shares, we invested $1.1 billion in GM Cruise Holdings. When GM Cruise's autonomous vehicles are ready for commercial deployment, SoftBank is obligated to purchase additional GM Cruise Preferred Shares for $1.35 billion, after which the GM Cruise Preferred Shares will represent 19.6% of GM Cruise Holdings’ equity. All proceeds are designated exclusively for working capital and general corporate purposes of GM Cruise. Dividends are cumulative and accrue at an annual rate of 7% and are payable quarterly in cash or in-kind, at GM Cruise's discretion. The GM Cruise Preferred Shares are also entitled to participate in GM Cruise dividends above a defined threshold. Prior to an initial public offering, SoftBank is restricted from transferring the GM Cruise Preferred Shares until June 28, 2025.
The GM Cruise Preferred Shares are convertible into common stock of GM Cruise Holdings, at specified exchange ratios, at the option of SoftBank or upon occurrence of an initial public offering. The GM Cruise Preferred Shares are entitled to receive the greater of their carrying value or a pro-rata share of any proceeds or distributions upon the occurrence of a merger, sale, liquidation, or dissolution of GM Cruise Holdings. Beginning on June 28, 2025, SoftBank has the option to convert all of the GM Cruise Preferred Shares into our common stock at a conversion ratio that is indexed to the fair value of GM Cruise Holdings at the time of conversion. We have the option to settle the conversion feature with our common shares or cash, and in certain situations with nonredeemable, nonconvertible preferred shares. Beginning on June 28, 2025, we can call all, but not less than all of the GM Cruise Preferred Shares held by SoftBank at an amount equal to the greater of the original investment amount plus accrued distributions paid in-kind and the fair value of GM Cruise Holdings at the time of conversion. The GM Cruise Preferred Shares are classified as noncontrolling interests in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
GM Korea Preferred Shares In May 2018 the Korea Development Bank (KDB) agreed to purchase approximately $750 million of GM Korea’s Class B Preferred Shares from GM Korea (GM Korea Preferred Shares), $361 million of which was received in June 2018 with the remainder expected to be received in the three months ending December 31, 2018. Dividends on the GM Korea Preferred Shares are cumulative and accrue at an annual rate of 1%. GM Korea can call the preferred shares at their original issue price six years from the date of issuance and once called, the preferred shares can be converted into common shares of GM Korea at the option of the holder. The GM Korea Preferred Shares are classified as noncontrolling interests in our condensed consolidated financial statements. The KDB investment proceeds of $361 million can only be used for purposes of funding capital expenditures in GM Korea. In conjunction with the GM Korea Preferred Share issuance we agreed to provide GM Korea future funding, if needed, not to exceed $2.8 billion through December 31, 2027, inclusive of $2.0 billion of planned capital expenditures through 2027.
The following table summarizes the significant components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
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| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (1,498 | ) |  | $ | (2,264 | ) |  | $ | (1,606 | ) |  | $ | (2,355 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests, net of reclassification adjustment, tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(a)(b)(c)(d) | (328 | ) |  | 102 |  |  | (220 | ) |  | 193 |
Balance at end of period | $ | (1,826 | ) |  | $ | (2,162 | ) |  | $ | (1,826 | ) |  | $ | (2,162 | )
Defined Benefit Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (6,524 | ) |  | $ | (6,997 | ) |  | $ | (6,398 | ) |  | $ | (6,968 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustment, net of tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(c)(d) | 190 |  |  | (266 | ) |  | 20 |  |  | (343 | )
Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(c) | 44 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 103 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(c)(d) | 234 |  |  | (211 | ) |  | 108 |  |  | (240 | )
Balance at end of period(e) | $ | (6,290 | ) |  | $ | (7,208 | ) |  | $ | (6,290 | ) |  | $ | (7,208 | )

__________

(a) | The noncontrolling interests were insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

(b) | The reclassification adjustment was insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

(c) | The income tax effect was insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

(d) | Refer to Note 1 for additional information on adoption of accounting standards in 2018.

(e) | Consists primarily of unamortized actuarial loss on our defined benefit plans. Refer to the critical accounting estimates section of our 2017 Form 10-K for additional information.

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Note 18. Earnings Per Share

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations(a) | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 2,430 |  |  | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 5,107 |
Less: cumulative dividends on subsidiary preferred stock | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | — |
Income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders | 2,375 |  |  | 2,430 |  |  | 3,477 |  |  | 5,107 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | 770 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 839 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | $ | 3,407 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 1,410 |  |  | 1,497 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | 1,501 |
Basic earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 2.47 |  |  | $ | 3.40 |
Basic loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders – diluted(a) | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 2,430 |  |  | $ | 3,477 |  |  | $ | 5,107 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax – diluted | $ | — |  |  | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 839 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders – diluted | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | $ | 3,407 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | 1,410 |  |  | 1,497 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | 1,501 |
Dilutive effect of warrants and awards under stock incentive plans | 21 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 24 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | 1,431 |  |  | 1,519 |  |  | 1,430 |  |  | 1,525 |
Diluted earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |  |  | $ | 3.35 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.09 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 2.80 |
Potentially dilutive securities(b) | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |

__________

(a) | Net of Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(b) | Potentially dilutive securities attributable to outstanding stock options and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) because the securities would have had an antidilutive effect.

Note 19. Discontinued Operations
On March 5, 2017 we entered into the Agreement to sell our European Business to PSA Group. On July 31, 2017 we closed the sale of our Opel/Vauxhall Business to PSA Group, and on October 31, 2017 we closed the sale of the Fincos to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. For a further description of the terms and conditions refer to Note 3 of our 2017 Form 10-K.
Our wholly owned subsidiary (the Seller) has agreed to indemnify PSA Group for certain losses resulting from any inaccuracy of the representations and warranties or breaches of our covenants included in the Agreement and for certain other liabilities including certain emissions and product liabilities. The Company has entered into a guarantee for the benefit of PSA Group and pursuant to which the Company has agreed to guarantee the Seller's obligation to indemnify PSA Group. Certain of these indemnification obligations are subject to time limitations, thresholds and/or caps as to the amount of required payments.
Although the sale reduced our vehicle presence in Europe, we may still be impacted by actions taken by regulators related to vehicles sold before the sale. In Germany, the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) has indicated that it may issue an order converting Opel’s voluntary recall of certain vehicles with emission control systems into a mandatory recall for failure to comply with certain emissions regulations. Discussions and technical reviews remain ongoing among the parties. We believe that the emission control systems complied with the applicable regulations at the time the vehicles were manufactured, tested and sold. The Seller’s obligations to indemnify Opel may be triggered for certain losses and expenses of Opel if a mandatory recall is ordered. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter.
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During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we reached final agreement with PSA Group with respect to a number of post-closing working capital and other adjustments, as well as certain other matters related to the European Business. The cost of resolving these matters is classified in discontinued operations and was insignificant.
We will purchase from and supply to PSA Group certain vehicles for a period of time following closing. Total net sales and revenue of $561 million and $1.2 billion and purchases and expenses of $361 million and $837 million related to transactions with the Opel/Vauxhall Business were included in continuing operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Cash payments of $994 million and cash receipts of $1.5 billion were recorded in Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities – continuing operations related to transactions with the Opel/Vauxhall Business during the six months ended June 30, 2018.
The following table summarizes the results of the European Business operations:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Automotive net sales and revenue | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,005 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,704 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 267 |
Total net sales and revenue | — |  |  | 5,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,971 |
Automotive and other cost of sales | — |  |  | 4,906 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,466 |
GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 202 |
Automotive and other selling, general, and administrative expense | — |  |  | 353 |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |
Other income (expense) items | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Loss from discontinued operations before taxes | — |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |
Loss on sale of discontinued operations before taxes | — |  |  | 836 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 836 |
Total loss from discontinued operations before taxes | — |  |  | 1,054 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 1,210 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | — |  |  | (284 | ) |  | — |  |  | (371 | )
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | $ | — |  |  | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 839 |

In the three months ended June 30, 2017 we recognized a disposal loss of $324 million as a result of the Fincos being classified as held for sale, charges of $421 million for the cancellation of product programs resulting from the convergence of vehicle platforms between our European Business and PSA Group and other insignificant charges. These charges were recorded in Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax.
Note 20. Segment Reporting
We report segment information consistent with the way the chief operating decision maker evaluates the operating results and performance of the Company. As a result of the growing importance of our autonomous vehicle operations, we moved these operations from Corporate to GM Cruise and began presenting GM Cruise as a new reportable segment in the three months ended June 30, 2018. Our GMNA, GMI and GM Financial segments were not impacted. All periods presented have been recast to reflect the changes.
We analyze the results of our business through the following segments: GMNA, GMI, GM Cruise and GM Financial. As discussed in Note 1, the European Business is presented as discontinued operations and is excluded from our segment results for all periods presented. The European Business was previously reported as our GM Europe (GME) segment and part of GM Financial. The chief operating decision maker evaluates the operating results and performance of our automotive segments and GM Cruise through earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)-adjusted, which is presented net of noncontrolling interests. The chief operating decision maker evaluates GM Financial through earnings before income taxes-adjusted because interest income and interest expense are part of operating results when assessing and measuring the operational and financial performance of the segment. Each segment has a manager responsible for executing our strategic initiatives. While not all vehicles within a segment are individually profitable on a fully allocated cost basis, those vehicles attract customers to dealer showrooms and help maintain sales volumes for other,
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more profitable vehicles and contribute towards meeting required fuel efficiency standards. As a result of these and other factors, we do not manage our business on an individual brand or vehicle basis.
Substantially all of the cars, trucks, crossovers and automobile parts produced are marketed through retail dealers in North America and through distributors and dealers outside of North America, the substantial majority of which are independently owned. In addition to the products sold to dealers for consumer retail sales, cars, trucks and crossovers are also sold to fleet customers, including daily rental car companies, commercial fleet customers, leasing companies and governments. Fleet sales are completed through the dealer network and in some cases directly with fleet customers. Retail and fleet customers can obtain a wide range of after-sale vehicle services and products through the dealer network, such as maintenance, light repairs, collision repairs, vehicle accessories and extended service warranties.
GMNA meets the demands of customers in North America with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and GMC brands. GMI primarily meets the demands of customers outside North America with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, and Holden brands. We also have equity ownership stakes in entities that meet the demands of customers in other countries, primarily China, with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Baojun, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Jiefang and Wuling brands. GM Cruise is our global segment designed to build, grow and invest in our autonomous vehicles business, and includes autonomous vehicle-related engineering and other costs.
Our automotive operations' interest income and interest expense, Maven, legacy costs from the Opel/Vauxhall Business (primarily pension costs), corporate expenditures and certain nonsegment specific revenues and expenses are recorded centrally in Corporate. Corporate assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, our investment in Lyft, Inc. (Lyft), PSA warrants, Maven vehicles and intercompany balances. Retained net underfunded pension liabilities related to the European Business are also recorded in Corporate. All intersegment balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The following tables summarize key financial information by segment:

