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Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill of $1.9 billion consisted of $1.4 billion recorded in GM Financial and $504 million and $490 million included in GM Cruise at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

December 31, 2018

December 31, 2017

Gross Carrying Amount
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Carrying Amount
 
Gross Carrying Amount
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Carrying Amount
Technology and intellectual property
$
734


$
457


$
277


$
8,092


$
7,735


$
357

Brands
4,299


1,165


3,134


4,302


1,044


3,258

Dealer network, customer relationships and other
968


661


307


1,310


933


377

Total intangible assets
$
6,001


$
2,283


$
3,718


$
13,704


$
9,712


$
3,992



Our amortization expense related to intangible assets was $247 million, $278 million, and $325 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets is estimated to be approximately $184 million in each of the next five years.

We removed $7.7 billion of fully amortized intangible assets in the year ended December 31, 2018 which are no longer in use and provide no remaining economic benefit.