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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Income before Income Taxes and Equity Income
 
Years Ended December 31,

2018

2017

2016
U.S. income
$
4,433


$
8,399


$
9,989

Non-U.S. income (loss)
1,953


1,332


(263
)
Income before income taxes and equity income
$
6,386


$
9,731


$
9,726

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
 
Years Ended December 31,

2018

2017

2016
Current income tax expense (benefit)





U.S. federal
$
(104
)

$
18


$
(126
)
U.S. state and local
113


83


65

Non-U.S.
577


552


572

Total current income tax expense
586


653


511

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)








U.S. federal
(578
)

7,831


1,865

U.S. state and local
250


(187
)

264

Non-U.S.
216


3,236


99

Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)
(112
)

10,880


2,228

Total income tax expense
$
474


$
11,533


$
2,739

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
 
Years Ended December 31,

2018

2017

2016
Income tax expense at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
$
1,341


$
3,406


$
3,404

State and local tax expense
282


(76
)

190

Non-U.S. income taxed at other than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate
90


(145
)

(61
)
U.S. tax impact on Non-U.S. income
(822
)

(941
)

(894
)
Change in valuation allowances
1,695


2,712


237

Change in tax laws
(134
)

7,194


147

General business credits and manufacturing incentives
(695
)

(428
)

(342
)
Capital loss expiration
107





Settlements of prior year tax matters
(188
)

(256
)

(46
)
Realization of basis differences in affiliates
(59
)



(94
)
German statutory approval of net operating losses
(990
)




Other adjustments
(153
)

67


198

Total income tax expense
$
474


$
11,533


$
2,739


Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The following table summarizes the components of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities:

December 31, 2018

December 31, 2017
Deferred tax assets



Postretirement benefits other than pensions
$
1,584


$
1,948

Pension and other employee benefit plans
3,020


3,285

Warranties, dealer and customer allowances, claims and discounts
6,307


5,675

U.S. capitalized research expenditures
5,176


4,413

U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards(a)
8,591


8,578

Non-U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards(b)
6,393


5,103

Miscellaneous
2,034


1,697

Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowances
33,105


30,699

Less: valuation allowances
(7,976
)

(6,690
)
Total deferred tax assets
25,129


24,009

Deferred tax liabilities





Property, plant and equipment
1,098


418

Intangible assets
729


735

Total deferred tax liabilities
1,827


1,153

Net deferred tax assets
$
23,302


$
22,856


_________
(a)
At December 31, 2018 U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $8.6 billion expire through 2038 if not utilized.
(b)
At December 31, 2018 Non-U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $1.2 billion expire through 2037 if not utilized and the remaining balance of $5.2 billion may be carried forward indefinitely.
Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward
The following table summarizes activity of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:

Years Ended December 31,

2018

2017

2016
Balance at beginning of period
$
1,557


$
1,182


$
1,337

Additions to current year tax positions
292


160


49

Additions to prior years' tax positions
264


448


96

Reductions to prior years' tax positions
(244
)

(195
)

(192
)
Reductions in tax positions due to lapse of statutory limitations
(38
)

(44
)

(103
)
Settlements
(450
)

(11
)

(1
)
Other
(40
)

17


(4
)
Balance at end of period
$
1,341


$
1,557


$
1,182