| At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 28,501 |  |  | $ | 4,758 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,309 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,488 |  |  | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | 36,760 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 2,670 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,813 |  |  | $ | (154 | ) |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 3,192 |
Adjustments(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (196 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (196 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (196 | )
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 72 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (159 | )
Net (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,885 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (519 | )
Income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,366 |
(Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 |
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,390 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 7,447 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,528 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,788 |
Goodwill and intangibles | $ | 2,725 |  |  | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,683 |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 1,358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,720 |
Total assets | $ | 108,202 |  |  | $ | 26,905 |  |  | $ | 24,795 |  |  | $ | (45,289 | ) |  | $ | 114,613 |  |  | $ | 2,684 |  |  | $ | 102,657 |  |  | $ | (1,313 | ) |  | $ | 218,641 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 1,114 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,264 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,833 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,099 |
Impairment charges | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30 |
Equity income | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 589 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 637 |

__________

(a) | Consists of charges related to restructuring actions in Korea in GMI, which is net of noncontrolling interest.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 28,437 |  |  | $ | 5,512 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,001 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | 36,984 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 3,475 |  |  | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | (307 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,485 |  |  | $ | (157 | ) |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 3,682 |
Adjustments(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (540 | ) |  | $ | (114 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | (654 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (654 | )
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (132 | )
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,967 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (534 | )
Income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,433 |
(Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (770 | )
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3 | )
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,660 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 7,113 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,192 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,248 |
Goodwill and intangibles | $ | 2,998 |  |  | $ | 990 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,001 |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,989 |
Total assets(b) | $ | 109,358 |  |  | $ | 27,260 |  |  | $ | 41,284 |  |  | $ | (40,267 | ) |  | $ | 137,635 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 103,588 |  |  | $ | (1,482 | ) |  | $ | 240,300 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 1,187 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,586 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,961 |
Impairment charges | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 233 |
Equity income | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 530 |

__________

(a) | Consists of charges of $460 million related to restructuring actions in India and South Africa in GMI; charges of $80 million associated with the deconsolidation of Venezuela in GMI and charges of $114 million for legal related matters related to the ignition switch recall in Corporate.

(b) | Assets in Corporate and GM Financial include assets classified as held for sale.

| At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 56,319 |  |  | $ | 9,606 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 66,024 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,899 |  |  | $ | (64 | ) |  | $ | 72,859 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 4,903 |  |  | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | (93 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,142 |  |  | $ | (320 | ) |  | $ | 979 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,802 |
Adjustments(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,138 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,138 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (1,138 | )
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 136 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (309 | )
Net (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (30 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,461 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (985 | )
Income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,476 |
(Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (70 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30 |
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,436 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 2,223 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,537 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3,656 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,196 |
Impairment charges | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 514 |
Equity income | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,183 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,285 |

__________

(a) | Consists of charges related to restructuring actions in Korea in GMI, which is net of noncontrolling interest.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 57,775 |  |  | $ | 10,650 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,651 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,738 |  |  | $ | (139 | ) |  | $ | 74,250 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 6,946 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,944 |  |  | $ | (290 | ) |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 7,236 |
Adjustments(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (540 | ) |  | $ | (114 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | (654 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (654 | )
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 125 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (279 | )
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,440 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,321 | )
Income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,119 |
(Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (839 | )
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | )
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,268 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 2,289 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 2,668 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3,014 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,683 |
Impairment charges | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 254 |
Equity income | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,085 |

__________

(a) | Consists of charges of $460 million related to restructuring actions in India and South Africa in GMI; charges of $80 million associated with the deconsolidation of Venezuela in GMI and charges of $114 million for legal related matters related to the ignition switch recall in Corporate.

* * * * * * *
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Basis of Presentation This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2017 Form 10-K.
The European Business is presented as discontinued operations in our condensed consolidated financial statements for all periods presented. Unless otherwise indicated, information in this report relates to our continuing operations.
Forward-looking statements in this MD&A are not guarantees of future performance and may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Refer to the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A and the "Risk Factors" section of our 2017 Form 10-K for a discussion of these risks and uncertainties. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, dollar amounts presented within tables are stated in millions.
Non-GAAP Measures Unless otherwise indicated, our non-GAAP measures discussed in this MD&A are related to our continuing operations and not our discontinued operations. Our non-GAAP measures include EBIT-adjusted, presented net of noncontrolling interests, Core EBIT-adjusted, EPS-diluted-adjusted, effective tax rate-adjusted (ETR-adjusted), return on invested capital-adjusted (ROIC-adjusted) and adjusted automotive free cash flow. Our calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences between companies in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these non-GAAP measures has limitations and should not be considered superior to, in isolation from, or as a substitute for, related U.S. GAAP measures.
These non-GAAP measures allow management and investors to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions to understand operating performance without regard to items we do not consider a component of our core operating performance. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures allow investors the opportunity to measure and monitor our performance against our externally communicated targets and evaluate the investment decisions being made by management to improve ROIC-adjusted. Management uses these measures in its financial, investment and operational decision-making processes, for internal reporting and as part of its forecasting and budgeting processes. Further, our Board of Directors uses certain of these and other measures as key metrics to determine management performance under our performance-based compensation plans. For these reasons we believe these non-GAAP measures are useful for our investors.
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EBIT-adjusted EBIT-adjusted is presented net of noncontrolling interests and is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated operating results because it excludes automotive interest income, automotive interest expense and income taxes as well as certain additional adjustments that are not considered part of our core operations. Examples of adjustments to EBIT include but are not limited to impairment charges on long-lived assets and other exit costs resulting from strategic shifts in our operations or discrete market and business conditions and costs arising from the ignition switch recall and related legal matters. For EBIT-adjusted and our other non-GAAP measures, once we have made an adjustment in the current period for an item, we will also adjust the related non-GAAP measure in any future periods in which there is a significant impact from the item.
Core EBIT-adjusted Core EBIT-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our core consolidated operating results. Core EBIT-adjusted begins with EBIT-adjusted and excludes the EBIT-adjusted results of GM Cruise. Previously Core EBIT-adjusted excluded the EBIT-adjusted results of autonomous vehicle operations, including GM Cruise, Maven and our investment in Lyft. The measure was changed to align with segment reporting. All periods presented have been recast to reflect the changes.
EPS-diluted-adjusted EPS-diluted-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated diluted EPS results on a consistent basis. EPS-diluted-adjusted is calculated as net income attributable to common stockholders-diluted less income (loss) from discontinued operations on an after-tax basis, adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and certain income tax adjustments divided by weighted-average common shares outstanding-diluted. Examples of income tax adjustments include the establishment or reversal of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowances.
ETR-adjusted ETR-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review the consolidated effective tax rate for our core operations on a consistent basis. ETR-adjusted is calculated as Income tax expense less the income tax related to the adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and the income tax adjustments noted above for EPS-diluted-adjusted divided by Income before income taxes less adjustments.
ROIC-adjusted ROIC-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our investment and capital allocation decisions. We define ROIC-adjusted as EBIT-adjusted for the trailing four quarters divided by ROIC-adjusted average net assets, which is considered to be the average equity balances adjusted for average automotive debt and interest liabilities, exclusive of capital leases; average net pension and OPEB liabilities; and average automotive and other net income tax assets during the same period. Adjustments to the average equity balances exclude assets and liabilities classified as either assets held for sale or liabilities held for sale.
Adjusted automotive free cash flow Adjusted automotive free cash flow is used by management and can be used by investors to review the liquidity of our automotive operations and to measure and monitor our performance against our capital allocation program and evaluate our automotive liquidity against the substantial cash requirements of our automotive operations. We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from continuing operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. Management actions can include voluntary events such as discretionary contributions to employee benefit plans or nonrecurring specific events such as a plant closure that are considered special for EBIT-adjusted purposes. Refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this MD&A for additional information.
The following table reconciles Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted:
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| Three Months Ended
| June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | $ | 1,046 |  |  | $ | 2,608 |  |  | $ | (5,151 | ) |  | $ | 1,835 |  |  | $ | (2,981 | ) |  | $ | 2,773 |
(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | 770 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 3,096 |  |  | (5 | )
Income tax expense | 519 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 787 |  |  | 7,896 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 2,316 |  |  | 902 |
Automotive interest expense | 159 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 145 |
Automotive interest income | (72 | ) |  | (68 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (57 | ) |  | (82 | ) |  | (45 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (43 | )
Adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GMI restructuring(a) | 196 |  |  | 540 |  |  | 942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ignition switch recall and related legal matters(b) | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | (110 | )
Total adjustments | 196 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | (110 | )
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 3,192 |  |  | $ | 3,682 |  |  | $ | 2,610 |  |  | $ | 3,554 |  |  | $ | 3,085 |  |  | $ | 2,598 |  |  | $ | 2,523 |  |  | $ | 3,662 |

_________

(a) | These adjustments were excluded because of a strategic decision to rationalize our core operations by exiting or significantly reducing our presence in various international markets to focus resources on opportunities expected to deliver higher returns. The adjustments primarily consist of supplier claims and employee separation charges in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and asset impairments and employee separation charges in the three months ended March 31, 2018, all in Korea. The adjustment in the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily consists of asset impairments and other restructuring actions in India, South Africa and Venezuela.

(b) | These adjustments were excluded because of the unique events associated with the ignition switch recall, which included various investigations, inquiries and complaints from constituents.

The following table reconciles EBIT-adjusted to Core EBIT-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
EBIT-adjusted(a) | $ | 3,192 |  |  | $ | 3,682 |  |  | $ | 5,802 |  |  | $ | 7,236 |
EBIT loss-adjusted – GM Cruise | 154 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 290 |
Core EBIT-adjusted | $ | 3,346 |  |  | $ | 3,839 |  |  | $ | 6,122 |  |  | $ | 7,526 |

________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A.

The following table reconciles diluted earnings per common share under U.S. GAAP to EPS-diluted-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
| Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |  |  | $ | 1.09 |  |  | $ | 3,407 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 2.80 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 770 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | 839 |  |  | 0.55 |
Adjustments(a) | 196 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  | 1,138 |  |  | 0.80 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 0.43 |
Tax effect on adjustment(b) | 20 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | (208 | ) |  | (0.14 | ) |  | 20 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | (208 | ) |  | (0.14 | )
EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ | 2,591 |  |  | $ | 1.81 |  |  | $ | 2,876 |  |  | $ | 1.89 |  |  | $ | 4,635 |  |  | $ | 3.24 |  |  | $ | 5,553 |  |  | $ | 3.64 |

________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for the details of each individual adjustment.

(b) | The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction in which the adjustment relates.

The following table reconciles our effective tax rate under U.S. GAAP to ETR-adjusted:
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| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
| Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense |  | Effective tax rate
Effective tax rate | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 519 |  |  | 18.0 | % |  | $ | 2,967 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | 18.0 | % |  | $ | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 985 |  |  | 22.1 | % |  | $ | 6,440 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | 20.5 | %
Adjustments(a)(b) | 237 |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  |  | 654 |  |  | 208 |  |  |  |  | 1,179 |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  |  | 654 |  |  | 208 |  |  |
ETR-adjusted | $ | 3,122 |  |  | $ | 499 |  |  | 16.0 | % |  | $ | 3,621 |  |  | $ | 742 |  |  | 20.5 | % |  | $ | 5,640 |  |  | $ | 965 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | $ | 7,094 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | 21.6 | %

________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for the details of each individual adjustment. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for these adjustments of $41 million are included in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

(b) | The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction in which the adjustment relates.

We define return on equity (ROE) as Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders for the trailing four quarters divided by average equity for the same period. Management uses average equity to provide comparable amounts in the calculation of ROE. The following table summarizes the calculation of ROE (dollars in billions):

| Four Quarters Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | (4.7 | ) |  | $ | 8.9 |
Average equity(a) | $ | 37.2 |  |  | $ | 45.1 |
ROE | (12.6 | )% |  | 19.7 | %

__________
(a) Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in EBIT-adjusted.
The following table summarizes the calculation of ROIC-adjusted (dollars in billions):

| Four Quarters Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
EBIT-adjusted(a) | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | 13.5 |
Average equity(b) | $ | 37.2 |  |  | $ | 45.1 |
Add: Average automotive debt and interest liabilities (excluding capital leases) | 13.5 |  |  | 10.0 |
Add: Average automotive net pension & OPEB liability | 19.9 |  |  | 21.5 |
Less: Average automotive and other net income tax asset | (24.5 | ) |  | (32.2 | )
ROIC-adjusted average net assets | $ | 46.1 |  |  | $ | 44.4 |
ROIC-adjusted | 24.7 | % |  | 30.4 | %

__________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A.

(b) | Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in EBIT-adjusted.

Overview Our management team has adopted a strategic plan to transform GM into the world's most valued automotive company. Our plan includes several major initiatives that we anticipate will redefine the future of personal mobility through our zero crashes, zero emissions, zero congestion vision while also strengthening the core of our business: earning customers for life by delivering winning vehicles, leading the industry in quality and safety and improving the customer ownership experience; leading in technology and innovation, including electrification, autonomous, data monetization and connectivity; growing our brands; making tough, strategic decisions about which markets and products in which we will invest and compete; building profitable adjacent businesses and targeting 10% core margins on an EBIT-adjusted basis.
In addition to our EBIT-adjusted margin improvement goal, our overall financial targets include total annual operational and functional cost savings of $6.5 billion through 2018 compared to 2014 costs, of which approximately $6.0 billion has been realized as of June 30, 2018, and which will more than offset our planned incremental investments in brand building, engineering and
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technology as we launch new products; and execution of our capital allocation program as described in the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this MD&A.
For the year ending December 31, 2018 we expect EPS-diluted of approximately $5.14 and EPS-diluted-adjusted of approximately $6.00. These do not consider the potential future impact of adjustments on our expected financial results. The following table reconciles expected diluted earnings per common share under U.S. GAAP to expected EPS-diluted-adjusted:

| Year Ending December 31, 2018
Diluted earnings per common share | $ 4.94-5.34 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations(a) | 0.05 |
Adjustment – GMI restructuring | 0.80 |
Tax effect on adjustment(b) | 0.01 |
EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ 5.80-6.20 |

__________

(a) | Refer to Note 19 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.

(b) | The tax effect of the adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction in which the adjustment relates.

We face continuing challenges from a market, operating and regulatory standpoint in a number of countries across the globe due to, among other factors, weak economic conditions, competitive pressures, our product portfolio offerings, emissions standards, foreign exchange volatility and political uncertainty. As a result of these conditions, we continue to strategically assess our performance and ability to achieve acceptable returns on our invested capital. As we continue to assess our performance, additional restructuring and rationalization actions may be required or a determination may be made that the carrying amount of our long-lived assets may not be recoverable in certain of these countries. Such a determination may give rise to future asset impairments or other charges which may have a material impact on our results of operations.
GMNA Industry sales in North America were 10.7 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2018, representing an increase of 1.2% compared to the corresponding period in 2017. U.S. industry sales were 8.8 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and we expect industry unit sales of approximately 17 million for the full year.
Our vehicle sales in the U.S., our largest market in North America, totaled 1.5 million units for a market share of 16.8% in the six months ended June 30, 2018, representing an increase of 0.3 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2017. We continue to lead the U.S. industry in market share.
We are experiencing strong U.S. industry light vehicle sales and are continuing our focus on key product launches, overall cost savings and a greater mix of crossovers relative to passenger cars compared to 2017. However, we expect to continue to experience higher commodity costs and pricing pressures, and anticipate higher costs associated with tariffs. As a result we expect an EBIT-adjusted margin of approximately 9% to 10% in the year ending December 31, 2018. Based on our current cost structure, we continue to estimate GMNA’s breakeven point at the U.S. industry level to be in the range of 10.0 to 11.0 million units.
GMI China industry sales were 13.0 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2018 representing a 4.6% increase compared to the corresponding period in 2017. Our China retail volumes totaled 1.8 million units for market share of 14.2% in the six months ended June 30, 2018, which was flat compared to the corresponding period in 2017. We continue to see strength in sales of our Cadillac and Baojun passenger vehicles and SUVs, as well as positive momentum in Chevrolet sales driven by new product launches. Wuling sales were impacted by the market shift away from mini commercial vehicles. Our Automotive China JVs generated equity income of $1.2 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2018. We expect low industry growth in 2018 and a continuation of pricing pressures, which will continue to pressure margins. We expect a similar level of vehicle sales in 2018 driven by new launches and expect to sustain strong China equity income by focusing on improvements in vehicle mix, cost efficiencies, and downstream performance optimization.
Outside of China, many markets across the segment continue to improve, resulting in industry sales of 13.2 million units, representing an increase of 6.0% in the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the corresponding period in 2017. This increase was due primarily to increases in India, Brazil and Russia. Our retail vehicle sales totaled 0.6 million units for a market share of 4.3% in the six months ended June 30, 2018, representing a decrease of 0.7 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2017.
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In February 2018 we announced the closure of a facility and other restructuring actions in Korea. We recorded charges of $1.1 billion consisting of $0.6 billion in non-cash asset impairments and other charges and $0.5 billion in employee separation charges in the six months ended June 30, 2018. We incurred $0.7 billion in cash outflows resulting from these Korea restructuring actions for employee separations and statutory pension payments in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and we expect to incur approximately $0.2 billion of additional cash outflows, primarily for supplier claims and statutory pension payments in the six months ending December 31, 2018. The charges are considered special for EBIT-adjusted, EPS-diluted-adjusted and adjusted automotive free cash flow reporting purposes. Refer to Note 16 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for information related to these restructuring actions.
In May 2018 KDB agreed to purchase approximately $0.75 billion of GM Korea Preferred Shares, $0.4 billion of which was received in June 2018 with the remainder expected to be received in the three months ending December 31, 2018. In conjunction with the GM Korea Preferred Share issuance we agreed to provide GM Korea future funding, if needed, not to exceed $2.8 billion through December 31, 2027, inclusive of $2.0 billion of planned capital expenditures through 2027. Refer to Note 17 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
GM Cruise In June 2018 GM Cruise Holdings issued $0.9 billion of GM Cruise Preferred Shares to SoftBank, representing 10.9% of GM Cruise Holdings' equity at closing. Immediately prior to the issuance of the GM Cruise Preferred Shares, we invested $1.1 billion in GM Cruise Holdings. When GM Cruise's autonomous vehicles are ready for commercial deployment, SoftBank is obligated to purchase additional GM Cruise Preferred Shares for $1.35 billion, after which the GM Cruise Preferred Shares will represent 19.6% of GM Cruise Holdings' equity. All proceeds are designated exclusively for working capital and general corporate purposes of GM Cruise. Refer to Note 17 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Corporate Beginning in 2012 through July 13, 2018, we purchased an aggregate of 507 million shares of our outstanding common stock under our common stock repurchase programs for $16.3 billion.
The ignition switch recall has led to various inquiries, investigations, subpoenas, requests for information and complaints from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and Canadian governments. In addition, these and other recalls have resulted in a number of claims and lawsuits. Such lawsuits and investigations could in the future result in the imposition of material damages, fines, civil consent orders, civil and criminal penalties or other remedies. Refer to Note 14 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Takata Matters In May 2016 NHTSA issued an amended consent order requiring Takata to file DIRs for previously unrecalled front airbag inflators that contain phased-stabilized ammonium nitrate-based propellant without a moisture absorbing desiccant on a multi-year, risk-based schedule through 2019 impacting tens of millions of vehicles produced by numerous automotive manufacturers. NHTSA concluded that the likely root cause of the rupturing of the airbag inflators is a function of time, temperature cycling and environmental moisture.
Although we do not believe there is a safety defect at this time in any unrecalled GM vehicles within scope of the Takata DIRs, in cooperation with NHTSA we have filed Preliminary DIRs covering certain of our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and SUVs. We have also filed petitions for inconsequentiality with respect to the vehicles subject to those Preliminary DIRs. NHTSA has consolidated our petitions and will rule on them at the same time.
While these petitions have been pending, we have provided NHTSA with the results of our long-term studies and the studies performed by third-party experts, all of which form the basis for our determination that the inflators in these vehicles do not present an unreasonable risk to safety and that no repair should ultimately be required.
We believe these vehicles are currently performing as designed and ongoing testing continues to support the belief that the vehicles' unique design and integration mitigates against inflator propellant degradation and rupture risk. For example, the airbag inflators used in the vehicles are a variant engineered specifically for our vehicles, and include features such as greater venting, unique propellant wafer configurations, and machined steel end caps. The inflators are packaged in the instrument panel in such a way as to minimize exposure to moisture from the climate control system. Also, these vehicles have features that minimize the maximum temperature to which the inflator will be exposed, such as larger interior volumes and standard solar absorbing windshields and side glass.
Accordingly, no warranty provision has been made for any repair associated with our vehicles subject to the Preliminary DIRs and amended consent order. However, in the event we are ultimately obligated to repair the vehicles subject to current or future Takata DIRs under the amended consent order in the U.S., we estimate a reasonably possible impact to GM of approximately $1.0 billion.
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GM is engaged in discussions with regulators outside the U.S. with respect to Takata inflators. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. We were required to recall certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. in the three months ended March 31, 2018 to replace Takata inflators in these vehicles. Additional recalls, if any, could be material to our results of operations and cash flows. We continue to monitor the international situation.
On June 26, 2017, Takata filed for bankruptcy protection in the United States and Japan. On April 11, 2018 the sale of Takata to Key Safety Systems, Inc. was finalized, and as a result we received a restitution payment.
Contingently Issuable Shares Under the Amended and Restated Master Sale and Purchase Agreement between us and Motors Liquidation Company, GM may be obligated to issue Adjustment Shares of our common stock if allowed general unsecured claims against the GUC Trust, as estimated by the Bankruptcy Court, exceed $35.0 billion. Refer to Note 14 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of the contingently issuable Adjustment Shares.
Vehicle Sales The principal factors that determine consumer vehicle preferences in the markets in which we operate include overall vehicle design, price, quality, available options, safety, reliability, fuel economy and functionality. Market leadership in individual countries in which we compete varies widely.
We present both wholesale and retail vehicle sales data to assist in the analysis of our revenue and our market share. Wholesale vehicle sales data, which represents sales directly to dealers and others, including sales to fleet customers, is the measure that correlates to our revenue from the sale of vehicles, which is the largest component of Automotive net sales and revenue. Wholesale vehicle sales exclude vehicles sold by joint ventures. In the six months ended June 30, 2018, 34.7% of our wholesale vehicle sales volume was generated outside the U.S. The following table summarizes total wholesale vehicle sales of new vehicles by automotive segment (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
GMNA(a) | 923 |  |  | 76.7 | % |  | 894 |  |  | 73.7 | % |  | 1,816 |  |  | 76.9 | % |  | 1,834 |  |  | 74.8 | %
GMI(b) | 281 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 319 |  |  | 26.3 | % |  | 547 |  |  | 23.1 | % |  | 618 |  |  | 25.2 | %
Total | 1,204 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,213 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 2,363 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 2,452 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Discontinued operations | — |  |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 606 |  |  |

__________

(a) | Wholesale vehicle sales related to transactions with the European Business were insignificant for all periods presented.

(b) | Wholesale vehicle sales include 46 and 94 vehicles related to transactions with the European Business for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.

Retail vehicle sales data, which represents sales to end customers based upon the good faith estimates of management, including sales to fleet customers, does not correlate directly to the revenue we recognize during the period. However retail vehicle sales data is indicative of the underlying demand for our vehicles. Market share information is based primarily on retail vehicle sales volume. In countries where retail vehicle sales data is not readily available, other data sources such as wholesale or forecast volumes are used to estimate retail vehicle sales to end customers.
Retail vehicle sales data includes all sales by joint ventures on a total vehicle basis, not based on the percentage of ownership in the joint venture. Certain joint venture agreements in China allow for the contractual right to report vehicle sales of non-GM trademarked vehicles by those joint ventures. Retail vehicle sales data includes vehicles used by dealers under courtesy transportation programs. Certain fleet sales that are accounted for as operating leases are included in retail vehicle sales at the time of delivery to daily rental car companies. The following table summarizes total industry retail sales, or estimated sales where retail sales volume is not available, of vehicles and our related competitive position by geographic region (vehicles in thousands):
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| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
| Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share
North America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | 4,598 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | 4,500 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 8,799 |  |  | 1,474 |  |  | 16.8 | % |  | 8,606 |  |  | 1,414 |  |  | 16.4 | %
Other | 1,057 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | 1,086 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 14.2 | % |  | 1,922 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  | 1,983 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 14.1 | %
Total North America(a) | 5,655 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 5,586 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | 10,721 |  |  | 1,739 |  |  | 16.2 | % |  | 10,589 |  |  | 1,695 |  |  | 16.0 | %
Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
China(b) | 6,459 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 6,254 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | 13,007 |  |  | 1,844 |  |  | 14.2 | % |  | 12,431 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 14.2 | %
Other(c) | 5,342 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 5,075 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 11,006 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 10,522 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Total Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa(a) | 11,801 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 11,329 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 24,013 |  |  | 2,084 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 22,953 |  |  | 2,084 |  |  | 9.1 | %
South America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil | 621 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 15.9 | % |  | 547 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | 1,167 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 16.3 | % |  | 1,019 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 17.2 | %
Other | 507 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | 465 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | 1,046 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | 932 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 14.2 | %
Total South America(a) | 1,128 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | 1,012 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 15.8 | % |  | 2,213 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 15.0 | % |  | 1,951 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 15.8 | %
Total in GM markets | 18,584 |  |  | 2,062 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 17,927 |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | 36,947 |  |  | 4,155 |  |  | 11.2 | % |  | 35,493 |  |  | 4,087 |  |  | 11.5 | %
Total Europe | 5,326 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | 5,125 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 10,441 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — | % |  | 10,195 |  |  | 601 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Total Worldwide(d) | 23,910 |  |  | 2,063 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 23,052 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | 47,388 |  |  | 4,157 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 45,688 |  |  | 4,688 |  |  | 10.3 | %
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cars | 1,434 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 10.4 | % |  | 1,632 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 11.2 | % |  | 2,781 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | 3,135 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 11.6 | %
Trucks | 1,394 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 26.3 | % |  | 1,268 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 24.4 | % |  | 2,600 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 25.6 | % |  | 2,425 |  |  | 601 |  |  | 24.8 | %
Crossovers | 1,770 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 13.7 | % |  | 1,600 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | 3,418 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 15.0 | % |  | 3,046 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 14.8 | %
Total United States | 4,598 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | 4,500 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 8,799 |  |  | 1,474 |  |  | 16.8 | % |  | 8,606 |  |  | 1,414 |  |  | 16.4 | %
China(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SGMS |  |  |  | 411 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 424 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 868 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 810 |  |  |  |
SGMW and FAW-GM |  |  |  | 447 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 428 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 976 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  |
Total China | 6,459 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 6,254 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | 13,007 |  |  | 1,844 |  |  | 14.2 | % |  | 12,431 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 14.2 | %

__________

(a) | Sales of Opel/Vauxhall outside of Europe were insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

(b) | Our China sales include the Automotive China JVs SAIC General Motors Sales Co., Ltd. (SGMS), SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. (SGMW) and FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. (FAW-GM). We use estimated vehicle registrations data as the basis for calculating industry volume and market share in China.

(c) | Includes Industry and GM sales in India and South Africa. As of December 31, 2017 we have ceased sales of Chevrolet for the domestic markets in India and South Africa.

(d) | We do not currently export vehicles to Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria. Accordingly these countries are excluded from industry sales data and corresponding calculation of market share.

In the six months ended June 30, 2018 we estimate we had the largest retail market share in North America and South America, and the number three market share in the Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa region, which included the number two market share in China.
The sales and market share data provided in the table above includes both fleet vehicle sales and sales to retail customers. Certain fleet transactions, particularly sales to daily rental car companies, are generally less profitable than sales to retail customers. Prior to January 1, 2018 a significant portion of the sales to daily rental car companies were recorded as operating leases under U.S. GAAP with no recognition of revenue at the date of initial delivery due to guaranteed repurchase obligations. Beginning January 1, 2018, a significant portion of the sales to daily rental car companies are recorded as sales. The following table summarizes estimated fleet sales and those sales as a percentage of total retail vehicle sales (vehicles in thousands):
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| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
GMNA | 208 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 341 |
GMI | 117 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 196 |
Total fleet sales | 325 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 537 |
Fleet sales as a percentage of total retail vehicle sales | 15.8 | % |  | 13.6 | % |  | 14.2 | % |  | 13.1 | %

The following table summarizes United States fleet sales (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Daily rental sales | 74 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 118 |
Other fleet sales | 94 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 163 |
Total fleet sales | 168 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 281 |

GM Financial Summary and Outlook GM Financial has expanded its leasing and prime lending programs in North America; therefore, leasing and prime lending have become a larger percentage of the originations and retail portfolio balance. The industry supply of used vehicles resulting from off-lease returns is expected to continue to increase through 2019. Based on recent pricing trends for used vehicles in the secondary market, which have remained more favorable than previously expected, we now expect used vehicle prices in the U.S. to decline between 2% and 4% as compared to 2017. The following table summarizes the estimated residual value as well as the number of units included in GM Financial equipment on operating leases, net by vehicle type (units in thousands):

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Residual Value |  | Units |  | Percentage |  | Residual Value |  | Units |  | Percentage
Cars | $ | 5,281 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | $ | 5,701 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 27.2 | %
Trucks | 7,393 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | 7,173 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 17.3 | %
Crossovers | 14,595 |  |  | 883 |  |  | 52.0 | % |  | 13,723 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 49.5 | %
SUVs | 4,054 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 3,809 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 6.0 | %
Total | $ | 31,323 |  |  | 1,699 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 30,406 |  |  | 1,652 |  |  | 100.0 | %

GM Financial's retail penetration in North America decreased to 43% in the six months ended June 30, 2018 from 44% in the corresponding period in 2017, primarily due to decreased GM lease share. In the six months ended June 30, 2018 GM Financial's revenue consisted of leased vehicle income of 72%, retail finance charge income of 22% and commercial finance charge income of 4%. We believe that offering a comprehensive suite of financing products will generate incremental sales of our vehicles, drive incremental GM Financial earnings and help support our sales throughout various economic cycles.
Consolidated Results We review changes in our results of operations under five categories: volume, mix, price, cost and other. Volume measures the impact of changes in wholesale vehicle volumes driven by industry volume, market share and changes in dealer stock levels. Mix measures the impact of changes to the regional portfolio due to product, model, trim, country and option penetration in current year wholesale vehicle volumes. Price measures the impact of changes related to Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price and various sales allowances. Cost includes primarily: (1) material and freight; (2) manufacturing, engineering, advertising, administrative and selling and warranty expense; and (3) non-vehicle related activity. Other includes primarily foreign exchange and non-vehicle related automotive revenues as well as equity income or loss from our nonconsolidated affiliates. Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information. We adopted ASU 2014-09 on a modified retrospective basis effective January 1, 2018. The impacts of the new standard are reflected in this MD&A. Refer to Note 1 of our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Total Net Sales and Revenue
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| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 28,501 |  |  | $ | 28,437 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |
GMI | 4,758 |  |  | 5,512 |  |  | (754 | ) |  | (13.7 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (0.3 | )
Corporate | 50 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (3.8 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Automotive | 33,309 |  |  | 34,001 |  |  | (692 | ) |  | (2.0 | )% |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
GM Financial | 3,488 |  |  | 2,990 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Eliminations | (37 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 36,760 |  |  | $ | 36,984 |  |  | $ | (224 | ) |  | (0.6 | )% |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.4 |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful

| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 56,319 |  |  | $ | 57,775 |  |  | $ | (1,456 | ) |  | (2.5 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (1.4 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
GMI | 9,606 |  |  | 10,650 |  |  | (1,044 | ) |  | (9.8 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | )
Corporate | 99 |  |  | 226 |  |  | (127 | ) |  | (56.2 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Automotive | 66,024 |  |  | 68,651 |  |  | (2,627 | ) |  | (3.8 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.2 | ) |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.2 | )
GM Financial | 6,899 |  |  | 5,738 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | 20.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.2 |
Eliminations | (64 | ) |  | (139 | ) |  | 75 |  |  | 54.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 72,859 |  |  | $ | 74,250 |  |  | $ | (1,391 | ) |  | (1.9 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |

Automotive and Other Cost of Sales

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 24,796 |  |  | $ | 23,690 |  |  | $ | (1,106 | ) |  | (4.7 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |
GMI | 5,051 |  |  | 5,702 |  |  | 651 |  |  | 11.4 | % |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate | 101 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (106 | ) |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
GM Cruise | 157 |  |  | 152 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (3.3 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Eliminations | (34 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 30,071 |  |  | $ | 29,535 |  |  | $ | (536 | ) |  | (1.8 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful

| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 49,090 |  |  | $ | 48,224 |  |  | $ | (866 | ) |  | (1.8 | )% |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (1.3 | ) |  | $ | — |
GMI | 10,823 |  |  | 10,785 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | (0.4 | )% |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Corporate | 96 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 32.9 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
GM Cruise | 305 |  |  | 280 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | (8.9 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
Eliminations | (59 | ) |  | (136 | ) |  | (77 | ) |  | (56.6 | )% |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  |  |
Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 60,255 |  |  | $ | 59,296 |  |  | $ | (959 | ) |  | (1.6 | )% |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (2.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.2 | )

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In the three months ended June 30, 2018 unfavorable Cost was due primarily to: (1) increased material costs of $0.4 billion related to vehicles launched within the last twelve months incorporating significant exterior and/or interior changes (Majors); (2) increased raw material and freight costs related to carryover vehicles of $0.3 billion; and (3) increased other costs of $0.3 billion primarily manufacturing and engineering; partially offset by (4) favorable material performance of $0.2 billion related to carryover vehicles; and (5) net decrease in charges of $0.2 billion related to restructuring actions in India and South Africa in 2017, partially offset by restructuring actions in Korea in 2018. In the three months ended June 30, 2018 favorable Other was due primarily to the foreign currency effect of $0.1 billion due to the weakening of the Mexican Peso and Brazilian Real; partially offset by other various currencies against the U.S. Dollar.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 unfavorable Cost was due primarily to: (1) increased material costs of $0.8 billion related to Majors; (2) net increase in charges of $0.7 billion primarily related to asset impairments and employee separation costs in Korea in 2018, partially offset by restructuring actions in India and South Africa in 2017; (3) increased other costs of $0.7 billion primarily manufacturing and engineering; and (4) increased raw material and freight costs related to carryover vehicles of $0.5 billion; partially offset by (5) favorable material performance of $0.5 billion related to carryover vehicles. In the six months ended June 30, 2018 unfavorable Other was due primarily to the foreign currency effect of $0.2 billion due to the strengthening of the Korean Won and other currencies; partially offset by the weakening of the Mexican Peso, Brazilian Real and other currencies against the U.S. Dollar.

Interest Income and Other Non-operating Income, net

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | % |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | %
Interest income and other non-operating income, net | $ | 930 |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 658 |  |  | n.m. |  |  | $ | 1,479 |  |  | $ | 754 |  |  | $ | 725 |  |  | 96.2 | %

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
In the three months ended June 30, 2018 Interest income and other non-operating income, net increased due primarily to: (1) favorable revaluation of investments of $0.2 billion; (2) $0.2 billion from licensing agreements; (3) increased net automotive derivative gains of $0.1 billion; and (4) increased non-service pension and OPEB income of $0.1 billion.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Interest income and other non-operating income, net increased due primarily to: (1) favorable revaluation of investments of $0.3 billion; (2) increased non-service pension and OPEB income of $0.2 billion; and (3) $0.2 billion from licensing agreements.
Income Tax Expense

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | % |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | %
Income tax expense | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  | $ | 985 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | 336 |  |  | 25.4 | %

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 Income tax expense decreased due primarily to a decrease in pretax income and changes resulting from U.S. tax reform.
GM North America

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 28,501 |  |  | $ | 28,437 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 2,670 |  |  | $ | 3,475 |  |  | $ | (805 | ) |  | (23.2 | )% |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.4 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 9.4 | % |  | 12.2 | % |  | (2.8 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 923 |  |  | 894 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 56,319 |  |  | $ | 57,775 |  |  | $ | (1,456 | ) |  | (2.5 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (1.4 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 4,903 |  |  | $ | 6,946 |  |  | $ | (2,043 | ) |  | (29.4 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (1.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | 0.3 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 8.7 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | (3.3 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 1,816 |  |  | 1,834 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | (1.0 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

GMNA Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended June 30, 2018 Total net sales and revenue increased due primarily to: (1) increased net wholesale volumes due to an increase in sales of fleet vehicles and recently launched crossover vehicles, including the Chevrolet Traverse and GMC Terrain, partially offset by a decrease in sales of passenger cars and full-size trucks; partially offset by (2) unfavorable mix associated with an increase in sales of fleet vehicles, and trim and other mix; and (3) unfavorable pricing for carryover vehicles of $0.7 billion, partially offset by favorable pricing for Majors of $0.5 billion, inclusive of new revenue standard impacts.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Total net sales and revenue decreased due primarily to: (1) unfavorable mix associated with an increase in sales of fleet vehicles, vehicle mix, and trim and other mix; and (2) decreased net wholesale volumes due to a decrease in sales of passenger cars and full-size trucks due to planned downtime, partially offset by an increase in sales of fleet vehicles; partially offset by (3) favorable pricing for Majors of $1.0 billion, partially offset by unfavorable pricing for carryover vehicles of $0.9 billion, inclusive of new revenue standard impacts; and (4) favorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the strengthening of the Canadian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar.
GMNA EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended June 30, 2018 EBIT-adjusted decreased due primarily to:(1) unfavorable mix associated with an increase in sales of fleet vehicles, and trim and other mix; and (2) unfavorable Cost due to increased vehicle content for Majors of $0.4 billion and increased raw material and freight costs of $0.3 billion, partially offset by favorable materials performance of $0.3 billion related to carryover vehicles; partially offset by (3) increased net wholesale volumes; and (4) favorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Mexican Peso against the U.S. Dollar and licensing agreements.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 EBIT-adjusted decreased due primarily to: (1) unfavorable mix associated with an increase in sales of fleet vehicles, vehicle mix, and trim and other mix; (2) unfavorable Cost due to increased vehicle content for Majors of $0.9 billion, increased raw material and freight costs of $0.5 billion and increased other costs of $0.2 billion primarily manufacturing and engineering; partially offset by favorable materials performance of $0.5 billion related to carryover vehicles; and (3) decreased net wholesale volumes; partially offset by (4) favorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Mexican Peso against the U.S. Dollar and licensing agreements.
GM International

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | % |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 4,758 |  |  | $ | 5,512 |  |  | $ | (754 | ) |  | (13.7 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.3 | )
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | (174 | ) |  | (54.9 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | )
EBIT-adjusted margin | 3.0 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | (2.8 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity income — Automotive China | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | 16.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBIT (loss)-adjusted — excluding Equity income | $ | (449 | ) |  | $ | (192 | ) |  | $ | (257 | ) |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 281 |  |  | 319 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | (11.9 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
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| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | % |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 9,606 |  |  | $ | 10,650 |  |  | $ | (1,044 | ) |  | (9.8 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.4 | )
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | (163 | ) |  | (32.9 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.2 | )
EBIT-adjusted margin | 3.5 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | (1.1 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity income — Automotive China | $ | 1,189 |  |  | $ | 1,013 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | 17.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBIT (loss)-adjusted — excluding Equity income | $ | (857 | ) |  | $ | (518 | ) |  | $ | (339 | ) |  | (65.4 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 547 |  | 618 |  |  | (71 | ) |  | (11.5 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The vehicle sales of our Automotive China JVs are not recorded in Total net sales and revenue. The results of our joint ventures are recorded in Equity income, which is included in EBIT-adjusted above.
GMI Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended June 30, 2018 Total net sales and revenue decreased due primarily to: (1) decreased wholesale volumes in Korea due to the closure of a facility and other restructuring actions and in Asia/Pacific due to the withdrawal from the Indian and South African markets in 2017; and (2) unfavorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Argentine Peso and Brazilian Real against the U.S. Dollar, partially offset by a retrospective recovery of indirect tax credits resulting from a decision by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice; partially offset by (3) favorable pricing related to carryover vehicles in Argentina and Brazil.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Total net sales and revenue decreased due primarily to: (1) decreased wholesale volumes in Korea due to the closure of a facility and other restructuring actions and in Asia/Pacific due to the withdrawal from the Indian and South African markets in 2017; and (2) unfavorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Argentine Peso and Brazilian Real against the U.S. Dollar; partially offset by (3) favorable mix driven by increased sales of the Chevrolet Tracker and Equinox in Brazil and SUVs in the Middle East; and (4) favorable pricing related to carryover vehicles in Argentina and Brazil.
GMI EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended June 30, 2018 EBIT-adjusted decreased due primarily to (1) decreased wholesale volumes; and (2) unfavorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Argentine Peso and Brazilian Real against the U.S. Dollar; partially offset by (3) favorable pricing.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 EBIT-adjusted decreased due primarily to: (1) decreased wholesale volumes; and (2) unfavorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Argentine Peso and Brazilian Real against the U.S. Dollar; partially offset by (3) favorable pricing; and (4) favorable mix driven by decreased low-margin vehicle sales in Korea.
We view the Chinese market as important to our global growth strategy and are employing a multi-brand strategy led by our Buick, Chevrolet and Cadillac brands. In the coming years we plan to leverage our global architectures to increase the number of product offerings under the Buick, Chevrolet and Cadillac brands in China and continue to grow our business under the local Baojun and Wuling brands, with Baojun seizing the growth opportunities in less developed cities and markets. We operate in the Chinese market through a number of joint ventures and maintaining good relations with our joint venture partners, which are affiliated with the Chinese government, is an important part of our China growth strategy.
The following table summarizes certain key operational and financial data for the Automotive China JVs (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Wholesale vehicles including vehicles exported to markets outside of China | 943 |  |  | 887 |  |  |  | 2,009 |  |  | 1,879 |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 12,601 |  |  | $ | 10,815 |  |  |  | $ | 26,320 |  |  | $ | 22,016 |
Net income | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 902 |  |  |  | $ | 2,371 |  |  | $ | 1,948 |

GM Cruise
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| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable)
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |
EBIT (loss)-adjusted | $ | (154 | ) |  | $ | (157 | ) |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  | $ | (320 | ) |  | $ | (290 | ) |  | $ | (30 | )

GM Cruise EBIT (Loss)-Adjusted In the six months ended June 30, 2018 EBIT (loss)-adjusted increased due primarily to increased engineering costs as we progress towards the commercialization of an autonomous ride-sharing fleet.
GM Financial

| Three Months Ended |  | Increase / (Decrease) |  | % |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Increase/ (Decrease) |  | %
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  |
Total revenue | $ | 3,488 |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 498 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  |  | $ | 6,899 |  |  | $ | 5,738 |  |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | 20.2 | %
Provision for loan losses | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | (19.0 | )% |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | (105 | ) |  | (28.5 | )%
Earnings before income taxes-adjusted | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | 50.1 | % |  |  | $ | 979 |  |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | 67.4 | %
| (Dollars in billions)
Average debt outstanding | $ | 83.7 |  |  | $ | 73.7 |  |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  |  | $ | 82.6 |  |  | $ | 70.4 |  |  | $ | 12.2 |  |  | 17.3 | %
Effective rate of interest paid | 3.8 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 0.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  |  |

GM Financial Revenue In the three months ended June 30, 2018 Total revenue increased due primarily to increased leased vehicle income of $0.4 billion due to a larger lease portfolio.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Total revenue increased due primarily to increased leased vehicle income of $0.9 billion due to a larger lease portfolio.
GM Financial Earnings Before Income Taxes-Adjusted In the three months ended June 30, 2018 Earnings before income taxes-adjusted increased due primarily to increased net leased vehicle income of $0.3 billion due primarily to a larger lease portfolio, partially offset by an increase in interest expense due primarily to an increase in average debt outstanding resulting from growth in the loan and lease portfolios as well as rising benchmark rates.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Earnings before income taxes-adjusted increased due primarily to increased net leased vehicle income of $0.4 billion due primarily to a larger lease portfolio, partially offset by an increase in interest expense due primarily to an increase in average debt outstanding resulting from growth in the loan and lease portfolios as well as rising benchmark rates.
Liquidity and Capital Resources We believe that our current level of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and availability under our revolving credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs. We expect to have substantial cash requirements going forward which we plan to fund through total available liquidity and cash flows generated from operations and future debt issuances. We also maintain access to the capital markets and may issue debt or equity securities from time to time, which may provide an additional source of liquidity. Our future uses of cash, which may vary from time to time based on market conditions and other factors, are focused on three objectives: (1) reinvest in our business; (2) maintain a strong investment-grade balance sheet; and (3) return available cash to shareholders. Our known future material uses of cash include, among other possible demands: (1) capital expenditures of approximately $8.5 billion annually as well as payments for engineering and product development activities; (2) payments associated with previously announced vehicle recalls, the settlements of the multidistrict litigation and any other recall-related contingencies; (3) payments to service debt and other long-term obligations, including discretionary and mandatory contributions to our pension plans; (4) dividend payments on our common stock that are declared by our Board of Directors; and (5) payments to purchase shares of our common stock authorized by our Board of Directors.
Our liquidity plans are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A and the “Risk Factors” section of our 2017 Form 10-K, some of which are outside of our control.
We continue to monitor and evaluate opportunities to strengthen our competitive position over the long-term while maintaining a strong investment-grade balance sheet. These actions may include opportunistic payments to reduce our long-term obligations such as our pension plans, as well as the possibility of acquisitions, dispositions, investments with joint venture partners and strategic alliances that we believe would generate significant advantages and substantially strengthen our business.
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Our senior management evaluates our capital allocation program on an ongoing basis and recommends any modifications to the program to our Board of Directors, not less than once annually. Management reaffirmed and our Board of Directors approved the capital allocation program, which includes reinvesting in our business at an average target ROIC-adjusted rate of 20% or greater, maintaining a strong investment-grade balance sheet, including a target average Automotive cash balance of $18 billion, and returning available cash to shareholders.
As part of our capital allocation program, our Board of Directors authorized programs to purchase $9 billion in aggregate of our common stock which were completed in the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2017. We announced in January 2017 that our Board of Directors had authorized the purchase of up to an additional $5 billion of our common stock with no expiration date, subsequent to completing the remaining portion of the previously announced programs. We completed $1.6 billion of the $5 billion program through June 30, 2018, which included $0.1 billion purchased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 in conjunction with the sale of GM common stock by the UAW Retiree Medical Benefits Trust. From inception of the program in 2015 through July 13, 2018 we had purchased an aggregate of 302 million shares of our outstanding common stock under our common stock repurchase program for $10.6 billion. We returned total cash to shareholders of $1.2 billion, consisting of dividends paid on our common stock and purchases of our common stock in the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Automotive Liquidity Total available liquidity includes cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and funds available under credit facilities. The amount of available liquidity is subject to intra-month and seasonal fluctuations and includes balances held by various business units and subsidiaries worldwide that are needed to fund their operations. There have been no significant changes in the management of our liquidity, including the allocation of our available liquidity, the composition of our portfolio and our investment guidelines since December 31, 2017. Refer to the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section of MD&A in our 2017 Form 10-K.
We use credit facilities as a mechanism to provide additional flexibility in managing our global liquidity. At December 31, 2017 the total size of our credit facilities was $14.5 billion which consisted principally of our two primary revolving credit facilities. In April 2018 we amended and restated our two existing revolving credit facilities and entered into a third facility, increasing our aggregate borrowing capacity from $14.5 billion to $16.5 billion. These facilities consist of a 364-day, $2.0 billion facility, a three-year, $4.0 billion facility and a five-year, $10.5 billion facility. The facilities are available to us as well as certain wholly owned subsidiaries, including GM Financial. The three-year, $4.0 billion facility allows for borrowings in U.S. Dollars and other currencies and includes a letter of credit sub-facility of $1.1 billion. The five-year, $10.5 billion facility allows for borrowings in U.S. Dollars and other currencies. The 364-day, $2.0 billion facility allows for borrowing in U.S. Dollars only. We have allocated the 364-day, $2.0 billion facility for exclusive use by GM Financial. Total automotive available credit under the facility remains unchanged at $14.5 billion.
We did not have any borrowings against our primary facilities, but had letters of credit outstanding under our sub-facility of $0.4 billion at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. GM Financial did not have any borrowings outstanding against our credit facility designated for their exclusive use at June 30, 2018 or the remainder of our revolving credit facilities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We had intercompany loans from GM Financial of $0.5 billion and $0.4 billion at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, which consisted primarily of commercial loans to dealers we consolidate, and we had no intercompany loans to GM Financial. Refer to Note 5 of our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information. Additionally, our 3.5%, $1.5 billion senior unsecured notes will mature in October 2018, which we intend to refinance.
As a means to access the strong liquidity available in our China JVs, from time to time, we may borrow from our joint ventures to provide additional liquidity to support our operations and capital investment. In the three months ended March 31, 2018, we borrowed $1.3 billion from SGM pursuant to a short-term unsecured note payable that we repaid in June 2018. In the three months ended June 30, 2018 we received dividends of $2.0 billion from our Automotive China JVs, which we believe have sufficient cash on hand to fund ongoing operations.
In May 2018 we entered into an agreement with KDB to fund capital expenditure requirements of GM Korea. As part of the agreement KDB agreed to purchase GM Korea Preferred Shares of approximately $0.75 billion, and we agreed to provide future funding to GM Korea if needed, not to exceed $2.8 billion through December 31, 2027, inclusive of $2.0 billion of planned capital expenditures through 2027. Refer to Note 17 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.
The following table summarizes our available liquidity (dollars in billions):
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| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Automotive cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 11.2 |
Marketable securities | 6.9 |  |  | 8.3 |
Automotive cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities(a)(b) | 16.0 |  |  | 19.6 |
GM Cruise cash and cash equivalents(c) | 2.0 |  |  | — |
Available liquidity | 18.0 |  |  | 19.6 |
Available under credit facilities | 14.1 |  |  | 14.1 |
Total available liquidity(a) | $ | 32.1 |  |  | $ | 33.6 |

__________

(a) | Amounts do not add due to rounding.

(b) | Includes $0.4 billion that is designated exclusively to fund capital expenditures in GM Korea. Refer to Note 17 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.

(c) | Amounts are designated exclusively for the use of GM Cruise. Refer to Note 17 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.

The following table summarizes the changes in our automotive available liquidity (excluding GM Cruise, dollars in billions):

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Operating cash flow | $ | 2.9 |
Capital expenditures | (4.3 | )
Dividends paid and payments to purchase common stock | (1.2 | )
GM investment in GM Cruise | (1.1 | )
Proceeds from KDB Investment in GM Korea | 0.4 |
Other non-operating | (0.2 | )
Total change in automotive available liquidity | $ | (3.5 | )

Automotive Cash Flow (Dollars in Billions)

| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | (2.0 | )
Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.1 | )
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net | 2.9 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 0.2 |
Pension and OPEB activities | (1.6 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (0.4 | )
Working capital | (1.7 | ) |  | (1.5 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Equipment on operating leases, net | 0.3 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 1.2 |
Accrued and other liabilities | (0.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.9 | )
Income taxes | 0.5 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | (0.3 | )
Undistributed earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates, net | 0.8 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.2 |
Other | (0.5 | ) |  | 0.7 |  |  | (1.2 | )
Net automotive cash provided by operating activities | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | (3.5 | )

In the six months ended June 30, 2018 the decrease in Net automotive cash provided by operating activities was due primarily to: (1) unfavorable impacts from decreased Income from continuing operations, net of impairments and non-cash charges, of $0.7 billion related to restructuring actions in Korea, and $0.3 billion in gains from revaluations of investments; (2) unfavorable Working capital and Other due primarily to unfavorable accounts receivable and individually insignificant items, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable; partially offset by (4) receivables factoring with external sources of $0.5 billion; and (5) re-timing of subvention payments and receivables factoring with GM Financial of $0.4 billion. Refer to Note 5 of our condensed consolidated financial statements for transactions with GM Financial.
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| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | $ | (4.3 | ) |  | $ | (4.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.2 | )
Acquisitions and liquidations of marketable securities, net | 1.3 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (1.4 | )
GM investment in GM Cruise | (1.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.1 | )
Other | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Net automotive cash used in investing activities | $ | (4.4 | ) |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (2.8 | )

| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid and payments to purchase common stock | $ | (1.2 | ) |  | $ | (2.6 | ) |  | $ | 1.4 |
Proceeds from KDB investment in GM Korea | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Other | 0.1 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 0.3 |
Net automotive cash used in financing activities | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | $ | (2.8 | ) |  | $ | 2.1 |

Adjusted Automotive Free Cash Flow
We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from continuing operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net automotive cash provided by operating activities under U.S. GAAP was $2.9 billion, capital expenditures were $4.3 billion, and an add-back adjustment for management actions related to restructuring in Korea was $0.7 billion.
For the six months ended June 30, 2017, net automotive cash provided by operating activities under U.S. GAAP was $6.4 billion, capital expenditures were $4.1 billion, and there were no adjustments for management actions.
Status of Credit Ratings We receive ratings from four independent credit rating agencies: DBRS Limited, Fitch Rating, Moody's Investor Service and Standard & Poor's. In March 2018 DBRS Limited revised their outlook to Positive from Stable. All other credit ratings remained unchanged since December 31, 2017.
GM Cruise Liquidity
The following table summarizes the changes in our GM Cruise available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Operating cash flow | $ | (0.3 | )
Issuance of GM Cruise Preferred Shares to SoftBank | 0.9 |
GM investment in GM Cruise | 1.1 |
Other non-operating | 0.3 |
Total change in GM Cruise available liquidity | $ | 2.0 |

When GM Cruise's autonomous vehicles are ready for commercial deployment, SoftBank is obligated to purchase additional GM Cruise Preferred Shares for $1.35 billion, after which the GM Cruise Preferred Shares will represent 19.6% of GM Cruise Holdings’ equity.
GM Cruise Cash Flow (Dollars in Billions)
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| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |

In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Net cash provided by financing activities increased due primarily to the GM investment in GM Cruise and proceeds from the issuance of GM Cruise Preferred Shares to SoftBank.
Automotive Financing – GM Financial Liquidity GM Financial's primary sources of cash are finance charge income, leasing income and proceeds from the sale of terminated leased vehicles, servicing fees, net distributions from credit facilities, securitizations, secured and unsecured borrowings and collections and recoveries on finance receivables. GM Financial's primary uses of cash are purchases of retail finance receivables and leased vehicles, the funding of commercial finance receivables, repayment of secured and unsecured debt, funding credit enhancement requirements in connection with securitizations and secured debt facilities, operating expenses and interest costs. GM Financial continues to monitor and evaluate opportunities to optimize its liquidity position and the mix of its debt between secured and unsecured debt. The following table summarizes GM Financial's available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |
Borrowing capacity on unpledged eligible assets | 15.9 |  |  | 12.5 |
Borrowing capacity on committed unsecured lines of credit | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Borrowing capacity on revolving credit facility, exclusive to GM Financial | 2.0 |  |  | — |
Total GM Financial available liquidity | $ | 22.0 |  |  | $ | 16.9 |

In the six months ended June 30, 2018 available liquidity increased due primarily to an increase in receivables eligible to be pledged and a decrease in advances outstanding on secured revolving credit facilities. In addition, GM Financial added $2.0 billion in borrowing capacity on our credit facility as described in the Automotive Liquidity section of this MD&A.
GM Financial did not have any borrowings outstanding against our credit facility designated for their exclusive use or the remainder of our revolving credit facilities at June 30, 2018. GM Financial's borrowing ability was revised with our amended and restated credit facilities in April 2018. Refer to the Automotive Liquidity section of this MD&A for additional details.
GM Financial Cash Flow (Dollars in Billions)

| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (7.9 | ) |  | $ | (13.7 | ) |  | $ | 5.8 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 13.4 |  |  | $ | (8.9 | )

In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Net cash provided by operating activities increased due primarily to an increase in net leased vehicle income, partially offset by increased interest expense and operating expenses.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Net cash used in investing activities decreased due primarily to: (1) increased proceeds from the termination of leased vehicles of $2.6 billion; (2) increased collections on finance receivables of $1.6 billion; (3) decreased purchases and funding of finance receivables of $0.8 billion; and (4) decreased purchases of leased vehicles of $0.8 billion.
In the six months ended June 30, 2018 Net cash provided by financing activities decreased due primarily to a decrease in borrowings, net of payments, of $8.8 billion.
Critical Accounting Estimates The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods. The critical accounting estimates that affect the condensed consolidated
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financial statements and the judgments and assumptions used are consistent with those described in the MD&A section in our 2017 Form 10-K, as supplemented by the subsequent discussion of sales incentives for the adoption of ASU 2014-09. Refer to Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2014-09.
Sales Incentives The estimated effect of sales incentives offered to dealers and end customers is recorded as a reduction of Automotive net sales and revenue at the time of sale. There may be numerous types of incentives available at any particular time. Incentive programs are generally brand specific, model specific or sales region specific and are for specified time periods, which may be extended. Significant factors used in estimating the cost of incentives include forecasted sales volume, product type, product mix, customer behavior and assumptions concerning market conditions. Historical experience is also considered when establishing our future expectations. A change in any of these factors affecting the estimate could have a significant effect on recorded sales incentives. Subsequent adjustments to incentive estimates are possible as facts and circumstances change over time, which could affect the revenue previously recognized in Automotive net sales and revenue.
Forward-Looking Statements In this report and in reports we subsequently file and have previously filed with the SEC on Forms 10-K and 10-Q and file or furnish on Form 8-K, and in related comments by our management, we use words like “anticipate,” “appears,” “approximately,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “designed,” “effect,” “estimate,” “evaluate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “initiative,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “priorities,” “project,” “pursue,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “when,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of any of those words or similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements that represent our current judgment about possible future events. In making these statements we rely on assumptions and analysis based on our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments as well as other factors we consider appropriate under the circumstances. We believe these judgments are reasonable, but these statements are not guarantees of any events or financial results, and our actual results may differ materially due to a variety of important factors, both positive and negative. These factors, which may be revised or supplemented in subsequent reports on SEC Forms 10-Q and 8-K, include among others the following: (1) our ability to deliver new products, services and customer experiences in response to new participants in the automotive industry; (2) our ability to timely fund and introduce new and improved vehicle models that are able to attract a sufficient number of consumers; (3) the success of our crossovers, SUVs and full-size pickup trucks; (4) our ability to reduce the costs associated with the manufacture and sale of electric vehicles; (5) global automobile market sales volume, which can be volatile; (6) our significant business in China which subjects us to unique operational, competitive and regulatory risks; (7) our joint ventures, which we cannot operate solely for our benefit and over which we may have limited control; (8) the international scale and footprint of our operations which exposes us to a variety of political, economic and regulatory risks, including the risk of changes in government leadership and laws (including tax laws), economic tensions between governments and changes in international trade policies, new barriers to entry and changes to or withdrawals from free trade agreements, changes in foreign exchange rates, economic downturns in foreign countries, differing local product preferences and product requirements, compliance with U.S. and foreign countries' export controls and economic sanctions, differing labor regulations and difficulties in obtaining financing in foreign countries; (9) any significant disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities could disrupt our production schedule; (10) the ability of our suppliers to deliver parts, systems and components without disruption and at such times to allow us to meet production schedules; (11) prices of raw materials used by us and our suppliers; (12) our highly competitive industry, which is characterized by excess manufacturing capacity and the use of incentives and the introduction of new and improved vehicle models by our competitors; (13) the possibility that competitors may independently develop products and services similar to ours and there are no guarantees that our intellectual property rights would prevent competitors from independently developing or selling those products or services; (14) our ability to manage risks related to security breaches and other disruptions to our vehicles, information technology networks and systems; (15) our ability to comply with extensive laws and regulations applicable to our industry, including those regarding fuel economy and emissions; (16) costs and risks associated with litigation and government investigations; (17) our ability to comply with the terms of the DPA; (18) the cost and effect on our reputation of product safety recalls and alleged defects in products and services; (19) our ability to successfully and cost-effectively restructure our operations in various countries, including Korea with minimal disruption to our supply chain and operations, globally; (20) our ability to realize production efficiencies and to achieve reductions in costs; (21) our continued ability to develop captive financing capability through GM Financial; and (22) significant increases in our pension expense or projected pension contributions resulting from changes in the value of plan assets or the discount rate applied to value the pension liabilities or mortality or other assumption changes. A further list and description of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be found in our 2017 Form 10-K and our subsequent filings with the SEC.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or other factors that affect the subject of these statements, except where we are expressly required to do so by law.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no significant changes in our exposure to market risk since December 31, 2017. Refer to Item 7A of our 2017 Form 10-K.
* * * * * * *
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) at June 30, 2018. Based on this evaluation required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2018.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Refer to the discussion in the "Litigation-Related Liability and Tax Administrative Matters" section in Note 14 to our condensed consolidated financial statements and the 2017 Form 10-K for information relating to legal proceedings.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
We face a number of significant risks and uncertainties in connection with our operations. Our business and the results of our operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by these risk factors. There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in our 2017 Form 10-K.
* * * * * * *
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Purchases of Equity Securities The following table summarizes our purchases of common stock in the three months ended June 30, 2018:

| Total Number of Shares Purchased(a) |  | Weighted Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased Under Announced Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under Announced Programs
April 1, 2018 through April 30, 2018 | 39,459 |  |  | $ | 37.61 |  |  | — |  |  | $3.4 billion
May 1, 2018 through May 31, 2018 | 197,399 |  |  | $ | 37.34 |  |  | — |  |  | $3.4 billion
June 1, 2018 through June 30, 2018 | 197,978 |  |  | $ | 42.91 |  |  | — |  |  | $3.4 billion
Total | 434,836 |  |  | $ | 39.90 |  |  | — |  |  |

__________

(a) | Shares purchased consist of shares retained by us for the payment of the exercise price upon the exercise of warrants and shares delivered by employees or directors to us for the payment of taxes resulting from issuance of common stock upon the vesting of RSUs, Performance Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards relating to compensation plans. Refer to our 2017 Form 10-K for additional details on warrants outstanding and employee stock incentive plans.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Name |  |
2.1* |  | Purchase Agreement by and among General Motors Holdings LLC, GM Cruise Holdings LLC, and Softbank Vision Fund (AIV M1), L.P. dated May 31, 2018 |  | Filed Herewith
10.1 |  | Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of GM Cruise Holdings LLC dated June 28, 2018 |  | Filed Herewith
10.2† |  | Third Amended and Restated 3-Year Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2018, among General Motors Company, General Motors Financial Company, Inc., GM Global Treasury Centre, General Motors do Brasil Ltda., the subsidiary borrowers from time to time parties thereto, the several lenders from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed April 20, 2018 |  | Incorporated by Reference
10.3† |  | Third Amended and Restated 5-Year Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2018, among General Motors Company, General Motors Financial Company, Inc., GM Global Treasury Centre, General Motors do Brasil Ltda., the subsidiary borrowers from time to time parties thereto, the several lenders from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed April 20, 2018 |  | Incorporated by Reference
10.4† |  | 364-Day Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2018, among General Motors Company, General Motors Financial Company, Inc., GM Global Treasury Centre, the subsidiary borrowers from time to time parties thereto, the several lenders from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed April 20, 2018 |  | Incorporated by Reference
31.1 |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer |  | Filed Herewith
31.2 |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer |  | Filed Herewith
32 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Furnished with this Report
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith

__________

† | Portions of these exhibits have been omitted pursuant to a granted request for confidential treatment, which has been submitted separately to the SEC.

* | The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of the omitted schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY (Registrant) |
|  |  | By: | /s/ THOMAS S. TIMKO |
|  |  |  | Thomas S. Timko, Vice President, Global Business Solutions and Chief Accounting Officer |
Date: | July 25, 2018 |  |  |  |

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